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Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of PresentationThe accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2021, have been derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements, but do not include all annual disclosures required by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2022, and for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for interim financial statements and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes to the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022. In the opinion of management, all material adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been made to make the consolidated financial statements not misleading as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01.
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and the consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, include the accounts of (1) ApolloMed, ApolloMed’s consolidated subsidiaries, NMM, AMM, and APAACO, and its VIEs, AP-AMH, AP-AMH 2, Sun Labs, and DMG; (2) AP-AMH 2’s consolidated subsidiary, APCMG; (3) AMM’s consolidated VIEs, SCHC and AMH; (4) NMM’s VIE, APC; (5) APC’s consolidated subsidiaries, Universal Care Acquisition Partners, LLC (“UCAP”), MPP, AMG Properties, ZLL, and its VIEs, CDSC, APC-LSMA, ICC, and Tag 8; and (6) APC-LSMA’s consolidated subsidiaries, Alpha Care, Accountable Health Care, and AMG.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include collectability of receivables, recoverability of long-lived and intangible assets, business combination and goodwill valuation and impairment, accrual of medical liabilities (incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) claims), determination of full-risk and shared-risk revenue and receivables (including constraints, completion factors and historical margins), income tax-valuation allowance, share-based compensation, and right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, and makes adjustments when facts and circumstances dictate. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions.
Variable Interest Entities | Variable Interest Entities On an ongoing basis, as circumstances indicate the need for reconsideration, the Company evaluates each legal entity that is not wholly owned by the Company in accordance with the consolidation guidance. The evaluation considers all of the Company’s variable interests, including equity ownership, as well as management services agreements. To fall within the scope of the consolidation guidance, an entity must meet both of the following criteria: •The entity has a legal structure that has been established to conduct business activities and to hold assets; such entity can be in the form of a partnership, limited liability company, or corporation, among others; and •The Company has a variable interest in the legal entity – i.e., variable interests that are contractual, such as equity ownership, or other financial interests that change with changes in the fair value of the entity’s net assets. If an entity does not meet both criteria above, the Company applies other accounting guidance, such as the cost or equity method of accounting. If an entity does meet both criteria above, the Company evaluates such entity for consolidation under either the variable interest model if the legal entity meets any of the following characteristics to qualify as a VIE, or under the voting model for all other legal entities that are not VIEs. A legal entity is determined to be a VIE if it has any of the following three characteristics: 1.The entity does not have sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support; 2.The entity is established with non-substantive voting rights (i.e., where the entity deprives the majority economic interest holder(s) of voting rights); or 3.The equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Equity holders meet this criterion if they lack any of the following: a.The power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly influence the entity’s economic performance, as evidenced by: i.Substantive participating rights in day-to-day management of the entity’s activities; or ii.Substantive kick-out rights over the party responsible for significant decisions; iii.The obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses; or iv.The right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns. If the Company determines that any of the three characteristics of a VIE are met, the Company will conclude that the entity is a VIE and evaluate it for consolidation under the variable interest model. Variable interest model If an entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and economics. The Company consolidates a VIE if both power and benefits belong to the Company – that is, the Company (i) has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly influence the VIE’s economic performance (power), and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE (economics). The Company consolidates VIEs whenever it is determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary. Refer to Note 16 – “Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)” to the consolidated financial statements for information on the Company’s consolidated VIEs. If there are variable interests in a VIE but the Company is not the primary beneficiary, the Company may account for the investment using the equity method of accounting.
Business Combinations | Business CombinationsThe Company uses the acquisition method of accounting for all business combinations, which requires assets and liabilities of the acquiree to be recorded at fair value, to measure the fair value of the consideration transferred, including contingent consideration, to be determined on the acquisition date, and to account for acquisition-related costs separately from the business combination.
Reportable Segments | Reportable Segments The Company operates as one reportable segment, the healthcare delivery segment, and implements and operates innovative healthcare models to create a patient-centered, physician-centric experience. The Company reports its consolidated financial statements in the aggregate, including all activities in one reportable segment.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company’s cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of money market funds and certificates of deposit. The Company considers all highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible into known amounts of cash and mature within 90 days from their date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash in deposit accounts with several banks, which at times may exceed the insured limits of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk with respect to its cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash.
Investments in Marketable Securities | Investments in Marketable Securities Investments in marketable securities consist of equity securities and certificates of deposit with various financial institutions. The appropriate classification of investments is determined at the time of purchase and such designation is reevaluated at each balance sheet date. Certificates of deposit are reported at par value, plus accrued interest, with maturity dates from four months to 24 months. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, certificates of deposit amounted to approximately $25.0 million and $25.0 million, respectively. Investments in certificates of deposit are classified as Level 1 investments in the fair value hierarchy. Equity securities are reported at fair value. These securities are classified as Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy, where quoted market prices from reputable third-party brokers are available in an active market and unadjusted. The trading volume of certain equity securities we hold is low, thus resulting in our determination that such equity securities do not have an active market with buyers and sellers ready to trade. Accordingly, we classify such equity securities as Level 2 in the valuation hierarchy, and their valuation is based on weighted average share prices from observable market data.
Receivables, Receivables – Related Parties, and Loan Receivable - Related Party | Receivables, Receivables – Related Parties, and Loan Receivable - Related Party The Company’s receivables are comprised of accounts receivable, capitation and claims receivable, risk pool settlements, incentive receivables, management fee income, and other receivables. Accounts receivable are recorded and stated at the amount expected to be collected. The Company’s receivables – related parties are comprised of risk pool settlements, management fee income and incentive receivables, and other receivables. Receivables – related parties are recorded and stated at the amount expected to be collected. The Company’s loan receivable – related party consist of promissory notes from a related party payee that accrues interest per annum. Capitation and claims receivables relate to each health plan’s capitation and are received by the Company in the month following the month of service. Risk pool settlements and incentive receivables mainly consist of the Company’s full risk pool receivable that is recorded quarterly based on reports received from the Company’s hospital partners and management’s estimate of the Company’s portion of the estimated risk pool surplus for open performance years. Settlement of risk pool surplus or deficits occurs approximately 18 months after the risk pool performance year is completed. Other receivables consist of recoverable claims paid related to the 2021 APAACO performance year to be administered following instructions from CMS for the NGACO program, receivables from GPDC capitation revenue for the 2022 performance year, fee-for-services (“FFS”) reimbursement for patient care, certain expense reimbursements, transportation reimbursements from the hospitals, and stop-loss insurance premium reimbursements. The Company maintains reserves for potential credit losses on accounts receivable. Management reviews the composition of accounts receivable and analyzes historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit worthiness, current economic trends, and changes in customer payment patterns to evaluate the adequacy of these reserves. The Company also regularly analyzes the ultimate collectability of accounts receivable after certain stages of the collection cycle using a look-back analysis to determine the amount of receivables subsequently collected and adjustments are recorded when necessary. Reserves are recorded primarily on a specific identification basis.Receivables are recorded when the Company is able to determine amounts receivable under applicable contracts and agreements based on information provided and collection is reasonably likely to occur. In regards to the credit loss standard, the Company continuously monitors its collections of receivables and our expectation is that the historical credit loss experienced across our receivable portfolio is materially similar to any current expected credit losses that would be estimated under the current expected credit losses (“CECL”) model.
Concentrations of Credit Risks | Concentrations of Credit RisksThe Company disaggregates revenue from contracts by service type and payor type. This level of detail provides useful information pertaining to how the Company generates revenue by significant revenue stream and by type of direct contracts. The consolidated statements of income present disaggregated revenue by service type.
Fair Value Measurements of Financial Instruments | Fair Value Measurements of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, fiduciary cash, restricted cash, investment in marketable securities, receivables, loans receivable, accounts payable, certain accrued expenses, finance lease obligations, and long-term debt. The carrying values of the financial instruments classified as current in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are considered to be at their fair values, due to the short maturity of these instruments. The carrying amounts of finance lease obligations and long-term debt approximate fair value as they bear interest at rates that approximate current market rates for debt with similar maturities and credit quality. Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), applies to all financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured and reported on a fair value basis and requires disclosure that establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure about fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs to valuations used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows: Level 1 — Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date. Level 2 — Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates and yield curves), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs). Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that reflect assumptions about what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. These inputs would be based on the best information available, including the Company’s own data.
Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets | Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets Intangible assets with finite lives include network-payor relationships, management contracts, member relationships, subscriber relationships, and developed technology and are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. These intangible assets are amortized using the accelerated method based on the discounted cash flow rate or using the straight-line method. Intangible assets with finite lives also include a patient management platform, as well as trade names and trademarks, whose valuations were determined using the cost to recreate method and the relief from royalty method, respectively. These assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization and impairment losses, and are amortized using the straight-line method. Finite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the expected future cash flows from the use of such assets (undiscounted and without interest charges) are less than the carrying value, a write-down would be recorded to reduce the carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value. Fair value is determined based on appropriate valuation techniques.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Under ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed at least annually for impairment. At least annually, at the Company’s fiscal year-end, or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment has occurred, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to complete quantitative impairment assessments for each of the Company’s three reporting units (1) management services, (2) IPAs, and (3) accountable care organizations. The Company is required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test only if the conclusion from the qualitative assessment is that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than the carrying value of its assets. Should this be the case, a quantitative analysis is performed to identify whether a potential impairment exists by comparing the estimated fair values of the reporting units with their respective carrying values, including goodwill. An impairment loss is recognized if the implied fair value of the asset being tested is less than its carrying value. In this event, the asset is written down accordingly. The fair values of goodwill are determined using valuation techniques based on estimates, judgments, and assumptions management believes are appropriate in the circumstances. At least annually, indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment. Impairment for intangible assets with indefinite lives exists if the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value. The fair values of indefinite-lived intangible assets are determined using valuation techniques based on estimates, judgments and assumptions management believes are appropriate in the circumstances.
Investments in Other Entities - Equity Method and Investments in Privately Held Entities | Investments in Other Entities — Equity Method The Company accounts for certain investments using the equity method of accounting when it is determined that the investment provides the Company with the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Significant influence is generally deemed to exist if the Company has an ownership interest in the voting stock of the investee of between 20% and 50%, although other factors, such as representation on the investee’s board of directors, are considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment, originally recorded at cost, is adjusted to recognize the Company’s share of net earnings or losses of the investee and is recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of income under income (loss) from equity method investments and also is adjusted by contributions to, and distributions from, the investee. Equity method investments are subject to impairment evaluation. There was no impairment loss recorded related to equity method investments for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Investments in Privately Held Entities The Company accounts for certain investments using the cost method of accounting when it is determined that the investment provides the Company with little or no influence over the investee. Under the cost method of accounting, the investment is measured at cost, adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes recognized in net income. The investments in privately held entities that do not report net asset value are subject to qualitative assessment for indicators of impairments.
Medical Liabilities | Medical Liabilities APC, Alpha Care, Accountable Health Care, and APCMG (“consolidated IPAs”) and APAACO are responsible for integrated care that the associated physicians and contracted hospitals provide to their enrollees. These IPAs and APAACO provide integrated care to HMOs, Medicare, and Medi-Cal enrollees through a network of contracted providers under sub-capitation and direct patient service arrangements. Medical costs for professional and institutional services rendered by contracted providers are recorded as cost of services expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. An estimate of amounts due to contracted physicians, hospitals, and other professional providers is included in medical liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Medical liabilities include claims reported as of the balance sheet date and estimated IBNR claims. Such estimates are developed using actuarial methods and are based on numerous variables, including the utilization of healthcare services, historical payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, changes in membership, and other factors. The estimation methods and the resulting reserves are periodically reviewed and updated. Many of the medical contracts are complex in nature and may be subject to differing interpretations regarding amounts due for the provision of various services. Such differing interpretations may not come to light until a substantial period of time has passed following the contract implementation.
Fiduciary Cash and Payable | Fiduciary Cash and PayableThe consolidated IPAs collect cash from health plans on behalf of their sub-IPAs and providers and pass the money through to them.
Derivative Financial Instruments | Derivative Financial Instruments Interest Rate Swap Agreements The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its floating-rate debt. The Company has entered into interest rate swap agreements to effectively convert its floating-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis. The principal objective of these contracts is to eliminate or reduce the variability of the cash flows in interest payments associated with the Company’s floating-rate debt, thus reducing the impact of interest rate changes on future interest payment cash flows. Refer to Note 9 for further information on our debt. Interest rate swap agreements are not designated as hedging instruments. Changes in the fair value on these contracts are recognized as unrealized gain or loss on investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows as unrealized gain or loss on interest rate swaps. The estimated fair value of the interest rate swap agreements was determined using Level 2 inputs. As of March 31, 2022 the fair value of the interest rate swap was $0.5 million and is presented within other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of the interest rate swap was $1.1 million and is presented within other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Warrants In September 2021, ApolloMed and Clinigence entered into a stock purchase agreement in which ApolloMed purchased shares of common stock and warrants for $3.0 million. The purchased warrants are considered derivatives but are not designated as hedging instruments. Changes in the fair value on these contracts are recognized as unrealized gain or loss on investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. The warrants are classified as a Level 2 instrument as the estimated fair value of the warrants were determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and inputs from observable market data. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair value of the derivative instrument was $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, and is presented within other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition The Company receives payments from the following sources for services rendered: (i) commercial insurers; (ii) the federal government under the Medicare program administered by CMS; (iii) state governments under the Medicaid and other programs; (iv) other third-party payors (e.g., hospitals and IPAs); and (v) individual patients and clients. Nature of Services and Revenue Streams Revenue primarily consists of capitation revenue, risk pool settlements and incentives, GPDC revenue, management fee income, and FFS revenue. Revenue is recorded in the period in which services are rendered or the period in which the Company is obligated to provide services. The form of billing and related risk of collection for such services may vary by type of revenue and the customer. The following is a summary of the principal forms of the Company’s billing arrangements and how revenue is recognized for each. Capitation, Net Managed care revenues of the Company consist primarily of capitated fees for medical services provided by the Company under a capitated arrangement directly made with various managed care providers including HMOs. Capitation revenue is typically prepaid monthly to the Company based on the number of enrollees selecting the Company as their healthcare provider. Capitation revenue is recognized in the month in which the Company is obligated to provide services to plan enrollees under contracts with various health plans. Minor ongoing adjustments to prior months’ capitation, primarily arising from contracted HMOs finalizing their monthly patient eligibility data for additions or subtractions of enrollees, are recognized in the month they are communicated to the Company. Additionally, Medicare pays capitation using a “Risk Adjustment” model, which compensates managed care organizations and providers based on the health status (acuity) of each individual enrollee. Health plans and providers with higher acuity enrollees will receive more and those with lower acuity enrollees will receive less. Under Risk Adjustment, capitation is determined based on health severity, measured using patient encounter data. Capitation is paid on a monthly basis based on data submitted for the enrollee for the preceding year and is adjusted in subsequent periods after the final data is compiled. Positive or negative capitation adjustments are made for Medicare enrollees with conditions requiring more or less healthcare services than assumed in the interim payments. Since the Company cannot reliably predict these adjustments, periodic changes in capitation amounts earned as a result of Risk Adjustment are recognized when those changes are communicated by the health plans to the Company. PMPM managed care contracts generally have a term of one year or longer. All managed care contracts have a single performance obligation that constitutes a series for the provision of managed healthcare services for a population of enrolled members for the duration of the contract. The transaction price for PMPM contracts is variable as it primarily includes PMPM fees associated with unspecified membership that fluctuates throughout the contract. In certain contracts, PMPM fees also include adjustments for items such as performance incentives, performance guarantees and risk sharing. The Company generally estimates the transaction price using the most likely amount methodology and amounts are only included in the net transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once any uncertainty is resolved. The majority of the Company’s net PMPM transaction price relates specifically to the Company’s efforts to transfer the service for a distinct increment of the series (e.g., day or month) and is recognized as revenue in the month in which members are entitled to service. GPDC Capitation Revenue CMS contracts with Direct Contracting Entities (“DCEs”), which is composed of health care providers operating under a common legal structure and accepts financial accountability for the overall quality and cost of medical care furnished to Medicare FFS beneficiaries aligned to the entity. The combination of the FFS model and the GPDC model changes the distribution of responsibilities, risks, costs, and rewards among CMS, DCEs, and providers. By entering into a contract with CMS, a DCE voluntarily takes on operational, financial, and legal responsibilities and risks that no party has, individually or collectively, under the existing FFS model. Each DCE bears the economic costs, and reaps the economic rewards, of fulfilling its responsibilities and managing its risks as a DCE. APAACO has applied, and been accepted, to participate in the GPDC Model for Performance Year 2022, beginning January 1, 2022. For each performance year, CMS will pay a total benchmark amount, determined unilaterally by CMS in advance but subject to prospective adjustments throughout the year, for the totality of care provided to the DCE’s population of aligned beneficiaries over the course of that year. The benchmark is net of a quality withholding applied by CMS. At the end of each performance year, a portion, or all, of the quality withholding can be earned based on APAACO’s performance. GPDC capitation revenue is recognized based on the estimated transaction price to transfer the service for a distinct increment of the series (i.e. month) and is recognized net of quality incentives/penalties. Risk Pool Settlements and Incentives APC enters into full-risk capitation arrangements with certain health plans and local hospitals, which are administered by a third party, where the hospital is responsible for providing, arranging, and paying for institutional risk and APC is responsible for providing, arranging and paying for professional risk. Under a full-risk pool sharing agreement, APC generally receives a percentage of the net surplus from the affiliated hospital’s risk pools with HMOs after deductions for the affiliated hospital’s costs. Advance settlement payments are typically made quarterly in arrears if there is a surplus. The Company’s risk pool settlements under arrangements with health plans and hospitals are recognized using the most likely amount methodology and amounts are only included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once any uncertainty is resolved. The assumptions for historical margin, IBNR completion factors and constraint percentages were used by management in applying the most likely amount methodology. Under capitated arrangements with certain HMOs, APC participates in one or more shared risk arrangements relating to the provision of institutional services to enrollees and thus can earn additional revenue or incur losses based upon the enrollee utilization of institutional services. Shared risk arrangements are entered into with certain health plans, which are administered by the health plan, where APC is responsible for rendering professional services, but the health plan does not enter into a capitation arrangement with a hospital and therefore the health plan retains the institutional risk. Shared risk deficits, if any, are not payable until and unless (and only to the extent) risk-sharing surpluses are generated. At the termination of the HMO contract, any accumulated deficit will be extinguished. The Company’s risk pool settlements under arrangements with HMOs are recognized, using the most likely methodology, and only included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur. Given the lack of access to the health plans’ data and control over the members assigned to APC, the adjustments and/or the withheld amounts are unpredictable and as such APC’s risk share revenue is deemed to be fully constrained until APC is notified of the amount by the health plan. Final settlement of risk pools for prior contract years generally occur in the third or fourth quarter of the following year. In addition to risk-sharing revenues, the Company also receives incentives under “pay-for-performance” programs for quality medical care, based on various criteria. As an incentive to control enrollee utilization and to promote quality care, certain HMOs have designed quality incentive programs and commercial generic pharmacy incentive programs to compensate the Company for its efforts to improve the quality of services and efficient and effective use of pharmacy supplemental benefits provided to HMO members. The incentive programs track specific performance measures and calculate payments to the Company based on the performance measures. The Company’s incentives under “pay-for-performance” programs are recognized using the most likely methodology. However, as the Company does not have sufficient insight from the health plans on the amount and timing of the shared risk pool and incentive payments these amounts are considered to be fully constrained and only recorded when such payments are known and/or received. Generally, for the foregoing arrangements, the final settlement is dependent on each distinct day’s performance within the annual measurement period, but cannot be allocated to specific days until the full measurement period has occurred and performance can be assessed. As such, this is a form of variable consideration estimated at contract inception and updated through the measurement period (i.e., the contract year), to the extent the risk of reversal does not exist and the consideration is not constrained. NGACO AIPBP Revenue Under the NGACO Model, CMS aligns beneficiaries to the Company to manage direct care and pay providers based on a budgetary benchmark established with CMS. The Company is responsible for managing medical costs for these beneficiaries. The beneficiaries will receive services from physicians and other medical service providers that are both in-network and out-of-network. The Company receives capitation-like AIPBP payments from CMS on a monthly basis to pay claims from in-network providers. The Company records such AIPBPs received from CMS as revenue as the Company is primarily responsible and liable for managing the patient care and for satisfying provider obligations, is assuming the credit risk for the services provided by in-network providers through its arrangement with CMS, and has control of the funds, the services provided, and the process by which the providers are ultimately paid. Claims from out-of-network providers are processed and paid by CMS, while claims from APAACO’s in-network contracted providers are paid by APAACO. The Company’s shared savings or losses in managing the services provided by out-of-network providers are generally determined on an annual basis after reconciliation with CMS. Pursuant to the Company’s risk share agreement with CMS, the Company will be eligible to receive the savings or be liable for the deficit according to the budget established by CMS based on the Company’s efficiency in managing how the beneficiaries aligned to the Company by CMS are served by in-network and out-of-network providers. The Company’s savings or losses on providing such services are both capped by CMS, and are subject to significant estimation risk, whereby payments can vary significantly depending upon certain patient characteristics and other variable factors. Accordingly, the Company recognizes such surplus or deficit upon substantial completion of reconciliation and determination of the amounts. The Company records NGACO AIPBP revenues monthly. Excess AIPBPs over claims paid, plus an estimate for the related IBNR claims (see Note 8), are deferred and recorded as a liability until actual claims are paid or incurred. CMS will determine if there were any excess AIPBPs for the performance year and the excess is refunded to CMS. For each performance year, CMS pays the Company in accordance with the alternative payment mechanism, if any, for which CMS has approved the Company, the risk arrangement for which the Company has been approved by CMS, and as otherwise provided in an NGACO Participation Agreement between APAACO and CMS (the “Participation Agreement”). Following the end of each performance year and at such other times as may be required under the Participation Agreement, CMS will issue a settlement report to the Company setting forth the amount of any shared savings or shared losses and the amount of other monies. If CMS owes the Company shared savings or other monies, CMS will pay the Company in full within 30 days after the date on which the relevant settlement report is deemed final, except as provided in the Participation Agreement. If the Company owes CMS shared losses or other monies owed as a result of a final settlement, the Company will pay CMS in full within 30 days after the relevant settlement report is deemed final. If the Company fails to pay the amounts due to CMS in full within 30 days after the date of a demand letter or settlement report, CMS will assess simple interest on the unpaid balance at the rate applicable to other Medicare debts under current provisions of law and applicable regulations. In addition, CMS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury may use any applicable debt collection tools available to collect any amounts owed by the Company. The Company participates in the AIPBP track of the NGACO Model. Under the AIPBP track, CMS estimates the total annual expenditures for APAACO’s assigned patients and pays that projected amount to the Company in monthly installments, and the Company is responsible for all Part A and Part B costs for in-network participating providers and preferred providers contracted by the Company to provide services to the assigned patients. As APAACO does not have sufficient insight into the financial performance of the shared risk pool with CMS because of unknown factors related to IBNR claims, risk adjustment factors, and stop loss provisions, among other factors, an estimate cannot be developed. Due to these limitations, APAACO cannot determine the amount of surplus or deficit that will likely be recognized in the future and therefore this shared risk pool revenue is considered fully constrained. With the ending of the NGACO Model on December 31, 2021, the Company no longer receives AIPBPs but remains eligible to recognize any shared savings or loss for performance year 2021 upon issuance of the settlement report from CMS. Management Fee Income Management fee income encompasses fees paid for management, physician advisory, healthcare staffing, administrative and other non-medical services provided by the Company to IPAs, hospitals, and other healthcare providers. Such fees may be in the form of billings at agreed-upon hourly rates, percentages of gross revenue or fee collections, or amounts fixed on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. The revenue may include variable arrangements measuring factors such as hours staffed, patient visits, or collections per visit against benchmarks, and, in certain cases, may be subject to achieving quality metrics or fee collections. The Company recognizes such variable supplemental revenues in the period when such amounts are determined to be fixed and therefore contractually obligated as payable by the customer under the terms of the applicable agreement. The Company provides a significant service of integrating the services selected by the Company’s clients into one overall output for which the client has contracted. Therefore, such management contracts generally contain a single performance obligation. The nature of the Company’s performance obligation is to stand ready to provide services over the contractual period. Also, the Company’s performance obligation forms a series of distinct periods of time over which the Company stands ready to perform. The Company’s performance obligation is satisfied as the Company completes each period’s obligations. Consideration from management contracts is variable in nature because the majority of the fees are generally based on revenue or collections, which can vary from period to period. The Company has control over pricing. Contractual fees are invoiced to the Company’s clients generally monthly and payment terms are typically due within 30 days. The variable consideration in the Company’s management contracts meets the criteria to be allocated to the distinct period of time to which it relates because (i) it is due to the activities performed to satisfy the performance obligation during that period and (ii) it represents the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. The Company’s management contracts generally have long terms (e.g., 10 years), although they may be terminated earlier under the terms of the applicable contracts. Since the remaining variable consideration will be allocated to a wholly unsatisfied promise that forms part of a single performance obligation recognized under the series guidance, the Company has applied the optional exemption to exclude disclosure of the allocation of the transaction price to remaining performance obligations. Fee-for-Service Revenue FFS revenue represents revenue earned under contracts in which the professional component of charges for medical services rendered by the Company’s affiliated physician-owned medical groups are billed and collected from third-party payors, hospitals, and patients. FFS revenue related to the patient care services is reported net of contractual allowances and policy discounts and is recognized in the period in which the services are rendered to specific patients. All services provided are expected to result in cash flows and are therefore reflected as net revenue in the consolidated financial statements. The recognition of net revenue (gross charges, less contractual allowances) from such services is dependent on such factors as proper completion of medical charts following a patient visit, the forwarding of such charts to the Company’s billing center for medical coding and entering into the Company’s billing system, and the verification of each patient’s submission or representation at the time services are rendered as to the payor(s) responsible for payment of such services. Revenue is recorded based on the information known at the time of entering of such information into the Company’s billing systems, as well as an estimate of the revenue associated with medical services. The Company is responsible for confirming member eligibility, performing program utilization review, potentially directing payment to the provider and accepting the financial risk of loss associated with services rendered, as specified within the Company’s client contracts. The Company has the ability to adjust contractual fees with clients and possess the financial risk of loss in certain contractual obligations. These factors indicate the Company is the principal and, as such, the Company records gross fees contracted with clients in revenues. Consideration from FFS arrangements is variable in nature because fees are based on patient encounters, credits due to clients and reimbursement of provider costs, all of which can vary from period to period. Patient encounters and related episodes of care and procedures qualify as distinct goods and services, provided simultaneously together with other readily available resources, in a single instance of service, and thereby constitute a single performance obligation for each patient encounter and, in most instances, occur at readily determinable transaction prices. As a practical expedient, the Company adopted a portfolio approach for the FFS revenue stream to group together contracts with similar characteristics and analyze historical cash collections trends. The contracts within the portfolio share the characteristics conducive to ensuring that the results do not materially differ under the new standard if it were to be applied to individual patient contracts related to each patient encounter. Estimating net FFS revenue is a complex process, largely due to the volume of transactions, the number and complexity of contracts with payors, the limited availability at times of certain patient and payor information at the time services are provided, and the length of time it takes for collections to fully mature. These expected collections are based on fees and negotiated payment rates in the case of third-party payors, the specific benefits provided for under each patient’s healthcare plans, mandated payment rates in the case of Medicare and Medicaid programs, and historical cash collections (net of recoveries) in combination with expected collections from third-party payors. The relationship between gross charges and the transaction price recognized is significantly influenced by payor mix, as collections on gross charges may vary significantly, depending on whether the patients, to whom services are provided, in the period are insured and the contractual relationships with those payors. Payor mix is subject to change as additional patient and payor information is obtained after the period services are provided. The Company periodically assesses the estimates of unbilled revenue, contractual adjustments and discounts, and payor mix by analyzing actual results, including cash collections, against estimates. Changes in these estimates are charged or credited to the consolidated statements of income in the period that the assessment is made. Significant changes in payor mix, contractual arrangements with payors, specialty mix, acuity, general economic conditions, and healthcare coverage provided by federal or state governments or private insurers may have a significant impact on estimates and significantly affect the results of operations and cash flows. Contract Assets Revenues and receivables are recognized once the Company has satisfied its performance obligation. Accordingly, the Company’s contract assets are comprised of receivables and receivables – related parties. The Company’s billing and accounting systems provide historical trends of cash collections and contractual write-offs, accounts receivable aging, and established fee adjustments from third-party payors. These estimates are recorded and monitored monthly as revenues are recognized. The principal exposure for uncollectible fee for service visits is from self-pay patients and, to a lesser extent, for co-payments and deductibles from patients with insurance. Contract Liabilities (Deferred Revenue) Contract liabilities are recorded when cash payments are received in advance of the Company’s performance, or in the case of the Company’s NGACO, the excess of AIPBP capitation received and the actual claims paid or incurred.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Federal and state income taxes are computed at currently enacted tax rates less tax credits using the asset and liability method. Deferred taxes are adjusted both for items that do not have tax consequences and for the cumulative effect of any changes in tax rates from those previously used to determine deferred tax assets or liabilities. Tax provisions include amounts that are currently payable, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities that arise because of temporary differences between the timing of when items of income and expense are recognized for financial reporting and income tax purposes, changes in the recognition of tax positions and any changes in the valuation allowance caused by a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized. The Company uses a recognition threshold of more-likely-than-not and a measurement attribute on all tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return in order to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements. Once the recognition threshold is met, the tax position is then measured to determine the actual amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements.
Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation The Company maintains a stock-based compensation program for employees, non-employees, directors, and consultants. The value of share-based awards is recognized as compensation expense on a cumulative straight-line basis over the vesting period of the awards, adjusted for forfeitures as they occur. From time to time, the Company issues shares of its common stock to its employees, directors, and consultants, which shares may be subject to the Company’s repurchase right (but not obligation) that lapses based on time-based and performance-based vesting schedules. The fair value of options granted are determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and include several assumptions, including expected term, expected volatility, expected dividends, and risk-free rates. The expected term is presumed to be the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. The expected stock price volatility is determined based on an average of historical volatility. The expected dividend yield is based on the Company’s expected dividend payouts. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Constant Maturity curve over the expected term of the option at the time of grant.
Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share | Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to holders of the Company’s common stock by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, plus the effect of dilutive securities outstanding during the periods presented, using the treasury stock method. Refer to Note 15 for a discussion of shares treated as treasury shares for accounting purposes.
Noncontrolling Interests | Non-controlling Interests The Company consolidates entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. The Company consolidates subsidiaries in which the Company holds, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting rights, and VIEs in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Non-controlling interests represent third-party equity ownership interests (including equity ownership interests held by certain VIEs) in the Company’s consolidated entities. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests is disclosed in the consolidated statements of income.
Mezzanine Equity | Mezzanine Equity Pursuant to APC’s shareholder agreements, in the event of a disqualifying event, as defined in the agreements, APC could be required to repurchase its shares from the respective shareholders based on certain triggers outlined in the shareholder agreements. As the redemption feature of the shares is not solely within the control of APC, the equity of APC does not qualify as permanent equity and has been classified as mezzanine or temporary equity. Accordingly, the Company recognizes non-controlling interests in APC as mezzanine equity in the consolidated financial statements. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, APC’s shares were not redeemable, nor was it probable the shares would become redeemable.
Leases | LeasesThe Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. The expected term of the lease used for computing the lease liability and right-of-use asset and determining the classification of the lease as operating or financing may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company elected practical expedients for ongoing accounting that is provided by the new standard comprised of the following: (1) the election for classes of underlying asset to not separate non-lease components from lease components, and (2) the election for short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases under a 12-month term. The present value of the lease payments is calculated using a rate implicit in the lease, when readily determinable. However, as most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments for the majority of its leases.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted | Recent Accounting Pronouncements In October 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2021-08”). This ASU requires the entity (acquirer) recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606 as if it had originated the contracts. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU 2021-08 on January 1, 2022. The adoption of ASU 2021-08 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. With the exception of the new standards discussed above, there have been no other new accounting pronouncements that have significance, or potential significance, to the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted There have been no other new accounting pronouncements that have significance, or potential significance, to the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

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