10-K 1 hrg-930201710xk.htm 10-K

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2017
OR

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 1-4219

HRG Group, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 74-1339132
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
450 Park Avenue, 29th Floor, New York, NY | 10022
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(212) 906-8555
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x or No ¨.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ or No x.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x or No ¨.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x or No ¨.
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | x |  | Accelerated Filer | ¨
Non-accelerated Filer | ¨ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ¨
Emerging growth company | ¨ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ or No x
The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, March 31, 2017, was approximately $2,287.0 million. For the sole purpose of making this calculation, the term “non-affiliate” has been interpreted to exclude directors and executive officers and other affiliates of the registrant. Exclusion of shares held by any person should not be construed as a conclusion by the registrant, or an admission by any such person, that such person is an “affiliate” of the Company, as defined by applicable securities laws.
There were 200,624,864 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of November 14, 2017.
Documents Incorporated By Reference: None.

HRG GROUP, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
| PART I |
Item 1. | Business | 7
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 28
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 67
Item 2. | Properties | 68
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 70
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 70
| PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 71
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 73
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 75
| Introduction | 75
| Results of Operations | 78
| Consumer Products Segment | 80
| Corporate and Other Segment | 84
| Non-GAAP Measures | 86
| Liquidity and Capital Resources | 88
| Contractual Obligations | 91
| Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements | 91
| Seasonality | 91
| Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted | 92
| Critical Account Policies and Estimates | 92
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 95
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 100
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 100
Item 9A | Controls and Procedures | 100
Item 9B | Other Information | 102
| PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 103
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 108
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 118
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 120
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 121
| PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules | 122
| Exhibit Index | 122
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 123
| Signatures | 124
| Index to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-1
| Index to Financial Statements of Certain Subsidiaries Included Pursuant to Rule 3-16 of Regulation S-X | S-1

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PART I
Unless otherwise indicated in Part I of this annual report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) or the context requires otherwise, in this Form 10-K, references to the “Company,” “HRG,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to HRG Group, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “FGH” refers to Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “FGL” refers to Fidelity & Guaranty Life and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Fiscal 2013” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2013; “Fiscal 2014” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2014; “Fiscal 2015” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015; “Fiscal 2016” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016; “Fiscal 2017” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2017; “Fiscal 2018” refers to the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018; “Front Street” refers to Front Street Re (Delaware) Ltd. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Front Street Cayman” refers to Front Street Re Cayman Ltd.; “Front Street Bermuda” refers to Front Street Re Ltd.; “HGI Energy” refers to HGI Energy Holdings, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “HGI Funding” refers to HGI Funding, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Salus” refers to Salus Capital Partners, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “SBI” refers to Spectrum Brands, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; and “Spectrum Brands” refers to Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT FOR PURPOSES OF THE “SAFE HARBOR” PROVISIONS OF THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995.
This document contains, and certain oral statements made by our representatives from time to time may contain, forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, events and developments to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by such statements. These forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of HRG’s management and the management of HRG’s subsidiaries and affiliates (including target businesses). Forward-looking statements include information concerning possible or assumed future actions, events, results, strategies and expectations, including plans and expectations regarding future acquisitions, dispositions, distributions, and similar activities, and are generally identifiable by use of the words “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “projects,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “might,” or “continues” or similar expressions.
Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, events and developments to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by such statements. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of HRG’s management and the management of HRG’s subsidiaries. Factors that could cause actual results, events and developments to differ include, without limitation: that the review of strategic alternatives at HRG will result in a transaction, or if a transaction is undertaken, as to its terms or timing; the ability of HRG’s subsidiaries to close previously announced transactions, including statements regarding the closing of the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale (each as defined herein); whether we determine to exercise the 338 Tax Election (as defined herein) and realizes the expected benefits from such election; the ability of HRG’s subsidiaries to generate sufficient net income and cash flows to make upstream cash distributions; the decision of the boards of HRG’s subsidiaries to make upstream cash distributions, which is subject to numerous factors such as restrictions contained in applicable financing agreements, state and regulatory restrictions and other relevant considerations as determined by the applicable board; HRG’s liquidity, which may be impacted by a variety of factors, including the capital needs of HRG’s subsidiaries; capital market conditions; commodity market conditions; foreign exchange rates; HRG’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to identify, pursue or complete any suitable future acquisition or disposition opportunities, including realizing such transaction’s expected benefits and the timetable for completing applicable financial reporting requirements; litigation; potential and contingent liabilities; management’s plans; changes in regulations; taxes; and the risks that may affect the performance of the operating subsidiaries of HRG and those factors listed under the caption “Risk Factors” in this report.
We claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for all forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements described herein are qualified by these cautionary statements and there can be no assurance that the actual results, events or developments referenced herein will occur or be realized. Neither HRG nor any of its affiliates undertake any obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to future operation results, except as required by law.
In addition, you should understand that the following important factors, in addition to those discussed in Part I, Item IA. “Risk Factors” of this report, could affect our future results and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. You should also understand that many factors described under one heading below may apply to more than one section in which we have grouped them for the purpose of this presentation. As a result, you should consider all of the following factors, together with all of the other information presented herein, in evaluating the business of the Company and our subsidiaries.
HRG and its Subsidiaries
HRG’s and its subsidiaries’ actual results or other outcomes may differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements contained herein due to a variety of important factors, including, without limitation, the following:
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• | our dependence on distributions from our subsidiaries and our ability to access the capital markets to fund our operations and payments on our debt and other obligations;

• | the decision of our subsidiaries’ boards to make upstream cash distributions, which is subject to numerous factors such as restrictions contained in applicable financing agreements, state and regulatory restrictions and other relevant considerations as determined by the applicable board;

• | our and our subsidiaries’ liquidity, which may be impacted by a variety of factors, including the capital needs of us and our current and future subsidiaries and our current and future subsidiaries’ ability to access the capital markets;

• | whether we determine to exercise the 338 Tax Election (as defined herein) and realizes the expected benefits from such election;

• | the ability to successfully identify or consummate a strategic alternative for HRG and/or its assets;

• | the need to provide sufficient capital to our operating businesses;

• | limitations on our ability to successfully identify suitable acquisition, disposition and other strategic opportunities and to compete for these opportunities with others who have greater resources;

• | our and our subsidiaries’ dependence on certain key personnel;

• | our and our subsidiaries’ ability to attract and retain key employees;

• | the impact of covenants in the indenture governing our 7.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2019, the covenants in the indenture governing our 7.750% Senior Notes due 2022 and the 2017 Loan (as defined herein), the continuing covenants contained in the certificate of designation governing our Series A Participating Convertible Preferred Stock and future financing or refinancing agreements, on our ability to operate our business and finance our pursuit of our business strategy;

• | our ability to incur new debt and refinance or extinguish our existing indebtedness;

• | the impact on our business and financial condition of our substantial indebtedness and the significant additional indebtedness and other financing obligations we and our subsidiaries may incur;

• | the impact on us and/or our subsidiaries from interruption or other operational failures in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, integrity, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems;

• | the impact on the aggregate value of our assets and our stock price from changes in the market prices of publicly traded equity interests we hold, particularly during times of volatility in security prices;

• | the impact of decisions by our significant stockholders, whose interest may differ from those of our other stockholders, or any of them ceasing to remain significant stockholders;

• | the effect any interests of our officers, directors, stockholders and their respective affiliates may have in certain transactions in which we are involved;

• | the impact of additional material charges associated with our oversight of acquired or target businesses and the integration of our financial reporting;

• | the impact of restrictive covenants and applicable laws, including securities laws, on our ability to dispose of equity interests we hold;

• | the impact of potential losses and other risks from changes in the value of our assets;

• | our ability to effectively increase the size of our organization, if needed, and manage our growth;

• | the impact of a determination that we are an investment company or personal holding company;

• | the impact of claims or litigation arising from operations, agreements and transactions, including litigation arising from or involving former subsidiaries and/or the disposal or winding down of former business;

• | the impact of expending significant resources in considering acquisition or disposition targets or strategic opportunities that are not consummated;

• | our and our subsidiaries’ ability to successfully integrate current and future acquired businesses into our existing operations and achieve the expected economic benefits;

• | tax consequences associated with our acquisition, holding and disposition of target companies and assets;

• | the impact of delays or difficulty in satisfying the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or negative reports concerning our internal controls;

• | the impact of the relatively low market liquidity for shares of our Common Stock (“Common Stock”);

• | the impact on the holders of our Common Stock if we issue additional shares of our Common Stock or preferred stock; and

• | the effect of price fluctuations in our Common Stock caused by general market and economic conditions and a variety of other factors, including factors that affect the volatility of the common stock of any of our publicly-held subsidiaries.

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Spectrum Brands
Spectrum Brands’ actual results or outcomes may differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein due to a variety of important factors, including, without limitation, the following:

• | the impact of Spectrum Brands’ indebtedness on its business, financial condition and results of operations;

• | the impact of restrictions in Spectrum Brands’ debt instruments on its ability to operate its business, finance its capital needs or pursue or expand its business strategies;

• | any failure to comply with financial covenants and other provisions and restrictions of Spectrum Brands’ debt instruments;

• | the impact of actions taken by significant stockholders;

• | the impact of fluctuations in commodity prices, costs or availability of raw materials or terms and conditions available from suppliers, including suppliers’ willingness to advance credit;

• | interest rate and exchange rate fluctuations;

• | the loss of, significant reduction in, or dependence upon, sales to any significant retail customer(s);

• | competitive promotional activity or spending by competitors or price reductions by competitors;

• | the introduction of new product features or technological developments by competitors and/or the development of new competitors or competitive brands;

• | the effects of general economic conditions, including inflation, recession or fears of a recession, depression or fears of a depression, labor costs and stock market volatility or changes in trade, monetary or fiscal policies in the countries where Spectrum Brands does business;

• | changes in consumer spending preferences and demand for Spectrum Brands’ products;

• | Spectrum Brands’ ability to develop and successfully introduce new products, protect its intellectual property and avoid infringing the intellectual property of third parties;

• | Spectrum Brands’ ability to successfully implement, achieve and sustain manufacturing and distribution cost efficiencies and improvements, and fully realize anticipated cost savings;

• | the seasonal nature of sales of certain of Spectrum Brands’ products;

• | the effects of climate change and unusual weather activity;

• | the cost and effect of unanticipated legal, tax or regulatory proceedings or new laws or regulations (including environmental, public health and consumer protection regulations);

• | public perception regarding the safety of products that Spectrum Brands manufactures and sells, including the potential for environmental liabilities, product liability claims, litigation and other claims related to products manufactured by Spectrum Brands and third parties;

• | the impact of pending or threatened litigation;

• | the impact of cybersecurity breaches or Spectrum Brands’ actual or perceived failure to protect company and personal data;

• | changes in accounting policies applicable to Spectrum Brands’ business;

• | Spectrum Brands’ ability to utilize their net operating loss carry-forwards to offset tax liabilities from future taxable income;

• | government regulations;

• | the impact of expenses resulting from the implementation of new business strategies, divestitures or current and proposed restructuring activities;

• | Spectrum Brands’ inability to successfully integrate and operate new acquisitions at the level of financial performance anticipated;

• | the unanticipated loss of key members of Spectrum Brands’ senior management;

• | the effects of political or economic conditions, terrorist attacks, acts of war or other unrest in international markets; and

• | Spectrum Brands’ special committee’s exploration of strategic alternatives and the terms of any strategic transaction, if any.

FGL and Front Street
FGL’s and Front Street’s actual results or other outcomes may differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements contained herein due to a variety of important factors, including, without limitation, the following:

• | the ability of FGL and Front Street to satisfy the closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, contained in the

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FGL Merger Agreement and Front Street Purchase Agreement (as defined herein);

• | the impact on the business, financial condition and results of operations if the proposed FGL Merger and Front Street Sale are not consummated or not consummated timely;

• | the impact of the operating restrictions in the FGL Merger Agreement and the Front Street Purchase Agreement and their impact on FGL and Front Street, respectively;

• | the impact of the Department of Labor “fiduciary” rule, finalized in April 2016, on FGL, its products, distribution and business model;

• | the impact on FGL’s business of new accounting rules or changes to existing accounting rules;

• | the inability of FGL’s and Front Street’s subsidiaries and affiliates to generate sufficient cash to service all of their obligations;

• | the ability of FGL’s and Front Street’s subsidiaries to pay dividends;

• | the impact of restrictions in FGL’s debt instruments on its ability to operate its business, finance its capital needs or pursue or expand its business strategies;

• | the accuracy of FGL’s and Front Street’s assumptions and estimates;

• | the accuracy of FGL’s and Front Street’s assumptions regarding the fair value and future performance of their investments;

• | FGL and its insurance subsidiaries’ abilities to maintain or improve their financial strength ratings;

• | FGL’s and Front Street’s and their insurance subsidiaries’ potential need for additional capital to maintain their financial strength and credit ratings and meet other requirements and obligations;

• | FGL’s and Front Street’s ability to defend themselves against or respond to, potential litigation (including class action litigation), enforcement investigations or increased regulatory scrutiny, including litigation (if any) arising from the FGL Merger and/or the Front Street Sale;

• | FGL’s and Front Street’s ability to manage their businesses in a highly-regulated industry, which is subject to numerous legal restrictions and regulations;

• | regulatory changes or actions, including those relating to regulation of financial services, affecting (among other things) underwriting of insurance products and regulation of the sale, underwriting and pricing of products and minimum capitalization and statutory reserve requirements for insurance companies, or the ability of FGL’s and Front Street’s insurance subsidiaries to make cash distributions to FGL or Front Street, as applicable (including dividends or payments on surplus notes FGL’s subsidiaries issue to FGL);

• | the impact of the anticipated implementation of principle based reserving on FGL’s ability to write certain products, manage risk and deploy capital efficiently;

• | the impact of FGL’s reinsurers failing to meet or timely meet their assumed obligations, increasing their reinsurance rates, or becoming subject to adverse developments that could materially adversely impact their ability to provide reinsurance to FGL at consistent and economical terms;

• | restrictions on FGL’s ability to use captive reinsurers and the impact of the anticipated implementation of principle based reserving;

• | the impact of interest rate fluctuations on FGL and Front Street and withdrawal demands in excess of FGL’s and Front Street’s assumptions;

• | the impact of market and credit risks;

• | equity market volatility;

• | credit market volatility or disruption;

• | changes in the federal income tax laws and regulations which may affect the relative income tax advantages of FGL’s products;

• | increases in FGL’s and Front Street’s valuation allowance against FGL’s and Front Street’s deferred tax assets, and restrictions on FGL’s and Front Street’s ability to fully utilize such assets;

• | the performance of third-parties, including independent distributors, underwriters, actuarial consultants and other service providers;

• | interruption or other operational failures in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, integrity, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems;

• | the continued availability of capital required for FGL’s and Front Street’s insurance subsidiaries to grow;

• | the risk that FGL’s or Front Street’s exposure to unidentified or unanticipated risk is not adequately addressed by their risk management policies and procedures;

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• | general economic conditions and other factors, including prevailing interest and unemployment rate levels and stock and credit market performance;

• | FGL’s ability to protect its intellectual property;

• | difficulties arising from FGL’s and Front Street’s outsourcing relationships;

• | the impact on FGL’s and Front Street’s business of natural and of man-made catastrophes, pandemics, computer viruses, network security breaches, and malicious and terrorist acts;

• | FGL’s and Front Street’s ability to compete in a highly competitive industry;

• | FGL’s and Front Street’s ability to maintain competitive policy expense costs;

• | adverse consequences if the independent contractor status of FGL’s independent insurance marketing organizations (“IMOs”) is successfully challenged;

• | FGL’s ability to attract and retain national marketing organizations and independent agents;

• | the potential adverse tax consequences to FGL if FGL generates passive income in excess of operating expenses;

• | the significant operating and financial restrictions contained in FGL’s debt agreements, which may prevent FGL from capitalizing on business opportunities; and

• | the ability to maintain or obtain approval of the Iowa Insurance Division (“IID”) and other regulatory authorities as required for FGL’s operations and those of its insurance subsidiaries.

Item 1. Business
OVERVIEW
HRG
Overview
We are a holding company that conducts its operations principally through its operating subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2017, our principal operating subsidiaries include the following: (i) Spectrum Brands, our subsidiary that provides global branded consumer products; (ii) FGL, our subsidiary that provides life insurance and annuity products; and (iii) Front Street, our subsidiary engaged in the business of providing long-term reinsurance, including reinsurance to the specialty insurance sector of fixed, deferred and payout annuities. In addition, we own 99.5% of NZCH Corporation, a public shell company, and Salus, which was established to serve as a secured asset-based lender and is in the process of completing the wind-down of its business.
We were incorporated in Delaware in 1954 under the name Zapata Corporation and reincorporated in Nevada in April 1999 under the same name. On December 23, 2009, we reincorporated in Delaware under the name Harbinger Group Inc. Effective March 9, 2015, we changed our name from Harbinger Group Inc. to HRG Group, Inc. Our Common Stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “HRG.” Our principal executive offices are located at 450 Park Avenue, 29th Floor, New York, New York 10022.
We currently present the results of our operations in two reportable segments: (i) Consumer Products, which consists of Spectrum Brands and (ii) Corporate and Other. For the results of operations by segment and other segment data, see Part IV, Item 15. “Note 23, Segment and Geographic Data” to HRG’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
For detailed information about revenues, operating income and total assets of HRG and its operating subsidiaries, see the financial statements beginning on page F-1 and S-1, respectively, of this report.
Strategy
During Fiscal 2017, we continued to streamline our business and simplify our holding company structure. For Fiscal 2017, we also continued to review and evaluate strategic alternatives available to us with a view towards maximizing shareholder value. We believe that HRG is an excellent company that owns great businesses that have generated strong performance over a long period of time. We believe that we are well-positioned to take advantage of the opportunities that may be available to us through the review of strategic alternatives. Strategic alternatives may include, but are not limited to, a merger, sale or other business combination involving the Company and/or its assets. As part of this strategic review process, HRG has made/received, and may in the future make/receive, one or more proposals to/from third parties and/or Spectrum Brands, its management, its board of directors, its stockholders and other persons, including discussions and proposals that may include, but are not limited to, a merger or a sale and/or a business combination of the Company and Spectrum Brands. In connection therewith, the Spectrum Brands board of directors has formed a special committee of independent directors and has hired independent financial and legal advisors. We have not set a definitive schedule to complete our review of strategic alternatives and do not intend to provide any further updates until such time as it determines in its sole discretion or as required by law. The strategic review process may be suspended or terminated at any time without notice. There can be no assurance that any such process will result in a transaction, or if a transaction is undertaken, as to its terms or timing.
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On May 24, 2017, FGL entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “FGL Merger Agreement”) with CF Corporation (“CF Corp”), FGL U.S. Holdings Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CF Corp (“CF/FGL US”), and FGL Merger Sub Inc. (“Merger Sub”), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of CF/FGL US, pursuant to which CF Corp has agreed to acquire FGL for $31.10 per share (the “FGL Merger”). In addition, Front Street has agreed to sell (the “Front Street Sale”) to CF/FGL US all of the issued and outstanding shares of (i) Front Street Cayman and (ii) Front Street Bermuda (collectively, the “Acquired Companies”) pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Front Street Purchase Agreement”). The purchase price is $65.0 million, subject to customary adjustments for transaction expenses. The Front Street Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and indemnification obligations. The required regulatory approvals in connection with the Front Street Sale have been received and the closing of the transaction is expected to take place before the end of calendar year 2017, subject to the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions, including the consummation of the FGL Merger. The closing of the FGL Merger is not conditioned upon the closing of the Front Street Sale.
See Part I, Item 1. “Business-FGL-The FGL Merger” of this report for further information.
Competition
We and our subsidiaries face intense competition from a variety of sources in carrying out our respective businesses and achieving our objectives. Many of our competitors may be better established, possess greater human and other resources than us, and our financial resources may be relatively limited when compared with many of these competitors. Any of these factors may place us at a competitive disadvantage in contrast to our competitors. See elsewhere in this report for discussion of competition faced by our subsidiaries. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-Risks Related to HRG-Our subsidiaries operate in highly-competitive industries, limiting their ability to gain or maintain their positions in their respective industries.”
Employees
At September 30, 2017, HRG employed 13 persons and HRG’s subsidiaries employed approximately 17,100 persons. In the normal course of business, HRG and its subsidiaries use contract personnel to supplement their employee base to meet business needs. As of September 30, 2017, none of HRG’s employees were represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. See the remainder of this report for additional information regarding the employees of HRG’s subsidiaries. HRG believes that its overall relationship with its employees is good.
Available Information
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are made available free of charge on or through our website at www.hrggroup.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC” or the “Commission”). The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, part of this report or incorporated into any other filings we make with the Commission.
You may read and copy any materials we file with the Commission at the Commission’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a website that contains our reports, proxy statements and other information at www.sec.gov. In addition, copies of our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Audit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter, Code of Ethics, Code of Ethics for our Chief Executive and Senior Financial Officers and Executive Sessions Policy are available at our website at www.hrggroup.com under “Investor Relations-Corporate Governance.” Copies will also be provided to any HRG stockholder upon written request to Investor Relations, HRG Group, Inc. at 450 Park Avenue, 29th Floor, New York, NY 10022 or via electronic mail at investorrelations@hrggroup.com.
For additional information regarding Spectrum Brands and FGL, including information in addition to that included in HRG’s SEC reports and public announcements, we direct you to Spectrum Brands’ and FGL’s public announcements and filings made with the SEC. You should follow and read the SEC filings, press releases and other public statements made by Spectrum Brands, FGL and their respective representatives, as we expect that they will make additional information available through these channels. See Part I, Item 1. “Business-Our Operating Subsidiaries-Spectrum Brands-Available Information” for additional information regarding Spectrum Brands and Part I, Item 1. “Business-Our Operating Subsidiaries-FGL-Available Information” for additional information regarding FGL.
OUR OPERATING SUBSIDIARIES
Spectrum Brands
Spectrum Brands, a Delaware corporation and a subsidiary of HRG, is a diversified global branded consumer products company. Spectrum Brands’ common stock trades on the NYSE under the symbol “SPB.” As of September 30, 2017, HRG owned approximately 59.6% of Spectrum Brands’ common stock.
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Spectrum Brands manufactures, markets and/or distributes its products in approximately 160 countries in the North America (“NA”); Europe, Middle East & Africa (“EMEA”); Latin America (“LATAM”) and Asia-Pacific (“APAC”) regions through a variety of trade channels, including retailers, wholesalers and distributors, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), construction companies, and hearing aid professionals. Spectrum Brands enjoys strong name recognition in its regions under Spectrum Brands’ various brands and patented technologies across multiple product categories. Spectrum Brands manages its business in five vertically integrated, product lines: (i) Global Batteries & Appliances (“GBA”); (ii) Hardware & Home Improvement (“HHI”); (iii) Global Pet Supplies (“PET”); (iv) Home and Garden (“H&G”); and (v) Global Auto Care (“GAC”). Geographic strategic initiatives and financial objectives are determined at the corporate level. Each segment is responsible for implementing defined strategic initiatives and achieving certain financial objectives and has a president responsible for sales and marketing initiatives and the financial results for all product lines within that segment.
Spectrum Brands’ operating performance is influenced by a number of factors including: general economic conditions; foreign exchange fluctuations; trends in consumer markets; consumer confidence and preferences; Spectrum Brands’ overall product line mix, including pricing and gross margin, which vary by product line and geographic market; pricing of certain raw materials and commodities; energy and fuel prices; and Spectrum Brands’ general competitive position, especially as impacted by Spectrum Brands’ competitors’ advertising and promotional activities and pricing strategies.
See Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for for further discussion of the operating results of Spectrum Brands.
Spectrum Brands’ Product Lines
Global Batteries and Appliances (GBA)
Spectrum Brands’ consumer batteries product category consists of alkaline batteries, zinc carbon batteries, nickel metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable batteries and battery chargers primarily under the Rayovac® and VARTA® brands. Additionally, Spectrum Brands manufactures alkaline batteries for third parties who sell under their own private labels. Spectrum Brands also offers a broad line of battery-powered portable lighting products including flashlights and lanterns under the Rayovac® and VARTA® brands, and other proprietary brand names pursuant to licensing arrangements with third parties. Spectrum Brands manufactures and sells hearing aid batteries under several brand names and private labels for many major hearing aid device manufacturers. Other specialty battery products include keyless entry batteries, portable chargers and coin cells for use in watches, cameras, calculators, communications equipment, and medical instruments.
Spectrum Brands’ small appliances product category consists of small kitchen appliances under the Black & Decker®, Russell Hobbs®, George Foreman®, Juiceman® and Breadman® brands, including toaster ovens, toasters, sandwich makers, coffeemakers, coffee grinders, can openers, electric knives, grills, deep fryers, food choppers, food processors, slow cookers, hand mixers, blenders, juicers, bread makers, kettles, rice cookers and steamers. Spectrum Brands also sells small home product appliances, including hand-held irons and vacuum cleaners primarily under the Black & Decker® and Russell Hobbs® brands.
Spectrum Brands’ personal care product category includes a broad line of electric shaving and grooming products under the Remington® brand name, including men’s rotary and foil shavers, beard and mustache trimmers, body groomers, nose and ear trimmers, women’s shavers, haircut kits and intense pulsed light hair removal systems. Other personal care products include hand-held dryers, curling irons, straightening irons, straightening brushes, hair setters, and facial brushes.
Spectrum Brands manages its GBA sales teams by geographic region and product category. Spectrum Brands sells primarily to large retailers, online retailers, wholesalers, distributors, warehouse clubs, food and drug chains and specialty trade or retail outlets such as consumer electronics stores, department stores, discounters and other specialty stores. Spectrum Brands maintains separate sales teams to service (i) its retail sales and distribution channels; (ii) its hearing aid professionals channel; and (iii) its industrial distributors and OEM sales and distribution channel. International distribution varies by region and is often executed on a country-by-country basis. Spectrum Brands utilizes a network of independent brokers to service participants in selected distribution channels.
Hardware and Home Improvement (HHI)
Spectrum Brands’ security product category includes a broad range of locksets and door hardware including knobs, levers, deadbolts and handle sets sold under four main brands: (i) Kwikset®, residential door hardware sold primarily in the U.S.; (ii) Weiser®, residential door hardware sold primarily in Canada; (iii) Baldwin®, luxury residential door hardware sold primarily in the U.S.; and (iv) Tell®, commercial doors and hardware sold primarily in the U.S. Spectrum Brands’ residential lockset products incorporate patented SmartKey® technology that provides advanced security and easy rekeying. The security product category also includes electronic and connected locks allowing customers more convenience and protection including remote security features as part of many home automation solutions. Spectrum Brands also supplies product to some customers who have private label offerings.
Spectrum Brands’ plumbing product category includes kitchen and bath faucets and accessories under the Pfister® brand, which delivers best in class designs at a value. Pfister® offers a wide range of styles and finishes to meet a variety of consumer, plumber and builder needs.
Spectrum Brands’ hardware product category includes a broad range of products such as hinges, metal shapes, security hardware,
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track and sliding door hardware and gate hardware sold primarily under the National Hardware® brand in the U.S. Spectrum Brands also sells some products under the Stanley® brand subject to a licensing arrangement.
The sales force of the HHI business is aligned by brands, customers and geographic regions. Spectrum Brands has strong partnerships with a variety of customers including large home improvement centers, wholesale distributors, home builders, plumbers, home automation providers, and commercial contractors.
Global Pet Supplies (PET)
Spectrum Brands’ aquatics product category includes a broad line of products, including fully integrated consumer and commercial aquarium kits, stand-alone tanks, aquatics equipment such as filtration systems, heaters and pumps, and aquatics consumables such as fish food, water management and care. Spectrum Brands’ largest aquatics brands are Tetra®, Marineland® and Instant Ocean®. On May 12, 2017, Spectrum Brands entered into an asset purchase agreement with Yorktown Technologies LP for the acquisition of assets consisting of the GloFish operation, including transfer of the GloFish® brand, its related intellectual property and operating agreements. The GloFish operations consist of the development and licensing of multiple species and color combination of fluorescent fish sold through retail and online channels.
Spectrum Brands’ companion animal product category includes a variety of specialty pet products including rawhide chews, dog and cat clean-up, training, health and grooming products, and small animal food and care products. Spectrum Brands’ largest specialty pet brands include Dingo®, FURminator®, Nature’s Miracle®, Wild Harvest®, 8-in-1®, Littermaid® and Healthy-Hide®, marketed across the Good’n’Fun®, and Good’n’Tasty® family of brands. On June 1, 2017, Spectrum Brands acquired PetMatrix LLC, a manufacturer and marketer of rawhide-free dog chews consisting primarily of the DreamBone® and SmartBones® brands. PetMatrix will provide the segment with complementary product offerings, as well as entrance into an expanding business of raw-hide free treats in the pet food product category. Spectrum Brands’ pet food product category also includes wet and dry pet food for dogs and cats under the IAMS®, Eukanuba® and 8-in-1® brand names in European markets.
Spectrum Brands’ PET sells primarily to pet superstores, mass merchandisers, e-tailers, grocery stores and drug chains, warehouse clubs and other specialty retailers. International distribution varies by region and is often executed on a country-by-country basis.
Home and Garden (H&G)
Spectrum Brands’ controls product category includes a variety of outdoor insect and weed control solutions, and animal repellents under the brand names Spectracide®, Black Flag®, Garden Safe®, EcoLogic® and Liquid Fence®. Spectrum Brands’ lines of outdoor control solutions are designed to assist consumers in controlling insects, weeds and animals when tackling lawn and landscaping projects. Spectrum Brands’ largest brands in the household insect control and rodenticide category are Hot Shot® and Black Flag®.
Spectrum Brands’ household product category includes a broad array of household pest control solutions, such as spider and scorpion killers; ant and roach killers; flying insect killers; insect foggers; wasp and hornet killers; bedbug, flea and tick control products; and roach and ant baits. Spectrum Brands’ outdoor products are available as aerosols, granules, ready-to-use sprays or hose-end ready-to-sprays designed to fulfill a variety of consumer needs.
Spectrum Brands’ repellents product category includes personal use pesticides for protection from various outdoor nuisance pests, especially mosquitoes. These products include both personal repellents in a variety of formulas to meet consumer needs, such as aerosols, lotions, pump sprays and wipes, as well as area repellents, such as yard sprays and citronella candles to allow consumers to enjoy the outdoors without bothersome pests. The brands in the insect repellents category are Cutter® and Repel®.
The H&G business sells primarily to home improvement centers, mass merchandisers, dollar stores, hardware stores, home and garden distributors, and food and drug retailers, primarily in the U.S.
Global Auto Care (GAC)
Spectrum Brands’ appearance product category includes protectants, wipes, tire and wheel care products, glass cleaners, leather care products, air fresheners and washes designed to clean, shine, refresh and protect interior and exterior automobile surfaces under the brand name Armor All®.
Spectrum Brands’ performance product category includes STP® branded fuel and oil additives, functional fluids and automotive appearance products that benefit from a rich heritage in the car enthusiast and racing scenes.
Spectrum Brands’ A/C recharge product category includes do-it-yourself automotive air conditioner recharge products under the A/C PRO® brand name, along with other refrigerant and oil recharge kits, sealants and accessories.
The GAC business sales force is geographically aligned with key customers and supply chains, and sells primarily to big-box auto, auto specialty retail, mass retailers, food and drug retailers, and small regional and convenience store retailers. Spectrum Brands’ small regional and convenience store customers are serviced by brokers and distributors. International distribution varies by region and is often executed on a country-by-country basis.
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Sales, Distribution and Competition
Spectrum Brands sells its products through a variety of trade channels, including retailers, e-commerce and online retailers, wholesalers and distributors, hearing aid professionals, construction companies and OEMs. Spectrum Brands’ sales generally are made through the use of individual purchase orders, consistent with industry practice. Retail sales of the consumer products that Spectrum Brands markets have been increasingly consolidated on a worldwide basis into a small number of regional and national mass merchandisers and e-commerce companies that generally have strong negotiating power with their suppliers. A significant percentage of Spectrum brands’ sales are attributable to a limited group of retailer customers, including (in alphabetical order), Amazon, Autozone, Dollar General, Lidl, Lowe’s, PetSmart, O’Reilly, Target, The Home Depot, and Wal-Mart. Spectrum Brands’ sales to its largest customer, Wal-Mart, represented approximately 15% of its consolidated net sales for Fiscal 2017. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of Spectrum Brands’ consolidated net sales in Fiscal 2017.
Factors influencing product sales include brand name recognition, perceived quality, price, performance, product packaging, design innovation, and consumer confidence and preferences as well as creative marketing, promotion and distribution strategies. Spectrum Brands competes for limited shelf space and consumer acceptance based on location and product segment. Spectrum Brands also competes with its retail customers, who use their own private label brands, and with distributors and foreign manufacturers of unbranded products, typically at lower prices. Spectrum Brands attempts to address these competitive challenges through a portfolio of well-recognized consumer product brands, business relationships with global retailers, distributors and wholesalers, an expansive distribution network, innovative new products, packaging and technologies and an experienced management team. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-Risk Related to Spectrum Brands’ Business-Spectrum Brands participates in very competitive markets and it may not be able to compete successfully, causing Spectrum Brands to lose market share and sales.”
Within Spectrum Brands’ GBA product line, primary competitors for consumer batteries include Energizer Holdings, Inc. (Energizer), Berkshire Hathaway (Duracell), Montana Tech Components AG (PowerOne), Matsushita (Panasonic) and private label brands of major retailers. Primary competitors for small appliances include Newell Brands (Sunbeam, Mr. Coffee, Crockpot, Oster), De’Longhi America (DeLonghi, Kenwood, Braun), SharkNinja (Shark, Ninja), Hamilton Beach Holding Co. (Hamilton Beach, Proctor Silex), Sensio, Inc. (Bella); SEB S.A.(T-fal, Krups, Rowenta), Whirlpool Corporation (Kitchen Aid), Conair Corporation (Cuisinart, Waring), Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Philips), Glen Dimplex (Morphy Richards) and private label brands for major retailers. Primary competitors in personal care include are Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Norelco), The Procter & Gamble Company (Braun), Conair Corporation, Wahl Clipper Corporation and Helen of Troy Limited.
Within Spectrum Brands’ HHI product line, primary competitors in security and residential locksets include Allegion (Schlage), Assa Abloy (Emtek, Yale) and private label import brands such as Defiant. Primary competitors for hardware include The Hillman Group, Hampton Hardware and private labels such as Crown Bolt. Primary competitors for plumbing include Masco (Delta), Fortune Brands (Moen), Kohler, American Standard, and private label brands such as Glacier Bay.
Primary competitors in Spectrum Brands’ PET product line are Mars Corporation, the Hartz Mountain Corporation and Central Garden & Pet Company which all sell a comprehensive line of pet supplies that compete across Spectrum Brands’ product categories. The pet supplies product category is highly fragmented with no competitor holding a substantial market share and consists of small companies with limited product lines.
Primary competitors in Spectrum Brands’ H&G product line are The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company (Scotts, Ortho, Roundup, Miracle-Gro, Tomcat); Central Garden & Pet (AMDRO, Sevin), Bayer A.G. (Bayer Advanced), S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. (Raid, OFF!); and Henkel AG & Co. KGaA (Combat).
Within Spectrum Brands’ GAC, primary competitors for appearance products are Meguairs, Turtle Wax, Black Magic, Mothers, and private label brands. Primary competitors in performance chemical products include Lucas, Gumout, Chevron, Prestone, and private label brands. Primary competitors for A/C recharge products primarily consist of private label brands. Spectrum Brands also encounters competition from similar and alternative products, many of which are produced and marketed by major multinational or national companies such as Mothers, Meguiars, Lucas, and Sea Foam.
Seasonality
On a consolidated basis, Spectrum Brands’ financial results are approximately equally weighted across the fiscal quarters, however, sales of certain product categories tend to be seasonal. Sales in Spectrum Brands’ GBA segment, primarily from consumer battery and electric personal care product categories tend to increase during the December holiday season (Spectrum Brands’ first fiscal quarter), while small appliances sales increase from July through December primarily due to the increased demand by customers in the late summer for “back-to-school” sales (Spectrum Brands’ fourth fiscal quarter) and in December for the holiday season. Sales in Spectrum Brands’ HHI segment primarily increase during the spring and summer construction period (Spectrum Brands’ third and fourth fiscal quarters). Sales in Spectrum Brands’ PET segment remain fairly consistent throughout the year with little variation. Sales in Spectrum Brands’ H&G segment and GAC segment typically peak during the first six months of the calendar year (Spectrum Brands’ second and third fiscal quarters) due to customer seasonal purchasing patterns and timing of promotional activities.
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Manufacturing, Raw Materials and Suppliers
The principal raw materials used in manufacturing include zinc, electrolytic manganese dioxide used in Spectrum Brands’ consumer batteries products; brass and steel used in the manufacturing of Spectrum Brands’ HHI products, and refrigerant R-134a used in Spectrum Brands’ GAC A/C recharge products, that are sourced either on a global or regional basis. The prices of these raw materials are susceptible to fluctuations due to supply and demand trends, energy costs, transportation costs, government regulations and tariffs, changes in currency exchange rates, price controls, general economic conditions and other unforeseen circumstances. Spectrum Brands has regularly engaged in forward purchase and hedging derivative transactions in an attempt to effectively manage the raw material costs Spectrum Brands expects to incur over the next 12 to 24 months.
Substantially all of Spectrum Brands’ rechargeable batteries and chargers, portable lighting products, personal care and small appliances, and rawhide alternative products from Spectrum Brands’ recent PetMatrix acquisition are manufactured by third party suppliers that are primarily located in the Asia-Pacific region. Spectrum Brands maintains ownership of most of the tooling and molds used by its suppliers.
Spectrum Brands continually evaluates its manufacturing facilities’ capacity and related utilization. As a result of such analyses, Spectrum Brands has closed a number of manufacturing facilities during the past five years. In general, Spectrum Brands believes its existing facilities are adequate for its present and foreseeable needs.
Patents and Trademarks
Spectrum Brands uses and maintains a number of patents, trademarks, brand names and trade names that are, in the aggregate, important to its businesses. Spectrum Brands seeks trademark protection in the U.S. and in foreign countries. Spectrum Brands’ most significant registered trademarks are:

Product Line |  | Trademarks
GBA |  | Rayovac®, VARTA®, Remington®, Black & Decker®, George Foreman®, Russell Hobbs®, Farberware®, Toastmaster®, Breadman®, Juiceman®
HHI |  | Kwikset®, Weiser®, Baldwin®, National Hardware®, Stanley®, Fanal®, Pfister®, Tell®
PET |  | Tetra®, 8-in-1®, Dingo®, Nature’s Miracle®, Wild Harvest®, Marineland®, Furminator®, Littermaid®, Birdola®, Healthy Hide®, Digest-eeze®, Iams®, Eukanuba®, SmartBone®, DreamBones®, GloFish®
H&G |  | Spectracide®, Cutter®, Hot Shot®, Real Kill®, Ultra Kill®, Black Flag®, Liquid Fence®, Rid-a-bug®, TAT®, Garden Safe®, Repel®
GAC |  | Armor All®, STP®, A/C PRO®

Spectrum Brands acquired the rights to the VARTA® trademark in the consumer battery category and Johnson Controls Inc. acquired rights to the trademark in the automotive battery category from VARTA AG. VARTA AG continues to have rights to use the trademark with travel guides and industrial batteries and VARTA Microbattery GmbH has the right to use the trademark with micro batteries. Spectrum Brands is a party to a Trademark and Domain Names Protection and Delimitation Agreement that governs ownership and usage rights and obligations of the parties relative to the VARTA® trademark.
Spectrum Brands licenses the Black & Decker® brand in North America, Latin America (excluding Brazil) and the Caribbean for four core categories of household appliances: beverage products, food preparation products, garment care products and cooking products through a trademark license agreement with The Black and Decker Corporation (“BDC”) through December 2018. Under the agreement, Spectrum Brands agreed to pay BDC royalties based on a percentage of sales, with minimum annual royalty payments of $15.0 million through calendar year 2018. The agreement also requires Spectrum Brands to comply with maximum annual return rates for products. If BDC does not agree to renew the license agreement, Spectrum Brands will have 18 months to transition out of the brand name with no minimum royalty payments during such transition period and BDC has agreed to not compete in the four categories for five years after the end of the transition period. Upon request, BDC may elect to extend the license to use the Black & Decker brand to certain additional product categories. BDC has approved several extensions of the license to additional categories and geographies.
Spectrum Brands owns the rights to use the Remington® trademark for electric shavers, shaver accessories, grooming products and personal care products; and Remington Arms Company, Inc. (“Remington Arms”) owns the rights to use the trademark for firearms, sporting goods and products for industrial use, including industrial hand tools. The terms of a 1986 agreement between Remington Products, LLC and Remington Arms provides for the shared rights to use the trademark on products which are not considered “principal products of interest” for either company. Spectrum Brands retains the trademark for nearly all products which Spectrum Brands believes can benefit from the use of the brand name in its distribution channels.
Spectrum Brands licenses the Stanley® and Black & Decker® marks and logos in the HHI segment for such products as residential locksets, builder’s hardware, padlocks, and door hardware through a transitional trademark license agreement with Stanley Black & Decker Corporation (“SBD”). Under the agreement and as part of the acquisition of the HHI Business in December 2012, Spectrum Brands has a royalty-free, fully paid license to use certain trademarks, brand names and logos in marketing its products and services for five years after the completion of the HHI Business acquisition. Spectrum Brands has amended the license agreement with SBD to extend the license agreement and allow for the continued use of the respective trademarks, brand names and logos in the HHI segment through December 2018. During this extension period, Spectrum Brands will pay to SBD royalties based on a percentage of sales.
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Spectrum Brands owns or licenses from third parties a significant number of patents and patent applications throughout the world relating to products that Spectrum Brands sells and manufacturing equipment that Spectrum Brands uses. Through Spectrum Brands’ GBA segment, Spectrum Brands holds a license that expires in March 2022 for certain alkaline battery designs, technology and manufacturing equipment from Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co., Ltd. (“Matsushita”), to whom Spectrum Brands pays a royalty. Through ownership of Shaser, Inc., Spectrum Brands has patented technology that is used in its i-Light and i-Light Reveal product line. Through Spectrum Brands’ HHI segment, Spectrum Brands owns the patented SmartKey® technology, which enables customers to easily rekey their locks without hiring a locksmith. Through Spectrum Brands’ acquisition of PetMatrix on June 1, 2017, Spectrum Brands owns patented technology for the development of edible rawhide-fee pet treats. Through Spectrum Brands’ acquisition of GloFish on May 12, 2017, Spectrum Brands owns patented technology used in the development and breeding of fluorescent ornamental fish.
Research and Development
Spectrum Brands’ research and development strategy is focused on new product development and performance enhancements of its existing products. Spectrum Brands plans to continue to use its strong brand names, established customer relationships and significant research and development efforts to introduce innovative products that offer enhanced value to consumers through new designs and improved functionality. During Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, Spectrum Brands invested $59.5 million, $58.7 million and $51.3 million, respectively, in product research and development.
Governmental Regulations and Environmental Matters
Due to the nature of Spectrum Brands’ operations, its facilities are subject to a broad range of federal, state, local and foreign legal and regulatory provisions relating to the environment, including those regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous substances and wastes and the remediation of contamination associated with the releases of hazardous substances at Spectrum Brands’ facilities. Spectrum Brands believes that compliance with the federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations to which it is subject will not have a material effect upon Spectrum Brands’ capital expenditures, financial condition, earnings or competitive position.
From time to time, Spectrum Brands has been required to address the effect of historic activities on the environmental condition of its properties. Spectrum Brands has not conducted invasive testing at all facilities to identify all potential environmental liability risks. Given the age of its facilities and the nature of its operations, it is possible that material liabilities may arise in the future in connection with Spectrum Brands’ current or former facilities. If previously unknown contamination of property underlying or in the vicinity of its manufacturing facilities is discovered, Spectrum Brands could incur material unforeseen expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, capital expenditures, earnings and competitive position. Although Spectrum Brands is currently engaged in investigative or remedial projects at some of its facilities, Spectrum Brands does not expect that such projects, taking into account established accruals, will cause Spectrum Brands to incur expenditures that are material to its business, financial condition or results of operations; however, it is possible that Spectrum Brands’ future liability could be material.
Spectrum Brands has been, and in the future may be, subject to proceedings related to its disposal of industrial and hazardous material at off-site disposal locations or similar disposals made by other parties for which Spectrum Brands is held responsible as a result of its relationships with such other parties. In the U.S., these proceedings are under the Federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”) or similar state laws that hold persons who “arranged for” the disposal or treatment of such substances strictly liable for costs incurred in responding to the release or threatened release of hazardous substances from such sites, regardless of fault or the lawfulness of the original disposal. Liability under CERCLA is typically joint and several, meaning that a liable party may be responsible for all costs incurred in investigating and remediating contamination at a site. As a practical matter, liability at CERCLA sites is shared by all of the viable responsible parties. Spectrum Brands occasionally is identified by federal or state governmental agencies as being a potentially responsible party for response actions contemplated at an off-site facility. At the existing sites where Spectrum Brands has been notified of its status as a potentially responsible party, it is either premature to determine whether its potential liability, if any, will be material or Spectrum Brands does not believe that its liability, if any, will be material. Spectrum Brands may be named as a potentially responsible party under CERCLA or similar state laws for other sites not currently known to it, and the costs and liabilities associated with these sites may be material.
It is difficult to quantify with certainty the potential financial impact of actions regarding expenditures for environmental matters, particularly remediation, and future capital expenditures for environmental control equipment. See Note 21, Commitments and Contingencies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for further details on estimated liabilities arising from such environmental matters. Nevertheless, based upon the information currently available, Spectrum Brands believes that its ultimate liability arising from such environmental matters should not be material to its business or financial condition.
Electronic and electrical products that Spectrum Brands sells in Europe, particularly products sold under the Remington® brand name, VARTA® battery chargers, certain portable lighting and all of Spectrum Brands’ batteries, are subject to regulation in European Union (“EU”) markets under three key EU directives. The first directive is the Restriction of the Use of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“RoHS”) which took effect in EU member states beginning July 1, 2006.
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RoHS prohibits companies from selling products which contain certain specified hazardous materials in EU member states. Spectrum Brands believes that compliance with RoHS does not have a material effect on its capital expenditures, financial condition, earnings or competitive position. The second directive is entitled the Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“WEEE”). WEEE makes producers or importers of particular classes of electrical goods financially responsible for specified collection, recycling, treatment and disposal of past and future covered products. WEEE assigns levels of responsibility to companies doing business in EU markets based on their relative market share. WEEE calls on each EU member state to enact enabling legislation to implement the directive. To comply with WEEE requirements, Spectrum Brands has partnered with other companies to create a comprehensive collection, treatment, disposal and recycling program. As EU member states pass enabling legislation Spectrum Brands currently expects its compliance system to be sufficient to meet such requirements. Spectrum Brands’ current estimated costs associated with compliance with WEEE are not significant based on its current market share. However, Spectrum Brands continues to evaluate the impact of the WEEE legislation and implementation of regulations as EU member states implement guidance and as its market share changes and, as a result, actual costs to Spectrum Brands could differ from its current estimates and may be material to its business, financial condition or results of operations. The third directive is the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and Waste Batteries, which was adopted in September 2006 and went into effect in September 2008 (the “Battery Directive”). The Battery Directive bans heavy metals in batteries by establishing maximum quantities of those heavy metals in batteries and mandates waste management of batteries, including collection, recycling and disposal systems. The Battery Directive places the costs of such waste management systems on producers and importers of batteries. The Battery Directive calls on each EU member state to enact enabling legislation to implement the directive. Spectrum Brands currently believes that compliance with the Battery Directive does not have a material effect on its capital expenditures, financial condition, earnings or competitive position. EU member states have adopted enabling legislation required by the directive and issued additional guidance. Spectrum Brands will continue to evaluate the impact of the Battery Directive and its enabling legislation.
Certain of Spectrum Brands’ products and facilities in each of its business segments are regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) or other federal consumer protection and product safety agencies and are subject to the regulations such agencies enforce, as well as by similar state, foreign and multinational agencies and regulations. For example, in the U.S., all products containing pesticides must be registered with the EPA and, in many cases, similar state and foreign agencies before they can be manufactured or sold. Spectrum Brands’ inability to obtain, delay in receipt or the cancellation of any registration could have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. The severity of the effect would depend on which products were involved, whether another product could be substituted and whether its competitors were similarly affected. Spectrum Brands attempts to anticipate regulatory developments and maintain registrations of, and access to, substitute chemicals and other ingredients. Spectrum Brands may not always be able to avoid or minimize these risks.
The Food Quality Protection Act (“FQPA”) established a standard for food-use pesticides, which is that a reasonable certainty of no harm will result from the cumulative effect of pesticide exposures. Under the FQPA, the EPA is evaluating the cumulative effects from dietary and non-dietary exposures to pesticides. The pesticides in certain of Spectrum Brands’ products continue to be evaluated by the EPA as part of this program. It is possible that the EPA or a third party active ingredient registrant may decide that a pesticide Spectrum Brands uses in its products will be limited or made unavailable to Spectrum Brands. Spectrum Brands cannot predict the outcome or the severity of the effect of the EPA’s continuing evaluations of active ingredients used in its products.
Certain of Spectrum Brands’ products and packaging materials are subject to regulations administered by the FDA. Among other things, the FDA enforces statutory prohibitions against misbranded and adulterated products, establishes ingredients and manufacturing procedures for certain products, establishes standards of identity for certain products, determines the safety of products and establishes labeling standards and requirements. In addition, various states regulate these products by enforcing federal and state standards of identity for selected products, grading products, inspecting production facilities and imposing their own labeling requirements.
Certain A/C products containing R-134a are subject to regulation in the U.S. markets under the EPA’s Significant New Alternative Policy (“SNAP Program”), which implements international agreements restricting the use of certain refrigerants. The EPA has identified use of R-134a in new automotive air conditioning systems as an approved use up to the 2020 automotive model year. The EPA has not yet approved a replacement refrigerant under the SNAP program for sale in small cans for automotive use for automobiles produced beginning with the 2021 model year, and future rulemakings from the agency are anticipated. In addition, in 2017 the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia issued a decision that may remove R-134a from regulation under the SNAP program, and that decision may be subject to en banc review or a writ of certiorari filed with the U.S. Supreme Court. Spectrum Brands currently believes that compliance with current and future SNAP regulations will not have a material effect on its capital expenditures, financial condition, earnings or competitive position. However, until such time as future regulations are issued and future alternate refrigerants are approved for sale in small cans, a full evaluation of these costs cannot be completed by Spectrum Brands. Spectrum Brands will continue to evaluate the impact of the SNAP Program as the EPA issues additional guidance.
The fish sold under the GloFish brand can be classified as an intragenic or transgenic species due to the addition of their bioluminescent genes, which means the FDA has the authority to regulate as the luminescence is caused by intentionally altered
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genomic DNA. Additional regulatory agencies, including the EPA, as well as agencies in U.S. and foreign states have authority to regulate these types of species. It is possible that the EPA, FDA, or another U.S. or foreign state or federal agency could in the future seek to exercise authority over the distribution and/or sale of GloFish. Spectrum Brands will continue to monitor the development of any regulations that might apply to Spectrum Brands’ bioluminescent fish.
Certain of Spectrum Brands’ products may be regulated under programs within the United States, Canada, or in other countries that may require that those products and the associated product packaging be recycled or managed for disposal through a designated recycling program. Some programs are funded through assessment of a fee on the manufacturer and suppliers, including Spectrum Brands. Spectrum Brands does not expect that such programs will cause Spectrum Brands to incur expenditures that are material to Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition or results of operations; however, it is possible that Spectrum Brands’ future liability could be material.
The United States Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”) was amended in 2016, and the EPA is currently evaluating additional chemicals for regulation under that amended law. Certain of Spectrum Brands’ products may be manufactured using chemicals or other ingredients that may be subject to regulation under current TSCA regulations, and other chemicals or ingredients may be regulated under the law in the future. Spectrum Brands does not expect that compliance with current or future TSCA regulations will cause Spectrum Brands to incur expenditures that are material to Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition or results of operations; however, it is possible that Spectrum Brands’ future liability could be material.
Employees
Spectrum Brands had approximately 16,800 full-time employees worldwide as of September 30, 2017. Approximately 14% of its total labor force is covered by collective bargaining agreements. There are 8 collective bargaining agreements that will expire during Spectrum Brands’ Fiscal 2018, which cover approximately 74% of the labor force under collective bargaining agreements, or approximately 10% of its total labor force. Spectrum Brands believes that its overall relationship with its employees is good.
Available Information
For information regarding Spectrum Brands, see the remaining section of this report. For additional information regarding Spectrum Brands, including information in addition to that included in HRG’s SEC reports and public announcements, we direct you to Spectrum Brands’ announcements and filings made with the SEC, including Spectrum Brands’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for Fiscal 2017. You should follow and read the SEC filings, press releases and other public statements made by Spectrum Brands and its representatives, as we expect that they will make additional information available through these channels.
Spectrum Brands’ Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are made available free of charge on or through Spectrum Brands’ website at www.spectrumbrands.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with, or furnished to, the Commission.
The information on Spectrum Brands’ website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, part of this report or incorporated into any other filings HRG or Spectrum Brands makes with the SEC and Spectrum Brands’ reports are not and shall not be deemed to be part of this report. You may read and copy any materials Spectrum Brands files with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a website that contains Spectrum Brands’ reports, proxy statements and other information at www.sec.gov.
FGL
The FGL Business
FGL, a Delaware corporation and subsidiary of HRG, is a provider of various types of fixed annuities and life insurance products in the U.S. Based in Des Moines, Iowa, and Baltimore, Maryland, FGL operates its annuity and life insurance operations in the U.S. through its subsidiaries FGH, Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company (“FGL Insurance”) and Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company of New York (“FGL NY Insurance”). As of September 30, 2017, FGL had approximately 700,000 policyholders counting on the safety and protection features of FGL’s fixed annuity and life insurance products.
FGL offers various types of fixed annuities and life insurance products. Fixed annuities represent a retirement and savings tool which FGL’s customers rely on for principal protection and predictable income streams. In addition, FGL’s life insurance products provide its customers with a complementary product that allows them to build on their savings and assign payment of a death benefit to a designated beneficiary upon the policyholder’s death. Currently, FGL’s most popular products are fixed indexed annuities (“FIAs”) that tie contractual returns to specific market indices, such as the Standard & Poor's Ratings Services (“S&P”) 500 Index. In addition to FIAs, FGL also sells indexed universal life policies (“IULs”) and other fixed annuities.
In Fiscal 2017, FIAs generated approximately 72% of FGL’s total sales and the remaining 28% of sales was primarily generated from fixed annuity sales during the year. FGL invests the annuity premiums primarily in fixed income securities and options and hedge FGL’s risk, predominantly using call options on the S&P 500 Index, and replicate the market index returns to its policyholders. The majority of FGL’s products contain provisions that permit FGL to annually adjust the formula by which index
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credits are provided in response to changing market conditions. In addition, FGL’s annuity contracts generally either cannot be surrendered or include surrender charges that discourage early redemptions.
The FGL Merger
On November 8, 2015, Anbang Insurance Group Co., Ltd. and its affiliates (collectively, “Anbang”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement”) to acquire FGL for $26.80 per share. On April 17, 2017, FGL terminated the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement. Prior to its termination, the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement was amended on November 3, 2016 and on February 9, 2017, each time to extend the outside termination date. As a result of the termination of the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement, FGL had no remaining obligations thereunder.
On May 24, 2017, FGL entered into the FGL Merger Agreement with CF Corp and certain affiliates of CF Corp. Pursuant to the FGL Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the FGL Merger (the “Effective Time”), each issued and outstanding share of common stock of FGL (the “FGL Common Stock”) will be cancelled and converted automatically into the right to receive $31.10 in cash, without interest (the “FGL Merger Consideration”), other than any shares of FGL Common Stock owned by FGL as treasury stock or otherwise or owned by CF Corp, CF/FGL US or Merger Sub (which will be cancelled and no payment will be made with respect thereto), shares of FGL Common Stock granted pursuant to FGL’s Equity Plan (as defined in the FGL Merger Agreement) and those shares of FGL Common Stock with respect to which appraisal rights under Delaware law are properly exercised and not withdrawn. The FGL Merger Agreement permits FGL to pay out a regular quarterly cash dividend on its FGL Common Stock prior to the closing of the transaction in an amount not in excess of $0.065 per share, per quarter (the per share amount of FGL’s most recently declared quarterly dividend).
At the Effective Time, each (i) option to purchase shares of FGL Common Stock (a “FGL Stock Option”), (ii) restricted share of FGL Common Stock and (iii) performance-based restricted stock unit relating to shares of FGL Common Stock (an “RSU”), in each case whether vested or unvested, will become fully vested and automatically converted into the right to receive a cash payment equal to the product of (1) the number of shares subject to the award (for RSUs, determined at the target performance level) multiplied by (2) the FGL Merger Consideration (less the exercise price per share in the case of FGL Stock Option s). In addition, at the Effective Time, each stock option (“FGH Stock Option”) and restricted stock unit relating to shares of FGH, whether vested or unvested, will become fully vested and automatically converted into the right to receive a cash payment equal to the product of (A) the number of shares of FGH stock subject to the award multiplied by (B) $176.32 (less the exercise price in the case of such FGH Stock Option s), and each dividend equivalent held in respect of a share of FGH stock (a “DER”), whether vested or unvested, will become fully vested and automatically converted into the right to receive a cash payment equal to the amount accrued with respect to such DER.
Following execution of the FGL Merger Agreement, FS Holdco II Ltd. (“FS Holdco”), which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of HRG that holds a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of FGL Common Stock, executed and delivered to FGL a written consent (the “Consent”), approving and adopting the FGL Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the FGL Merger. As a result of the execution and delivery of the Consent, the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of FGL’s Common Stock have adopted and approved the FGL Merger Agreement.
Pursuant to the FGL Merger Agreement, the consummation of the FGL Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the following closing conditions, which have been satisfied: (i) on June 16, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission granted early termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended; (ii) on August 8, 2017, CF Corp held an extraordinary general meeting in lieu of an annual general meeting of shareholders, at which CF Corp’s shareholders approved, among other items, all of the proposals relating to the FGL Merger Agreement and the FGL Merger; (iii) on August 14, 2017, FGL filed with the SEC and mailed to its stockholders a definitive information statement in connection with the FGL Merger; (iv) on August 24, 2017, the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation granted its required regulatory approval relating to the FGL Merger; and (v) on November 8, 2017, the New York Department of Financial Services granted its required regulatory approval relating to the FGL Merger. In addition, the consummation of the FGL Merger is also subject to satisfaction or waiver of other closing conditions, including the receipt of regulatory approvals from the Iowa Insurance Division (“IID”) and the absence of any law or order enacted, issued or enforced that is in effect and that prevents or prohibits the consummation of the FGL Merger. With respect to the regulatory approvals from the IID, on November 7, 2017, the IID held a public hearing to consider whether the proposed acquisition of control of Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company complies with the standards set forth under applicable Iowa insurance laws.
FGL expects to be in a position to close the FGL Merger before the end of calendar year 2017; however, the closing of the FGL Merger and the timing thereof is subject to the IID’s regulatory review and approval process, the results of which cannot be assured. In the event the FGL Merger Agreement is terminated, under certain circumstances, FGL may be required to pay a termination fee to CF Corp in an aggregate amount of $50.0 million.
The foregoing description of the FGL Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby does not purport to be complete and should be read concurrently with the other related disclosure in this report, and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the text of the FGL Merger Agreement filed by FGL with the SEC. FGL has filed with the SEC and mailed to its stockholders the definitive information statement. The definitive information statement and other relevant materials contain important information about FGL, CF Corp, the FGL Merger and related matters. These documents are available at no
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charge on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition, documents are also available for free from FGL by contacting FGL’s investor relations department at Investor.Relations@fglife.com.
Strategy
FGL seeks to grow its business by pursuing a set of strategies aimed at delivering sustainable and profitable growth. These strategies include: (i) taking action to protect sales in FGL’s existing markets, strengthen its business and providing a platform for sustainable growth, (ii) building off FGL’s foundational initiatives and creating a more engaging, customer-focused experience, (iii) leveraging FGL’s product capabilities for additional distribution, and (iv) focusing on initiatives that FGL expects will deliver target profits.
Competition
FGL’s ability to compete is dependent upon many factors which include, among other things, its ability to develop competitive and profitable products, its ability to maintain stable relationships with its contracted IMOs, its ability to maintain low unit costs and its maintenance of adequate financial strength ratings from rating agencies. Principal competitive factors for FIAs are initial crediting rates, reputation for renewal crediting action, product features, brand recognition, customer service, cost, distribution capabilities and financial strength ratings of the provider. Competition may affect, among other matters, both business growth and the pricing of FGL’s products and services. Principal competitive factors for IULs are based on service and distribution channel relationships, price, brand recognition, financial strength ratings of its insurance subsidiaries and financial stability. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”
Products
FGL’s experience designing and developing annuities and life insurance products is expected to allow FGL to continue to introduce innovative products and solutions designed to meet customers’ changing needs. FGL works hand-in-hand with its distributors to devise the most suitable product solutions for the ever-changing market. FGL believes that, on a practical basis, FGL has a unique understanding of the safety, accumulation, protection, and income needs of middle-income Americans.
Annuity Products
Through FGL’s insurance subsidiaries, FGL issues a portfolio of deferred annuities (fixed indexed and fixed rate annuities) and immediate annuities. A deferred annuity is a type of contract that accumulates value on a tax deferred basis and typically begins making specified periodic or lump sum payments a certain number of years after the contract has been issued. An immediate annuity is a type of contract that begins making specified payments within one annuity period (e.g., one month or one year) and typically pays principal and earnings in equal payments over some period of time.
Deferred Annuities
FIAs
FGL’s FIAs allow contract owners the possibility of earning interest based on the performance of a specified market index, predominantly the S&P 500 Index, without risk to principal. The contracts include a provision for a minimum guaranteed surrender value calculated in accordance with applicable law. A market index tracks the performance of a specific group of stocks representing a particular segment of the market, or in some cases an entire market. For example, the S&P 500 Composite Stock Price Index is an index of 500 stocks intended to be representative of a broad segment of the market. All FIA products allow policyholders to allocate funds once a year among several different crediting strategies, including one or more index-based strategies and a traditional fixed rate strategy. High surrender charges apply for early withdrawal, typically seven to fourteen years after purchase.
The value to the contractholder of an FIA contract is equal to the sum of deposits paid, premium bonuses (described below), index credits, up to a cap and a participation rate based on the annual appreciation (based in certain situations on annual point-to-point, monthly point-to-point or monthly average calculations) in a recognized market index less any fees for riders. The cap can be reset annually. Certain riders allow for a contractholder to increase their cap for a set fee. As this fee is fixed, the contractholder may lose principal if the index credits received do not exceed the amount of such fee.
Fixed Rate Annuities
Fixed rate annuities include annual reset and multi-year rate guaranteed policies. Fixed rate annual reset annuities issued by FGL have an annual interest rate (the “crediting rate”) that is guaranteed for the first policy year. After the first policy year, FGL has the discretionary ability to change the crediting rate once annually to any rate at or above a guaranteed minimum rate. Fixed rate multi-year guaranteed annuities (“MYGAs”) are similar to fixed rate annual reset annuities except that the initial crediting rate is guaranteed for a specified number of years before it may be changed at its discretion.
Withdrawal Options for Deferred Annuities
After the first year following the issuance of a FIA deferred annuity policy, holders of deferred annuities are typically permitted penalty-free withdrawals up to 10% of the prior year’s value, subject to certain limitations. Withdrawals in excess of allowable
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penalty-free amounts are assessed a surrender charge if such withdrawals are made during the penalty period of the deferred annuity policy. The penalty period typically ranges from seven to fourteen years for FIAs and three to ten years for fixed rate annuities.
The policyholder may elect to take the proceeds of the surrender either in a single payment or in a series of payments over the life of the policyholder or for a fixed number of years (or a combination of these payment options). In addition to the foregoing withdrawal rights, policyholders may also elect to have additional withdrawal rights by purchasing a GMWB. These riders provide a GMWB, regardless of index performance, for the life of the contract. However, the benefit may vary based on performance.
Immediate Annuities
FGL also sells single premium immediate annuities (or “SPIAs”), which provide a series of periodic payments for a fixed period of time or for the life of the policyholder, according to the policyholder’s choice at the time of issue. The amounts, frequency and length of time of the payments are fixed at the outset of the annuity contract. SPIAs are often purchased by persons at or near retirement age who desire a steady stream of payments over a future period of years.
Life Insurance
FGL currently offers IUL insurance policies and has previously sold term and whole life insurance products. Holders of universal life insurance policies earn returns on their policies which are credited to the policyholder’s cash value account. The insurer periodically deducts its expenses and the cost of life insurance protection from the cash value account. The balance of the cash value account is credited interest at a fixed rate or returns based on the performance of a market index, or both, at the option of the policyholder, using a method similar to that described above for FIAs.
Almost all of the life insurance policies in force, except for the return of premium benefits on term life insurance products, are subject to an arrangement with Wilton Reassurance Company (“Wilton Re”).
Distribution
The sale of FGL’s products typically occurs as part of a four-party, three stage sales process between FGL Insurance, an IMO, the agent and the customer. FGL Insurance designs, manufactures, issues, and services the product. The IMOs will usually sign contracts with multiple insurance carriers to provide their agents with a broad and competitive product portfolio. The IMO will discuss product options over the phone with agents about to meet with clients. The IMO staff will also provide assistance to the agent during the selling and application process. The agent may get customer leads from the IMOs. The agent will conduct a fact find and present suitable product choices to the customers. FGL monitors each distribution partner for pricing metrics, mortality, and persistency, as well as market conduct and suitability.
Within this business model, FGL offers its products through a network of approximately 200 IMOs, representing approximately 37,000 agents, and identifies its most important IMOs, those who FGL believes have the ability to generate significant production for FGL, as “Power Partners.” FGL currently has 32 Power Partners, comprised of 21 annuity IMOs and 11 life insurance IMOs. During Fiscal 2017, these Power Partners accounted for approximately 95.0% of its annual sales volume. FGL believes that its relationships with these IMOs are strong. The average tenure of the top ten Power Partners is approximately 14 years.
FGL’s Power Partners play an important role in the development of its products. Over the last ten years, the majority of FGL’s best-selling products have been developed with its Power Partners. FGL intends to continue to have the Power Partners play an important role in the development of its products in the future, which FGL believes provides it with integral feedback throughout the development process and assists FGL with competing for “shelf space” of new design launches.
The top five states for the distribution of FGL Insurance products in 2017 were California, Texas, Florida, New Jersey and Michigan, which together accounted for nearly 42.9% of FGL Insurance’s premiums.
Investments
FGL embraces a long-term conservative investment philosophy, investing nearly all the insurance premiums FGL receives in a wide range of fixed income interest-bearing securities.
FGL’s internal asset management team manages the bulk of the investment portfolio. For certain asset classes, FGL utilizes experienced third party companies, including FGL’s affiliates. FGL’s investment strategy is designed to (i) achieve strong absolute returns; (ii) provide consistent yield and investment income; and (iii) preserve capital.
In addition to active management of assets, FGL’s Investments department is also responsible for defining portfolio strategy, managing its asset/liability profile and hedging its product guarantees.
The types of assets in which FGL may invest are influenced by various state laws, which prescribe qualified investment assets applicable to insurance companies. Additionally, FGL defines risk tolerance across a wide range of factors, including credit risk, liquidity risk, concentration (issuer and sector) risk, and caps on specific asset classes, which in turn establish conservative risk thresholds.
FGL’s investment portfolio consists of high quality fixed maturities, including publicly issued and privately issued corporate bonds, municipal and other government bonds, asset-backed securities (“ABS”), residential mortgage-backed securities
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(“RMBS”) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) and commercial mortgage loans (“CMLs”). FGL also maintains holdings in floating rate, and less rate-sensitive investments, including senior tranches of collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), non-agency RMBS, and various types of ABS. It is FGL’s expectation that its investment portfolio will broaden in scope and diversity to include other asset classes held by life and annuity insurance writers. FGL also has a small amount of equity holdings through its funding arrangement with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta.
Portfolio Activity
Over the last year, FGL continued to work with its internal asset management team and third party asset managers to broaden the portfolio’s exposure to include United States dollar (“USD”) denominated emerging market bonds, highly rated preferred stocks and hybrids and structured securities including ABS.
Derivatives
FGL’s FIA contracts permit the holder to elect to receive a return based on an interest rate or the performance of a market index, most typically based on the S&P 500 Index. FGL purchases derivatives consisting predominantly of call options and, to a lesser degree, futures contracts on the equity indices underlying the applicable policy. These derivatives are used to fund the index credits due to policyholders under the FIA contracts based upon policyholders’ contract elections. The majority of all such call options are one-year options purchased to match the funding requirements underlying the FIA contracts. On the anniversary dates of the FIA contracts, the market index used to compute the annual index credit under the FIA contract is reset. At such time, FGL purchases new one-, two-, three-, or five-year call options to fund the next index credit. FGL attempts to manage the cost of these purchases through the terms of its FIA contracts, which permit FGL to change caps or participation rates, subject to certain guaranteed minimums that must be maintained. The change in the fair value of the call options and futures contracts is generally designed to offset the equity market related change in the fair value of the FIA contract’s related reserve liability. The call options and futures contracts are marked to fair value with the change in fair value included as a component of Net investment gains (losses). The change in fair value of the call options and futures contracts includes the gains and losses recognized at the expiration of the instruments’ terms or upon early termination and the changes in fair value of open positions.
Outsourcing
FGL outsources the following functions to third-party service providers:

• | new business administration (data entry and policy issue only);

• | service of existing policies;

• | underwriting administration of life insurance applications;

• | call centers;

• | information technology development and maintenance;

• | investment accounting and custody; and

• | hosting of financial systems.

FGL closely manages its outsourcing partners and integrates their services into its operations. FGL believes that outsourcing such functions allows it to focus capital and FGL employees on its core business operations and perform differentiating functions, such as investment, actuarial, product development and risk management functions. In addition, FGL believes an outsourcing model provides predictable pricing, service levels and volume capabilities and allows it to benefit from technological developments that enhance its customer self-service and sales processes.
Ratings
FGL’s access to funding and its related cost of borrowing, the attractiveness of certain of its products to customers and requirements for derivatives collateral posting are affected by FGL’s credit ratings and insurance financial strength ratings, which are periodically reviewed by the rating agencies. Financial strength ratings and credit ratings are important factors affecting public confidence in an insurer and its competitive position in marketing products.
As of September 30, 2017, A.M. Best Company (“A.M. Best”), Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”) and S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) issued financial strength credit and/or ratings and outlook statements regarding FGH and its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance. Credit ratings represent the opinions of rating agencies regarding an entity’s ability to repay its indebtedness. Financial strength ratings represent the opinions of rating agencies regarding the ability of an insurance company to meet its financial obligations under an insurance policy and generally involve quantitative and qualitative evaluations by rating agencies of a company’s financial condition and operating performance. Generally, rating agencies base their financial strength ratings upon information furnished to them by the insurer and upon their own investigations, studies and assumptions. Financial strength ratings are based upon factors of concern to policyholders, agents and intermediaries and are not directed toward the protection of investors. Credit and financial strength ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold securities and they may be revised or revoked at any time at the sole discretion of the rating organization.
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In addition to the financial strength ratings, rating agencies use an “outlook statement” to indicate a medium or long term trend which, if continued, may lead to a rating change. A positive outlook indicates a rating may be raised and a negative outlook indicates a rating may be lowered. A stable outlook is assigned when ratings are not likely to be changed. A developing outlook is assigned when a rating may be raised, lowered, or affirmed. Outlooks should not be confused with expected stability of the issuer’s financial or economic performance. A rating may have a “stable” outlook to indicate that the rating is not expected to change, but a “stable” outlook does not preclude a rating agency from changing a rating at any time without notice.
Following the announcement of the proposed FGL Merger, the rating organizations have undertaken a review of FGL’s debt ratings and FGL’s insurance company subsidiaries’ financial strength ratings. The rating organizations may take various actions, positive or negative. Such actions are beyond FGL’s control and FGL cannot predict what these actions may be and the timing thereof.
A.M. Best, Fitch, Moody’s and S&P review their ratings of insurance companies from time to time. There can be no assurance that any particular rating will continue for any given period of time or that it will not be changed or withdrawn entirely if, in their judgment, circumstances so warrant. While the degree to which ratings adjustments will affect sales and persistency is unknown, FGL believes if its ratings were to be negatively adjusted for any reason, FGL could experience a material decline in the sales of its products and the persistency of its existing business. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-Risks Related to FGL’s and Front Street’s Businesses.”
Potential Impact of a Ratings Downgrade
Under some of its International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) agreements, FGL has agreed to maintain certain financial strength ratings. A downgrade below these levels provides the counterparty under the agreement the right to terminate the open derivative contracts between the parties, at which time any amounts payable by FGL or the counterparty would be dependent on the market value of the underlying derivative contracts. FGL’s current rating allows multiple counterparties the right to terminate the ISDA agreements, at which time the counterparty would unwind existing positions for fair market value. No ISDA agreements have been terminated, although the counterparties have reserved the right to terminate ISDA agreements at any time. As of September 30, 2017, the amount due to FGL at risk for the ISDA agreements which could be terminated based upon its current ratings was $412.8 million, which equals the fair value to FGL of the open over-the-counter call option positions. The fair value of the call options can never decrease below zero. See Part II, Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk-Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk-FGL.”
In certain transactions, FGL and its counterparty have entered into a collateral support agreement requiring either party to post collateral when the net exposures exceed predetermined thresholds. These thresholds vary by counterparty and credit rating, however are generally zero. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, $381.2 million and $127.8 million, respectively, of collateral was posted by FGL’s counterparties. Accordingly, the maximum amount of loss due to credit risk that FGL would incur if parties to the call options failed completely to perform according to the terms of the contracts was $31.6 million and $147.4 million at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
If FGL’s insurance subsidiaries held net short positions against a counterparty, and such subsidiaries’ financial strength ratings were below the levels required in ISDA agreement with the counterparty, the counterparty would demand immediate further collateralization which could negatively impact overall liquidity. Based on the market value of FGL’s derivatives as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, FGL holds no net short positions against a counterparty; therefore, there is currently no potential exposure for FGL to post collateral.
A downgrade of the financial strength rating of one of FGL’s principal insurance subsidiaries could affect its competitive position in the insurance industry and make it more difficult for FGL to market its products, as potential customers may select companies with higher financial strength ratings. A downgrade of the financial strength rating could also impact FGL’s borrowing costs.
Risk Management
Risk management is a critical part of FGL’s business. FGL seeks to assess risk to its business through a formalized process involving (i) identifying short-term and long-term strategic and operational objectives, (ii) development of risk appetite statements that establish what the company is willing to accept in terms of risks to achieving its goals and objectives, (iii) identifying the levers that control the risk appetite of the company, (iv) establishing the overall limits of risk acceptable for a given risk driver, (v) establishing operational risk limits that are aligned with the tolerances, (vi) assigning risk limit quantification and mitigation responsibilities to individual team members within functional groups, (vii) analyzing the potential qualitative and quantitative impact of individual risks, including but not limited to stress and scenario testing covering over 8 economic and insurance related risks, (viii) mitigating risks by appropriate actions and (ix) identifying, documenting and communicating key business risks in a timely fashion.
The responsibility for monitoring, evaluating and responding to risk is assigned first to FGL’s management and employees, second to those occupying specialist functions, such as legal compliance and risk teams, and third to those occupying supervisory functions, such as internal audit and the board of directors.
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Reinsurance
FGL both cedes reinsurance and assumes reinsurance from other insurance companies. FGL uses reinsurance to diversify risks, manage loss exposures to enhance FGL’s capital position, and to manage new business volume.
In instances where FGL is the ceding company, FGL pays a premium to a reinsurer in exchange for the reinsurer assuming a portion of FGL’s liabilities under the policies it issued and collecting expense allowances in return for FGL’s administration of the ceded policies. Use of reinsurance does not discharge FGL’s liability as the ceding company because FGL remains directly liable to its policyholders and is required to pay the full amount of FGL’s policy obligations in the event that FGL’s reinsurers fail to satisfy their obligations. FGL collects reimbursement from its reinsurers when FGL pays claims on policies that are reinsured. In instances where FGL assumes reinsurance from another insurance company, FGL accepts, in exchange for a reinsurance premium, a portion of the liabilities of the other insurance company under the policies that the ceding company has issued to its policyholders.
FGL monitors the credit risk related to the ability of its reinsurers to honor their obligations under various agreements. To minimize the risk of credit loss on such contracts, FGL generally diversifies its exposures among many reinsurers and limits the amount of exposure to each based on financial strength ratings. FGL is able to further manage risk via funds withheld arrangements.
See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors- Risks Related to FGL’s and Front Street’s Businesses” for further discussion of reinsurance credit risk.
As of the date of this report, FGL had a number of reinsurance agreements, including agreements with Wilton Re, Front Street, Hannover Re and Raven Reinsurance Company. See Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk-Credit Risk-FGL”.
Regulation
Overview
FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re are subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision in their domiciles, Iowa, New York and Vermont, respectively, and in each state in which they do business. FGL Insurance does business throughout the United States, except for New York. FGL NY Insurance only does business in New York. Raven Re is a special purpose captive reinsurance company that only provides reinsurance to FGL Insurance under the Raven Reinsurance Agreement. Following its re-domestication to Iowa, FGL Insurance’s principal insurance regulatory authority is the IID. State insurance departments throughout the United States also monitor FGL Insurance’s insurance operations as a licensed insurer. The NYDFS regulates the operations of FGL NY Insurance, which is domiciled and licensed in New York. The purpose of these regulations is primarily to protect policyholders and beneficiaries and not general creditors and shareholders of those insurers. Many of the laws and regulations to which FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance are subject are regularly re-examined and existing or future laws and regulations may become more restrictive or otherwise adversely affect their operations.
Generally, insurance products underwritten by and rates used by FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance must be approved by the insurance regulators in each state in which they are sold. Those products are also substantially affected by federal and state tax laws. For example, changes in tax law could reduce or eliminate the tax-deferred accumulation of earnings on the deposits paid by the holders of annuities and life insurance products, which could make such products less attractive to potential purchasers. A shift away from life insurance and annuity products could reduce FGL Insurance’s and FGL NY Insurance’s income from the sale of such products, as well as the assets upon which FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance earn investment income. In addition, insurance products may also be subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”).
State insurance authorities have broad administrative powers over FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance with respect to all aspects of the insurance business including:

• | licensing to transact business;

• | licensing agents;

• | prescribing which assets and liabilities are to be considered in determining statutory surplus;

• | regulating premium rates for certain insurance products;

• | approving policy forms and certain related materials;

• | determining whether a reasonable basis exists as to the suitability of the annuity purchase recommendations producers make;

• | regulating unfair trade and claims practices;

• | establishing reserve requirements and solvency standards;

• | regulating the amount of dividends that may be paid in any year;

• | regulating the availability of reinsurance or other substitute financing solutions, the terms thereof and the ability of an insurer to take credit on its financial statements for insurance ceded to reinsurers or other substitute financing solutions;

• | fixing maximum interest rates on life insurance policy loans and minimum accumulation or surrender values; and

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• | regulating the type, amounts, and valuations of investments permitted, transactions with affiliates, and other matters.

Financial Regulation
State insurance laws and regulations require FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re to file reports, including financial statements, with state insurance departments in each state in which they do business, and their operations and accounts are subject to examination by those departments at any time. FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting practices and procedures prescribed or permitted by these departments.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has approved a series of statutory accounting principles and various model regulations that have been adopted, in some cases with certain modifications, by all state insurance departments. These statutory principles are subject to ongoing change and modification. For instance, the NAIC adopted, effective with the annual reporting period ending December 31, 2010, revisions to the Annual Financial Reporting Model Regulation (or the Model Audit Rule) related to auditor independence, corporate governance and internal control over financial reporting. These revisions require that insurance companies, such as FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance, file reports with state insurance departments regarding their assessments of internal control over financial reporting. Moreover, compliance with any particular regulator’s interpretation of a legal or accounting issue may not result in compliance with another regulator’s interpretation of the same issue, particularly when compliance is judged in hindsight. Any particular regulator’s interpretation of a legal or accounting issue may change over time to FGL Insurance’s or FGL NY Insurance’s detriment, or changes to the overall legal or market environment, even absent any change of interpretation by a particular regulator, may cause FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance to change their views regarding the actions they need to take from a legal risk management perspective, which could necessitate changes to FGL Insurance’s or FGL NY Insurance’s practices that may, in some cases, limit their ability to grow and improve profitability.
State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the books and records, financial reporting, policy and rate filings, market conduct and business practices of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other states under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. State insurance departments also have the authority to conduct examinations of non-domiciliary insurers that are licensed in their states. The Maryland Insurance Administration (“MIA”) completed a routine financial examination of FGL Insurance for the three-year period ended December 31, 2012, and found no material deficiencies and proposed no adjustments to the financial statements as filed. The NYDFS completed a routine financial examination of FGL NY for the three-year period ended December 31, 2009, and found no material deficiencies and proposed no adjustments to the financial statements as filed. The NYDFS is in the process of completing a routine financial examination of FGL NY Insurance for the three-year periods ended December 31, 2012.
The Vermont Department of Financial Regulation has completed a routine financial examination of Raven Re for the period from April 7, 2011 (commencement of business) through December 31, 2012. It found no material deficiencies and proposed no adjustments to the financial statements as filed.
Going forward, FGL Insurance will be subject to financial and market conduct examinations by the IID, the primary regulatory authority for Iowa domestic life insurance companies.
Dividend and Other Distribution Payment Limitations
The Iowa insurance law and the New York insurance law regulate the amount of dividends that may be paid in any year by FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance, respectively. Each year, FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance may pay a certain limited amount of ordinary dividends or other distributions without being required to obtain the prior consent of the Iowa Insurance Commissioner (“Iowa Commissioner”) or the NYDFS, respectively. However, to pay any dividends or distributions (including the payment of any dividends or distributions for which prior consent is not required), FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance must provide advance written notice to the Iowa Commissioner or the NYDFS, respectively.
Pursuant to Iowa insurance law, ordinary dividends are payments, together with all other such payments within the preceding twelve months, that do not exceed the greater of (i) 10% of FGL Insurance’s statutory surplus as regards policyholders as of December 31 of the preceding year; or (ii) the net gain from operations of FGL Insurance (excluding realized capital gains) for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year.
Dividends in excess of FGL Insurance’s ordinary dividend capacity are referred to as extraordinary and require prior approval of the Iowa Commissioner. In deciding whether to approve a request to pay an extraordinary dividend, Iowa insurance law requires the Iowa Commissioner to consider the effect of the dividend payment on FGL Insurance’s surplus and financial condition generally and whether the payment of the dividend will cause FGL Insurance to fail to meet its required risk-based capital (“RBC”) ratio. Dividends may only be paid out of statutory earned surplus.
Any payment of dividends by FGL Insurance is subject to the regulatory restrictions described above and the approval of such payment by the board of directors of FGL Insurance, which must consider various factors, including general economic and business conditions, tax considerations, FGL Insurance’s strategic plans, financial results and condition, FGL Insurance’s expansion plans, any contractual, legal or regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends and its effect on RBC and such other factors the board of directors of FGL Insurance considers relevant. For example, payments of dividends could reduce FGL
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Insurance’s RBC and financial condition and lead to a reduction in FGL Insurance’s financial strength rating. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to FGL’s and Front Street’s Businesses-A financial strength ratings downgrade, potential downgrade, or any other negative action by a rating agency, could make FGL’s product offerings less attractive and increase its cost of capital, and thereby adversely affect FGL’s financial condition and results of operations.”
FGL NY Insurance has historically not paid dividends. In 2012, FGL NY Insurance paid a $4.4 million dividend to FGL Insurance after a determination that, as a result of capital contributions by FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance was overcapitalized.
Surplus and Capital
FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance are subject to the supervision of the regulators in states where they are licensed to transact business. Regulators have discretionary authority in connection with the continuing licensing of these entities to limit or prohibit sales to policyholders if, in their judgment, the regulators determine that such entities have not maintained the minimum surplus or capital or that the further transaction of business will be hazardous to policyholders.
Risk-Based Capital
In order to enhance the regulation of insurers’ solvency, the NAIC adopted a model law to implement RBC requirements for life, health and property and casualty insurance companies. All states have adopted the NAIC’s model law or a substantially similar law. RBC is used to evaluate the adequacy of capital and surplus maintained by an insurance company in relation to risks associated with: (i) asset risk, (ii) insurance risk, (iii) interest rate risk, and (iv) business risk. In general, RBC is calculated by applying factors to various asset, premium and reserve items, taking into account the risk characteristics of the insurer. Within a given risk category, these factors are higher for those items with greater underlying risk and lower for items with lower underlying risk. The RBC formula is used as an early warning regulatory tool to identify possible inadequately capitalized insurers for purposes of initiating regulatory action, and not as a means to rank insurers generally. Insurers that have less statutory capital than the RBC calculation requires are considered to have inadequate capital and are subject to varying degrees of regulatory action depending upon the level of capital inadequacy. As of the most recent annual statutory financial statements filed with insurance regulators, the RBC ratios for FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance each exceeded the minimum RBC requirements.
It is desirable to maintain an RBC ratio in excess of the minimum requirements in order to maintain or improve FGL’s financial strength ratings. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to FGL’s and Front Street’s Businesses-A financial strength ratings downgrade, potential downgrade, or any other negative action by a rating agency, could make FGL’s product offerings less attractive and increase its cost of capital, and thereby could adversely affect FGL’s financial condition and results of operations.”
Insurance Regulatory Information System Tests
The NAIC has developed a set of financial relationships or tests known as the Insurance Regulatory Information System (“IRIS”) to assist state regulators in monitoring the financial condition of U.S. insurance companies and identifying companies that require special attention or action by insurance regulatory authorities. A ratio falling outside the prescribed “usual range” is not considered a failing result. Rather, unusual values are viewed as part of the regulatory early monitoring system. In many cases, it is not unusual for financially sound companies to have one or more ratios that fall outside the usual range. Insurance companies generally submit data annually to the NAIC, which in turn analyzes the data using prescribed financial data ratios, each with defined “usual ranges”. Generally, regulators will begin to investigate or monitor an insurance company if its ratios fall outside the usual ranges for four or more of the ratios. IRIS consists of a statistical phase and an analytical phase whereby financial examiners review insurers’ annual statements and financial ratios. The statistical phase consists of 12 key financial ratios based on year-end data that are generated from the NAIC database annually; each ratio has a “usual range” of results. As of December 31, 2016, FGL Insurance had one ratio outside the usual range, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re each had two ratios outside the usual range. The IRIS ratio for change in reserving for both FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance was outside the usual range. The IRIS ratio for change in premium for both FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re was outside the usual range. In addition, Raven Re’s IRIS ratio for adequacy of investment income also fell outside the usual range.
In all instances in prior years, regulators have been satisfied upon follow-up that no regulatory action was required. FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re are not currently subject to regulatory restrictions based on these ratios.
Insurance Reserves
State insurance laws require insurers to analyze the adequacy of reserves. The respective appointed actuaries for FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re must each submit an opinion on an annual basis that their respective reserves, when considered in light of the respective assets FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re hold with respect to those reserves, make adequate provision for the contractual obligations and related expenses of FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re. FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance and Raven Re have filed all of the required opinions with the insurance departments in the states in which they do business.
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Credit for Reinsurance Regulation
States regulate the extent to which insurers are permitted to take credit on their financial statements for the financial obligations that the insurers cede to reinsurers. Where an insurer cedes obligations to a reinsurer which is neither licensed nor accredited by the state insurance department, the ceding insurer is not permitted to take such financial statement credit unless the unlicensed or unaccredited reinsurer secures the liabilities it will owe under the reinsurance contract. Under the laws regulating credit for reinsurance issued by such unlicensed or unaccredited reinsurers, the permissible means of securing such liabilities are (i) the establishment of a trust account by the reinsurer to hold certain qualifying assets in a qualified U.S. financial institution, such as a member of the Federal Reserve, with the ceding insurer as the exclusive beneficiary of such trust account with the unconditional right to demand, without notice to the reinsurer, that the trustee pay over to it the assets in the trust account equal to the liabilities owed by the reinsurer; (ii) the posting of an unconditional and irrevocable letter of credit by a qualified U.S. financial institution in favor of the ceding company allowing the ceding company to draw upon the letter of credit up to the amount of the unpaid liabilities of the reinsurer and (iii) a “funds withheld” arrangement by which the ceding company withholds transfer to the reinsurer of the reserves which support the liabilities to be owed by the reinsurer, with the ceding insurer retaining title to and exclusive control over such reserves. In addition, on January 1, 2014, the NAIC Model Credit for Reinsurance Act became effective in Iowa, which adds the concept of “certified reinsurer”, whereby a ceding insurer may take financial statement credit for reinsurance provided by an unaccredited and unlicensed reinsurer which has been certified by the Iowa Commissioner. The Iowa Commissioner certifies reinsurers based on several factors, including their financial strength ratings, and imposes collateral requirements based on such factors. FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance are subject to such credit for reinsurance rules in Iowa and New York, respectively, insofar as they enter into any reinsurance contracts with reinsurers which are neither licensed nor accredited in Iowa and New York, respectively.
Insurance Holding Company Regulation
As the parent company of FGL Insurance and the indirect parent company of FGL NY Insurance, FGL and entities affiliated for purposes of insurance regulation are subject to the insurance holding company laws in Iowa and New York. These laws generally require each insurance company directly or indirectly owned by the holding company to register with the insurance department in the insurance company’s state of domicile and to furnish annually financial and other information about the operations of companies within the holding company system. Generally, all transactions between insurers and affiliates within the holding company system are subject to regulation and must be fair and reasonable, and may require prior notice and approval or non-disapproval by its domiciliary insurance regulator.
Most states, including Iowa and New York, have insurance laws that require regulatory approval of a direct or indirect change of control of an insurer or an insurer’s holding company. Such laws prevent any person from acquiring control, directly or indirectly, of HRG, FGL, FGH, FGL Insurance or FGL NY Insurance unless that person has filed a statement with specified information with the insurance regulators and has obtained their prior approval. In addition, investors deemed to have a direct or indirect controlling interest are required to make regulatory filings and respond to regulatory inquiries. Under most states’ statutes, including those of Iowa and New York, acquiring 10% or more of the voting stock of an insurance company or its parent company is presumptively considered a change of control, although such presumption may be rebutted. Accordingly, any person who acquires 10% or more of HRG’s voting securities or that of HRG, FGL, FGH, FGL Insurance or FGL NY Insurance without the prior approval of the insurance regulators of Iowa and New York will be in violation of those states’ laws and may be subject to injunctive action requiring the disposition or seizure of those securities by the relevant insurance regulator or prohibiting the voting of those securities and to other actions determined by the relevant insurance regulator. The requirement to obtain such insurance regulatory approval will no longer apply to the acquisition of HRG’s shares of common stock if HRG’s interest in FGL is disposed of pursuant to the FGL Merger.
Insurance Guaranty Association Assessments
Each state has insurance guaranty association laws under which insurers doing business in the state may be assessed by state insurance guaranty associations for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. Typically, states assess each member insurer in an amount related to the member insurer’s proportionate share of the business written by all member insurers in the state. Although no prediction can be made as to the amount and timing of any future assessments under these laws, FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance have established reserves that they believe are adequate for assessments relating to insurance companies that are currently subject to insolvency proceedings.
Market Conduct Regulation
State insurance laws and regulations include numerous provisions governing the marketplace activities of insurers, including provisions governing the form and content of disclosure to consumers, illustrations, advertising, sales and complaint process practices. State regulatory authorities generally enforce these provisions through periodic market conduct examinations. In addition, FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance must file, and in many jurisdictions and for some lines of business obtain regulatory approval for, rates and forms relating to the insurance written in the jurisdictions in which they operate. FGL Insurance is currently the subject of four ongoing market conduct examinations in various states. Market conduct examinations can result in monetary fines or remediation and generally require FGL Insurance to devote significant resources to the management of
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such examinations. FGL Insurance does not believe that any of the current market conduct examinations it is subject to will result in any fines or remediation orders that will be material to its business.
Regulation of Investments
FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance are subject to state laws and regulations that require diversification of their investment portfolios and limit the amount of investments in certain asset categories, such as below investment grade fixed income securities, equity, real estate, other equity investments and derivatives. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause investments exceeding regulatory limitations to be treated as either non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring surplus or as not qualified as an asset held for reserve purposes and, in some instances, would require divestiture or replacement of such non-qualifying investments. FGL believes that the investment portfolios of FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance as of September 30, 2017 complied in all material respects with such regulations.
Privacy Regulation
FGL’s operations are subject to certain federal and state laws and regulations that require financial institutions and other businesses to protect the security and confidentiality of personal information, including health-related and customer information, and to notify customers and other individuals about their policies and practices relating to their collection and disclosure of health-related and customer information and their practices relating to protecting the security and confidentiality of such information. These laws and regulations require notice to affected individuals, law enforcement agencies, regulators and others if there is a breach of the security of certain personal information, including social security numbers, and require holders of certain personal information to protect the security of the data. FGL’s operations are also subject to certain federal regulations that require financial institutions and creditors to implement effective programs to detect, prevent, and mitigate identity theft. In addition, FGL’s ability to make telemarketing calls and to send unsolicited e-mail or fax messages to consumers and customers and its uses of certain personal information, including consumer report information, are regulated. Federal and state governments and regulatory bodies may be expected to consider additional or more detailed regulation regarding these subjects and the privacy and security of personal information.
FIAs
In recent years, the SEC and state securities regulators have questioned whether FIAs, such as those sold by FGL, should be treated as securities under the federal and state securities laws rather than as insurance products exempted from such laws. Treatment of these products as securities would require additional registration and licensing of these products and the agents selling them, as well as cause FGL to seek additional marketing relationships for these products, any of which may impose significant restrictions on its ability to conduct operations as currently operated. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), annuities that meet specific requirements, including requirements relating to certain state suitability rules, are specifically exempted from being treated as securities by the SEC. FGL expects that the types of FIAs FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance sell will meet these requirements and therefore are exempt from being treated as securities by the SEC and state securities regulators. However, there can be no assurance that federal or state securities laws or state insurance laws and regulations will not be amended or interpreted to impose further requirements on FIAs.
The Dodd-Frank Act
The Dodd-Frank Act makes sweeping changes to the regulation of financial services entities, products and markets. Certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act are or may become applicable to FGL, its competitors or those entities with which FGL does business, including, but not limited to:

• | the establishment of federal regulatory authority over derivatives;

• | the establishment of consolidated federal regulation and resolution authority over systemically important financial services firms;

• | the establishment of the Federal Insurance Office;

• | changes to the regulation of broker dealers and investment advisors;

• | changes to the regulation of reinsurance;

• | changes to regulations affecting the rights of shareholders;

• | the imposition of additional regulation over credit rating agencies;

• | the imposition of concentration limits on financial institutions that restrict the amount of credit that may be extended to a single person or entity; and

• | the clearing of derivative contracts.

Numerous provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act require the adoption of implementing rules or regulations, some of which have been implemented. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act mandates multiple studies, which could result in additional legislation or regulation applicable to the insurance industry, FGL, its competitors or those entities with which FGL does business. Legislative or regulatory requirements imposed by or promulgated in connection with the Dodd-Frank Act may impact FGL in many ways, including, but not limited to:

• | placing FGL at a competitive disadvantage relative to FGL’s competition or other financial services entities;

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• | changing the competitive landscape of the financial services sector or the insurance industry;

• | making it more expensive for FGL to conduct its business;

• | requiring the reallocation of significant company resources to government affairs;

• | increasing FGL’s legal and compliance related activities and the costs associated therewith; or

• | otherwise having a material adverse effect on the overall business climate as well as FGL’s financial condition and results of operations.

Until various studies are completed and final regulations are promulgated pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on investments, investment activities and insurance and annuity products of FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance remains unclear.
ERISA
FGL may offer certain insurance and annuity products to employee benefit plans governed by ERISA and/or the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), including group annuity contracts designated to fund tax-qualified retirement plans. ERISA and the Code provide (among other requirements) standards of conduct for employee benefit plan fiduciaries, including investment managers and investment advisers with respect to the assets of such plans, and holds fiduciaries liable if they fail to satisfy fiduciary standards of conduct.
In April 2016, the Department of Labor (“DOL”) issued the “fiduciary” rule which could have a material impact on FGL, its products, distribution, and business model. The rule provides that persons who render investment advice for a fee or other compensation with respect to an employer plan or individual retirement account (“IRA”) are fiduciaries of that plan or IRA. The rule expands the definition of fiduciary under ERISA to apply to insurance agents who advise and sell products to IRA owners. As a result, commissioned insurance agents selling FGL’s IRA products must qualify for a prohibited transaction exemption, either the newly introduced Best Interest Contract Exemption (BICE) or amended PTE 84-24. When fully implemented, BICE would apply to fixed indexed annuities and amended PTE 84-24 would apply to fixed rate annuities. The rule and exemptions have been the subject of much controversy and various actions have been taken by DOL to delay and reconsider aspects of the rule and exemptions. The rule took effect June 2016 and was scheduled to become applicable in April 2017 but the “applicability date” was delayed by DOL for 60 days from April 10, 2017 to June 9, 2017. DOL also acted to delay many aspects of the prohibited transaction exemption requirements during a transition period from June 9, 2017 to January 1, 2018 provided the agent (and if applicable, financial institution) comply with “impartial conduct standards.” The impartial conduct standards essentially require the sale to be in the “best interest” of the client, misleading statements not be made, and compensation be reasonable. More recently, DOL has proposed extending the transition period to July 1, 2019 which at the present time is still under consideration. Industry continues its efforts to overturn the rule in court actions and Congress continues to consider related legislation but the success or failure of these efforts cannot be predicted. Assuming the rule is not overturned and the requirements of the exemptions were to be implemented fully, the impact on the financial services industry generally and on FGL and its business in particular is difficult to assess. FGL believes however it could have an adverse effect on sales of annuity products to IRA owners particularly in the independent agent distribution channel. A significant portion of FGL’s annuity sales are to IRAs. Compliance with the prohibited transaction exemptions when fully phased in would likely require additional supervision of agents, cause changes to compensation practices and product offerings, and increase litigation risk, all of which could adversely impact FGL’s business, results of operations and/or financial condition. FGL Insurance will continue to monitor developments closely and believes it is prepared to execute implementation plans as necessary to meet the rule and exemption requirements on the requisite applicability dates.
Employees
As of September 30, 2017, FGL had approximately 299 employees. FGL believes that it has a good relationship with its employees.
FGL Available Information
For information regarding FGL see the remaining section of this report. For additional information regarding FGL, including information in addition to that included in HRG’s SEC reports and public announcements, we direct you to FGL’s announcements and filings made with the SEC, including FGL’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for Fiscal 2017. You should follow and read the SEC filings, press releases and other public statements made by FGL and its representatives, as we expect that they will make additional information available through these channels.
FGL’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act are made available free of charge on or through FGL’s website at home.fglife.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.
The information on FGL’s website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, part of this report or incorporated into any other filings HRG or FGL makes with the SEC and FGL’s reports are not and shall not be deemed to be part of this report. You may read and copy any materials FGL files with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a website that contains FGL’s reports and other information at www.sec.gov.
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Front Street
Front Street, a Delaware corporation and a subsidiary of HRG, holds all of the equity of Front Street Re Ltd., a Bermuda company (“Front Street Bermuda”) and Front Street Cayman, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and subsidiary of HRG. Front Street Bermuda was formed in March 2010 to act as a long-term reinsurer. Front Street Cayman was formed in the Cayman Islands and on October 24, 2012, received from the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority a license to carry on business as an Unrestricted Class “B” Insurer that permits Front Street Cayman to conduct offshore direct and reinsurance business. Front Street Bermuda and Front Street Cayman are parties to reinsurance transactions.
On December 31, 2012, following regulatory approval, FGL Insurance entered into a coinsurance agreement (the “Cayman Reinsurance Agreement”) with Front Street Cayman. Pursuant to the Cayman Reinsurance Agreement, Front Street Cayman reinsured a 10% quota share percentage of certain FGL Insurance annuity liabilities of approximately $1.0 billion and the funds withheld assets are $1 billion. Under the terms of the Cayman Reinsurance Agreement, Front Street Cayman paid an initial ceding allowance of $15.0 million which was determined to be fair and reasonable according to an independent third-party actuarial firm. The Cayman Reinsurance Agreement is on a funds withheld basis, meaning that funds are withheld by FGL Insurance from the coinsurance premium owed to Front Street Cayman as collateral for Front Street Cayman’s payment obligations. Accordingly, the collateral assets remain under the ultimate ownership of FGL Insurance. As of September 30, 2017, ceded reserves were $1.0 billion.
Effective September 17, 2014, FGL Insurance entered into a second reinsurance treaty with Front Street Cayman whereby FGL Insurance ceded 30% of any new business of its MYGA block of business on a funds withheld basis. This treaty was subsequently terminated as to new business effective April 30, 2015 but will remain in effect for policies ceded to Front Street Cayman with an effective date between September 17, 2014 and April 30, 2015.
On December 16, 2013, Front Street Cayman closed a reinsurance treaty with Bankers Life Insurance Company. Under the terms of the treaty, Bankers Life Insurance Company ceded annuity business to Front Street Cayman, on a funds withheld basis. On October 31, 2014, Front Street Cayman purchased Ability Re from Ability Re Holdings. The Ability Re acquisition consisted of long-term care reinsurance business. The acquired reinsurance agreements complement Front Street Cayman’s existing in force long-duration insurance liabilities. During Fiscal 2015, Front Street Cayman also closed three additional reinsurance transactions with unaffiliated parties. At September 30, 2017 and 2016, Front Street had $742.7 million and $671.6 million, respectively, of funds withheld receivables and $716.1 million and $631.8 million, respectively, of insurance reserves related to reinsurance transactions with third parties.
On May 24, 2017, Front Street entered into the Front Street Purchase Agreement pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Front Street has agreed to sell to CF/FGL US all of the issued and outstanding shares of the Acquired Companies. The purchase price is $65.0 million, subject to customary adjustments for transaction expenses. The definitive documentation contains customary representations, warranties and indemnification obligations. In addition, at the closing of the Front Street Sale, $6.5 million of the purchase price will be deposited in escrow for a period of 15 months (as extended to satisfy pending claims at such time) to support certain indemnification obligations of Front Street to CF/FGL US. The required regulatory approvals in connection with the transaction have been received and the closing of the transaction is expected to take place before the end of calendar year 2017, subject to the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions, including the consummation of the FGL Merger. The closing of the FGL Merger is not conditioned upon the closing of the Front Street Sale. Prior to the execution of the Front Street Purchase Agreement, the operations of Front Street were reported in the Company’s Insurance segment.
In addition, on May 24, 2017, HRG, FS Holdco II Ltd. (“FS Holdco”), CF Corp and CF/FGL US entered into an agreement (the “338 Agreement”) pursuant to which CF/FGL US agreed that FS Holdco may, at its option, cause CF/FGL US and FS Holdco to make a joint election under Section 338(h)(10) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, with respect to the FGL Merger and the deemed share purchases of FGL’s subsidiaries (the “338 Tax Election”). Pursuant to the 338 Agreement, if FS Holdco elects to make the 338 Tax Election, it will be required to pay CF/FGL US $30.0 million, plus additional specified amounts, in excess of $6.0 million, determined by reference to FGL’s incremental current tax costs attributable to the 338 Tax Election, if any, and CF/FGL US will be required to pay FS Holdco additional specified amounts, in excess of $6.0 million, determined by reference to FGL’s incremental current tax savings attributable to the 338 Tax Election, if any. As of the date hereof, the Company expects to exercise the 338 Tax Election. As of September 30, 2017, HRG had approximately $1,840.2 million of gross U.S. net operating loss (“NOL”) and capital loss carryforwards - also see Part IV, Item 15. Note 18, Income Taxes to HRG’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. If the 338 Tax Election is made, HRG expects to retain such federal NOL and capital loss carryforwards following the sale of its stock in the FGL Merger. If the Company exercises the 338 Tax Election, at September 30, 2017, the Company estimated to receive a $9.6 million net payment from CF Corp to HRG, which was reflected in the estimated fair value, less cost to sell of FGL as of September 30, 2017. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the Company will receive the expected benefits of such election. In addition, the estimated payment described herein is preliminary and subject to change, and will not be definitively determined until the FGL Merger is closed and the 338 Tax Election is made and the parties to the 338 Agreement complete their review of the election in accordance with the terms of the 338 Agreement. Also, see Part IV, Item 15. Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and
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Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, “Use of Estimates” section, to HRG’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
Strategy
Front Street was formed with the intention of building a flexible and diversified portfolio of life and annuity reinsurance treaties. Front Street may also conduct hedging and other investment activities.
Competition
The reinsurance industry is highly competitive. Front Street competes with major reinsurers, most of which are well established and have significant operating histories, strong financial strength ratings and long-standing client relationships. Front Street’s competitors include Athene Life Re Ltd., Global Atlantic Financial Group Limited, Guggenheim Life and Annuity Company, Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated, Legal & General Reinsurance Company Ltd., and Resolution Life Holdings, Inc., as well as smaller companies and other niche reinsurers. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-Risks Related to FGL’s and Front Street’s Businesses- FGL and Front Street operate in highly competitive industries, which could limit their abilities to gain or maintain their respective positions in the industries and could materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations.”
Employees
As of September 30, 2017, Front Street had four employees, none of which were represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. Front Street believes that its overall relationship with its employees is good.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following risk factors and the forward-looking statements elsewhere herein should be read carefully in connection with evaluating the business of the Company and its subsidiaries. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those anticipated. Many of the risk factors described under one heading below may apply to more than one section in which we have grouped them for the purpose of this presentation. As a result, you should consider all of the following factors, together which all of the other information presented herein, in evaluating the business of the Company and its subsidiaries. These risk factors may be amended, supplemented or superseded from time to time in filings and reports that we file with the SEC in the future.
Risks Related to HRG
We are a holding company and our only material assets are our equity interests in our operating subsidiaries and our other investments; as a result, our principal source of revenue and cash flow is distributions from our subsidiaries; our subsidiaries may be limited by law and by contract in making distributions to us.
As a holding company, our only material assets are our cash on hand, the equity interests in our subsidiaries and other investments. As of September 30, 2017, excluding cash, cash equivalents and investments held by our subsidiaries, we had approximately $93.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. Our principal source of revenue and cash flow is distributions from our subsidiaries. Thus, our ability to service our debt, finance our business and pursue our business objectives is dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to generate sufficient net income and cash flows to make upstream cash distributions to us. For example, while we expect annual interest payments on our debt to be approximately $139.6 million in Fiscal 2018, we currently expect to receive approximately $60.7 million of dividends from our subsidiaries’ distributable earnings in Fiscal 2018. We expect such dividends along with our cash on hand, cash equivalents and investments to exceed our expected cash requirements and to satisfy our interest obligations, and general administrative expenses for at least the next twelve months. Depending on a variety of factors, including the general state of the capital markets, operating needs or business strategies, HRG and its subsidiaries may or may be required to raise additional capital through the issuance of equity, debt, or both. There is no assurance, however, that such capital will be available at that time, in the amounts necessary or on terms satisfactory to HRG.
Our subsidiaries are and will continue to be separate legal entities, and although they may be wholly-owned or controlled by us, they have no obligation to make any funds available to us, whether in the form of loans, dividends, distributions or otherwise. The boards of directors of our subsidiaries may consider a range of factors and consider their stockholders’ constituencies (including public stockholders) as a whole when making decisions about dividends or other payments. The ability of our subsidiaries to distribute cash to us will also be subject to, among other things, restrictions that are contained in our subsidiaries’ financing agreements, availability of sufficient funds in such subsidiaries and applicable state laws and regulatory restrictions. Claims of creditors of our subsidiaries generally will have priority as to the assets of such subsidiaries over our claims and claims of our creditors and stockholders. To the extent the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to us could be limited in any way, our liquidity and ability to pursue our business objectives or to take other action that could be beneficial to our businesses, or otherwise fund and conduct our business, could be materially limited.
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As an example, our subsidiary Spectrum Brands is a holding company with limited business operations of its own and its main assets are the capital stock of its subsidiaries, principally SBI. The terms of Spectrum Brands’ indebtedness may limit its ability to pay dividends to Spectrum Brands and to us. See Part I, Item IA.“Risk Factors-Risks Related to Spectrum Brands’ Business-SBI’s substantial indebtedness may limit its financial and operating flexibility, and Spectrum Brands may incur additional debt, which could increase the risks associated with its substantial indebtedness” and Part I, Item IA.“Risk Factors-Risks Related to Spectrum Brands’ Business-Restrictive covenants in the SBI Senior Secured Facilities and the SBI Indentures may restrict SBI’s ability to pursue its business strategies.”
Our subsidiary, FGL, is also a holding company with limited business operations of its own. Its main assets are the capital stock of its subsidiaries, which are principally regulated insurance companies, whose ability to pay dividends is limited by applicable insurance laws. Accordingly, FGL’s payment of dividends is dependent, to a significant extent, on the generation of cash flow by its subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to FGL, whether by dividend or otherwise. FGL’s subsidiaries may not be able to, or may not be permitted to, make distributions to enable FGL to meet its obligations and pay dividends. Each subsidiary is a distinct legal entity and legal and contractual restrictions may also limit FGL’s ability to obtain cash from its subsidiaries. See Part I, Item 1.“Business-Our Operating Subsidiaries-FGL-Regulation-Financial Regulation-Dividend and Other Distribution Payment Limitations” in this report. See Part I, Item 1A.“Risk Factors-Risks Related to FGL’s and Front Street’s Businesses-The agreements and instruments governing FGL’s debt contain significant operating and financial restrictions, which may prevent FGL from capitalizing on business opportunities.” As discussed elsewhere herein, while the agreements governing the FGL Merger permit FGL to pay a regular quarterly cash dividend on its Common Stock in an amount not in excess of $0.065 per share, per quarter, FGL may not pay any other dividends without the consent of CF Corp. In addition, if the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale are consummated, while we will receive the proceeds from the sale of our shares of FGL Common Stock and the Front Street Sale, we will no longer receive dividends from FGL and Front Street.
In addition, our liquidity and ability to pursue business opportunities may be impacted by the capital needs of our subsidiaries. Such entities may require additional capital to maintain or grow their businesses, make payments on their indebtedness or other commitments, and/or make upstream cash distributions.
Furthermore, these restrictions on our subsidiaries ability to pay dividends or distributions may limit our ability to incur additional indebtedness or refinance our existing indebtedness in the future as well. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on our ability to generate future cash flow, and we are dependent on our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or pay distributions to us in order for us to generate cash flow.
We are exploring strategic alternatives, but there can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying or completing any strategic alternative or that any such strategic alternative will yield additional value for stockholders.
We have commenced a review of strategic alternatives which could result in, among other things, a merger, a sale or other business combination involving the Company or its assets. There can be no assurance that the exploration of strategic alternatives will result in the identification or consummation of any transaction. The strategic review process may be suspended or terminated at any time without notice. In addition, we may incur substantial expenses associated with identifying and evaluating potential strategic alternatives. The process of exploring strategic alternatives may be time consuming and disruptive to the business operations and the management teams of HRG and/or its subsidiaries. If we are unable to effectively manage the process, the business, financial condition and results of operations of HRG and/or its subsidiaries could be adversely affected. We also cannot assure that any potential transaction or other strategic alternative, if identified, evaluated and consummated, will provide greater value to our stockholders than that reflected in the current stock price. Any potential transaction would be dependent upon a number of factors that may be beyond our control.
We and our subsidiaries may determine not to or may not be successful in identifying and/or consummating a strategic alternative and/or suitable acquisition, sale, merger or other business opportunity, as applicable.
We and/or one or more of our subsidiaries may not be successful in identifying and/or consummating a strategic alternative and/or suitable acquisition, sale, merger or other business opportunity, as applicable, at favorable valuations and other terms. Furthermore, any attractive strategic alternatives, acquisition, sale, merger or other business opportunities may be limited or prohibited by applicable regulatory regimes. Any future strategic alternative acquisition, sale, merger or business opportunity may also require a substantial amount of our or our subsidiaries’ management’s time and may be difficult to successfully execute. Any such failure could have a material adverse effect on our or our subsidiaries’ results of operations and financial condition and our or our subsidiaries’ ability to service our respective debt.
Even if we or our subsidiaries do execute a strategic alternative, acquisition, sale, merger or other business opportunity, as applicable, there is no assurance that we or our subsidiaries will be successful in enhancing our or our subsidiaries’ business or financial condition or that such transaction will be successful.
We and our subsidiaries are dependent on certain key personnel.
We and our subsidiaries are dependent upon certain key personnel who have substantial experience and expertise in our industry and the industries of our subsidiaries and have made significant contributions to our growth and success. We are particularly dependent on the skills, experience and efforts of our Chief Executive Officer, Joseph S. Steinberg, and Ehsan Zargar, our
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Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel. As a result of their positions with our Company, Mr. Steinberg and Mr. Zargar have significant influence over our business strategy and make most of the significant policy and managerial decisions of our Company. The loss of Mr. Steinberg or Mr. Zargar or other key personnel, or limitations on their involvement in our business, or the loss of one or more of our subsidiaries’ other key personnel, or the concurrent loss of several of these individuals or any negative public perception with respect to these individuals, could have a material adverse effect on our and our subsidiaries’ business or operating results.
We and our subsidiaries may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.
Our success and our subsidiaries’ success depend, in large part, on our and their ability to attract new personnel, retain and motivate our and their existing employees, and continue to compensate such personnel competitively. Competition for the best personnel in most activities in which we and our subsidiaries engage can be intense, and we may not be able to hire these people or retain them. We recently commenced a process to review strategic alternatives for HRG and/or its assets. Such process may negatively impact our and/or our subsidiaries’ ability to retain or hire key personnel. Our and/or our subsidiaries’ business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected if we or they lose any of these persons and are unable to attract and retain qualified replacements.
Our subsidiaries operate in highly-competitive industries, limiting their ability to gain or maintain their positions in their respective industries.
Many of our subsidiaries’ competitors possess greater technical, human, financial and other resources, or more local industry knowledge, or greater access to capital, than our subsidiaries do. These factors may place our subsidiaries at a competitive disadvantage in successfully completing future acquisitions and investments.
Our subsidiaries also face competition from both traditional and new market entrants. See risk factors related to Spectrum and FGL herein.
We and our subsidiaries could consume resources in pursuing strategic alternatives, acquisitions, business opportunities, dispositions, financings or capital market transactions, as applicable, that are not consummated, which could materially adversely affect our business.
We and our subsidiaries anticipate that the investigation of strategic alternatives, acquisition, disposition, financing or capital market transactions, and the negotiation, drafting, and execution of relevant agreements, disclosure documents, and other instruments, with respect to such transactions, will require substantial management time and attention and substantial costs for financial advisors, accountants, attorneys and other advisors. If a decision is made not to consummate a specific transaction, the costs incurred up to that point for the proposed transaction likely would not be recoverable. Furthermore, even if an agreement is reached relating to a specific transaction, we may fail to consummate the transaction for any number of reasons, including those beyond our control. Any such event could consume significant management time and result in a loss to us of the related costs incurred, which could adversely affect our financial position and our business.
While, as of the date of this report, we expect to exercise the 338 Tax Election and to receive tax benefits from making such election there can be no assurance that such an election will be made or that we will receive any of the benefits from such an election.
On May 24, 2017, HRG, FS Holdco, CF Corp and CF/FGL US entered into the 338 Agreement pursuant to which CF/FGL US agreed that FS Holdco may, at its option, cause CF/FGL US and FS Holdco to make the 338 Tax Election. Pursuant to the 338 Agreement, if FS Holdco elects to make the 338 Tax Election, it will be required to pay CF/FGL US $30.0 million, plus additional specified amounts, in excess of $6.0 million, determined by reference to FGL’s incremental current tax costs attributable to the 338 Tax Election, if any, and CF/FGL US will be required to pay FS Holdco additional specified amounts, in excess of $6.0 million, determined by reference to FGL’s incremental current tax savings attributable to the 338 Tax Election, if any. As of the date hereof, the Company expects to exercise the 338 Tax Election. As of September 30, 2017, HRG had approximately $1,840.2 million of gross U.S. NOLs and capital loss carryforwards - also see Part IV, Item 15. Note 18, Income Taxes to HRG’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. If the 338 Tax Election is made, HRG expects to retain such federal NOL and capital loss carryforwards following the sale of its stock in the FGL Merger. If the Company exercises the 338 Tax Election, at September 30, 2017, the Company estimated to receive a $9.6 million net payment from CF Corp to HRG, which was reflected in the estimated fair value, less cost to sell of FGL as of September 30, 2017. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the Company will receive the expected benefits of such election. In addition, the estimated payment described herein is preliminary and subject to change, and will not be definitively determined until the FGL Merger is closed and the 338 Tax Election is made and the parties to the 338 Agreement complete their review of the election in accordance with the terms of the 338 Agreement. Also, see Part IV, Item 15. Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, “Use of Estimates” section, to HRG’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
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Covenants in certain of our material instruments limit, and other future instruments may limit our ability to operate our business.
The indenture governing our 7.875% Notes (the “7.875% Notes Indenture”), and the indenture governing our 7.750% Notes (the “7.750% Notes Indenture” and, collectively with the 7.875% Notes Indenture, the “Indentures”) contain, and any of our other future financing agreements may contain, covenants imposing operating and financial restrictions on our business. The Indentures require us to satisfy certain financial tests, including minimum liquidity and collateral coverage ratios. If we fail to meet or satisfy any of these covenants (after applicable cure periods), we would be in default and noteholders (through the trustee or collateral agent, as applicable) could elect to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable, enforce their interests in the collateral pledged and restrict our ability to make additional borrowings. These agreements may also contain cross-default provisions, so that if a default occurs under any one agreement, the lenders under the other agreements could also declare a default. The covenants and restrictions in the Indentures, subject to specified exceptions, restrict our, and in certain cases, our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things:

• | incur additional indebtedness;

• | create liens or engage in sale and leaseback transactions;

• | pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock;

• | make certain restricted payments;

• | sell assets;

• | engage in transactions with affiliates, except on an arms-length basis; or

• | consolidate or merge with, or sell substantially all of our assets to, another person.

Similarly, the 2017 Loan imposes certain covenants and restrictions on us and our activities. In addition, the Certificate of Designation provides CF Turul LLC (“CF Turul”), an affiliate of funds managed by Fortress Investment Group LLC (“Fortress”), with consent and voting rights with respect to certain of the matters referred to above and certain corporate governance rights.
These restrictions may interfere with our ability to obtain financings or to engage in other business activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Moreover, a default under one of our subsidiaries’ financing agreements may cause a default on our debt and our other financing arrangements.
Finally, Spectrum Brands’ and FGL’s stock are, directly or indirectly, pledged as collateral under our 7.875% Notes and the 2017 Loan; foreclosure on a sufficient number of Spectrum Brands stock or FGL stock pledged as collateral would constitute a change of control under certain of SBI’s debt documents or FGL’s debt documents, as applicable. Upon a change of control under those debt documents, SBI or FGL, as applicable, is required to offer to repurchase their notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount of their notes, plus accrued interest. In the event holders of the SBI Notes (as defined below) or FGH Notes exercise remedies in connection with a default, their claims to SBI’s or FGH’s assets, respectively, would have priority over the holders of our 7.875% Notes.
Financing covenants could adversely affect our financial health and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations.
We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of September 30, 2017, our total outstanding indebtedness was approximately $1.8 billion. As of September 30, 2017, the total liabilities of Spectrum Brands were approximately $5.6 billion, including trade payables. As of September 30, 2017, the total liabilities of FGL were approximately $26.7 billion, including approximately $20.8 billion in annuity contractholder funds, approximately $3.4 billion in future policy benefits, approximately $300.0 million of indebtedness under the FGL Notes and $105.0 million on an unsecured revolving credit facility. As of September 30, 2017, the insurance liabilities of Front Street related to reinsurance agreements with third parties were approximately $716.1 million. As of September 30, 2017, the total liabilities of Salus were approximately $75.9 million. As of September 30, 2017, the total liabilities of HGI Energy were $92.0 million. Our and our subsidiaries’ significant indebtedness and other financing arrangements could have material consequences. For example, they could:

• | make it difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our outstanding and other future debt obligations;

• | increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions or a downturn in our business;

• | impair our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, investments, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

• | require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows to the payment to our financing sources, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flows to fund working capital, investments, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes; and

• | place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors.

Any of these risks could impact our ability to fund our operations or limit our ability to expand our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Our ability to make payments on our financial obligations may depend upon the future performance of our operating subsidiaries and their ability to generate cash flow in the future, which are subject to general economic, industry, financial, competitive,
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legislative, regulatory, and other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will generate sufficient cash flow from our operating subsidiaries, or that future borrowings will be available to us, in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our financial obligations or to fund our other liquidity needs. If the cash flow from our operating subsidiaries is insufficient, we may take actions, such as delaying or reducing investments or acquisitions, attempting to restructure or refinance our financial obligations prior to maturity, selling assets or operations or seeking additional equity capital to supplement cash flow. However, we may be unable to take any of these actions on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
Future financing activities may adversely affect our leverage and financial condition.
Subject to the limitations set forth in the Indentures and 2017 Loan agreement, we and our subsidiaries may incur additional indebtedness and issue dividend-bearing redeemable equity interests. We may incur substantial additional financial obligations to enable us to execute on our business objectives. These obligations could result in:

• | default and foreclosure on our assets if our operating revenues after an investment or acquisition are insufficient to repay our financial obligations;

• | acceleration of our obligations to repay the financial obligations even if we make all required payments when due if we breach certain covenants that require the maintenance of certain financial ratios or reserves without a waiver or renegotiation of that covenant;

• | our immediate payment of all amounts owed, if any, if such financial obligations are payable on demand;

• | our inability to obtain necessary additional financing if such financial obligations contain covenants restricting our ability to obtain such financing while the financial obligations remain outstanding;

• | our inability to pay dividends on our capital stock;

• | using a substantial portion of our cash flow to pay principal and interest or dividends on our financial obligations, which will reduce the funds available for dividends on our Common Stock if declared, expenses, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

• | limitations on our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in our business and in the industries in which we operate;

• | an event of default that triggers a cross default with respect to other financial obligations, including our indebtedness;

• | increased vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry, financial, competitive legislative, regulatory and other conditions and adverse changes in government regulation; and

• | limitations on our ability to borrow additional amounts for expenses, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, execution of our strategy and other purposes and other disadvantages compared to our competitors.

We and our subsidiaries rely extensively on our information technology (“IT”) systems, networks and services, including Internet sites, data hosting and processing facilities and tools and other hardware, software and technical applications and platforms, some of which are managed, hosted, provided and/or used by third-parties or vendors, to assist in conducting our and our subsidiaries’ businesses.
Our and our subsidiaries’ IT systems have been, and will likely continue to be, subject to computer viruses or other malicious codes, unauthorized access attempts, phishing and other cyber-attacks. We and our subsidiaries continue to assess potential threats and make investments seeking to address these threats, including monitoring of networks and systems and upgrading skills, employee training and security policies for us and our subsidiaries, and our respective third-party providers. However, because the techniques used in these attacks change frequently and may be difficult to detect for periods of time, we or our subsidiaries may face difficulties in anticipating and implementing adequate preventative measures. Accordingly, there can be no guarantee that our security efforts will prevent breaches or breakdowns to ours, our subsidiaries’ or our third-party providers’ databases or systems. If the IT systems, networks or service providers we and our subsidiaries rely upon fails to function properly, or if we, our subsidiaries or one of our third-party providers suffer a loss, significant unavailability of or disclosure of our business or stakeholder information, and our and our subsidiaries’ businesses continuity plans do not effectively address these failures on a timely basis, we and/or our subsidiaries may be exposed to reputational, competitive and business harm as well as litigation and regulatory action. The costs and operational consequences of responding to breaches and implementing remediation measures could be significant.
We have made significant investments in publicly traded companies. Changes in the market prices of the securities we own, particularly during times of volatility in security prices, can have a material impact on the value of our business.
We have made significant investments in publicly traded companies. Changes in the market prices of the publicly traded securities of these entities could have a material impact on an investor’s perception of the aggregate value of our Common Stock and on the value of the assets we have pledged and can pledge in the future to creditors for debt financing, which in turn could adversely affect our ability to incur additional debt or finance future acquisitions.
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Certain of our stockholders hold a significant portion of our outstanding voting stock; decisions by such stockholders, including the decision to sell their HRG securities, could adversely affect our financial results and liquidity.
Leucadia National Corporation (“Leucadia”) and CF Turul beneficially own a significant portion of our outstanding Common Stock and have appointed representatives to our and our subsidiaries’ Board and committees thereof. Because of this, such persons may exercise significant influence over our business and affairs, including over matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, such as the election of directors, the removal of directors, and approval of significant corporate transactions. This influence and actual control may have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire HRG or our subsidiaries because any such transaction would likely require the consent of Leucadia and CF Turul. See also Part I, Item 1A.“Risk Factors- Provisions in our organizational documents and applicable regulations may discourage the takeover of our company, may make removal of our management more difficult and may depress our stock price.”
Matters not directly related to us can nevertheless affect Leucadia’s and CF Turul’s respective decisions to maintain, decrease or increase their investments in us. Leucadia and CF Turul may at any time decide to dispose of all or a portion of their investment in us. Subject to compliance with the restrictions contained in our charter, the sale or other disposition of a certain portion of our voting stock could cause the Company and its subsidiaries to experience a change of control for certain purposes, which may accelerate certain of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ indebtedness and other obligations, allow certain counterparties to terminate their agreements and/or negatively impact our and our subsidiaries’ tax attributes. Among other things, such a change of control could result in a “change of control” under our agreements governing our indebtedness. No assurance can be provided that upon the occurrence of such an event, the Company will be able to obtain the required waivers, repay its indebtedness or secure alternative arrangements. See also Part I, Item IA. Risk Factors-Future sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock may adversely affect our market price.”
Our officers, directors, stockholders and their respective affiliates may have a pecuniary interest in certain transactions in which we are involved, and may also compete with us.
We have not adopted a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, stockholders or affiliates from having a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any transaction to which we are a party or have an interest, nor do we have a policy that expressly prohibits any such persons from engaging for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us or our subsidiaries. We have engaged in transactions in which such persons have an interest and, subject to the terms of the Indentures and other applicable covenants in other financing arrangements or other agreements, may in the future enter into additional transactions in which such persons have an interest. In addition, such parties may have an interest in certain transactions such as strategic partnerships or joint ventures in which we are involved, and may also compete with us.
In the course of their other business activities, certain conflicts of interest may arise with respect to HRG, its significant stockholders, affiliates, subsidiaries, and their respective directors, officers and affiliates.
Certain of our and our significant stockholders, affiliates or subsidiaries’ officers and directors may become aware of business opportunities which may be appropriate for presentation to us as well as the other entities with which they are or may be affiliated. Due to their affiliations with other entities, such persons may have obligations to present potential business opportunities to those entities, which could cause additional conflicts of interest. Accordingly, such persons may not present otherwise attractive business combination opportunities to us, our subsidiaries or investees.
In addition, HRG currently has a number of, and may in the future acquire, additional significant stockholders, affiliates or subsidiaries (“Affiliated Persons”), some of which engage in business dealings with each other and HRG from time to time. As a result, conflicts of interest could arise with respect to transactions involving business dealings between HRG and the Affiliated Persons or between and among the Affiliated Persons, including potential business transactions and business services. It may not be possible to equally favor HRG and its subsidiaries in these business dealings, and the resolution of these conflicts may not always be equally in the best interest of HRG and its subsidiaries, which could have a material effect on HRG’s and one or more of HRG’s subsidiaries’ financial condition and results of operations.
Future dispositions or acquisitions may not require a stockholder vote and may be material to us or our subsidiaries.
Any future dispositions or acquisitions by us or our subsidiaries could be material in size and scope, and our and/or our subsidiaries’ stockholders and potential investors may have limited information about the relevant disposition or acquisition upon which to base a decision whether to invest in our Common Stock and/or stock of our subsidiaries. In any event, depending upon the size and structure of any dispositions or acquisitions, stockholders are generally expected to not have the opportunity to vote on the transaction, and may not have access to any information about any such transaction until the transaction is completed and a report is filed with the Commission disclosing the nature of such transaction and/or business. Even if a stockholder vote is required for any future transactions, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our restated bylaws allow for our stockholders to approve such transactions by written consent, which may result in only our large stockholders having an opportunity to vote on such transactions.
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Future acquisitions or dispositions or other business opportunities could involve unknown risks that could harm our business and adversely affect our financial condition.
We have in the past, and may in the future, make acquisitions or dispositions or pursue other business activities, directly or indirectly through our subsidiaries, that involve a number of risks. In the case of acquisitions, those risks may relate to the particular industry in which the business or acquisition targets operate, including risks in industries with which we are not familiar or experienced with, risks that are unknown to us and the financial, legal and operational risks related to such acquisition. In the case of disposition, those risks may relate to employment matters, counterparties, regulators and other stakeholders in the disposed business, risks unknown to us and risks related to the management of our business and the financial, legal and operational risks related to such disposition. Any such risks may result in one or more costly disputes or litigation. Although we intend to conduct extensive business, financial, operational and legal due diligence in connection with the evaluation any such opportunity, there can be no assurance our due diligence investigations will identify every matter that could have a material adverse effect on us. The realization of any such risks could expose us to unanticipated costs and liabilities and prevent or limit us from realizing the projected benefits of such acquisition, disposition or other business activity, which could adversely affect our financial condition and liquidity and our ability to service our debt.
Provisions in our organizational documents and applicable regulations may discourage the takeover of our company, may make removal of our management more difficult and may depress our stock price.
Our organizational documents contain provisions that may have an anti-takeover effect and inhibit a change in our management. They could also have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our Common Stock. As a result, these provisions could prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium for their shares of Common Stock above the prevailing market prices. These provisions include:

• | the authority of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) to issue, without stockholder approval, up to 10,000,000 shares of our preferred stock with such terms as our Board may determine;

• | special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the Chairman of our Board or by our Corporate Secretary upon delivery of a written request executed by three directors (or, if there are fewer than three directors in office at that time, by all incumbent directors);

• | a staggered Board, as a result of which only one of the three classes of directors is elected each year;

• | advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board, or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings;

• | restrictions in our certificate of incorporation that impose limitations on the transfer of our securities, which are intended to protect our net operating losses and other tax attributes;

• | the absence of cumulative voting rights;

• | subject to any special rights of the holders of our preferred stock may have to elect directors, removal of incumbent directors only for cause.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation contains provisions that restrict mergers and other business combinations with an “Interested Stockholder” (as defined therein) or that may otherwise have the effect of preventing or delaying a change of control of our company. Our Board has waived the application of this provision to Leucadia and CF Turul. Also see Part I, Item IA. “Risk Related to HRG-HRG and certain of its subsidiaries, including Spectrum Brands and FGL, may not be able to fully utilize their net operating loss and other tax carryforward; restrictions in HRG’s certificate of incorporation intended to protect net operating losses and other tax attributes may limit transfer of HRG’s securities” for the restrictions on certain transfers of our Common Stock.
Under most states’ statutes, including those of Iowa and New York, acquiring 10% or more of the voting stock of an insurance company or its parent company is presumptively considered a change of control, although such presumption may be rebutted. Accordingly, any person who acquires 10% or more of the voting securities of HRG, FGL, FGH, FGL Insurance or FGL NY Insurance without the prior approval of the insurance regulators of Iowa and New York will be in violation of those states’ laws and may be subject to injunctive action requiring the disposition or seizure of those securities by the relevant insurance regulator, prohibiting the voting of those securities and/or other actions determined by the relevant insurance regulator. Any such investors will need to obtain approval to divest of their controlling interest, except for Leucadia, CF Turul and HCP, each of whom has obtained the necessary regulatory approval. The requirement to obtain such insurance regulatory approval will no longer apply to the acquisition of our shares of Common Stock if our interest in FGL is disposed of pursuant to the FGL Merger Agreement.
Our restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
Our restated bylaws provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our restated
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bylaws, any action to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or restated bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The nature of certain of our assets is volatile and their value may fluctuate or change over short periods of time.
We are a holding company and as such, hold, directly or indirectly, various securities and debt instruments. Investments in such securities and debt instruments involves significant risk, including the risk of partial or total loss of the value of such investments, particularly in light of uncertain domestic and global political, credit and financial market conditions. Any such loss may have a material adverse effect on our and our subsidiaries’ liquidity and results of operations, and can adversely affect our and our subsidiaries’ ability to service our debt and carry out our business strategy.
In addition, some of our subsidiaries are privately-held companies and some of our assets are illiquid securities, the fair values of which are not readily determinable. We value these securities for various purposes based on a number of factors, including, without limitation, third-party independent valuations. Because valuations, and particularly valuations of private and illiquid securities, are inherently uncertain, such valuations may fluctuate significantly over time and may differ materially from the values that would have been obtained if an active market existed for these securities.
Disruption or failures of our or our subsidiaries’ information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our and our subsidiaries’ information technology systems are susceptible to security breaches, operational data loss, general disruptions in functionality, and may not be compatible with new technology. We and our subsidiaries depend on information technology systems for the effectiveness of operations and to interface with those with whom we and our subsidiaries conduct business, as well as to maintain financial and other records. Disruption or failures of such information technology systems could impair our or our subsidiaries’ ability to effectively and timely conduct our operations and maintain financial records, which could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our ability to dispose of securities and debt interests may be limited by restrictive stockholder agreements, by the federal securities laws and by other regulations or market conditions.
When we acquire securities or debt instruments directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, we acquire securities or debt instruments that are illiquid and, when we acquire less than 100% of the equity interests of a company, we may be subject to restrictive terms of agreements with other equityholders. In addition, we may hold, and may in the future hold, securities and debt instruments that are not registered under the Securities Act and/or (as is the case with respect to our shares of Spectrum Brands and FGL) restricted securities under the Securities Act. Our ability to sell such securities and debt instruments could be limited by market conditions and the illiquid nature of such securities and debt instruments and could be limited to sales pursuant to: (i) an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the resale of those securities; (ii) Rule 144 under the Securities Act, which, among other things, requires a specified holding period and limits the manner and volume of sales; (iii) another applicable exemption under the Securities Act; or (iv) approval of certain regulators. We hold, and may in the future hold, large amounts of the securities or debt instruments of a particular issuer, which may limit our ability to sell such securities or debt instruments on economically attractive terms or at all. The inability to sell such securities or debt instruments when desired or necessary may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity, which could adversely affect our ability to service our debt and our ability to carry out our business strategy.
We may suffer adverse consequences if we are deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act and we may be required to incur significant costs to avoid investment company status and our activities may be restricted.
We believe that we are not an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”) and we intend to continue to make acquisitions and other investments in a manner so as not to be an investment company. The Investment Company Act contains substantive legal requirements that regulate the manner in which investment companies are permitted to conduct their business activities. If the Commission or a court were to disagree with us, we could be required to register as an investment company. This would negatively affect our ability to consummate acquisitions; subject us to disclosure and accounting guidance geared toward investment, rather than operating companies; limit our ability to borrow money, issue options, issue multiple classes of stock and debt, and engage in transactions with affiliates; and require us to undertake significant costs and expenses to meet the disclosure and regulatory requirements to which we would be subject as a registered investment company. In order not to be regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, unless we can qualify for an exemption, we must ensure that we are engaged primarily in a business other than investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities (as defined in the Investment Company Act) and that we do not own or acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of our total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. To ensure that majority-owned investments, such as Spectrum Brands, do not become categorized as
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“investment securities,” we may need to make additional investments in these subsidiaries to offset any dilution of our interest that would otherwise cause such a subsidiary to cease to be majority-owned. We may also need to forego acquisitions that we would otherwise make or retain, or dispose of investments that we might otherwise hold.
There may be tax consequences associated with our acquisition, investment, holding and disposition of operating businesses and other assets.
We may incur significant taxes in connection with effecting acquisitions or investments, holding, receiving payments from, and operating businesses and other assets and disposing of operating businesses and other assets. Our decisions to make a particular acquisition, sell a particular asset or increase or decrease a particular investment may be based on considerations other than the timing and amount of taxes owed as a result.
HRG and certain of its subsidiaries, including Spectrum Brands and FGL, may not be able to fully utilize their net operating loss and other tax carryforward; restrictions in HRG’s certificate of incorporation intended to protect net operating losses and other tax attributes may limit transfer of HRG’s securities
As of September 30, 2017, HRG and Spectrum Brands had U.S. Federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $1,524.3 million (inclusive of $151.1 million attributable to FGL’s non-life Insurance subsidiaries) and $703.5 million, respectively that, if unused, will expire through year 2037. Spectrum Brands had tax benefits related to U.S. state NOL carryforwards of approximately $70.8 million at September 30, 2017, that, if unused, will expire through year 2037. As of September 30, 2017, HRG and Spectrum Brands had U.S. Federal capital loss carryforwards of approximately $315.9 million (inclusive of $15.0 million attributable to FGL’s non-life Insurance subsidiaries) and $19.8 million, respectively that, if unused, will expire through year 2022; and Spectrum Brands had foreign loss carryforwards of approximately $169.2 million, which will expire beginning in Fiscal 2018. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-While, as of the date of this report, we expect to exercise the 338 Tax Election and to receive tax benefits from making such election there can be no assurance that such an election will be made or that we will receive any of the benefits from such an election.”
The ability of HRG and its subsidiaries (including any future subsidiary) to utilize their NOL and other tax carryforwards to reduce taxable income in future years may be limited for various reasons, including if projected future taxable income is insufficient to recognize the full benefit of such NOL carryforwards prior to their expiration. Additionally, the ability of HRG and its subsidiaries (including any future subsidiary) to fully use these tax assets could also be adversely affected if the respective companies were deemed to have an “ownership change” within the meaning of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. An ownership change is generally defined as a greater than 50% increase in equity ownership by “5% shareholders” (as that term is defined for purposes of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code) in any three-year period. HRG and its subsidiaries (including Spectrum Brands and FGL) have experienced ownership changes that have limited the utilization of a portion of their NOL carryforwards and other carryforward tax attributes. Future ownership changes, including transfers or dispositions of our stock by HCP or other stockholders and conversions or redemptions of our preferred stock, could, depending on their magnitude, result in ownership changes that would trigger the imposition of additional limitations on the utilization of these tax assets under Sections 382 and 383. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that, in the future, HRG and/or its subsidiaries (including any future subsidiary) will not experience additional limitations on utilizing the tax benefits of their NOL and other tax carryforwards. Such limitations could have a material adverse effect on HRG and/or its subsidiaries’ results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.
In order to reduce the likelihood that future transactions in our Common Stock will result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code (“Section 382”), on July 13, 2015, following receipt of stockholder approval, we filed an amendment to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “Charter”). The Charter amendment is designed to reduce the likelihood of an “ownership change” under U.S. federal tax laws by restricting certain direct and indirect acquisitions and dispositions of our Common Stock. The restrictions imposed under the amendment apply to any direct and indirect holders of, or persons who would become holders of, 4.9% or more of our Common Stock (and certain other interests in the Company that are treated as stock for U.S. federal tax purposes). As of July 13, 2015, which is the date of the adoption of the Charter amendment, any direct or indirect transfer of our shares of Common Stock (or such other Company securities) in violation of the restrictions will be void as of the date of the purported transfer as to the purported transferee, and the purported transferee will not be recognized as the owner of such securities for any purpose, including for purposes of voting and receiving dividends or other distributions. These restrictions may adversely affect the ability of certain holders of our Common Stock to dispose of or acquire shares of our Common Stock and may have an adverse impact on the liquidity of our Common Stock generally.
Our Board will have the power to determine and interpret, in its sole discretion, all matters necessary for assessing compliance with the provisions of the Charter transfer restrictions. These matters include (i) the identification of a 4.9% stockholder, (ii) whether a transfer is a prohibited transfer, (iii) the percentage stock ownership interest in the Company of any person for the purposes of Section 382, (iv) whether an instrument constitutes a security of the Company, (v) the amount or fair market value due to a purported transferee pursuant to the alternate procedure described in the Charter, (vi) the interpretation of the provisions of the Charter amendment and (vii) any other matters which our Board determines to be relevant. To the extent permitted by law, the good faith determination of the Board on such matters will be conclusive and binding on all persons and entities for purposes of the Charter transfer restrictions.
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In connection with its consideration of the Charter transfer restrictions, the Board has provided to CF Turul, the beneficial owner of 16.4% of our issued and outstanding Common Stock as of November 14, 2017, its approval, as required under the Charter transfer restrictions, to make, subject to specified limitations and other terms and conditions, one or more distributions of our shares of Common Stock on a substantially pro rata basis to the members of CF Turul and by such members and their affiliates to the ultimate owners who are not entities sponsored or organized by Fortress Investment Group LLC (such person each, a “Specified Holder”). In addition, the Board has also provided the funds affiliated with HCP, which were at the time a Specified Holder and the beneficial owner of approximately 10.3% of our issued and outstanding Common Stock, its approval, as required under the Charter transfer restrictions, to sell, subject to specified limitations and other terms and conditions, the shares of Common Stock that HCP held. It is our understanding that as of the date of this report HCP has disposed of a substantial amount of its stock and is no longer a Specified Holder.
While the Charter amendment is intended protect the benefits of our NOLs and other tax assets, there can be no assurance that we will not experience future transactions in our Common Stock that results in some or all of our NOLs attributes being lost or limited. For example, (i) our Board can permit a transfer to an acquirer that results in or contributes to an ownership change if it determines that such transfer is in our or our stockholders’ best interests; (ii) a court could find that part or all of the charter transfer restrictions are not enforceable, either in general or as applied to a particular stockholder or fact situation; (iii) certain changes in relationships among our stockholders or other events not proscribed under the Charter amendment could contribute to or cause an ownership change under Section 382; and (iv) an ownership change could be caused or contributed to as a result of our own actions, such as issuing, repurchasing or redeeming shares of our Common Stock, which we remain free to do if our Board determines that it is in our or our stockholders’ best interests to do so.
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to document and test our internal controls over financial reporting and to report on our assessment as to the effectiveness of these controls. Any delays or difficulty in satisfying these requirements or negative reports concerning our internal controls could adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition.
We may in the future discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement, particularly with respect to our or our subsidiaries or businesses that we or our subsidiaries may acquire or subsidiaries that are not presently material to our business but may become material to us in the future. We cannot be certain that we or our subsidiaries will develop, implement, and maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting in the future. As described in “Part II - Item 9A. Controls and Procedures,” FGL identified and, as of September 30, 2017, remediated a material weakness in FGL’s internal controls. With remediation, the Company’s management was able to conclude that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2017.
In addition, we or our subsidiaries may acquire an entity that was not previously subject to U.S. public company requirements or did not previously prepare financial statements in accordance with the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) or is not in compliance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or other public company reporting obligations applicable to such entity directly or through us. We or our subsidiaries may incur significant additional costs in order to ensure, that after such acquisition, HRG or our subsidiaries continue to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and its other public company requirements, which, in turn, would reduce our earnings and negatively affect our liquidity or cause us to fail to meet our or our subsidiaries’ reporting obligations. In addition, development of an adequate financial reporting system and the internal controls of any such entity to achieve compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 may increase the time and costs necessary to complete any such acquisition or cause us or our subsidiaries to fail to meet our reporting obligations. To the extent any of these newly-acquired entities or any existing entities have deficiencies in their internal controls, it may impact our internal controls.
Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our or our subsidiaries’ operating results or cause us or our subsidiaries to fail to meet our respective reporting obligations. If we or our subsidiaries are unable to conclude that we or our subsidiaries have effective internal controls over financial reporting, or if our or our subsidiaries’ independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us or our subsidiaries with an unqualified report regarding the effectiveness of our or our subsidiaries’ internal controls over financial reporting to the extent required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our or our subsidiaries’ financial statements. Failure to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could potentially subject us or our subsidiaries to sanctions or investigations by the Commission, or other regulatory authorities. In addition, failure to comply with our reporting obligations with the Commission may cause an event of default to occur under the Indentures, or similar instruments governing any debt we or our subsidiaries incur in the future.
Limitations on liability and indemnification matters.
As permitted by Delaware law, we have included in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation a provision to eliminate the personal liability of our directors for monetary damages for breach or alleged breach of their fiduciary duties as directors, subject to certain exceptions. Our restated bylaws also provide that we are required to indemnify our directors under certain circumstances, including those circumstances in which indemnification would otherwise be discretionary, and we will be required to advance expenses to our directors as incurred in connection with proceedings against them for which they may be indemnified.
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In addition, we may, by action of our Board, provide indemnification and advance expenses to our officers, employees and agents (other than directors), to directors, officers, employees or agents of a subsidiary of the Company, and to each person serving as a director, officer, partner, member, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, at our request, with the same scope and effect as the indemnification of our directors provided in our restated bylaws.
We and our subsidiaries may be adversely affected by further deterioration in economic conditions.
From December 2007 through June 2009, the U.S. economy was in recession, which lead to a significant reduction in the business activity across a wide range of industries and regions in the U.S. In 2011 and 2012, concern over sovereign debt in Greece, Spain, Italy and certain other European Union countries caused significant fluctuations of the Euro, relative to other currencies, such as the U.S. Dollar. Criticism of excessive national debt among a number of countries has led to credit downgrades of the sovereign debt of several countries and has led to increased concern regarding economic and political uncertainty. Destabilization of the economy could lead to a decrease in consumer confidence, which could cause reductions in discretionary spending and demand for our subsidiary Spectrum Brands’ products. Furthermore, sovereign debt issues could also lead to further significant, and potentially longer-term, economic issues, such as reduced economic growth and devaluation of the Euro against the U.S. Dollar, any of which could adversely affect our and each of our subsidiaries’ business, financial condition and operating results. See the risk factor entitled “Spectrum Brands faces risks relating to the United Kingdom’s 2016 referendum, which called for its exit from the European Union” in this Form 10-K.
We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or preferred stock which would dilute the interests of our stockholders and could present other risks.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 500,000,000 shares of Common Stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of November 14, 2017, we had 200,624,864 shares of our Common Stock outstanding. In addition, as of September 30, 2017, we had 8,721,827 shares of Common Stock remaining for issuance pursuant to the HRG Group, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (formerly, Harbinger Group Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan, as amended (the “2011 Plan”)) and 600 thousand shares of Common Stock remaining for issuance pursuant to the Harbinger Group Inc. 2014 Warrant Plan. If a significant amount of additional stock is issued, such issuance or issuances may impact the price and volatility of our stock.
Price fluctuations in our Common Stock could result from general market and economic conditions and a variety of other factors, including factors that affect the volatility of the common stock of any of our publicly-held subsidiaries.
The trading price of our Common Stock may be highly-volatile and could be subject to fluctuations in response to a number of factors beyond our control, including:

• | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations and the performance of our subsidiaries and their competitors;

• | reaction of the market to our announcement of any future acquisitions, dispositions, or other business opportunities by us or our subsidiaries, including the Company’s review of strategic alternatives and the timing and status of the FGL Merger;

• | the public’s reaction to our and/or our subsidiaries’ press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the Commission;

• | changes in general economic conditions;

• | actions of our historical equity investors, including sales of Common Stock by our significant stockholders, our directors and our executive officers; and

• | actions by institutional investors or our significant stockholders trading in our stock.

In addition, the trading price of our Common Stock could be subject to fluctuations in response to a number of factors that affect the volatility of the common stock of any of our subsidiaries, such as Spectrum Brands and FGL, which are publicly traded.
Future sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock may adversely affect our market price.
We have granted registration rights to Leucadia and CF Turul and certain of their transferees under a registration rights agreement, to facilitate the resale of their shares of our Common Stock. Under this registration rights agreement, Leucadia and CF Turul, and certain of their transferees have the right, subject to certain conditions, to require us to register the sale of their shares or their permitted transferees’ shares under the federal securities laws. By exercising their registration rights, and selling all or a portion of their shares, Leucadia and CF Turul and their permitted transferees could cause the prevailing market price of our Common Stock to decline. We have filed several registration statements on Form S-3 that have registered the sale of a substantial amount of our Common Stock, from time to time, in secondary offerings by the stockholders listed therein. Furthermore, the shares of our Common Stock owned by Leucadia and CF Turul may also be sold in the public market under Rule 144 of the Securities Act. We have, in the past, issued a substantial amount of shares of preferred stock, the majority of which were
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subsequently converted into shares of our Common Stock. We may issue a substantial amount of preferred stock in the future. If these rights are exercised in full, it might adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.
Future sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock into the public market, or perceptions in the market that such sales could occur, may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Common Stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.
The market liquidity for our Common Stock is relatively low and may make it difficult to purchase or sell our stock.
The daily trading volume in our Common Stock is volatile and relatively low, which may make it difficult to purchase or sell shares of our Common Stock. Although a more active trading market may develop in the future, there can be no assurance as to the liquidity of any markets that may develop for our Common Stock or the prices at which holders may be able to sell our Common Stock and the limited market liquidity for our stock could affect a stockholder’s ability to sell at a price satisfactory to that stockholder.
From time to time, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to litigation for which we and our subsidiaries may be unable to accurately assess our level of exposure and which, if adversely determined, may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
We and our subsidiaries are or may become parties to legal proceedings related to our or their current or prior businesses for which, depending on the circumstances, a reserve may not have been established or otherwise provided for or insured against. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in any litigation in which we or our subsidiaries may become involved, or that our or their insurance coverage will be adequate to cover any or all potential losses. In addition, from time to time, we may decide to settle litigation involving us or our subsidiaries for a variety of reasons and regardless of the perceived merits of the claims related to such litigation. Such settlements may include non-monetary as well as monetary terms. To the extent that we or our subsidiaries sustain losses from such proceedings which are not reserved or otherwise provided for or insured against, our business, results of operations, cash flows and/or financial condition could be materially adversely affected. See Part I, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings.”
Agreements, transactions and litigation involving or resulting from the activities of our predecessor and its former subsidiaries may subject us to future claims or litigation that could materially adversely impact our capital resources.
HRG is the successor to Zapata Corporation, which was a holding company engaged, through its subsidiaries, in a number of business activities and over the course of our existence we have acquired and disposed of a number of businesses. The activities of such entities may subject us to future claims or litigation regardless of the merit of such claims or litigation and the defenses available to us and our subsidiaries. The time and expense that we may be required to dedicate to such matters may be material to us and our subsidiaries and may adversely impact our capital resources. In certain instances, we may have continuing obligations pursuant to certain of these transactions, including obligations to indemnify other parties to agreements, and may be subject to risks resulting from these transactions. See Part I, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings.”
Risks Related to Spectrum Brands’ Business
Spectrum Brands is a parent company with limited business operations of its own. Its main asset is the capital stock of its subsidiaries, including SBI. Spectrum Brands conducts most of its business operations through its subsidiaries and its primary source of cash is and will be distributions from its subsidiaries.
Spectrum Brands’ primary sources of cash are dividends and distributions with respect to its ownership interests in its subsidiaries that are derived from their earnings and cash flow. Spectrum Brands’ and SBI’s subsidiaries might not generate sufficient earnings and cash flow to pay dividends or distributions in the future. Spectrum Brands’ and SBI’s subsidiaries’ payments to their respective parent will be contingent upon their earnings, upon other business considerations and compliance with the terms of SBI’s indebtedness.
SBI substantial indebtedness may limit its financial and operating flexibility, and Spectrum Brands may incur additional debt, which could increase the risks associated with its substantial indebtedness.
SBI has, and expects to continue to have, a significant amount of indebtedness. See Note 13, Debt, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for further details. SBI’s substantial indebtedness has had, and could continue to have, material adverse consequences for its business, and may:

• | require Spectrum Brands to dedicate a large portion of its cash flow to pay principal and interest on its indebtedness, which will reduce the availability of its cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, research and development expenditures and other business activities;

• | increase its vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

• | limit its flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in its business and the industry in which Spectrum Brands operates;

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• | restrict its ability to make strategic acquisitions, dispositions or to exploit business opportunities;

• | place Spectrum Brands at a competitive disadvantage compared to its competitors that have less debt; and

• | limit its ability to borrow additional funds (even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity) or dispose of assets.

Under the SBI Senior Secured Facilities and indentures governing the SBI Notes (together, the “SBI Indentures”), SBI may incur additional indebtedness. If new debt is added to its existing debt levels, the related risks that Spectrum Brands now faces would increase.
Furthermore, a portion of SBI’s debt bears interest at variable rates. If market interest rates increase, the interest rate on SBI’s variable rate debt will increase and will create higher debt service requirements, which would adversely affect SBI’s cash flow and could adversely impact SBI’s results of operations. While SBI may enter into agreements limiting SBI’s exposure to higher debt service requirements, any such agreements may not offer complete protection from this risk.
Restrictive covenants in the SBI Senior Secured Facilities and the SBI Indentures may restrict SBI’s ability to pursue its business strategies.
The SBI Senior Secured Facilities and the SBI Indentures each restrict, among other things, asset dispositions, mergers and acquisitions, dividends, stock repurchases and redemptions, other restricted payments, indebtedness and preferred stock, loans and investments, liens and affiliate transactions. The SBI Senior Secured Facilities and the SBI Indentures also contain customary events of default. These covenants could, among other things, limit SBI’s ability to fund future working capital and capital expenditures, engage in future acquisitions or development activities, or otherwise realize the value of its assets and opportunities fully. In addition, the SBI Senior Secured Facilities and the SBI Indentures require SBI to dedicate a portion of cash flow from operations to payments on debt and also contain borrowing restrictions based on, among other things, Spectrum Brands’ fixed charge coverage ratio. Furthermore, the credit agreement governing the SBI Senior Secured Facilities contains a financial covenant relating to maximum leverage. Such requirements and covenants could limit the flexibility of SBI’s restricted entities in planning for, or reacting to, changes in the industries in which they operate. SBI’s ability to comply with these covenants is subject to certain events outside of its control. If SBI is unable to comply with these covenants, the lenders under the SBI Senior Secured Facilities could terminate their commitments and the lenders under the SBI Senior Secured Facilities or the holders of the SBI Notes could accelerate repayment of SBI’ outstanding borrowings and, in either case, SBI may be unable to obtain adequate refinancing of outstanding borrowings on favorable terms or at all. If SBI is unable to repay outstanding borrowings when due, the lenders under the SBI Senior Secured Facilities will also have the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the indebtedness owed to them. If SBI’s obligations under the SBI Senior Secured Facilities are accelerated, SBI cannot assure you that its assets would be sufficient to repay in full such indebtedness.
Spectrum Brands is subject to significant international business risks that could hurt its business and cause its results of operations to fluctuate.
Approximately 36% of Spectrum Brands’ net sales for Fiscal 2017 were to customers outside of the U.S. Spectrum Brands’ pursuit of international growth opportunities may require significant investments for an extended period before returns on these investments, if any, are realized. Spectrum Brands’ international operations are subject to risks including, among others:

• | currency fluctuations, including, without limitation, fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate of the Euro, British Pound, Brazilian Real, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Japanese Yen and the Mexican Peso;

• | changes in the economic conditions or consumer preferences or demand for its products in these markets;

• | the risk that because its brand names may not be locally recognized, Spectrum Brands must spend significant amounts of time and money to build brand recognition without certainty that Spectrum Brands will be successful;

• | labor unrest;

• | political and economic instability, as a result of war, terrorist attacks, pandemics, natural disasters or otherwise;

• | lack of developed infrastructure;

• | longer payment cycles and greater difficulty in collecting accounts;

• | restrictions on transfers of funds;

• | import and export duties and quotas, as well as general transportation costs;

• | changes in domestic and international customs and tariffs;

• | changes in foreign labor laws and regulations affecting Spectrum Brands’ ability to hire and retain employees;

• | inadequate protection of intellectual property in foreign countries;

• | unexpected changes in regulatory environments;

• | difficulty in complying with foreign law; and

• | adverse tax consequences.

The foregoing factors may have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ ability to increase or maintain its supply of products, financial condition or results of operations.
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As a result of its international operations, Spectrum Brands faces a number of risks related to exchange rates and foreign currencies.
Spectrum Brands’ international sales and certain of its expenses are transacted in foreign currencies. During Fiscal 2017, approximately 36% of Spectrum Brands’ net sales and operating expenses were denominated in foreign currencies. Spectrum Brands expects that the amount of its revenues and expenses transacted in foreign currencies will increase as its Latin American, European and Asian operations grow and as a result of acquisitions in these markets and, as a result, its exposure to risks associated with foreign currencies could increase accordingly. Significant changes in the value of the U.S. dollar in relation to foreign currencies will affect Spectrum Brands’ cost of goods sold and its operating margins and could result in exchange losses or otherwise have a material effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in currency exchange rates may also affect Spectrum Brands’ sales to, purchases from, and loans to, its subsidiaries, as well as sales to, purchases from, and bank lines of credit with, its customers, suppliers and creditors that are denominated in foreign currencies.
Spectrum Brands sources many products from China and other Asian countries. To the extent the Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) or other currencies appreciate with respect to the U.S. dollar, Spectrum Brands may experience fluctuations in Spectrum Brands’ results of operations. Since 2005, the RMB has no longer been pegged to the U.S. dollar at a constant exchange rate and instead fluctuates versus a basket of currencies. Although the People’s Bank of China has historically intervened in the foreign exchange market to prevent significant short-term fluctuations in the exchange rate, the RMB may appreciate or depreciate within a flexible peg range against the U.S. dollar in the medium to long term. Moreover, it is possible that in the future Chinese authorities may lift restrictions on fluctuations in the RMB exchange rate and lessen intervention in the foreign exchange market.
While Spectrum Brands may enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these transactions may be limited, and Spectrum Brands may not be able to successfully hedge its exposure to currency fluctuations. Further, Spectrum Brands may not be successful in implementing customer pricing or other actions in an effort to mitigate the impact of currency fluctuations and, thus, its results of operations may be adversely impacted.
Spectrum Brands’ international operations may expose it to risks related to compliance with the laws and regulations of foreign countries.
Spectrum Brands is subject to three EU Directives that may have a material impact on its business: Restriction of the Use of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“RUHSEEE”); Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“WEEE”); and the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and Waste Batteries (“DBAWB”), discussed below. RUHSEEE requires Spectrum Brands to eliminate specified hazardous materials from products it sells in EU member states. WEEE requires Spectrum Brands to collect and treat, dispose of or recycle certain products it manufactures or imports into the EU at its own expense. The EU DBAWB bans heavy metals in batteries by establishing maximum quantities of heavy metals in batteries and mandates waste management of these batteries, including collection, recycling and disposal systems, with the costs imposed upon producers and importers such as Spectrum Brands. The costs associated with maintaining compliance or failing to comply with the EU Directives may harm Spectrum Brands’ business. For example:

• | Although contracts with its suppliers address related compliance issues, Spectrum Brands may be unable to procure appropriate RUHSEEE- compliant material in sufficient quantity and quality and/or be able to incorporate it into its product procurement processes without compromising quality and/or harming its cost structure.

• | Spectrum Brands may face excess and obsolete inventory risk related to non-compliant inventory that it may hold for which there is reduced demand, and it may need to write down the carrying value of such inventories.

• | Spectrum Brands may be unable to sell certain existing inventories of its batteries in Europe and other countries that have adopted similar regulations.

Many of the developing countries in which Spectrum Brands operates do not have significant governmental regulation relating to environmental safety, occupational safety, employment practices or other business matters routinely regulated in the U.S. and EU or may not rigorously enforce such regulation. As these countries and their economies develop, it is possible that new regulations or increased enforcement of existing regulations may increase the expense of doing business in these countries. In addition, social legislation in many countries in which Spectrum Brands operates may result in significantly higher expenses associated with labor costs, terminating employees or distributors and closing manufacturing facilities. Increases in Spectrum Brands’ costs as a result of increased regulation, legislation or enforcement could materially and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.
Spectrum Brands faces risks related to the impact on foreign trade agreements and relations from the current administration.
Recent changes in the United States federal government have caused uncertainty about the future of trade partnerships and treaties, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”). The current administration has formally withdrawn the U.S. from the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (“TPPA”), which may affect Spectrum Brands’ ability to leverage lower cost facilities in territories outside of the U.S. The current administration has also initiated negotiations with Canada and Mexico aimed at re-negotiating term of NAFTA. It is uncertain what the outcome of the negotiations will be, but it is possible that revisions to NATFA could adversely affect Spectrum Brands’ existing production operations in Mexico and the current and future levels of sales and earnings of Spectrum Brands in all three countries. Furthermore, the current administration has threatened
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tougher trade terms with China and other countries. Media and political reactions in the affected countries could potentially impact the ability of Spectrum Brands’ operations in those countries. Foreign countries may impose additional burdens on U.S. companies through the use of local regulations, tariffs or other requirements which could increase Spectrum Brands’ operating costs in those foreign jurisdictions. It remains unclear what additional actions, if any, the current administration will take. If the United States were to materially modify NAFTA or other international trade agreements to which it is a party, or if tariffs were raised on the foreign-sourced goods that Spectrum Brands sell, such goods may no longer be available at a commercially attractive price, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands business, financial condition and results of operations.
Spectrum Brands faces risks relating to the United Kingdom’s 2016 referendum, which called for its exit from the European Union.
The announcement of the referendum regarding the United Kingdom’s (“UK”) membership in the European Union (“EU”) on June 23, 2016 (referred to as “Brexit”), advising for the exit of the UK from the EU, and subsequent notification of intention to withdraw given on March 29, 2017, has adversely impacted global markets and foreign currencies. In particular, the value of the Pound Sterling has sharply declined as compared to the U.S. Dollar and other currencies. This volatility in foreign currencies is expected to continue as the UK negotiates and executes its exit from the EU, but there is uncertainty over what time period this will occur. A significantly weaker Pound Sterling compared to the U.S. Dollar could have a significant negative effect on the Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations. The decrease in value to the Pound Sterling and impacts across global markets and foreign currencies may influence trends in consumer confidence and discretionary spending habits, but given the lack of precedent and uncertainty, it is unclear how the implications will affect Spectrum Brands.
The intention to withdraw begins a two-year negotiating period to establish the withdrawal terms. Even if no agreement is reached, the UK’s separation still becomes effective unless all EU members unanimously agree on an extension. Negotiations will commence to determine the future terms of the UK relationship with the EU, including, among other things, the terms of trade between the UK and the EU. The effects of Brexit will depend on many factors, including any agreements that the UK makes to retain access to EU markets either during a transitional period or more permanently. Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the UK determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. Any of these effects of Brexit and others Spectrum Brands cannot anticipate, transactions between the UK and the EU, as well as the UK and non-EU countries, such as the United States will be affected because the UK currently operated under the EU’s tax treaties. The UK will need to negotiate its own tax treaties with countries all over the world, which could take years to complete. While Spectrum Brands cannot anticipate the outcome of these future negotiations, effects could include uncertainty regarding tax exemptions and reliefs within the EU, as well as expected changes in tax laws or regulations which could materially and adversely affect Spectrum Brands’ business, business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows.
Spectrum Brands participates in very competitive markets and it may not be able to compete successfully, causing Spectrum Brands to lose market share and sales.
Spectrum Brands competes for consumer acceptance and limited shelf space based upon brand name recognition, perceived product quality, price, performance, product features and enhancements, product packaging and design innovation, as well as creative marketing, promotion and distribution strategies, and new product introductions. See Part I, Item 1. “Business-Spectrum Brands-Sales Distribution and Competition” of this report for further information over the segments, product categories and markets in which Spectrum Brands competes, along with discussion over primary competitors. Spectrum Brands’ ability to compete in these consumer product markets may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

• | Spectrum Brands competes against many well-established companies that may have substantially greater financial and other resources, including personnel and research and development, and greater overall market share than Spectrum Brands.

• | In some key product lines, Spectrum Brands’ competitors may have lower production costs and higher profit margins than Spectrum Brands, which may enable them to compete more aggressively in offering retail discounts, rebates and other promotional incentives.

• | Technological advancements, product improvements or effective advertising campaigns by competitors may weaken consumer demand for Spectrum Brands’ products.

• | Consumer purchasing behavior may shift to distribution channels, including to online retailers, where Spectrum Brands and its customers do not have a strong presence.

• | Consumer preferences may change to lower margin products or products other than those that Spectrum Brands markets.

• | Spectrum Brands may not be successful in the introduction, marketing and manufacture of any new products or product innovations or be able to develop and introduce, in a timely manner, innovations to its existing products that satisfy customer needs or achieve market acceptance.

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In addition, in a number of Spectrum Brands’ product lines, Spectrum Brands competes with its retail customers, who use their own private label brands, and with distributors and foreign manufacturers of unbranded products. Significant new competitors or increased competition from existing competitors, including specifically private label brands, may adversely affect Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of Spectrum Brands’ operations.
Some competitors may be willing to reduce prices and accept lower profit margins to compete with Spectrum Brands. As a result of this competition, Spectrum Brands could lose market share and sales, or be forced to reduce its prices to meet competition. If Spectrum Brands’ product offerings are unable to compete successfully, Spectrum Brands’ sales, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, Spectrum Brands may be unable to implement changes to its products or otherwise adapt to changing consumer trends. If Spectrum Brands is unable to respond to changing consumer trends, its operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Changes in consumer shopping trends and changes in distribution channels could significantly harm Spectrum Brands’ business.
Spectrum Brands sells products through a variety of trade channels with a significant portion dependent upon retail partnerships, through both traditional brick-and-mortar retail channels and e-commerce channels. Spectrum Brands is seeing the emergence of strong e-commerce channels generating more online competition and declining in-store traffic in brick-and-mortar retailers. Consumer shopping preferences have shifted, and may continue to shift in the future to distribution channels other than traditional retail that may have more limited experience, presence and developed, such as e-commerce channels. If Spectrum Brands is not successful in developing and utilizing e-commerce channels that future consumers may prefer, Spectrum Brands may experience lower than expected revenues. Spectrum Brands is also seeing more traditional brick-and-mortar retailers closing physical stores, and filing for bankruptcy, which could negatively impact Spectrum Brands’ distribution strategies and/or sales if such retailers decide to significantly reduce their inventory levels for Spectrum Brands’ products or to designate more floor space to Spectrum Brands’ competitors. Further consolidation, store closures and bankruptcies could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, as well as the trading price of Spectrum Brands’ securities.
Additionally, consolidation in retail has occurred during the last several years, particularly in developed markets such as the U.S. and Western Europe, resulting in Spectrum Brands becoming increasingly dependent on relationships with fewer key retailers that control an increasing percentage of retail locations, which trend may continue. Spectrum Brands’ success is dependent on Spectrum Brands’ ability to manage Spectrum Brands’ retailer relationships, including offering trade terms on mutually acceptable terms. Spectrum Brands generally does not have long-term sales contracts or other sales assurances with Spectrum Brands’ retail customers.
Sales of certain of Spectrum Brands’ products are seasonal and may cause its operating results and working capital requirements to fluctuate.
On a consolidated basis Spectrum Brands’ financial results are approximately equally weighted across its fiscal quarters, however, sales of certain product categories tend to be seasonal. See Part I, Item 1. “Business-Spectrum Brands-Seasonality” of this report for further information over the seasonality of sales. As a result of this seasonality, Spectrum Brands’ inventory and working capital needs fluctuate significantly throughout the year. In addition, orders from retailers are often made late in the period preceding the applicable peak season, making forecasting of production schedules and inventory purchases difficult. If Spectrum Brands is unable to accurately forecast and prepare for customer orders or its working capital needs, or there is a general downturn in business or economic conditions during these periods, Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Adverse weather conditions during Spectrum Brands’ peak selling seasons for its home and garden control and auto care products could have a material adverse effect on its home and garden business and auto care business.
Weather conditions have a significant impact on the timing and volume of sales of certain of Spectrum Brands’ lawn and garden and household insecticide and repellent products. For example, periods of dry, hot weather can decrease insecticide sales, while periods of cold and wet weather can slow sales of herbicides. Adverse weather conditions during the first six months of the calendar year (Spectrum Brands’ second and third fiscal quarters), when demand for home and garden control products typically peaks, could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ home and garden business and its financial results during such period. Weather can also influence customer behavior for Spectrum Brands’ auto care products, especially with appearance and A/C recharge products, which sell best during warm, dry weather. There could be a material adverse effect on the auto care segment if the weather is cold or wet, during the spring and summer seasons when demand for Spectrum Brands’ auto care products typically peaks.
Consolidation of retailers and Spectrum Brands’ dependence on a small number of key customers for a significant percentage of its sales may negatively affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.
As a result of consolidation of retailers and consumer trends toward national mass merchandisers, a significant percentage of Spectrum Brands’ sales are attributable to a limited group of customers. Spectrum Brands’ largest customer, Wal-Mart, accounted
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for 15% of its consolidated net sales for Fiscal 2017. As these mass merchandisers and retailers grow larger and become more sophisticated, they may demand lower pricing, special packaging or impose other requirements on product suppliers. These business demands may relate to inventory practices, logistics or other aspects of the customer-supplier relationship. Because of the importance of these key customers, demands for price reductions or promotions, reductions in their purchases, changes in their financial condition or loss of their accounts could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Although Spectrum Brands has long-established relationships with many of its customers, Spectrum Brands does not have long-term agreements with them and purchases are generally made through the use of individual purchase orders. Any significant reduction in purchases, failure to obtain anticipated orders or delays or cancellations of orders by any of these major customers, or significant pressure to reduce prices from any of these major customers, could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the retail industry in general, the bankruptcy of any of Spectrum Brands’ customers or any of Spectrum Brands’ customers ceasing operations could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ sales and profitability.
As a result of retailers maintaining tighter inventory control, Spectrum Brands faces risks related to meeting demand and storing inventory.
As a result of the desire of retailers to more closely manage inventory levels, there is a growing trend among them to purchase products on a “just-in-time” basis. Due to a number of factors, including (i) manufacturing lead-times, (ii) seasonal purchasing patterns and (iii) the potential for material price increases, Spectrum Brands may be required to shorten its lead-time for production and more closely anticipate its retailers’ and customers’ demands, which could in the future require Spectrum Brands to carry additional inventories and increase its working capital and related financing requirements. This may increase the cost of warehousing inventory or result in excess inventory becoming difficult to manage, unusable or obsolete. In addition, if Spectrum Brands retailers significantly change their inventory management strategies, Spectrum Brands may encounter difficulties in filling customer orders or in liquidating excess inventories, or may find that customers are cancelling orders or returning products, which may have a material adverse effect on its business.
Furthermore, Spectrum Brands primarily sells branded products and a move by one or more of its large customers to sell significant quantities of private label products, which Spectrum Brands does not produce on their behalf and which directly compete with Spectrum Brands products, could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Spectrum Brands’ products utilize certain key raw materials; any significant increase in the price of, or change in supply and demand for, these raw materials could have a material and adverse effect on its business, financial condition and profits.
The principal raw materials used to produce Spectrum Brands’ products-including zinc powder, brass, electrolytic manganese dioxide powder, petroleum-based plastic materials, steel, aluminum, copper and corrugated materials (for packaging)-are sourced either on a global or regional basis by Spectrum Brands or its suppliers, and the prices of those raw materials are susceptible to price fluctuations due to supply and demand trends, energy costs, transportation costs, government regulations, duties and tariffs, changes in currency exchange rates, price controls, general economic conditions and other unforeseen circumstances. In particular, during the years 2012 and 2013, Spectrum Brands experienced extraordinary price increases for raw materials, particularly as a result of strong demand from China. Although Spectrum Brands may increase the prices of certain of its goods to its customers, Spectrum Brands may not be able to pass all of these cost increases on to its customers. As a result, its margins may be adversely impacted by such cost increases. Spectrum Brands cannot provide any assurance that its sources of supply will not be interrupted due to changes in worldwide supply of or demand for raw materials or other events that interrupt material flow, which may have an adverse effect on its profitability and results of operations.
Spectrum Brands regularly engages in forward purchase and hedging derivative transactions in an attempt to effectively manage and stabilize some of the raw material costs it expects to incur over the next 12 to 24 months. However, Spectrum Brands’ hedging positions may not be effective, or may not anticipate beneficial trends, in a particular raw material market or may, as a result of changes in its business, no longer be useful for Spectrum Brands. See Note 15, Derivative Financial Instruments, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for further details on Spectrum Brands’ effective hedging strategies over certain commodity costs. In addition, for certain of the principal raw materials Spectrum Brands uses to produce its products, such as electrolytic manganese dioxide powder, there are no available effective hedging markets. If these efforts are not effective or expose Spectrum Brands to above average costs for an extended period of time, and Spectrum Brands is unable to pass its raw materials costs on to its customers, Spectrum Brands’ future profitability may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, with respect to transportation costs, certain modes of delivery are subject to fuel surcharges which are determined based upon the current cost of diesel fuel in relation to pre-established agreed upon costs. Spectrum Brands may be unable to pass these fuel surcharges on to its customers, which may have an adverse effect on its profitability and results of operations.
In addition, Spectrum Brands has exclusivity arrangements and minimum purchase requirements with certain of its suppliers for the home and garden business, which increase its dependence upon and exposure to those suppliers. Some of those agreements include caps on the price Spectrum Brands pays for its supplies and in certain instances, these caps have allowed Spectrum
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Brands to purchase materials at below market prices. When Spectrum Brands attempts to renew those contracts, the other parties to the contracts may not be willing to include or may limit the effect of those caps and could even attempt to impose above market prices in an effort to make up for any below market prices paid by Spectrum Brands prior to the renewal of the agreement. Any failure to timely obtain suitable supplies at competitive prices could materially adversely affect Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Spectrum Brands’ dependence on a few suppliers for certain of its products makes it vulnerable to a disruption in the supply of its products.
Although Spectrum Brands has long-standing relationships with many of its suppliers, it generally does not have long-term contracts with them. An adverse change in any of the following could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations:

• | its ability to identify and develop relationships with qualified suppliers;

• | the terms and conditions upon which it purchases products from its suppliers, including applicable exchange rates, transport and other costs, its suppliers’ willingness to extend credit to Spectrum Brands to finance its inventory purchases and other factors beyond its control;

• | the financial condition of its suppliers;

• | political and economic instability in the countries in which its suppliers are located, as a result of war, terrorist attacks, pandemics, natural disasters or otherwise;

• | its ability to import outsourced products;

• | its suppliers’ noncompliance with applicable laws, trade restrictions and tariffs; or

• | its suppliers’ ability to manufacture and deliver outsourced products according to its standards of quality on a timely and efficient basis.

If Spectrum Brands’ relationship with one of its key suppliers is adversely affected, Spectrum Brands may not be able to quickly or effectively replace such supplier and may not be able to retrieve tooling, molds or other specialized production equipment or processes used by such supplier in the manufacture of its products. The loss of one or more of its suppliers, a material reduction in their supply of products or provision of services to Spectrum Brands or extended disruptions or interruptions in their operations could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Spectrum Brands manufactures the majority of its foil cutting systems for its shaving product lines, using specially designed machines and proprietary cutting technology, at its Portage, Wisconsin facility. In addition, Spectrum Brands also manufactures the majority of its residential door locks at its Subic Bay, Philippines facility. Spectrum Brands’ home and garden products are mainly manufactured from its St. Louis, Missouri, facility. GAC’s manufacturing facility consists of one site which is located in Dayton, Ohio and thus GAC is dependent upon the continued safe operation of this facility.
Spectrum Brands’ facilities are subject to various hazards associated with the manufacturing, handling, storage, and transportation of chemical materials and products, including human error, leaks and ruptures, explosions, floods, fires, inclement weather and natural disasters, power loss or other infrastructure failures, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, regulatory requirements, the loss of certifications, technical difficulties, labor disputes, inability to obtain material, equipment or transportation, environmental hazards such as remediation, chemical spills, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases, and other risks. Many of these hazards could cause personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to, or destruction of, property and equipment and environmental contamination. In addition, the occurrence of material operation problems at Spectrum Brands’ facility due to any of these hazards could cause a disruption in the production of products. Spectrum Brands may also encounter difficulties or interruption as a result of the application of enhanced manufacturing technologies or changes to production lines to improve throughput or to upgrade or repair its production lines. Spectrum Brands’ insurance policies have coverage in case of significant damage to its manufacturing facility but may not fully compensate for the cost of replacement for any such damage and any loss from business interruption. As a result, Spectrum Brands may not be adequately insured to cover losses resulting from significant damage to its manufacturing facility. Any damage to its facility or interruption in manufacturing could result in production delays and delays in meeting contractual obligations which could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ relationship with its customers and on its results of operations, financial condition or cash flows in any given period.
Spectrum Brands faces risks related to its sales of products obtained from third-party suppliers.
Spectrum Brands sells a significant number of products that are manufactured by third party suppliers over which it has no direct control. While Spectrum Brands has implemented processes and procedures to try to ensure that the suppliers it uses are complying with all applicable regulations, there can be no assurances that such suppliers in all instances will comply with such processes and procedures or otherwise with applicable regulations. Noncompliance could result in Spectrum Brands’ marketing and distribution of contaminated, defective or dangerous products which could subject it to liabilities and could result in the imposition by governmental authorities of procedures or penalties that could restrict or eliminate its ability to purchase products. Any or all of these effects could adversely affect Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
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In addition, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act includes provisions regarding certain minerals and metals, known as conflict minerals, mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries. These provisions require companies to undertake due diligence procedures and report on the use of conflict minerals in its products, including products manufactured by third parties. Compliance with these provisions will cause Spectrum Brands to incur costs to certify that its supply chain is conflict free and Spectrum Brands may face difficulties if its suppliers are unwilling or unable to verify the source of their materials. Spectrum Brands’ ability to source these minerals and metals may also be adversely impacted. In addition, Spectrum Brands’ customers may require that it provides them with a certification and its inability to do so may disqualify it as a supplier.
A change in governmental regulations regarding the use of refrigerant gas R-134a or its potential future substitutes could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ ability to sell its aftermarket A/C products.
The refrigerant R-134a is critical component of Spectrum Brands’ aftermarket A/C products and is used in products which comprised approximately 35% of GAC’s net sales, or approximately 3% of Spectrum Brands’ net sales, in Fiscal 2017. Older generation refrigerants such as R-12 (Freon) have been regulated for some time in the United States and elsewhere, due to concerns about their potential to contribute to ozone depletion. In recent years, refrigerants such as R-134a, which is an approved substitute for R-12, have also become the subject of regulatory focus due to their potential to contribute to global warming.
The European Union has passed regulations that require the phase out of R-134a in automotive cooling systems in new vehicles by 2017. In the United States, Spectrum Brands cannot predict what future action, if any, the EPA will take on the regulation of R-134a. But based on currently available information, it believes that it would take some time for suitable alternatives to R-134a to come into full scale commercial production and therefore such alternatives would not be readily available for wide spread use in new car models. If the future use of R-134a is phased out or is limited or prohibited in jurisdictions in which Spectrum Brands does business, the future market for GAC’s products containing R-134a may be limited, which could have a material adverse impact on Spectrum Brands’ results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
In addition, regulations may be enacted governing the packaging, use and disposal of Spectrum Brands’ products containing refrigerants. For example, regulations are currently in effect in California that governs the sale and distribution of products containing R-134a. While Spectrum Brands has reported that it is not aware of any noncompliance with such regulations, its failure to comply with these or possible future regulations in California, or elsewhere, could result in material fines or costs or the inability to sell its products in those markets, which could have a material adverse impact on Spectrum Brands’ results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. If substitutes for R-134a become widely used in A/C systems and their use for DIY and retrofit purposes are not approved by the EPA, it could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. In addition, the cost of HFO-1234yf, the leading long-term alternative to R-134a being proposed in the United States and the European Union for use in the A/C systems of new vehicles, will likely be higher than that of R-134a and access to supply of HFO-1234yf may be limited. If HFO-1234yf becomes widely used and Spectrum Brands is able to develop products using HFO-1234yf, but is unable to price its products to reflect the increased cost of HFO-1234yf, it could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Spectrum Brands may not be able to adequately establish and protect its intellectual property rights, and the infringement or loss of its intellectual property rights could harm its business.
To establish and protect its intellectual property rights, Spectrum Brands relies upon a combination of national, foreign and multi-national patent, trademark and trade secret laws, together with licenses, confidentiality agreements and other contractual arrangements. The measures that Spectrum Brands takes to protect its intellectual property rights may prove inadequate to prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating its intellectual property. Spectrum Brands may need to resort to litigation to enforce or defend its intellectual property rights. If a competitor or collaborator files a patent application claiming technology also claimed by Spectrum Brands, or a trademark application claiming a trademark, service mark or trade dress also used by Spectrum Brands, in order to protect Spectrum Brands’ rights, Spectrum Brands may have to participate in expensive and time consuming opposition or interference proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or a similar foreign agency. Similarly, its intellectual property rights may be challenged by third parties or invalidated through administrative process or litigation. The costs associated with protecting intellectual property rights, including litigation costs, may be material. Furthermore, even if Spectrum Brands’ intellectual property rights are not directly challenged, disputes among third parties could lead to the weakening or invalidation of Spectrum Brands’ intellectual property rights, or its competitors may independently develop technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to its technology. Obtaining, protecting and defending intellectual property rights can be time consuming and expensive, and may require Spectrum Brands to incur substantial costs, including the diversion of the time and resources of management and technical personnel.
Moreover, the laws of certain foreign countries in which Spectrum Brands operates or may operate in the future do not protect, and the governments of certain foreign countries do not enforce, intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws and government of the U.S., which may negate Spectrum Brands’ competitive or technological advantages in such markets. Also, some of the technology underlying Spectrum Brands’ products is the subject of nonexclusive licenses from third parties. As a result, this technology could be made available to Spectrum Brands’ competitors at any time. If Spectrum Brands is unable
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to establish and then adequately protect its intellectual property rights, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Spectrum Brands licenses various trademarks, trade names and patents from third parties for certain of its products. See Part I, Item 1. “Business-Spectrum Brands-Patents and Trademarks” of this report for further discussion and detail on licensed trademarks, trade names and patents. These licenses generally place marketing obligations on Spectrum Brands and require Spectrum Brands to pay fees and royalties based on net sales or profits. Typically, these licenses may be terminated if Spectrum Brands fails to satisfy certain minimum sales obligations or if it breaches the terms of the license. The termination of these licensing arrangements, failure to renew or enter into a new agreement on acceptable terms could adversely affect Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations. When Spectrum Brands’ right to use these trademarks, brand names and logos expires, Spectrum Brands may not be able to maintain or enjoy comparable name recognition or status under its new brand. If Spectrum Brands is unable to successfully manage the transition of its business to new brands, Spectrum Brands’ reputation among its customers could be adversely affected, and its revenue and profitability could decline.
If Spectrum Brands is unable to protect the confidentiality of its proprietary information and know-how, the value of Spectrum Brands’ technology, products and services could be harmed significantly.
Spectrum Brands relies on trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information in operating its business. If this information is not adequately protected, then it may be disclosed or used in an unauthorized manner. To the extent that consultants, key employees or other third parties apply technological information independently developed by them or by others to its proposed products, disputes may arise as to the proprietary rights to such information, which may not be resolved in Spectrum Brands’ favor. The risk that other parties may breach confidentiality agreements or that Spectrum Brands’ trade secrets become known or independently discovered by competitors, could harm Spectrum Brands by enabling its competitors, who may have greater experience and financial resources, to copy or use Spectrum Brands’ trade secrets and other proprietary information in the advancement of their products, methods or technologies. The disclosure of Spectrum Brands’ trade secrets would impair its competitive position, thereby weakening demand for its products or services and harming Spectrum Brands’ ability to maintain or increase its customer base.
Claims by third parties that Spectrum Brands is infringing their intellectual property and other litigation could adversely affect its business.
From time to time in the past Spectrum Brands has been subject to claims that it is infringing the intellectual property of others. Spectrum Brands currently is the subject of such claims and it is possible that third parties will assert infringement claims against Spectrum Brands in the future. An adverse finding against Spectrum Brands in these or similar trademark or other intellectual property litigations may have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations. Any such claims, with or without merit, could be time consuming and expensive, and may require Spectrum Brands to incur substantial costs, including the diversion of the resources of management and technical personnel, cause product delays or require Spectrum Brands to enter into licensing or other agreements in order to secure continued access to necessary or desirable intellectual property. If Spectrum Brands is deemed to be infringing a third party’s intellectual property and is unable to continue using that intellectual property as it had been, its business and results of operations could be harmed if it is unable to successfully develop non-infringing alternative intellectual property on a timely basis or license non-infringing alternatives or substitutes, if any exist, on commercially reasonable terms. In addition, an unfavorable ruling in intellectual property litigation could subject Spectrum Brands to significant liability, as well as require Spectrum Brands to cease developing, manufacturing or selling the affected products or using the affected processes or trademarks. Any significant restriction on Spectrum Brands’ proprietary or licensed intellectual property that impedes its ability to develop and commercialize its products could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.
Class action and derivative action lawsuits and other investigations, regardless of their merits, could have an adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Spectrum Brands and certain of its officers and directors have been named in the past, and, may be named in the future, as defendants of class action and derivative action lawsuits. In the past, Spectrum Brands has also received requests for information from government authorities. Regardless of their subject matter or merits, class action lawsuits and other government investigations may result in significant cost to Spectrum Brands, which may not be covered by insurance, may divert the attention of management or may otherwise have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.
Spectrum Brands may be subject to product liability claims and product recalls, which could negatively impact its profitability.
In the ordinary course of business, Spectrum Brands may be named as a defendant in lawsuits involving product liability claims. In any such proceedings, plaintiffs may seek to recover large and sometimes unspecified amounts of damages, and the matters may remain unresolved for several years. Any such matters could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, results of operations and cash flows if Spectrum Brands is unable to successfully defend against or settle these matters or if Spectrum Brands’ insurance coverage is insufficient to satisfy any judgments against Spectrum Brands or settlement related to these matters. Spectrum Brands sells perishable treats for animal consumption, which involves risks such as product contamination or spoilage, product tampering, and other adulteration of food products. Spectrum Brands may be subject to
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liability if the consumption of any of its products causes injury, illness, or death. In addition, Spectrum Brands will voluntarily recall products in the event of contamination or damage. For example, on June 10, 2017, Spectrum Brands initiated a voluntary safety recall of various rawhide chew products for dogs sold by Spectrum Brands due to possible chemical contamination. The costs of the recall negatively impacted Net Sales, Gross Margin, and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and Spectrum Brands expects ongoing impacts to its business. A significant product liability judgment or a widespread product recall may negatively impact Spectrum Brands’ sales and profitability for a period of time depending on product availability, competitive reaction, and consumer attitudes. Even if a product liability claim is unsuccessful or is not fully pursued, the negative publicity surrounding any assertion that Spectrum Brands’ products caused illness or injury could adversely affect Spectrum Brands’ reputation with existing and potential customers and its corporate and brand image. Although Spectrum Brands has product liability insurance coverage and an excess umbrella policy, Spectrum Brands’ insurance policies may not provide coverage for certain, or any, claims against Spectrum Brands or may not be sufficient to cover all possible liabilities. Spectrum Brands may not be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms, if at all, in the future. See Note 21, Commitments and Contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for further discussion on product liability and product recalls.
Public perceptions that some of the products Spectrum Brands produces and markets are not safe could adversely affect Spectrum Brands.
On occasion, Spectrum Brands’ customers have alleged that some products failed to perform up to expectations or have caused damage or injury to individuals or property. Public perception that any of its products are not safe, whether justified or not, could impair Spectrum Brands’ reputation, damage its brand names and have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, Spectrum Brands relies on certain third party trademarks, brand names and logos which it does not have exclusive use of. Public perception that any such third party trademarks, brand names and logos used by Spectrum Brands are not safe, whether justified or not, could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Spectrum Brands may incur material capital and other costs due to environmental liabilities.
Spectrum Brands is subject to a broad range of federal, state, local, foreign and multi-national laws and regulations relating to the environment. These include laws and regulations that govern:

• | discharges to the air, water and land;

• | the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous substances and wastes; and

• | remediation of contamination associated with release of hazardous substances at its facilities and at off-site disposal locations.

Risk of environmental liability is inherent in Spectrum Brands’ business. As a result, material environmental costs may arise in the future. In particular, Spectrum Brands may incur capital and other costs to comply with increasingly stringent environmental laws and enforcement policies, such as the EU Directives: Restriction of the Use of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and Waste Batteries, discussed above. Spectrum Brands’ international operations may expose Spectrum Brands to risks related to compliance with the laws and regulations of foreign countries. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Spectrum Brands’ Business- Spectrum Brands’ international operations may expose Spectrum Brands to risks related to compliance with the laws and regulations of foreign countries” in this report.
Moreover, there are adopted and proposed international accords and treaties, as well as federal, state and local laws and regulations that would attempt to control or limit the causes of climate change, including the effect of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment. In the event that the U.S. government or foreign governments enact new climate change laws or regulations or make changes to existing laws or regulations, compliance with applicable laws or regulations may result in increased manufacturing costs for Spectrum Brands’ products, such as by requiring investment in new pollution control equipment or changing the ways in which certain of its products are made. Spectrum Brands may incur some of these costs directly and others may be passed on to it from its third-party suppliers. Although Spectrum Brands believes that it is substantially in compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations at its facilities, Spectrum Brands may not always be in compliance with such laws and regulations or any new laws and regulations in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
From time to time, Spectrum Brands has been required to address the effect of historic activities on the environmental condition of its properties or former properties. Spectrum Brands has not conducted invasive testing at all of its facilities to identify all potential environmental liability risks. Given the age of its facilities and the nature of its operations, material liabilities may arise in the future in connection with its current or former facilities. If previously unknown contamination of property underlying or in the vicinity of its manufacturing facilities is discovered, Spectrum Brands could be required to incur material unforeseen expenses. If this occurs, it may have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations. Spectrum Brands is currently engaged in investigative or remedial projects at a few of its facilities and any liabilities arising from such investigative or remedial projects at such facilities may have a material effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
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In addition, in connection with certain business acquisitions, Spectrum Brands has assumed, and in connection with future acquisitions may assume in the future, certain potential environmental liabilities. To the extent Spectrum Brands has not identified such environmental liabilities or to the extent the indemnifications obtained from Spectrum Brands’ counterparties are insufficient to cover such environmental liabilities, these environmental liabilities could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business.
Spectrum Brands is also subject to proceedings related to its disposal of industrial and hazardous material at off-site disposal locations or similar disposals made by other parties for which it is responsible as a result of its relationship with such other parties. These proceedings are under CERCLA or similar state or foreign jurisdiction laws that hold persons who “arranged for” the disposal or treatment of such substances strictly liable for costs incurred in responding to the release or threatened release of hazardous substances from such sites, regardless of fault or the lawfulness of the original disposal. Liability under CERCLA is typically joint and several, meaning that a liable party may be responsible for all of the costs incurred in investigating and remediating contamination at a site. Spectrum Brands occasionally is identified by federal or state governmental agencies as being a potentially responsible party for response actions contemplated at an off-site facility. At the existing sites where Spectrum Brands has been notified of its status as a potentially responsible party, it is either premature to determine if Spectrum Brands’ potential liability, if any, will be material or it does not believe that its liability, if any, will be material. Spectrum Brands may be named as a potentially responsible party under CERCLA or similar state or foreign jurisdiction laws in the future for other sites not currently known to Spectrum Brands, and the costs and liabilities associated with these sites may have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
It is difficult to quantify with certainty the potential financial impact of actions regarding expenditures for environmental matters, particularly remediation, and future capital expenditures for environmental control equipment. See Note 21, Commitments and Contingencies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for further discussion on estimated liabilities arising from such environmental matters. Nevertheless, based upon the information currently available, Spectrum Brands believes that its ultimate liability arising from such environmental matters should not be material to Spectrum Brands’ business or financial condition.
Compliance with various public health, consumer protection and other regulations applicable to Spectrum Brands’ products and facilities could increase its cost of doing business and expose Spectrum Brands to additional requirements with which Spectrum Brands may be unable to comply.
Certain of Spectrum Brands’ products sold through, and facilities operated under, each of its business segments are regulated by the EPA, the FDA, the United States Department of Agriculture or other federal or state consumer protection and product safety agencies and are subject to the regulations such agencies enforce, as well as by similar state, foreign and multinational agencies and regulations. For example, in the U.S., all products containing pesticides must be registered with the EPA and, in many cases, similar state and foreign agencies before they can be manufactured or sold. Spectrum Brands’ inability to obtain, or the cancellation of, any registration could have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. The severity of the effect would depend on which products were involved, whether another product could be substituted and whether its competitors were similarly affected. Spectrum Brands attempts to anticipate regulatory developments and maintain registrations of, and access to, substitute chemicals and other ingredients, but it may not always be able to avoid or minimize these risks.
As a distributor of consumer products in the U.S., certain of Spectrum Brands’ products are also subject to the Consumer Product Safety Act, which empowers the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (the “Consumer Commission”) to exclude from the market products that are found to be unsafe or hazardous. Under certain circumstances, the Consumer Commission could require it to repair, replace or refund the purchase price of one or more of its products, or it may voluntarily do so. Any additional repurchases or recalls of Spectrum Brands’ products could be costly to Spectrum Brands and could damage the reputation or the value of its brands. If Spectrum Brands is required to remove, or Spectrum Brands voluntarily removes its products from the market, its reputation or brands could be tarnished and it may have large quantities of finished products that could not be sold. Furthermore, failure to timely notify the Consumer Commission of a potential safety hazard can result in significant fines being assessed against Spectrum Brands. Additionally, laws regulating certain consumer products exist in some states, as well as in other countries in which Spectrum Brands sells its products, and more restrictive laws and regulations may be adopted in the future.
The Food Quality Protection Act (“FQPA”) established a standard for food-use pesticides, which is that a reasonable certainty of no harm will result from the cumulative effect of pesticide exposures. Under the FQPA, the EPA is evaluating the cumulative effects from dietary and non-dietary exposures to pesticides. The pesticides in certain of Spectrum Brands’ products that are sold through the Home and Garden Business continue to be evaluated by the EPA as part of this program. It is possible that the EPA or a third party active ingredient registrant may decide that a pesticide Spectrum Brands uses in its products will be limited or made unavailable to Spectrum Brands. Spectrum Brands cannot predict the outcome or the severity of the effect of the EPA’s continuing evaluations of active ingredients used in its products.
In addition, the use of certain pesticide products that are sold through Spectrum Brands’ Home and Garden Business may, among other things, be regulated by various local, state, federal and foreign environmental and public health agencies. These regulations may require that only certified or professional users apply the product, that users post notices on properties where products have
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been or will be applied or that certain ingredients may not be used. Compliance with such public health regulations could increase Spectrum Brands’ cost of doing business and expose Spectrum Brands to additional requirements with which it may be unable to comply.
Any failure to comply with these laws or regulations, or the terms of applicable environmental permits, could result in Spectrum Brands incurring substantial costs, including fines, penalties and other civil and criminal sanctions or the prohibition of sales of its pest control products. Environmental law requirements, and the enforcement thereof, change frequently, have tended to become more stringent over time and could require Spectrum Brands to incur significant expenses.
Most federal, state and local authorities require certification by Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. (“UL”), an independent, not-for-profit corporation engaged in the testing of products for compliance with certain public safety standards, or other safety regulation certification prior to marketing electrical appliances. Foreign jurisdictions also have regulatory authorities overseeing the safety of consumer products. Spectrum Brands’ products may not meet the specifications required by these authorities. A determination that any of its products are not in compliance with these rules and regulations could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants.
Disruption or failures of Spectrum Brands’ information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on its business.
Spectrum Brands’ information technology systems are susceptible to security breaches, operational data loss, general disruptions in functionality, and may not be compatible with new technology. Spectrum Brands depends on its information technology systems for the effectiveness of its operations and to interface with its customers, as well as to maintain financial records and accuracy. Disruption or failures of Spectrum Brands’ information technology systems could impair its ability to effectively and timely provide its services and products and maintain its financial records, which could damage its reputation and have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business.
Spectrum Brands actual or perceived failure to adequately protect personal data could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.
A variety of state, national, foreign, and international laws and regulations apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer, and other processing of personal data. These privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations are evolving, with new or modified laws and regulations proposed and implemented frequently and existing laws and regulations subject to new or different interpretations. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be costly and can delay or impede the development of new products.
Spectrum Brands historically has relied upon adherence to the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Safe Harbor Privacy Principles and compliance with the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework under Directive 95/46/EC (commonly referred to as the “Data Protection Directive”) agreed to by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the EU. The U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework, which established means for legitimizing the transfer of personal data by U.S. companies from the European Economic Area, or EEA, to the U.S., recently was invalidated by a decision of the European Court of Justice (or the “ECJ”).
On July 12, 2016, the European Commission adopted the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, which provides a framework for the transfer of personal data of EU data subjects, and on May 4, 2016, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which will replace Directive 95/46/EC, was formally published. The GDPR will go into effect on May 25, 2018 and as a regulation as opposed to a directive will be directly applicable in EU member states. Among other things, the GDPR applies to data controllers and processors outside of the EU whose processing activities relate to the offering of goods or services to, or monitoring the behavior within the EU of, EU data subjects.
In light of these developments, Spectrum Brands is reviewing its business practices and may find it necessary or desirable to make changes to our personal data handling to cause our transfer and receipt of EEA residents’ personal data to be legitimized under applicable European law. The regulation of data privacy in the EU continues to evolve, and it is not possible to predict the ultimate content, and therefore the effect, of data protection regulation over time.
Spectrum Brands’ actual or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or to protect personal data, could result in enforcement actions and significant penalties against Spectrum Brands, which could result in negative publicity, increase Spectrum Brands’ operating costs, subject Spectrum Brands to claims or other remedies and have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If Spectrum Brands is unable to negotiate satisfactory terms to continue existing or enter into additional collective bargaining agreements, Spectrum Brands may experience an increased risk of labor disruptions and its results of operations and financial condition may suffer.
See Part I, Item 1. “Business-Spectrum Brands-Employees” of this report for further discussion on Spectrum Brands’ labor force subject to collective bargaining agreements. While Spectrum Brands currently expects to negotiate continuations to the terms of these agreements, there can be no assurances that it will be able to obtain terms that are satisfactory to it or otherwise to reach agreement at all with the applicable parties. In addition, in the course of its business, Spectrum Brands may also become subject to additional collective bargaining agreements. These agreements may be on terms that are less favorable than those under its
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current collective bargaining agreements. Spectrum Brands’ increased exposure to collective bargaining agreements, whether on terms more or less favorable than its existing collective bargaining agreements, could adversely affect the operation of Spectrum Brands’ business, including through increased labor expenses. While Spectrum Brands intends to comply with all collective bargaining agreements to which it is subject, there can be no assurances that Spectrum Brands will be able to do so and any noncompliance could subject it to disruptions in its operations and materially and adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition.
Significant changes in actual investment return on pension assets, discount rates and other factors could affect Spectrum Brands’ results of operations, equity and pension contributions in future periods.
Spectrum Brands’ results of operations may be positively or negatively affected by the amount of income or expense it records for its defined benefit pension plans. U.S. GAAP requires that Spectrum Brands calculate income or expense for the plans using actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect assumptions about financial markets and other economic conditions, which may change based on changes in key economic indicators. The most significant assumptions Spectrum Brands uses to estimate pension income or expense are the discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. In addition, Spectrum Brands is required to make an annual measurement of plan assets and liabilities, which may result in a significant change to equity. Although pension expense and pension funding contributions are not directly related, key economic factors that affect pension expense would also likely affect the amount of cash Spectrum Brands would contribute to pension plans as required under ERISA.
Spectrum Brands’ acquisition and expansion strategy may not be successful.
Spectrum Brands’ growth strategy is based in part on growth through acquisitions, which poses a number of risks. Spectrum Brands may not be successful in identifying appropriate acquisition candidates, consummating acquisitions on satisfactory terms or integrating any newly acquired or expanded business with its current operations. Spectrum Brands may issue additional equity, incur long-term or short-term indebtedness, spend cash or use a combination of these for all or part of the consideration paid in future acquisitions or expansion of its operations. The execution of Spectrum Brands’ acquisition and expansion strategy could entail repositioning or similar actions that in turn require Spectrum Brands to record impairments, restructuring and other charges. Any such charges would reduce Spectrum Brands’ earnings. Spectrum Brands cannot guarantee that any future business acquisitions will be pursued or that any acquisitions that are pursued will be consummated.
Significant costs have been incurred and are expected to be incurred in connection with the consummation of recent and future business acquisitions and the integration of such acquired businesses with Spectrum Brands into a combined company, including legal, accounting, financial advisory and other costs.
Spectrum Brands expects to incur one-time costs in connection with integrating Spectrum Brands’ operations, products and personnel and those of the businesses Spectrum Brands acquires into a combined company, in addition to costs related directly to completing such acquisitions. Spectrum Brands would expect similar costs to be incurred with any future acquisition. These costs may include expenditures for:

• | employee redeployment, relocation or severance;

• | integration of operations and information systems;

• | combination of research and development teams and processes; and

• | reorganization or closures of facilities.

In addition, Spectrum Brands expects to incur a number of non-recurring costs associated with combining its operations with those of acquired businesses. Additional unanticipated costs may yet be incurred as Spectrum Brands integrates its business with acquired businesses. Although Spectrum Brands expects that the elimination of duplicative costs, as well as the realization of other efficiencies related to the integration of its operations with those of acquired businesses, may offset incremental transaction and transaction-related costs over time, this net benefit may not be achieved in the near term. Additionally, while Spectrum Brands expects to benefit from leveraging distribution channels and brand names among Spectrum Brands and its acquired businesses, Spectrum Brands cannot assure you that it will achieve such benefits.
Spectrum Brands may not realize the anticipated benefits of, and synergies from, its business acquisitions and may become responsible for certain liabilities and integration costs as a result.
Business acquisitions involve the integration of new businesses that have previously operated independently from Spectrum Brands. The integration of Spectrum Brands’ operations with those of acquired businesses is frequently expected to result in financial and operational benefits, including increased top line growth, margins, revenues and cost savings and be accretive to earnings per share, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and free cash flow before synergies. There can be no assurance, however, regarding when or the extent to which Spectrum Brands will be able to realize these increased top line growth, margins, revenues, cost savings or accretions to earnings per share, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization or free cash flow or other benefits. Integration may also be difficult, unpredictable, and subject to delay because of possible company culture conflicts and different opinions on technical decisions and product roadmaps. Spectrum Brands will often be required to integrate or, in some cases, replace, numerous systems, including those involving management
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information, purchasing, accounting and finance, sales, billing, employee benefits, payroll and regulatory compliance, many of which may be dissimilar. In some instances, Spectrum Brands and certain acquired businesses have served the same customers, and some customers may decide that it is desirable to have additional or different suppliers. Difficulties associated with the integration of acquired businesses could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business.
Spectrum Brands may also acquire partial or full ownership in businesses or may acquire rights to market and distribute particular products or lines of products. The acquisition of a business or the rights to market specific products or use specific product names may involve a financial commitment by Spectrum Brands, either in the form of cash or equity consideration. In the case of a new license, such commitments are usually in the form of prepaid royalties and future minimum royalty payments. There is no guarantee that Spectrum Brands will acquire businesses or product distribution rights that will contribute positively to its earnings. Anticipated synergies may not materialize, cost savings may be less than expected, sales of products may not meet expectations and acquired businesses may carry unexpected liabilities.
In addition, in connection with business acquisitions, Spectrum Brands has assumed, and may assume in connection with future acquisitions, certain potential liabilities. To the extent such liabilities are not identified by Spectrum Brands or to the extent the indemnifications obtained from third parties are insufficient to cover such liabilities, these liabilities could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business.
Integrating Spectrum Brands’ business with acquired businesses may divert its management’s attention away from operations.
Successful integration of acquired businesses’ operations, products and personnel with Spectrum Brands may place a significant burden on its management and other internal resources. The diversion of management’s attention, and any difficulties encountered in the transition and integration process, could harm its business, financial condition and operating results.
General customer uncertainty related to Spectrum Brands’ business acquisitions could harm Spectrum Brands.
Spectrum Brands’ customers may, in response to the announcement or consummation of a business acquisition, delay or defer purchasing decisions. If Spectrum Brands’ customers delay or defer purchasing decisions, its revenues could materially decline or any anticipated increases in revenue could be lower than expected.
If Spectrum Brands’ goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other long-term assets become impaired, Spectrum Brands will be required to record additional impairment charges, which may be significant.
A significant portion of Spectrum Brands’ long-term assets consist of goodwill, other indefinite-lived intangible assets and finite-lived intangible assets recorded as a result of past acquisitions as well as through fresh start reporting. Spectrum Brands does not amortize goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, but rather reviews them for impairment on a periodic basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Spectrum Brands considers whether circumstances or conditions exist which suggest that the carrying value of its goodwill and other long-lived intangible assets might be impaired. If such circumstances or conditions exist, further steps are required in order to determine whether the carrying value of each of the individual assets exceeds its fair value. If analysis indicates that an individual asset’s carrying value does exceed its fair value, the next step is to record a loss equal to the excess of the individual asset’s carrying value over its fair value.
The steps required by U.S. GAAP entail significant amounts of judgment and subjectivity. Events and changes in circumstances that may indicate that there may be an impairment and which may indicate that interim impairment testing is necessary include, but are not limited to: strategic decisions to exit a business or dispose of an asset made in response to changes in economic, political and competitive conditions; the impact of the economic environment on the customer base and on broad market conditions that drive valuation considerations by market participants; Spectrum Brands’ internal expectations with regard to future revenue growth and the assumptions Spectrum Brands makes when performing impairment reviews; a significant decrease in the market price of Spectrum Brands’ assets; a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which Spectrum Brands’ assets are used; a significant adverse change in legal factors or the business climate that could affect Spectrum Brands’ assets; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition of an asset; and significant changes in the cash flows associated with an asset. As a result of such circumstances, Spectrum Brands may be required to record a significant charge to earnings in its financial statements during the period in which any impairment of its goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other long-term assets is determined. Any such impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on Spectrum Brands’ business, financial condition and operating results.
The successful execution of Spectrum Brands operational efficiency and multi-year restructuring initiatives are key to the long-term growth of its business.
Spectrum Brands continues to engage in targeted restructuring initiatives, such as the HHI Distribution Center Consolidation and GAC Business Rationalization Initiatives, to align Spectrum Brands’ business operations in response to current and anticipated future market conditions and investment strategy. Spectrum Brands will evaluate opportunities for additional initiatives to restructure or reorganize the business across its operating segments and functions with a focus on areas of strategic growth and optimizing operational efficiency. Significant risks associated with these actions may impair its ability to achieve the anticipated cost reduction or may disrupt its business including delays in shipping, implementation of workforce, redundant
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costs, and failure to meet operational targets. In addition, Spectrum Brands’ ability to achieve the anticipated cost savings and other benefits from these actions within the expected timeframe is subject to many estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are subject to significant economic, competitive and other uncertainties, some of which are beyond Spectrum Brands’ control. If these estimates and assumptions are incorrect, experience delays, or if other unforeseen events occur, Spectrum Brands’ business and results of operation could be adversely affected. See Note 4 , Restructuring and Related Charges, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for further details over restructuring related activity.
Risks Related to FGL’s and Front Street’s Businesses
The FGL Merger and Front Street Sale are subject to various closing conditions, including regulatory approvals.
As discussed in Item 1. “Business-FGL-The FGL Merger” and Item 1. “Business-Front Street”, the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale are each subject to a number of different closing conditions, some of which remain unsatisfied as of the date of this report. These closing conditions are outside of FGL and Front Street’s control and FGL and Front Street cannot predict with certainty whether all of the required closing conditions will be satisfied or waived or if other uncertainties may arise. In addition, regulators could impose additional requirements or obligations as conditions for their approvals, which may be burdensome. Despite FGL and Front Street’s best efforts, FGL and Front Street may not be able to satisfy the various closing conditions or obtain the necessary waivers or approvals in a timely fashion or at all, in which case the FGL Merger and/or Front Street Sale would be prevented or delayed.
Failure to timely complete the FGL Merger could adversely impact FGL’s stock price, business, financial condition and results of operations.
A failure to complete the FGL Merger on a timely basis or at all could result in negative publicity and cause the price of FGL’s common stock to decline, in particular because FGL’s current stock price reflects a market assumption that the FGL Merger will occur. In addition, as a result of the announcement of the FGL Merger Agreement, trading in FGL’s stock has increased substantially. If the FGL Merger is not consummated, the investment goals of FGL’s stockholders may be materially different than those of FGL’s stockholders on a pre-FGL Merger announcement basis. In addition, FGL will remain liable for significant transaction costs that will be payable even if the FGL Merger is not completed and could also be required to pay a termination fee to CF Corp in specific circumstances.
The pending FGL Merger and Front Street Sale and operating restrictions contained in the FGL Merger Agreement and Front Street Purchase Agreement, as applicable, could adversely affect FGL and Front Street’s business and operations.
The proposed FGL Merger and Front Street Sale and certain interim operating covenants that govern the conduct of FGL and Front Street’s business during the pendency of the FGL Merger Agreement and Front Street Purchase Agreement could cause disruptions to FGL and Front Street’s business and business relationships, which could have an adverse impact on FGL and Front Street’s results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. For example, the attention of FGL and Front Street’s management may be directed to FGL Merger and Front Street Sale-related considerations, FGL and Front Street’s current and prospective employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles with FGL and Front Street’s, which may adversely affect FGL and Front Street’s ability to retain and hire key personnel, and parties with which FGL and Front Street have business relationships, including customers, potential customers and distributors, may experience uncertainty as to the future of such relationships and seek alternative relationships or seek to alter their present business relationships with FGL and Front Street in a manner that negatively impacts FGL and Front Street.
Shareholder litigation could delay or prevent the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale and cause FGL and/or Front Street to incur significant costs and expenses.
Transactions such as the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale are often subject to lawsuits by shareholders. Conditions to the closing of the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale include that no law or order shall have been enacted, issued or enforced and in effect, that would prevent or prohibit consummation of the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale. FGL and Front Street cannot provide assurance as to the outcome of any potential lawsuits, including the costs associated with defending the claims or any other liabilities that may be incurred in connection with the litigation or settlement of lawsuits.
FGL’s subsidiaries may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of their obligations and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy their obligations, which may not be successful.
FGL’s subsidiaries’ ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance their debt obligations, including the FGH Senior Notes, depends on their financial condition and operating performance, which in turn are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond their control. FGL’s subsidiaries may not be able to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit them to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on indebtedness.
If FGL’s subsidiaries’ cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund its subsidiaries’ obligations, FGL could face substantial liquidity problems and may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek
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additional capital or restructure or refinance indebtedness. FGL’s ability to restructure or refinance its subsidiaries’ debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and its financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of FGL’s subsidiaries’ debt could be at higher interest rates and may require compliance with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict its business operations. The terms of existing and future debt instruments may restrict FGL from adopting some of these alternatives. In addition, any failure to make payments on outstanding obligations on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of FGL’s ratings, which could harm FGL’s ability to conduct its business and to incur additional indebtedness. In the face of such substantial liquidity problems, FGL may be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet its obligations. FGL may not be able to consummate those dispositions and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any obligations then due.
FGL is a holding company with no operations of its own; its ability to pay dividends on its stock will depend on the ability of its subsidiaries to pay dividends to FGL, which may be restricted by law. Front Street is a parent company with limited business operations of its own and conducts most of its business operations through its subsidiaries and its primary source of cash is and will be distributions from its subsidiaries.
FGL is a holding company with limited business operations of its own. Its primary subsidiaries are insurance subsidiaries that own substantially all of its assets and conduct substantially all of its operations. Accordingly, FGL’s payment of dividends is dependent, to a significant extent, on the generation of cash flow by its subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to FGL, by dividend or otherwise. FGL’s subsidiaries may not be able to, or may not be permitted to, make distributions to enable FGL to meet its obligations and pay dividends. Each subsidiary is a distinct legal entity and legal and contractual restrictions may also limit FGL’s ability to obtain cash from its subsidiaries.
FGL’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to various statutory and regulatory restrictions and the ability of its insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends is limited by applicable insurance laws and regulations. See Part I, Item 1A.“Business-Our Operating Subsidiaries-FGL-Regulation-Dividend and Other Distribution Payment Limitations”. The Iowa insurance law and the New York insurance law regulate the amount of dividends that may be paid in any year by FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance, respectively. This could limit both FGL’s ability to receive cash flow from its direct wholly owned subsidiary, FGH and FGH’s ability to receive cash flow from its direct wholly owned subsidiary, FGL Insurance, and FGL Insurance’s ability to receive cash flow from its direct wholly owned subsidiary, FGL NY Insurance.
Each year FGL Insurance may pay a certain limited amount of ordinary dividends or other distributions without being required to obtain the prior consent of the Iowa Commissioner. FGL Insurance is required to provide advance written notice to the Iowa Commissioner of its intention to pay dividends that are deemed ordinary dividends and to request approval to pay dividends that are deemed extraordinary dividends. Pursuant to Iowa insurance law, ordinary dividends are payments, together with all other such payments within the preceding twelve months, that do not exceed the greater of (i) 10% of FGL Insurance’s statutory surplus as regards policyholders as of December 31 of the preceding year; or (ii) the net gain from operations of FGL Insurance (excluding realized capital gains) for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year. Dividends may only be paid out of statutory earned surplus.
Dividends in excess of FGL Insurance’s ordinary dividend capacity are referred to as extraordinary and require prior approval of the Iowa Commissioner. In deciding whether to approve a request to pay an extraordinary dividend, Iowa insurance law requires the Iowa Commissioner to consider the effect of the dividend payment on FGL Insurance’s surplus and financial condition generally and whether the payment of the dividend will cause FGL Insurance to fail to meet its required RBC ratio. In addition, Delaware law may impose requirements that may restrict FGL’s ability to pay dividends to holders of FGL’s common stock. FGL Insurance has not paid out extraordinary dividends since 2008, and in the future FGL Insurance may be required to request approval to pay an extraordinary dividend and there is no guarantee such a request would be approved by the Iowa Commissioner.
It is possible that in the future, FGL’s insurance subsidiaries may be unable to pay dividends or distributions to FGL in an amount sufficient to meet its obligations or to pay dividends due to a lack of sufficient statutory net gain from operations, a diminishing statutory policyholders surplus, changes to the Iowa or New York insurance laws or regulations or for some other reason. Further, the covenants in the agreement governing the existing indebtedness of FGH significantly restrict its ability to pay dividends, which further limits FGL’s ability to obtain cash or other assets from FGL’s subsidiaries. If FGL’s subsidiaries cannot pay sufficient dividends or distributions to FGL in the future, FGL would be unable to meet its obligations or to pay dividends. This would negatively affect FGL’s business and financial condition as well as the trading price of FGL’s common stock.
Front Street is a parent company with limited business operations of its own and conducts most of its business operations through its subsidiaries and its primary source of cash is and will be distributions from its subsidiaries. Front Street’s subsidiaries have limited operations and might not generate sufficient earnings and cash flow to pay dividends or distributions in the future.
FGL’s businesses are highly regulated and subject to numerous legal restrictions and regulations.
State Regulation
FGL’s business is subject to government regulation in each of the states in which they conduct business and is concerned primarily with the protection of policyholders and other customers rather than shareholders. Such regulation is vested in state agencies having broad administrative and discretionary, authority with respect to many aspects of FGL’s business which may include, among other things, premium rates and increases thereto, underwriting practices, reserve requirements, marketing practices,
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advertising, privacy, policy forms, reinsurance reserve requirements, acquisitions, mergers and capital adequacy. At any given time, FGL and its insurance subsidiaries may be the subject of a number of ongoing financial or market conduct examinations, audits or inquiries. From time to time, regulators raise issues during such examinations or audits that could have a material impact on FGL’s business.
FGL has received inquiries from a number of state regulatory authorities regarding its use of the U.S. Social Security Administration’s Death Master File (“Death Master File”) and compliance with state claims practices regulations and unclaimed property or escheatment laws. The NYDFS issued a letter and subsequent regulation requiring life insurers doing business in New York to use the Death Master File or similar databases to determine if benefits were payable under life insurance policies, annuities and retained asset accounts. Other states have enacted laws which will impose requirements on insurers to periodically compare their in-force life insurance policies and annuities against the Death Master File or similar databases, investigate any identified potential matches to confirm the death of the insured and determine whether benefits are due and attempt to locate the beneficiaries of any benefits that are due or, if no beneficiary can be located, escheat the benefit to the state as unclaimed property. FGL has received notice of escheatment audits from several states. FGL has filed suit in federal and state court to challenge the audit policies of the California controller and the applicability of California’s unclaimed property laws to FGL generally. It is possible that these requirements will result in additional payments to beneficiaries, additional escheatment of funds deemed abandoned under state laws or administrative penalties and expenses. While FGL believes that it has established sufficient reserves with respect to these matters, it is possible that third parties could dispute these amounts and additional payments or additional unreported claims or liabilities could be required or identified given the ongoing regulatory developments, the effects of which could be significant and could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s results of operations in any one period.
State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the books and records, financial reporting, policy and rate filings, market conduct and business practices of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years. The regulator in FGL Insurance’s previous state of domicile, the MIA, completed a routine financial examination of FGL Insurance for the three-year period ended December 31, 2012. The NYDFS completed a routine financial examination of FGL NY Insurance for the three-year periods ended December 31, 2009 and is completing its exam for the period ended December 31, 2012. The Vermont Department of Financial Regulation completed a routine financial examination of Raven Re for the period from April 7, 2011 (commencement of business) through December 31, 2012. FGL Insurance is currently the subject of seven ongoing market conduct examinations or inquiries in various states. While FGL Insurance does not believe that any of the current market conduct examinations it is subject to will result in any fines or remediation orders that will be material to its business, market conduct examinations can result in monetary fines or remediation and generally require FGL Insurance to devote significant resources to the management of such examinations. As a result of its re-domestication to Iowa, FGL Insurance became subject to financial and market conduct examinations by the IID, the primary regulatory authority for Iowa domestic life insurance companies.
NAIC
Although FGL’s business is subject to regulation in each state in which FGL conducts business, in many instances the state regulatory models emanate from the NAIC. State insurance regulators and the NAIC regularly re-examine existing laws and regulations applicable to insurance companies and their products. Changes in these laws and regulations, or interpretations thereof, are often made for the benefit of the consumer and at the expense of the insurer and, thus, could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s business, operations and financial condition. FGL is also subject to the risk that compliance with any particular regulator’s interpretation of a legal or accounting issue may not result in compliance with another regulator’s interpretation of the same issue, particularly when compliance is judged in hindsight. Under insurance guaranty fund laws in most states, insurance companies doing business therein can be assessed up to prescribed limits for policyholder losses incurred by insolvent companies. FGL cannot predict the amount or timing of any such future assessments. There is an additional risk that any particular regulator’s interpretation of a legal or accounting issue may change over time to FGL’s detriment, or that changes to the overall legal or market environment, even absent any change of interpretation by a particular regulator, may cause FGL to change its views regarding the actions FGL needs to take from a legal risk management perspective, which could necessitate changes to FGL’s practices that may, in some cases, limit its ability to grow and improve profitability.
Some of the NAIC pronouncements, particularly as they affect accounting issues, take effect automatically in the various states without affirmative action by the states. Statutes, regulations and interpretations may be applied with retroactive impact, particularly in areas such as accounting and reserve requirements. Also, regulatory actions with prospective impact can potentially have a significant impact on current product offerings. The NAIC continues to work to reform state regulation in various areas, including comprehensive reforms relating to life insurance reserves. On June 10, 2016, the NAIC formally approved principle-based reserving for life insurance products with secondary guarantees, with an effective date of January 1, 2017. A three year transition period is available which delays application of the new guidance until January 1, 2020. Additionally, various statutory accounting guidance is being evaluated, including investment value of insurance subsidiaries.
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Federal Regulation
In April 2016, the Department of Labor (“DOL”) issued the “fiduciary” rule which could have a material impact on FGL, its products, distribution, and business model. The rule provides that persons who render investment advice for a fee or other compensation with respect to an employer plan or individual retirement account (“IRA”) are fiduciaries of that plan or IRA. The rule expands the definition of fiduciary under ERISA to apply to insurance agents who advise and sell products to IRA owners. As a result, commissioned insurance agents selling FGL’s IRA products must qualify for a prohibited transaction exemption, either the newly introduced Best Interest Contract Exemption (“BICE”) or amended PTE 84-24. When fully implemented, BICE would apply to fixed indexed annuities and amended PTE 84-24 would apply to fixed rate annuities. The rule and exemptions have been the subject of much controversy and various actions have been taken by DOL to delay and reconsider aspects of the rule and exemptions. The rule took effect June 2016 and was scheduled to become applicable in April 2017 but the “applicability date” was delayed by DOL for 60 days from April 10, 2017 to June 9, 2017. DOL also acted to delay many aspects of the prohibited transaction exemption requirements during a transition period from June 9, 2017 to January 1, 2018 provided the agent (and if applicable, financial institution) comply with “impartial conduct standards.” The impartial conduct standards essentially require the sale to be in the “best interest” of the client, misleading statements not be made, and compensation be reasonable. More recently, DOL has proposed extending the transition period to July 1, 2019 which at the present time is still under consideration. Industry continues its efforts to overturn the rule in court actions and Congress continues to consider related legislation but the success or failure of these efforts cannot be predicted. Assuming the rule is not overturned and the requirements of the exemptions were to be implemented fully, the impact on the financial services industry generally, and on FGL and its business in particular, is difficult to assess. FGL believes however it could have an adverse effect on sales of annuity products to IRA owners particularly in the independent agent distribution channel. A significant portion of FGL’s annuity sales are to IRAs. Compliance with the prohibited transaction exemptions when fully phased in would likely require additional supervision of agents, cause changes to compensation practices and product offerings, and increase litigation risk, all of which could adversely impact FGL’s business, results of operations and/or financial condition. FGL Insurance will continue to monitor developments closely and believes it is prepared to execute implementation plans as necessary to meet the rule and exemption requirements on the requisite applicability dates.
Regardless of the outcome of the court and political challenges, FGL believes that it is prepared to execute on its implementation plans on the revised applicability date.
Other Regulation
Other types of regulation that could affect FGL or Front Street include insurance company investment laws and regulations, state adopted statutory accounting principles, antitrust laws, minimum solvency requirements, federal privacy laws, insurable interest laws and federal anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws.
Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is time-consuming and personnel-intensive, and changes in laws and regulations may materially increase the cost of compliance and other expenses of doing business. There are a number of risks that may arise where applicable regulations may be unclear, subject to multiple interpretations or under development or where regulations may conflict with one another, where regulators revise their previous guidance or courts overturn previous rulings, which could result in FGL’s or Front Street’s failure to meet applicable standards. Regulators and other authorities have the power to bring administrative or judicial proceedings against FGL and Front Street, which could result, among other things, in suspension or revocation of FGL’s or Front Street’s licenses, cease and desist orders, fines, civil penalties, criminal penalties or other disciplinary action, which could materially harm FGL’s or Front Street’s results of operations and financial condition. If FGL or Front Street fail to address, or appear to fail to address, appropriately any of these matters, FGL’s or Front Street’s reputation could be harmed and FGL or Front Street could be subject to additional legal risk, which could increase the size and number of claims and damages asserted against them or subject them to enforcement actions, fines and penalties. See Part I, Item I, “Business-Our Operating Subsidiaries-FGL-Regulation” for further discussion of the impact of regulations on FGL’s and Front Street’s business.
FGL and Front Street cannot predict what form any future changes in these or other areas of regulation affecting the insurance and reinsurance industry might take or what effect, if any, such proposals might have on FGL or Front Street if enacted into law. In addition, because FGL’s and Front Street’s activities are relatively concentrated in a small number of lines of business, any change in law or regulation affecting one of those lines of business could have a disproportionate impact on FGL or Front Street as compared to other more diversified insurance companies.
FGL’s and Front Street’s results of operations and financial condition depend on the accuracy of a broad range of assumptions and estimates made by their respective management teams.
FGL and Front Street make certain assumptions and estimates regarding mortality, persistency, expenses, interest rates, tax liability, business mix, frequency of claims, contingent liabilities, investment performance, derivative cost and other factors related to their businesses and anticipated results. FGL and Front Street rely on these assumptions and estimates to determine the amounts of deferred acquisition cost (“DAC”) and value of business acquired (“VOBA”) policy liabilities and accruals, future earnings and various components of their consolidated balance sheets and income statements. These assumptions are also used in making decisions crucial to the operation of their business, including the pricing of products and expense structures related to products. The calculations FGL and Front Street use to estimate various components of their balance sheets and
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consolidated statements of operations are necessarily complex and involve analyzing and interpreting large quantities of data. The assumptions and estimates required for these calculations involve judgment and by their nature are imprecise and subject to changes and revisions over time. These assumptions and estimates incorporate many factors, none of which can be predicted with certainty. To the extent their actual experience and changes in estimates differ from original estimates and assumptions, FGL’s and Front Street’s businesses, Consolidated Statements of Operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. Accordingly, their results may be adversely affected by changes resulting from implementing more sophisticated administrative systems and procedures that facilitate the calculation of more precise estimates.
FGL has minimal experience to date on policyholder behavior for its GMWB products which it began issuing in 2008; as a result, future experience could lead to significant changes in their assumptions. If emerging experience deviates from FGL’s assumptions on GMWB utilization, it could have a significant effect on FGL’s reserve levels and related results of operations. See Part I, Item I. “Business-Our Operating Subsidiaries-FGL-Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”
FGL’s or Front Street’s financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted if their assumptions regarding the fair value and future performance of their investments differ from actual experience.
FGL and Front Street make assumptions regarding the fair value and expected future performance of their investments. It is possible that actual values will differ from their assumptions. Such events could result in a material change in the value of their investments, business, operations and financial condition.
For example, expectations that FGL’s investments in RMBS and CMBS will continue to perform in accordance with their contractual terms are based on assumptions a market participant would use in determining the current fair value and considering the performance of the underlying assets. FGL has non-agency RMBS holdings of $1.3 billion as of September 30, 2017. It is possible that the collateral underlying these investments will not meet performance expectations and the lower performance levels may lead to adverse changes in the cash flows on FGL’s holdings of these types of securities. This could lead to potential future other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) within FGL’s portfolio of RMBS, CMBS, and ABS. In addition, expectations that FGL’s investments in corporate securities or debt obligations will continue to perform in accordance with their contractual terms are based on evidence gathered through FGL’s normal credit surveillance process. It is possible that issuers of corporate securities in which FGL has invested will perform worse than current expectations. Such events may lead FGL to recognize potential future OTTI within its portfolio of corporate securities. The Insurance Operations recorded OTTI charges of approximately $26.3 million and $51.3 million for Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2016, respectively, inclusive of OTTI on investments in affiliates. It is also possible that unanticipated events would lead FGL to dispose of certain of those holdings and recognize the effects of any market movements in FGL’s financial statements.
A financial strength ratings downgrade, potential downgrade, or any other negative action by a rating agency, could make FGL’s product offerings less attractive and increase its cost of capital, and thereby could adversely affect FGL’s financial condition and results of operations.
Various nationally recognized rating agencies review the financial performance and condition of insurers, including FGL’s insurance subsidiaries, and publish their financial strength ratings as indicators of an insurer’s ability to meet policyholder and contractholder obligations. These ratings are important to maintaining public confidence in FGL’s products, its ability to market its products and its competitive position. Any downgrade or other negative action by a rating agency with respect to the financial strength ratings of FGL’s insurance subsidiaries could have a materially adverse effect on FGL in many ways, including the following:

• | adversely affecting relationships with distributors, IMOs and sales agents, which could result in reduction of sales;

• | increasing the number or amount of policy lapses or surrenders and withdrawals of funds;

• | requiring a reduction in prices for FGL’s insurance products and services in order to remain competitive;

• | adversely affecting FGL’s ability to obtain reinsurance at a reasonable price, on reasonable terms or at all; and

• | requiring FGL to collateralize reserves, balances or obligations under reinsurance and derivatives agreements.

Rating agencies assign ratings based upon several factors. While most of these factors relate to the rated company, some factors relate to the views of the rating agency, general economic conditions and circumstances outside the rated company’s control. In addition, rating agencies use various proprietary models and formulas to assess the strength of a rated company, and from time to time rating agencies have altered their models and may do so in the future in ways that negatively impact the financial strength ratings of FGL’s insurance subsidiaries and make it more difficult to maintain or obtain comparable ratings going forward. As rating agencies continue to evaluate the financial services industry, it is possible that rating agencies will heighten the level of scrutiny that they apply to financial institutions, increase the frequency and scope of their credit reviews, request additional information from the companies that they rate and potentially adjust upward the capital and other requirements employed in the rating agency models for maintenance of certain ratings levels. It is possible that the outcome of any such review of FGL would have additional adverse ratings consequences, which could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. FGL may need to take actions in response to changing standards or capital requirements set by any of the rating agencies which could cause FGL’s business and operations to suffer. If the financial strength ratings of FGL’s insurance
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subsidiaries are downgraded, FGL anticipates that its sales of new policies will be adversely impacted and that FGL could experience substantial surrenders of existing policies. In order to improve or maintain their financial strength ratings, FGL’s insurance subsidiaries may limit the amount of dividends that they would otherwise pay to FGL. In that regard, FGL may, among other things, implement business strategies to improve the RBC ratio of FGL’s insurance subsidiaries to a level anticipated by the rating agencies to maintain or improve FGL’s current rating. If FGL is unable to achieve this level, FGL may limit dividend payments from FGL Insurance to the extent necessary. FGL cannot guarantee these measures will be successful, and if FGL Insurance fails to maintain such a target RBC ratio, its financial strength rating could suffer. FGL cannot predict what actions rating agencies may take in the future, and failure to improve or maintain current financial strength ratings could adversely affect FGL’s financial condition and results of operations.
Following the announcement of the CF Corp Merger Agreement on May 24, 2017, the rating organizations have undertaken a review of FGL’s debt ratings and FGL’s insurance company subsidiaries’ financial strength ratings. The rating organizations may take various actions, positive or negative. Such actions are beyond FGL’s control and FGL cannot predict what these actions may be and the timing thereof.
FGH is required to maintain minimum ratings as a matter of routine practice under FGH’s over-the-counter derivative agreements on forms promulgated by ISDA Under some ISDA agreements, FGH has agreed to maintain certain financial strength ratings. A downgrade below these levels provides the counterparty under the agreement the right to terminate the open derivative contracts between the parties, at which time any amounts payable by FGH or the counterparty would be dependent on the market value of the underlying derivative contracts. FGH’s current rating allows multiple counterparties the right to terminate ISDA agreements. As of September 30, 2017, the amount at risk for ISDA agreements which could be terminated based upon FGH’s current ratings was $412.8 million, which equals the fair value to FGH of the open over-the-counter call option positions. The fair value of the call options can never decrease below zero. No ISDA agreements have been terminated, although the counterparties have reserved the right to terminate the ISDA agreements at any time. In certain transactions, FGH and the counterparty have entered into a collateral support agreement requiring either party to post collateral when the net exposures exceed predetermined thresholds. These thresholds vary by counterparty and credit rating but are generally zero. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, $381.2 million and $127.8 million, respectively, of collateral was posted by FGH’s counterparties. Accordingly, the maximum amount of loss due to credit risk that FGH were to incur if parties to the call options failed completely to perform according to the terms of the contracts was $31.6 million and $147.4 million at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Additionally, under certain insurance reserve financing arrangements, if FGH were to take certain actions without the counterparties consent, and such actions resulted in a specified financial strength ratings downgrade, FGH would be in default. See Part II, Item 7A.“Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk-Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk-FGL.”
The amount of regulatory capital that FGL’s and Front Street’s insurance subsidiaries have and the amount of statutory capital that they must hold to maintain their financial strength ratings and meet other requirements can vary significantly from time to time due to a number of factors outside of their control.
FGL’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that provide minimum capitalization requirements based on RBC formulas for life insurance and reinsurance companies that establish capital requirements relating to insurance, business, asset, interest rate, and certain other risks.
In any particular year, statutory surplus amounts and RBC ratios may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors, most of which are outside of FGL’s control, including, but not limited to, the following:

• | the amount of statutory income or losses generated by their insurance subsidiaries (which itself is sensitive to equity market and credit market conditions);

• | the amount of additional capital their insurance subsidiaries must hold to support business growth;

• | changes in reserve requirements applicable to their insurance subsidiaries;

• | their ability to access capital markets to provide reserve relief;

• | changes in equity market levels;

• | the value of certain fixed-income and equity securities in their investment portfolios;

• | changes in the credit ratings of investments held in their portfolios;

• | the value of certain derivative instruments;

• | changes in interest rates;

• | credit market volatility;

• | changes in consumer behavior; and

• | changes to the RBC formulas and interpretation of the NAIC instructions with respect to RBC calculation methodologies.

The financial strength ratings of FGL’s insurance subsidiaries are significantly influenced by their statutory surplus amounts and capital adequacy ratios. Rating agencies may also implement changes to their internal models, which differ from the RBC
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capital model, that have the effect of increasing or decreasing the amount of statutory capital FGL’s insurance subsidiaries must hold in order to maintain their current ratings. In addition, rating agencies may downgrade the investments held in FGL’s portfolio, which could result in a reduction of FGL’s capital and surplus and its RBC ratio.
In extreme equity market declines, the amount of additional statutory reserves, FGL’s insurance subsidiaries are required to hold for fixed indexed products may decrease at a rate less than the rate of change of the market value of the invested assets. This mismatch could result in a reduction of the capital, surplus or RBC ratio of FGL’s insurance subsidiaries. To the extent that an insurance subsidiary’s RBC ratios are deemed to be insufficient, FGL may take actions either to increase the capitalization of the insurer or to reduce the capitalization requirements. If FGL is unable to take such actions, the rating agencies may view this as a reason for a ratings downgrade.
While the amount of statutory reserves is not directly affected by changes in market interest rates, additional statutory reserves may be required as the result of an asset adequacy analysis, and this analysis of cash flow testing is altered by rising or falling interest rates and widening credit spreads.
The failure of any of FGL’s insurance subsidiaries to meet its applicable RBC requirements or minimum capital and surplus requirements could subject it to further examination or corrective action imposed by insurance regulators, including limitations on its ability to write additional business, supervision by regulators or seizure or liquidation. Any corrective action imposed could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s business, results of operations and financial condition. A decline in RBC ratios also limits the ability of an insurance subsidiary to make dividends or distributions to FGL and could be a factor in causing rating agencies to downgrade the insurer’s financial strength ratings, which could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
Financial services companies are frequently the targets of litigation, including class action litigation, which could result in substantial judgments.
FGL and Front Street, like other financial services companies, are involved in litigation and arbitration in the ordinary course of business. Although FGL and Front Street do not believe that the outcome of any such litigation or arbitration will have a material adverse effect on their financial condition, it is possible that their results of operations and cash flows could be materially affected by an unfavorable outcome. More generally, FGL and Front Street operate in industries in which various practices are subject to scrutiny and potential litigation, including class actions. In addition, FGL sells its products through IMOs, whose activities may be difficult to monitor. Civil jury verdicts have been returned against insurers and other financial services companies involving sales, underwriting practices, product design, product disclosure, administration, denial or delay of benefits, charging excessive or impermissible fees, recommending unsuitable products to customers, breaching fiduciary or other duties to customers, refund or claims practices, alleged agent misconduct, failure to properly supervise representatives, relationships with agents or other persons with whom the insurer does business, payment of sales or other contingent commissions and other matters. Such lawsuits can result in substantial judgments that are disproportionate to the actual damages, including material amounts of punitive non-economic compensatory damages. In some states, juries, judges and arbitrators have substantial discretion in awarding punitive and non-economic compensatory damages, which creates the potential for unpredictable material adverse judgments or awards in any given lawsuit or arbitration. Arbitration awards are subject to very limited appellate review. In addition, in some class action and other lawsuits, financial services companies have made material settlement payments.
FGL’s reinsurers, including Wilton Re and Front Street Cayman, could fail to meet assumed obligations, increase their rates, or become subject to adverse developments that could materially adversely affect FGL’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
FGL’s insurance subsidiaries cede material amounts of insurance and transfer related assets and certain liabilities to other insurance companies through reinsurance. For example, a material amount of reinsured liabilities are concentrated with Wilton Re and Front Street Cayman. As of September 30, 2017, the amount recoverable from Wilton Re and Front Street Cayman was $1,534.7 million and $1,016.2 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, the reserves ceded to Wilton Re and Front Street Cayman was $1,477.2 million and $1,016.2 million, respectively. Given FGL’s significant concentration of reinsurance with Wilton Re, if Wilton Re fails to perform its obligations under the various reinsurance treaties, such failure could have a material impact on FGL’s financial position. See Part I, Item 1. “Business-Our Operating Subsidiaries-FGL-Reinsurance-Wilton Re Transaction”. However, notwithstanding the transfer of related assets and certain liabilities, FGL remains liable with respect to ceded insurance should any reinsurer fail to meet the obligations assumed. Accordingly, FGL bears credit risk with respect to its reinsurers. The failure, insolvency, inability or unwillingness of any reinsurer to pay under the terms of reinsurance agreements with FGL could materially adversely affect FGL’s business, financial condition and results of operations. To mitigate the counterparty risk for the Front Street Cayman transaction, the assets are held on FGL Insurance’s balance sheet and are used as collateral in the event of a failure. For Wilton Re, A+ rated from Fitch, FGL monitors the credit rating. During 2014 Wilton Re announced their purchase by Canadian Pension Plan Investment Board, (“CCIB”), an AAA rated organization. With the capital resources of CCIB behind Wilton Re, FGL believes the counterparty risk is low. See Part I, Item 1A.“Business-Our Operating Subsidiaries-FGL-Reinsurance-Wilton Re Transaction”.
FGL’s ability to compete is dependent on the availability of reinsurance or other substitute financing solutions, both of which could involve the use of reinsurance affiliates referred to generally as “captives”. Premium rates charged by FGL are based, in
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part, on the assumption that reinsurance will be available at a certain cost. Under certain reinsurance agreements, the reinsurer may increase the rate it charges FGL for the reinsurance. Therefore, if the cost of reinsurance were to increase, if reinsurance were to become unavailable on commercially reasonable terms or at all, if alternatives to reinsurance were not available to FGL, if the use of captives were materially restricted through regulation, including certain general proposals currently under consideration by the NAIC, FGL’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
The credit for reinsurance taken by FGL’s insurance subsidiaries under offshore reinsurance agreements is, under certain conditions, dependent upon the offshore reinsurers ability to obtain and provide sufficient qualifying assets in a qualifying trust or qualifying letters of credit issued by qualifying lending banks. The cost of letters of credit, when available, continues to be very expensive in the current economic environment. Loss of reserve credit by an insurance subsidiary would require it to establish additional reserves and would result in a decrease in the level of its capital, which could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s profitability, results of operations and financial condition.
In recent years, access to reinsurance has become more costly for members of the insurance industry, including FGL. In addition, the number of life reinsurers has decreased as the reinsurance industry has consolidated. The decreased number of participants in the life reinsurance market resulted in increased concentration of risk for insurers, including FGL. If the reinsurance market further contracts, FGL’s ability to continue to offer FGL’s products on terms favorable to it could be negatively impacted, resulting in adverse consequences to FGL’s business, operations and financial condition.
In addition, reinsurers are facing many challenges regarding illiquid credit or capital markets, investment downgrades, rating agency downgrades, deterioration of general economic conditions and other factors negatively impacting the financial services industry generally. If such events cause a reinsurer to fail to meet its obligations, FGL’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Restrictions on FGL’s ability to use captive reinsurers could adversely impact its competitive position and results of operations.
The NAIC and state insurance regulators continue to review life insurance companies’ use of affiliated captive reinsurers or off-shore entities. On June 4, 2014, Rector & Associates, a consulting firm commissioned by the NAIC, presented a revised report (the “Rector Report”) to the Principle-Based Reserving Implementation Task Force of the NAIC which proposes a new regulatory framework for captives assuming term life insurance (“XXX”) or universal life insurance with secondary guarantees (“AXXX”) business, and recommends, among other things, placing limitations on the types of assets that may be used to finance reserves associated with XXX and AXXX business and making an individual state’s adoption of the new regulations contemplated by the report an NAIC accreditation standard. On August 17, 2014, the NAIC Executive (EX) Committee adopted the regulatory framework proposed by the Rector Report, including recommendations to have various NAIC technical subgroups propose regulations and guidelines to implement the new framework. These technical working groups are in various stages of developing and proposing regulations and guidelines. On October 9, 2014, the NAIC’s Principle-Based Reserving Implementation Task Force voted to expose for comment a new Actuarial Guideline (AG48) designed to implement many of the recommendations in the Rector Report related to the amount of assets that may be supported by different asset classes in connection with certain transactions involving captive reinsurance companies. AG48 was adopted effective January 1, 2015 and did not materially impact FGL’s financial statements or actuarial opinion.
If state insurance regulators restrict the use of captive reinsurers or if FGL otherwise is unable to continue to use captive reinsurers in the future, FGL’s ability to write certain products, to manage the associated risks and to deploy capital efficiently, could be adversely affected, or FGL may need to increase prices on those products, which could adversely impact its competitive position and its results of operations.
Interest rate fluctuations and withdrawal demands in excess of FGL’s and Front Street’s assumptions could negatively affect their business, financial condition and results of operations.
FGL and Front Street offer certain products that allow policyholders to withdraw their funds under defined circumstances. In order to meet such funding obligations, FGL and Front Street manage their liabilities and configure their investment portfolios so as to provide and maintain sufficient liquidity to support expected withdrawal demands and contract benefits and maturities. However, in order to provide necessary long-term returns, a certain portion of FGL’s and Front Street’s assets are relatively illiquid. There can be no assurance that withdrawal demands will match FGL’s and Front Street’s estimation of withdrawal demands. However, in an effort to mitigate this risk, FGL and Front Street assess surrender charges on withdrawals in excess of allowable penalty-free amounts that occur prior to surrender expiration. As interest rates increase, FGL and Front Street are exposed to the risk of financial disintermediation through a potential increase in the number of withdrawals. Disintermediation risk refers to the risk that policyholders may surrender their contracts in a rising interest rate environment, requiring FGL and Front Street to liquidate assets in an unrealized loss position. If FGL and Front Street experience unexpected withdrawal activity, whether as a result of interest rate movements financial strength downgrades or otherwise, it could exhaust its liquid assets and be forced to liquidate other less liquid assets, possibly at a loss or on other unfavorable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s and Front Street’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, FGL and Front Street may experience spread compression, and a loss of anticipated earnings, if credited interest rates are increased on renewing contracts in an effort to decrease or manage withdrawal activity.
Interest rates are subject to volatility and fluctuations. For the past several years, interest rates have trended downwards to
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historically low levels. In order to meet its policy and contractual obligations, FGL and Front Street must earn a sufficient return on its invested assets. A prolonged period of historically low rates or significant changes in interest rates could expose FGL and Front Street to the risk of not achieving sufficient return on its invested assets by not achieving anticipated interest earnings, or of not earning anticipated spreads between the interest rate earned on investments and the credited interest rates paid on outstanding policies and contracts. Additionally, a prolonged period of low interest rates in the future may lengthen liability maturity, thus increasing the need for a re-investment of assets at yields that are below the amounts required to support guarantee features of FGL’s and Front Street’s contracts. Both rising and declining interest rates can negatively affect FGL’s and Front Street’s interest earnings and spread income (the difference between the returns FGL and Front Street earn on their investments and the amounts they must credit to policyholders and contractholders). While FGL and Front Street develop and maintain asset liability management (“ALM”) programs and procedures designed to mitigate the effect on interest earnings and spread income in rising or falling interest rate environments, no assurance can be given that changes in interest rates will not materially adversely affect FGL’s or Front Street’s businesses, financial conditions and results of operations.
FGL’s expectation for future interest earnings and spread income is an important component in amortization of DAC and VOBA and significantly lower interest earnings or spreads may cause FGL to accelerate amortization, thereby reducing net income in the affected reporting period. An extended period of declining interest rates or a prolonged period of low interest rates may also cause FGL or Front Street to change their long-term view of the interest rates that they can earn on their investments. Such a change in FGL’s or Front Street’s view would cause them to change the long-term interest rate that they assume in their calculation of insurance assets and liabilities under U.S. GAAP. This revision would result in increased reserves and other unfavorable consequences. In addition, while the amount of statutory reserves is not directly affected by changes in market interest rates, additional statutory reserves may be required as the result of an asset adequacy analysis, which is altered by rising or falling interest rates and widening credit spreads.
Additionally, FGL’s and Front Street’s ALM programs and procedures incorporate assumptions about the relationship between short-term and long-term interest rates and relationships between risk-adjusted and risk-free interest rates, market liquidity and other factors. The effectiveness of FGL’s and Front Street’s ALM programs and procedures may be negatively affected whenever actual results differ from these assumptions.
Changes in interest rates may also affect the attractiveness of certain of FGL’s products. For example, lower interest rates may result in decreased sales of certain of FGL’s insurance and investment products. However, during periods of declining interest rates, certain life insurance and annuity products may be relatively more attractive investments to consumers, resulting in increased premium payments on products with flexible premium features, repayment of policy loans and increased persistency or a higher percentage of insurance policies remaining in force from year to year during a period when FGL’s investments carry lower returns. As a result, FGL could become unable to earn its desired level of spread income.
During periods of increasing market interest rates, FGL may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as universal life insurance and fixed annuities, and FGL may increase crediting rates on in-force products to keep these products competitive. Increases in crediting rates, as well as surrenders and withdrawals, could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if long-term interest rates rise dramatically within a six- to twelve-month time period, certain of FGL’s products may be exposed to disintermediation risk. Higher interest rates may increase the cost of debt and other obligations having floating rate or rate reset provisions and may result in lower sales of other products. A rise in interest rates, in the absence of other countervailing changes, will increase the gross unrealized loss position of FGL’s investment portfolio which will decrease FGL’s accumulated other comprehensive income and shareholders’ equity. FGL’s gross unrealized loss on FGL’s available for sale (“AFS”) portfolio was $138.5 million as of September 30, 2017 compared to $268.2 million as of September 30, 2016.
FGL’s and Front Street’s investments are subject to market and credit risks. These risks could be heightened during periods of extreme volatility or disruption in financial and credit markets.
FGL’s and Front Street’s invested assets and derivative financial instruments are subject to risks of credit defaults and changes in market values. Periods of extreme volatility or disruption in the financial and credit markets could increase these risks. Underlying factors relating to volatility affecting the financial and credit markets could have a material adverse impact on FGL’s and Front Street’s results of operations or financial condition.
The value of FGL’s and Front Street’s mortgage-backed investments depends in part on the financial condition of the borrowers and tenants for the properties underlying those investments, as well as general and specific economic trends affecting the overall default rate. FGL and Front Street are also subject to the risk that cash flows resulting from the payments on pools of mortgages that serve as collateral underlying the mortgage-backed securities FGL and Front Street own may differ from their expectations in timing or size. Cash flow variability arising from an unexpected acceleration in mortgage prepayment behavior can be significant, and could cause a decline in the estimated fair value of certain “interest-only” securities within FGL’s and Front Street’s mortgage-backed securities portfolio. Any event reducing the estimated fair value of these securities, other than on a temporary basis, could have an adverse effect on FGL’s and Front Street’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
Significant continued financial and credit market volatility, changes in interest rates, credit spreads, credit defaults, real estate values, market illiquidity, declines in equity prices, acts of corporate malfeasance, ratings downgrades of the issuers or guarantors
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of these investments and declines in general economic conditions, either alone or in combination, could have a material adverse impact on FGL’s or Front Street’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows through realized losses, OTTI, changes in unrealized loss positions and increased demands on capital.
As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, Front Street’s most significant exposure related to the securities underlying the funds withheld receivables was to the financial sector and the energy, mining and metals industries. See Part II, Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”
In addition, market volatility can make it difficult for FGL and Front Street to value certain of their assets, especially if trading becomes less frequent. Valuations may include assumptions or estimates that may have significant period-to-period changes that could have an adverse impact on FGL’s and Front Street’s results of operations or financial condition.
FGL is exposed to credit loss in the event of non-performance by its counterparties on call options. FGL seeks to reduce the risk associated with such agreements by purchasing such options from large, well-established financial institutions, but there can be no assurance that FGL will not suffer losses in the event of counterparty non-performance. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, $381.2 million and $127.8 million, respectively, of collateral was posted by FGL’s counterparties. Accordingly, the maximum amount of loss due to credit risk that FGL would incur if parties to the call options failed completely to perform according to the terms of the contracts was $31.6 million and $147.4 million at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Equity market volatility could negatively impact FGL’s or Front Street’s business.
Equity market volatility can negatively affect FGL’s or Front Street’s revenues and profitability in various ways, particularly as a result of guaranteed minimum withdrawal or surrender benefits in their products. The estimated cost of providing GMWB incorporates various assumptions about the overall performance of equity markets over certain time periods. Periods of significant and sustained downturns in equity markets or increased equity volatility could result in an increase in the valuation of the future policy benefit or policyholder account balance liabilities associated with such products, resulting in a reduction in FGL’s or Front Street’s revenues and net income. The rate of amortization of DAC and VOBA relating to FIA products and the cost of providing guaranteed minimum withdrawal or surrender benefits could also increase if equity market performance is worse than assumed, hence materially and adversely impacting FGL’s or Front Street’s results of operations and financial condition.
Credit market volatility or disruption could adversely impact FGL’s or Front Street’s financial condition or results of operations.
Significant volatility or disruption in credit markets could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s or Front Street’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in interest rates and credit spreads could cause market price and cash flow variability in the fixed income instruments in FGL’s and Front Street’s investment portfolios. Significant volatility and lack of liquidity in the credit markets could cause issuers of the fixed-income securities in FGL’s or Front Street’s investment portfolio to default on either principal or interest payments on these securities. Additionally, market price valuations may not accurately reflect the underlying expected cash flows of securities within FGL’s or Front Street’s investment portfolio.
Changes in federal or state tax laws may affect sales of FGL’s products and profitability.
The annuity and life insurance products that FGL markets generally provide the policyholder with certain federal income or state tax advantages. For example, federal income taxation on any increases in non-qualified annuity contract values (i.e., the “inside build-up”) is deferred until it is received by the policyholder. Non-qualified annuities are annuities that are not sold to a qualified retirement plan. With other savings investments, such as certificates of deposit and taxable bonds, the increase in value is generally taxed each year as it is realized. Additionally, life insurance death benefits are generally exempt from income tax.
From time to time, various tax law changes have been proposed that could have an adverse effect on FGL’s business, including the elimination of all or a portion of the income tax advantages described above for annuities and life insurance. Additionally, insurance products, including the tax favorable features of these products, generally must be approved by the insurance regulators in each state in which they are sold. This review could delay the introduction of new products or impact the features that provide for tax advantages and make such products less attractive to potential purchasers. If legislation were enacted to eliminate the tax deferral for annuities, such a change would have a material adverse effect on FGL’s ability to sell non-qualified annuities.
FGL and Front Street may be required to increase their valuation allowance against their deferred tax assets, and may face restrictions on FGL’s and Front Street’s ability to fully utilize such assets which could materially adversely affect FGL’s and Front Street’s capital position, business, operations and financial condition.
Deferred tax assets refer to assets that are attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets in essence represent future savings of taxes that would otherwise be paid in cash. The realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient future taxable income, including capital gains. If it is determined that the deferred tax assets cannot be realized, a deferred tax valuation allowance must be established, with a corresponding charge to net income.
Based on FGL’s current assessment of future taxable income, including available tax planning strategies, FGL anticipates that it is more likely than not that FGL will generate sufficient taxable income to realize all of their deferred tax assets as to which
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FGL does not have a valuation allowance. If future events differ from FGL’s current forecasts, the valuation allowance may need to be increased from the current amount, which could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s capital position, business, operations and financial condition. Based on declining conditions on its operating results and after consideration of each source of taxable income, Front Street determined it does not have sufficient taxable income to realize its deferred tax assets and increased from the current amount to a full valuation allowance.
FGL’s and Front Street’s business models depend on the performance of various third parties, including independent distributors, underwriters, actuarial consultants and other service providers.
FGL and Front Street rely significantly on various third parties to provide services for their business operations. As such, their results may be affected by the performance of those other parties. For example, FGL is dependent upon independent distribution channels to sell its products, third parties to perform policy administration and underwriting functions, and independent consultants to perform actuarial analyses and asset managers to manage certain of FGL’s assets. Additionally, FGL’s and Front Street’s operations are dependent on various service providers and on various technologies, some of which are provided or maintained by certain key outsourcing partners and other parties.
Many of FGL’s products and services are complex and are sold through third-party intermediaries. In particular, FGL’s insurance businesses are reliant on these intermediaries to describe and explain their products to potential customers. The intentional or unintentional misrepresentation of FGL’s products and services in advertising materials or other external communications, or inappropriate activities by FGL’s personnel or an intermediary, could adversely affect FGL’s reputation and business prospects, as well as lead to potential regulatory actions or litigation.
The third parties upon which FGL and Front Street depend may default on their obligations to FGL or Front Street due to bankruptcy, insolvency, lack of liquidity, adverse economic conditions, operational failure, fraud, loss of key personnel, or other reasons. Such defaults could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s or Front Street’s financial condition and results of operations. In addition, certain of these other parties may act, or be deemed to act, on behalf of FGL or represent FGL in various capacities. Consequently, FGL may be held responsible for obligations that arise from the acts or omissions of these other parties
Interruption or other operational failures in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, integrity, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems, including as a result of human error, could harm FGL’s or Front Street’s business.
FGL and Front Street are highly dependent on automated and information technology systems to record and process their internal transactions and transactions involving their customers, as well as to calculate reserves, value-invested assets and complete certain other components of their U.S. GAAP and statutory financial statements. FGL or Front Street could experience a failure of one of these systems, their employees or agents could fail to monitor and implement enhancements or other modifications to a system in a timely and effective manner, or their employees or agents could fail to complete all necessary data reconciliation or other conversion controls when implementing a new software system or implementing modifications to an existing system. Despite the implementation of security and back-up measures, FGL’s and Front Street’s information technology systems may be vulnerable to physical or electronic intrusions, viruses or other attacks, programming errors and similar disruptions. FGL or Front Street may also be subject to disruptions of any of these systems arising from events that are wholly or partially beyond their control (for example, natural disasters, acts of terrorism, epidemics, computer viruses and electrical/telecommunications outages). All of these risks are also applicable where FGL and Front Street rely on outside vendors, including NT Data (formerly “Dell”), to provide services to FGL and Front Street, to provide services to them and their customers. The failure of any one of these systems for any reason, or errors made by FGL’s or Front Street’s employees or agents, could in each case cause significant interruptions to their respective operations, which could harm their reputations, adversely affect their internal controls over financial reporting, or have a material adverse effect on FGL’s or Front Street’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
FGL retains confidential information in its information technology systems and those of its business partners, and it relies on industry standard commercial technologies to maintain the security of those systems. Despite its implementation of network security measures, FGL’s servers could be subject to physical and electronic break-ins, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with their computer systems. While FGL performs annual penetration tests and has adopted a number of measures to protect the security of customer and company data and have not experienced a successful cyberattack, there is no guaranty that such an attack will not occur or be successful in the future. Anyone who is able to circumvent FGL’s security measures and penetrate its information technology systems could access, view, misappropriate, alter, or delete information in the systems, including personally identifiable customer information and proprietary business information. Information security risks also exist with respect to the use of portable electronic devices, such as laptops, which are particularly vulnerable to loss and theft. In addition, an increasing number of jurisdictions require that customers be notified if a security breach results in the disclosure of personally identifiable customer information. Any compromise of the security of FGL’s information technology systems that results in inappropriate access, use or disclosure of personally identifiable customer information could damage FGL’s reputation in the marketplace, deter purchases of its products, subject FGL to heightened regulatory scrutiny or significant civil and criminal liability and require FGL to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses.
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In the event of a disaster such as a natural catastrophe, an industrial accident, a blackout, a computer virus, a terrorist attack or war, FGL’s or Front Street’s information technology systems may be inaccessible to their employees, customers, or business partners for an extended period of time. Even if FGL’s or Front Street’s employees are able to report to work, they may be unable to perform their duties for an extended period of time if their data or systems are disabled or destroyed. Any such occurrence could materially adversely affect FGL’s or Front Street’s business, operations and financial condition.
FGL’s and Front Street’s insurance subsidiaries’ ability to grow depends in large part upon the continued availability of capital.
FGL’s and Front Street’s insurance subsidiaries’ long-term strategic capital requirements will depend on many factors, including their accumulated statutory earnings and the relationship between their statutory capital and surplus and various elements of required capital. To support long-term capital requirements, FGL, Front Street and their insurance subsidiaries may need to increase or maintain statutory capital and surplus through financings, which could include debt, equity, financing arrangements or other surplus relief transactions. Adverse market conditions have affected and continue to affect the availability and cost of capital from external sources. Neither FGL nor Front Street are obligated, they may choose not or, may not be able to, provide financing or make capital contributions to their insurance subsidiaries. Consequently, financings, if available at all, may be available only on terms that are not favorable to FGL or Front Street or their insurance subsidiaries. If FGL’s or Front Street’s insurance subsidiaries cannot maintain adequate capital, they may be required to limit growth in sales of new policies, or reinsurance treaties (each as applicable), and such action could materially adversely affect FGL’s or Front Street’s business, operations and financial condition.
Accounting rules, changes to accounting rules, or the grant of permitted accounting practices to competitors could negatively impact FGL and Front Street.
FGL and Front Street are required to comply with U.S. GAAP. A number of organizations are instrumental in the development and interpretation of U.S. GAAP, such as the SEC, the FASB and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. U.S. GAAP is subject to constant review by these organizations and others in an effort to address emerging accounting issues and to interpret existing accounting guidance. FGL nor Front Street cannot assure you that future changes to U.S. GAAP will not have a negative impact on FGL or Front Street. U.S. GAAP includes the requirement to carry certain assets and liabilities at fair value. These fair values are sensitive to various factors including, but not limited to, interest rate movements, credit spreads, and various other factors. Because of this, changes in these fair values may cause increased levels of volatility in FGL’s and Front Street’s consolidated financial statements.
FGL’s insurance subsidiaries are required to comply with statutory accounting principles (“SAP”). SAP and in particular actuarial reserving methodology are subject to constant review by the NAIC and its task forces and committees as well as state insurance departments in an effort to address emerging issues and otherwise improve financial reporting. Various proposals are currently, or have previously been, pending before committees and task forces of the NAIC, some of which, if enacted, would negatively affect FGL’s insurance subsidiaries. The NAIC is also currently working to reform state regulation in various areas, including comprehensive reforms relating to life insurance reserves and the accounting for such reserves. FGL cannot predict whether or in what form reforms will be enacted and, if so, whether the enacted reforms will positively or negatively affect FGL. In addition, the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures manual provides that state insurance departments may permit insurance companies domiciled therein to depart from SAP by granting them permitted accounting practices. FGL cannot predict whether or when the insurance departments of the states of domicile of its competitors may permit them to utilize advantageous accounting practices that depart from SAP, the use of which is not permitted by the insurance departments of the states of domicile of FGL and its insurance subsidiaries. With respect to regulations and guidelines, states sometimes defer to the interpretation of the insurance department of the state of domicile. Neither the action of the domiciliary state nor action of the NAIC is binding on a state. Accordingly, a state could choose to follow a different interpretation. FGL can give no assurance that future changes to SAP or components of SAP or the grant of permitted accounting practices to its competitors will not have a negative impact on FGL.
FGL’s and Front Street’s risk management policies and procedures could leave them exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risks, which could negatively affect their businesses or result in losses.
FGL and Front Street have developed risk management policies and procedures and expect to continue to enhance these in the future. Nonetheless, their policies and procedures to identify, monitor, and manage both internal and external risks may not effectively mitigate these risks or predict future exposures, which could be different or significantly greater than expected. These identified risks may not be the only risks facing FGL or Front Street. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to FGL or Front Street, or that either of them currently deem to be immaterial, may adversely affect their business, financial condition or operating results. For example, FGL hedges its FIA index credits with a combination of static and dynamic strategies, which can result in earnings volatility. In addition, FGL’s FIA hedging strategy economically hedges the equity returns and exposes FGL to the risk that unhedged market exposures result in divergence between changes in the fair value of the liabilities and the hedging assets.
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FGL may not be able to protect its intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.
FGL relies on a combination of contractual rights and copyright, trademark and trade secret laws to establish and protect its intellectual property. Although FGL uses a broad range of measures to protect its intellectual property rights, third parties may infringe or misappropriate its intellectual property. FGL may have to litigate to enforce and protect its copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and know-how or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability, which represents a diversion of resources that may be significant in amount and may not prove successful. The loss of intellectual property protection or the inability to secure or enforce the protection of FGL’s intellectual property assets could adversely impact its business and its ability to compete effectively.
FGL also may be subject to costly litigation in the event that another party alleges its operations or activities infringe upon that party’s intellectual property rights. FGL may also be subject to claims by third parties for breach of copyright, trademark, trade secret or license usage rights. Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant expense and liability for damages or FGL could be enjoined from providing certain products or services to its customers or utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses, or alternatively, FGL could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties, all of which could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
FGL’s and Front Street’s business could be interrupted or compromised if they experience difficulties arising from outsourcing relationships.
In addition to services provided by third-party asset managers and actuarial consultants, FGL outsources the following functions to third-party service providers, and expect to continue to do so in the future: (i) new business administration, (ii) hosting of financial systems, (iii) servicing of existing policies, (iv) information technology development and maintenance, (v) call centers and (vi) underwriting administration of life insurance applications. Front Street is also reliant on a variety of third party services in conducting its operations. If FGL and Front Street do not maintain an effective outsourcing strategy or third-party providers do not perform as contracted, they may experience operational difficulties, increased costs and a loss of business that could have a material adverse effect on their results of operations. In addition, FGL’s and Front Street’s reliance on third-party service providers that they do not control does not relieve them of their responsibilities and requirements. Any failure or negligence by such third-party service providers in carrying out their contractual duties may result in FGL and Front Street becoming subjected to liability to parties who are harmed and ensuing litigation. Any litigation relating to such matters could be costly, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome of any such litigation may be uncertain.
Moreover, any adverse publicity arising from such litigation, even if the litigation is not successful, could adversely affect FGL’s and Front Street’s reputation and sales of their products.
FGL and Front Street are exposed to the risks of natural and man-made catastrophes, pandemics and malicious and terrorist acts that could materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations.
Natural and man-made catastrophes, pandemics and malicious and terrorist acts present risks that could materially adversely affect FGL’s or Front Street’s results of operations. A natural or man-made catastrophe, pandemic or malicious or terrorist act could materially adversely affect the mortality or morbidity experience of FGL’s business or its reinsurers, including Front Street. Claims arising from such events could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s or Front Street’s business, operations and financial condition, either directly or as a result of their effect on FGL’s reinsurers including Front Street or other counterparties. Such events could also have an adverse effect on lapses and surrenders of existing policies, as well as sales of new policies. While FGL and Front Street have taken steps to identify and manage these risks, such risks cannot be predicted with certainty, nor fully protected against even if anticipated.
In addition, such events could result in overall macroeconomic volatility or specifically a decrease or halt in economic activity in large geographic areas, adversely affecting the marketing or administration of FGL’s or Front Street’s business within such geographic areas or the general economic climate, which in turn could have an adverse effect on FGL’s or Front Street’s business, operations and financial condition. The possible macroeconomic effects of such events could also adversely affect FGL’s or Front Street’s asset portfolio.
FGL and Front Street operate in highly competitive industries, which could limit their abilities to gain or maintain their respective positions in the industries and could materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations.
FGL and Front Street operate in highly competitive industries. FGL encounters significant competition in all of its product lines from other insurance companies. Front Street faces significant competition from other reinsurance providers. Many of FGL’s and Front Street’s competitors have greater financial resources and, with respect to FGL, higher financial strength ratings, which may have a greater market share, offer a broader range of products, services or features, assume a greater level of risk, have lower operating or financing costs, or have different profitability expectations than FGL or Front Street, as applicable. Competition could result in, among other things, lower sales or higher lapses of existing products.
FGL’s annuity products compete with fixed indexed, fixed rate and variable annuities sold by other insurance companies and
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also with mutual fund products, traditional bank investments and other retirement funding alternatives offered by asset managers, banks and broker-dealers. FGL’s insurance products compete with those of other insurance companies, financial intermediaries and other institutions based on a number of factors, including premium rates, policy terms and conditions, service provided to distribution channels and policyholders, ratings by rating agencies, reputation and commission structures.
Consolidation in the insurance and reinsurance industries and in distribution channels may result in increasing competitive pressures on FGL and Front Street. Larger, potentially more efficient organizations may emerge from such consolidation. In addition, some mutual insurance companies have converted to stock ownership, which gives them greater access to capital markets and greater ability to compete. The ability of banks to increase their securities-related business or to affiliate with insurance companies may materially and adversely affect sales of all of FGL’s products by substantially increasing the number and financial strength of potential competitors. Consolidation and expansion among banks, insurance companies and other financial services companies with which FGL and Front Street do business could also have an adverse effect on their business, operations and financial condition if they demand more favorable terms than FGL or Front Street previously offered or if they elect not to continue to do business with FGL or Front Street following consolidation or expansion.
FGL’s ability to compete is dependent upon, among other things, its ability to develop competitive and profitable products, its ability to maintain low unit costs, and its maintenance of adequate financial strength ratings from rating agencies. FGL’s ability to compete is also dependent upon, among other things, its ability to attract and retain distribution channels to market its products, the competition for which is vigorous. FGL competes for marketers and agents primarily on the basis of FGL’s financial position, support services, compensation and product features. Such marketers and agents may promote products offered by other life insurance companies that may offer a larger variety of products than FGL does. FGL’s competitiveness for such marketers and agents also depends upon the long-term relationships FGL develops with them. If FGL is unable to attract and retain sufficient marketers and agents to sell its products, its ability to compete and FGL’s revenues will suffer.
Front Street’s ability to successfully compete will be dependent on, among other things, risks associated with an insurance business and managing of assets, including, among other things, Front Street’s: (a) ability to successfully implement its investment strategy, especially with respect to riskier, below-investment-grade securities; (b) exposure to credit risk associated with third parties, including brokers with whom it will conduct business; (c) ability to provide collateral to ceding companies or otherwise comply with applicable insurance regulations; (d) ability to successfully employ loss limitation methods to mitigate its loss exposure; (e) ability to attract qualified personnel and retain such key personnel; (f) mitigate unfavorable changes in applicable laws, accounting rules or regulations; (g) operational risks associated with, among other things, employee and contractor conduct, operational errors, system malfunctions and cyber-security incidents; and (h) successfully maintain its existing investments.
FGL’s ability to maintain competitive policy expense costs is dependent upon the level of new sales and persistency of existing business.
FGL’s ability to maintain competitive policy expense costs is dependent upon a number of factors, such as the level of new sales, persistency of existing business and expense management. A decrease in sales or persistency without a corresponding reduction in expenses may result in higher policy expense costs.
In addition, lower persistency may result in higher or more rapid amortization of DAC and VOBA, which would result in higher unit costs and lower reported earnings. Although many of FGL’s products contain surrender charges, such charges decrease over time and may not be sufficient to cover the unamortized DAC and VOBA costs with respect to the insurance policy or annuity contract being surrendered.
There may be adverse consequences if the independent contractor status of FGL’s IMOs is successfully challenged.
FGL sells its products through a network of approximately 200 IMOs representing approximately 37,000 independent agents and managing general agents. FGL currently treats these IMOs as independent contractors who own their own businesses. However, the tests governing the determination of whether an individual is considered to be an independent contractor or an employee are typically fact sensitive and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws and regulations that govern the status of the IMOs are subject to change or interpretation by various authorities. If a federal, state or local authority or court enacts legislation or adopts regulations or adopts an interpretation that changes the manner in which employees and independent contractors are classified or makes any adverse determination with respect to some or all of FGL’s independent contractors, FGL could incur significant costs in complying with such laws, regulations or interpretations, including, in respect of tax withholding, social security payments and recordkeeping, or FGL could be held liable for the actions of such independent contractors or may be required to modify its business model, any of which could have a material adverse effect on FGL’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, there is the risk that FGL may be subject to significant monetary liabilities arising from fines or judgments as a result of any such actual or alleged non-compliance with federal, state or local tax or employment laws. Further, if it were determined that FGL’s IMOs should be treated as employees, FGL could possibly incur additional liabilities with respect to any applicable employee benefit plan.
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If FGL is unable to attract and retain national marketing organizations and independent agents, sales of FGL’s products may be reduced.
FGL must attract and retain its network of IMOs and independent agents to sell its products. Insurance companies compete vigorously for productive agents. FGL competes with other life insurance companies for marketers and agents primarily on the basis of FGL’s financial position, support services, compensation and product features. Such marketers and agents may promote products offered by other life insurance companies that may offer a larger variety of products than FGL does. FGL’s competitiveness for such marketers and agents also depends upon the long-term relationships FGL develops with them. FGL’s most important IMOs (those who are able to meet certain production targets) are referred to as “Power Partners”. FGL currently has 32 Power Partners that accounted for approximately 95.0% of FGL’s Fiscal 2016 sales volume. There can be no guaranty that such relationships will continue in the future. If FGL is unable to attract and retain a sufficient number of marketers and agents to sell its products, FGL’s ability to compete and its revenues would suffer.
FGL may be subject to an additional tax as a personal holding company on future undistributed personal holding company income if it generates passive income in excess of operating expenses (subject to certain exclusions relating to FGL’s life insurance subsidiaries).
Section 541 of the Code subjects a corporation (not including a life insurance corporation) that is a “personal holding company” (“PHC”) to a 20% tax on “undistributed personal holding company income” in addition to a corporation’s normal income tax. A corporation (not including a life insurance corporation) is also generally is considered to be a PHC if (i) at least 60% of its adjusted ordinary gross income (excluding dividends paid by any non-consolidated life insurance subsidiary) is PHC Income (defined below) and (ii) more than 50% in value of its outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (including, for this purpose, certain organizations and trusts) at any time during the last half of the taxable year. Personal holding company income (“PHC Income”) is comprised primarily of passive investment income (but does not include non-passive income such as insurance premiums or dividends paid by any non-consolidated life insurance subsidiary) plus, under certain circumstances, personal service income.
So long as individuals and their affiliates hold (directly or by attribution) more than 50% in value of FGL’s outstanding common stock, including through ownership of the outstanding common stock of HRG at any time during any future tax year, it is possible that FGL will be a PHC if at least 60% of its adjusted ordinary gross income consists of PHC Income (taking into account the rules and exclusions discussed above). In the past, FGL has not incurred the PHC tax. However, there can be no assurance that FGL will not be subject to this tax in the future, which, in turn, may materially and adversely impact its financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity.
The agreements and instruments governing FGL’s debt contain significant operating and financial restrictions, which may prevent FGL from capitalizing on business opportunities.
The indenture governing the 6.375% senior notes due 2021 (the “Senior Notes”) issued by FGH and the three-year $150.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”); each contains various restrictive covenants which limit, among other things, FGH’s ability to:

• | incur additional indebtedness;

• | pay dividends or certain other distributions on its capital stock other than as allowed under the indenture and the Credit Agreement;

• | make certain investments or other restricted payments;

• | engage in transactions with stockholders or affiliates;

• | sell certain assets or merge with or into other companies;

• | change FGH’s accounting policies;

• | enter into restrictive agreements;

• | guarantee indebtedness; and

• | create liens.

In addition, if FGL or FGH undergoes a “change of control” as defined in the indenture, each holder of FGH Senior Notes will have the right to require FGL to repurchase their FGL Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount and any accrued but unpaid interest.
As a result of these restrictions and their effect on FGL, FGL may be limited in how it conducts its business and FGL may be unable to raise additional debt financing to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness FGL or its subsidiaries may incur could include more restrictive covenants.

Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments

None.
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Item 2. | Properties

HRG
HRG leases through HGI Funding its headquarters at 450 Park Avenue, 29th Floor, New York, NY 10022. HRG’s lease expires in November 2022. For the operations of certain of HRG’s former subsidiaries, HGI Funding leases office space at 64 Wooster Street, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10012. The lease expires in November 2018.
HRG and its subsidiaries, as applicable, believe their existing facilities are suitable and adequate for their present purposes.
Spectrum Brands
The following lists Spectrum Brands’ principal owned or leased administrative, manufacturing, packaging, and distribution facilities at September 30, 2017:
Corporate and Administrative

Location |  | Function / Use |  | Owned / Leased
U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Middleton, Wisconsin |  | World Headquarters & GBA Headquarters |  | Leased
Danbury, Connecticut |  | GAC Headquarters |  | Leased
Earth City, Missouri |  | Pet, Home & Garden Headquarters |  | Leased
Lake Forest, California |  | HHI Headquarters |  | Leased
Miami Lakes, Florida |  | Latin America Headquarters |  | Leased
Non-U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Manchester, England |  | UK Headquarters |  | Owned
Mentone, Australia |  | APAC Headquarters |  | Leased
Sulzbach, Germany |  | Europe Headquarters |  | Leased
Mississauga, Canada |  | Canada Headquarters |  | Leased

Shared Operations and Sales Offices

Location |  | Function / Use |  | Owned / Leased
U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Alpharetta, Georgia |  | Platform sales |  | Leased
Bentonville, Arkansas |  | Platform sales |  | Leased
Minneapolis, Minnesota |  | Platform sales |  | Leased
Mooresville, North Carolina |  | Platform sales |  | Leased
Middleton, Wisconsin |  | Design and testing |  | Leased
Non-U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Concord, Canada |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Mentone, Australia |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Wolverhampton, England |  | Distribution |  | Owned
Shenzhen, China |  | Distribution |  | Leased

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Global Batteries and Appliances (GBA)

Location |  | Function / Use |  | Owned / Leased
U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Fennimore, Wisconsin |  | Battery Manufacturing |  | Owned
Portage, Wisconsin |  | Battery Manufacturing |  | Owned
DeForest, Wisconsin |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Dixon, Illinois |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Redlands, California |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Non-U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Dischingen, Germany |  | Battery Manufacturing |  | Leased
Guatemala City, Guatemala |  | Battery Manufacturing |  | Owned
Cavaleiro, Brazil |  | Battery Manufacturing |  | Owned
Washington, UK |  | Battery Manufacturing |  | Leased
Ellwangen-Neunheim, Germany |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Guatemala City, Guatemala |  | Distribution |  | Owned
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |  | Distribution |  | Owned
Middleton, Wisconsin |  | Research & Development |  | Leased

Home & Hardware Improvement (HHI)

Location |  | Function / Use |  | Owned / Leased
U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Charlotte, North Carolina |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Edgerton, Kansas |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Houston, Texas |  | Manufacturing & Distribution |  | Leased
Lititz, Pennsylvania |  | Manufacturing & Distribution |  | Leased
Denison, Texas |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Birmingham, Alabama |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Dallas, Texas |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Denison, Texas |  | Distribution |  | Owned
Elkhart, Indiana |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Mira Loma, California |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Non-U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Mexicali, Mexico |  | Manufacturing & Distribution |  | Leased
Chia-Yi, Taiwan |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Nogales, Mexico |  | Manufacturing |  | Owned
Subic Bay, Philippines |  | Manufacturing |  | Owned
Xiamen, China |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Xiaolan, China |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Brockville, Canada |  | Distribution |  | Leased

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Global Pet Supplies (PET)

Location |  | Function / Use |  | Owned / Leased
U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Blacksburg, Virginia |  | Manufacturing |  | Owned
Bridgeton, Missouri |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Noblesville, Indiana |  | Manufacturing |  | Owned
St. Louis, Missouri |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Edwardsville, Illinois |  | Distribution |  | Leased
Riverview, Florida |  | Research & Development |  | Leased
Non-U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Bogota, Colombia |  | Manufacturing & Distribution |  | Leased
Melle, Germany |  | Manufacturing & Distribution |  | Owned
Ambato, Ecuador |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Coevorden, Netherlands |  | Manufacturing |  | Owned
Leon, Mexico |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Phnom Penh, Cambodia |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased

Home & Garden (H&G)

Location |  | Function / Use |  | Owned / Leased
U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
St. Louis, Missouri |  | Manufacturing |  | Leased
Edwardsville, Illinois |  | Distribution |  | Leased

Global Auto Care (GAC)

Location |  | Function / Use |  | Owned / Leased
U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Dayton, Ohio |  | Manufacturing & Distribution |  | Leased
Non-U.S. Locations |  |  |  |
Ebbw Vale, Gwent, Wales |  | Manufacturing & Distribution |  | Leased

Spectrum Brands also owns, operates or contracts with third parties to operate distribution centers, sales and administrative offices throughout the world in support of its business.
Spectrum Brands believes that its existing facilities are suitable and adequate for its present purposes and that the productive capacity in such facilities is substantially being utilized or Spectrum Brands has plans to utilize it.
FGL
FGL leases its headquarters at 601 Locust Street, Des Moines, Iowa, and subleases properties in Baltimore, Maryland and Lincoln, Nebraska for legal, claims and processing needs. Such leases expire December 2020, May 2021 and January 2022, respectively. FGL believes that its existing facilities are suitable and adequate for its present purposes.
Front Street
Front Street leases its headquarters at Sterling House, 16 Wesley Street, Hamilton HM CX, Bermuda. This lease expires in May 2018. Front Street believes its existing facilities are suitable and adequate for its present purposes.

Item 3. | Legal Proceedings

See Part IV, Item 15. “HRG Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Index of Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 21, Commitments and Contingencies — Legal and Environmental Matters to HRG’s Consolidated Financial Statements” included elsewhere in this report.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Unless otherwise indicated in Part II of this annual report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) or the context requires otherwise, in this Form 10-K, references to the “Company,” “HRG,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to HRG Group, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “FGH” refers to Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “FGL” refers to Fidelity & Guaranty Life and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Fiscal 2013” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2013; “Fiscal 2014” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2014; “Fiscal 2015” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015; “Fiscal 2016” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016; “Fiscal 2017” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2017; “Fiscal 2018” refers to the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018; “Front Street” refers to Front Street Re (Delaware) Ltd. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Front Street Cayman” refers to Front Street Re Cayman Ltd.; “Front Street Bermuda” refers to Front Street Re Ltd.; “HGI Energy” refers to HGI Energy Holdings, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “HGI Funding” refers to HGI Funding, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Salus” refers to Salus Capital Partners, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “SBI” refers to Spectrum Brands, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; and “Spectrum Brands” refers to Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and trades under the symbol “HRG.” The high and low sales prices for our common stock for each quarterly period for the last two years are shown in the following table.

|  | High |  | Low
Fiscal 2017 |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | $ | 16.08 |  |  | $ | 14.07 |
Second Quarter |  | 19.50 |  |  | 15.20 |
Third Quarter |  | 20.17 |  |  | 17.25 |
Fourth Quarter |  | 17.90 |  |  | 14.75 |
Fiscal 2016 |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | $ | 14.11 |  |  | $ | 11.63 |
Second Quarter |  | 14.04 |  |  | 10.29 |
Third Quarter |  | 14.59 |  |  | 12.50 |
Fourth Quarter |  | 16.39 |  |  | 13.14 |

We have not declared any dividends in the past several years and we do not anticipate paying dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Our ability to pay dividends is limited by the terms of our indebtedness and is dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to HRG is subject to restrictions contained in their applicable financing agreements, state and regulatory restrictions and other relevant considerations as determined by the applicable board. See Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors-Risks Related to HRG-We are a holding company and our only material assets are our equity interests in our operating subsidiaries and our other investments; as a result, our principal source of revenue and cash flow is distributions from our subsidiaries; our subsidiaries may be limited by law and by contract in making distributions to us.”
As of November 14, 2017, there were approximately 1,449 holders of record of our common stock. This number does not include the stockholders for whom shares are held in a “nominee” or “street” name.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table sets forth information with respect to compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance as of September 30, 2017:

Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (in thousands) (a) |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (in thousands) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 4,719 |  |  | $ | 9.83 |  |  | 8,721 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 4,719 |  |  | $ | 9.83 |  |  | 8,721 |

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Equity Plans
Our stockholders approved the adoption of the HRG Group, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (formerly, Harbinger Group Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan), as amended (the “2011 Plan”), pursuant to which incentive compensation and performance compensation awards may be provided to employees, directors, officers and consultants of the Company or of its subsidiaries or their respective affiliates. The 2011 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 24 million shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company. In addition, our stockholders approved the adoption of the Harbinger Group Inc. 2014 Warrant Plan (the “2014 Warrant Plan”) pursuant to which the Company awarded, Philip Falcone, its former Chief Executive Officer, warrants representing the right to purchase approximately 3 million shares of our common stock, at an exercise price of $13.125 per share. A portion of the warrants, representing 600 thousand shares, vested immediately upon approval of the grant, and the remainder would vest in equal installments on March 10, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. At September 30, 2017, there were 0.6 million warrants outstanding and not yet vested. The description of the 2011 Plan and 2014 Warrant Plan above is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the 2011 Plan and 2014 Warrant Plan. Refer to Note 20, Stock-based Compensation, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information.
Share Repurchases
On May 8, 2014, our board of directors authorized us to enter into a repurchase program, which replaced our prior share repurchase program. This share repurchase program authorized us to repurchase up to $100.0 million of shares of our common stock, subject to certain restrictions and provisions. During Fiscal 2015, HRG purchased 1.7 million shares of its outstanding common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $22.2 million under this program. During Fiscal 2017 and 2016, HRG did not repurchase any of its outstanding common stock. As of September 30, 2017, under this program we had repurchased a total of 6.9 million shares of our common stock, at an aggregate repurchase price of $87.7 million with $12.3 million remaining value of the shares that may yet to be purchased. This program does not have an expiration date. We may from time to time, and at any time, elect to increase the amount of shares authorized under our repurchase program, authorize a new repurchase program or repurchase shares of our Common Stock in privately negotiated transactions or we may determine to terminate, suspend, discontinue, modify and/or reinstate one or more of such programs.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Stock Performance Graph
Set forth below is a line-graph presentation comparing the cumulative stockholder return on our common stock against cumulative total returns of the following: (a) the Russell 2000 and (b) a peer group of companies consisting of Leucadia, Carlisle Companies Inc., Apollo Global Management, LLC and Standex International Corp. The performance graph shows the total return on an investment of $100 for the period beginning September 30, 2012 and ending September 30, 2017. The Company believes that the peer group of companies provides a reasonable basis for comparing total stockholder returns. The stockholder return shown on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future performance, and we will not make or endorse any predictions as to future stockholder returns. The graph and related data were furnished by Research Data Group, Inc.
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Item 6. | Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth certain selected historic financial information for the periods and as of the dates presented and should be read in conjunction with our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto referenced in Item 8 of this report and with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 of this report. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified or combined to conform to the current year presentation, including reclassifications to reflect the presentation of discontinued operations and assets and liabilities of businesses held for sale. All amounts are in millions, except for per share amounts.

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Income Statement Data(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues (2) |  | $ | 5,008.5 |  |  | $ | 5,048.6 |  |  | $ | 4,753.8 |  |  | $ | 4,482.6 |  |  | $ | 4,114.5 |
Operating income(3) |  | 516.3 |  |  | 573.5 |  |  | 179.1 |  |  | 354.8 |  |  | 270.4 |
Interest expense (4) |  | (360.1 | ) |  | (402.5 | ) |  | (407.8 | ) |  | (307.4 | ) |  | (505.4 | )
Loss from the change in the fair value of the equity conversion feature of preferred stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12.7 | ) |  | (101.6 | )
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 102.9 |  |  | 144.2 |  |  | (219.7 | ) |  | (36.3 | ) |  | (367.0 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | 170.3 |  |  | (178.1 | ) |  | (292.7 | ) |  | 138.0 |  |  | 298.0 |
Net income (loss) (5) |  | 273.2 |  |  | (33.9 | ) |  | (512.4 | ) |  | 101.7 |  |  | (69.0 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | 106.0 |  |  | (198.8 | ) |  | (556.8 | ) |  | (10.3 | ) |  | (45.8 | )
Preferred stock dividends, accretion and loss on conversion |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73.6 |  |  | 48.4 |
Net income (loss) attributable to common and participating preferred stockholders |  | 106.0 |  |  | (198.8 | ) |  | (556.8 | ) |  | (83.9 | ) |  | (94.2 | )
Per Share Data(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amounts attributable to controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (20.6 | ) |  | $ | (1.6 | ) |  | $ | (242.1 | ) |  | $ | (194.7 | ) |  | $ | (392.2 | )
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 126.6 |  |  | (197.2 | ) |  | (314.7 | ) |  | 110.8 |  |  | 298.0 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (556.8 | ) |  | $ | (83.9 | ) |  | $ | (94.2 | )
Net income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.10 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (1.22 | ) |  | $ | (1.19 | ) |  | $ | (2.80 | )
Basic income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 0.63 |  |  | (0.99 | ) |  | (1.59 | ) |  | 0.68 |  |  | 2.13 |
Basic |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (1.00 | ) |  | $ | (2.81 | ) |  | $ | (0.51 | ) |  | $ | (0.67 | )
Diluted loss from continuing operations(6) |  | $ | (0.10 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (1.22 | ) |  | $ | (1.19 | ) |  | $ | (2.80 | )
Diluted income (loss) from discontinued operations(6) |  | 0.63 |  |  | (0.99 | ) |  | (1.59 | ) |  | 0.68 |  |  | 2.13 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (1.00 | ) |  | $ | (2.81 | ) |  | $ | (0.51 | ) |  | $ | (0.67 | )
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 200.0 |  |  | 198.4 |  |  | 198.1 |  |  | 162.9 |  |  | 139.9 |
Diluted (6) |  | 200.0 |  |  | 198.4 |  |  | 198.1 |  |  | 162.9 |  |  | 139.9 |
Balance Sheet Data (at year end): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents(1) |  | $ | 270.1 |  |  | $ | 465.2 |  |  | $ | 643.2 |  |  | $ | 671.4 |  |  | $ | 633.0 |
Total assets |  | 35,849.7 |  |  | 33,580.1 |  |  | 32,594.4 |  |  | 30,394.0 |  |  | 28,200.4 |
Total debt |  | 5,774.1 |  |  | 5,525.8 |  |  | 6,046.9 |  |  | 4,908.4 |  |  | 4,620.4 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 1,946.9 |  |  | 1,817.2 |  |  | 1,588.1 |  |  | 2,257.0 |  |  | 1,133.5 |

(1) | FGL and Front Street, collectively (the “Insurance Operations”) are classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. In addition, following the completion of the sale of Compass Production Partners, LP (“Compass”) in Fiscal 2016, the Company no longer owns, directly or indirectly, any oil and gas properties and as a result, the results of Compass were presented as discontinued operations for Fiscal 2016, Fiscal 2015, Fiscal 2014 and Fiscal 2013. In addition, cash and cash equivalents excludes the cash and cash equivalents from the Insurance Operations (businesses classified as held for sale) and Compass.

(2) | Fiscal 2017 operating results include the PetMatrix, LLC (“PetMatrix”) business operations since June 1, 2017 and GloFish branded operations (“GloFish”) business operations since May 12, 2017. Fiscal 2015 operating results include

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the Armored AutoGroup (“AAG”) business operations since the acquisition date of May 21, 2015, Salix Animal Health LLC (“Salix”) operations since the acquisition date of January 16, 2015; European IAMS and Eukanuba pet food business (“European IAMS and Eukanuba”) operations since the acquisition date of December 31, 2014; and Tell Manufacturing, Inc. (“Tell”) operations since the acquisition date of October 1, 2014. The AAG business contributed $160.5 million in revenues and recorded an operating profit of $21.8 million for the period from May 21, 2015 through September 30, 2015. Fiscal 2014 operating results include the Liquid Fence Company (“Liquid Fence”) operations since the acquisition date of January 2, 2014. Fiscal 2013 operating results includes the Hardware & Home Improvement business (“HHI business”) operations since the acquisition date of December 17, 2012. The HHI business contributed $869.6 million in revenues and recorded an operating profit of $88.7 million for the period from December 30, 2012 through September 30, 2013.

(3) | In Fiscal 2017, operating income included an impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets of $16.3 million. In Fiscal 2016, HRG recorded a loan loss provision of $12.8 million for credit losses on Salus’ asset-based loan portfolio and impairments of $10.7 million to goodwill of CorAmerica Capital, LLC (“CorAmerica”). In addition, a $4.7 million impairment on indefinite-lived intangible asset was recorded due to the reduction in value of certain tradenames in response to changes in Spectrum Brands’ strategy. In Fiscal 2015, HRG recorded $88.0 million loan loss provision related to deterioration in Salus’ asset-based loan portfolio, including $60.7 million related to the bankruptcy of RadioShack Corporation (“RadioShack”), a significant Salus borrower. HRG also recorded impairments of $60.2 million to goodwill and the intangible assets as a result of the change of strategic direction of HRG’s former subsidiary, Frederick’s of Hollywood Group Inc. (“FOH”). In April 2015, FOH, its parent company, FOHG Holdings, LLC and their subsidiaries (together, “FOHG”) filed for bankruptcy, and any remaining assets and liabilities were deconsolidated. Upon deconsolidation, HRG recognized a gain of $38.5 million, primarily resulting from the elimination of FOH’s cumulative historical losses. Following the completion of the bankruptcy of FOHG, such entities ceased to be subsidiaries of HRG. Fiscal 2015 also includes $61.1 million of acquisition and integration-related charges, a portion of which was associated with the AAG business acquisition. Fiscal 2013 includes $53.2 million of acquisition and integration-related charges principally associated with the HHI business acquisition.

(4) | Fiscal 2017, Fiscal 2016, Fiscal 2015, Fiscal 2014 and Fiscal 2013 interest expenses included $6.5 million, $21.4 million, $58.8 million, $9.2 million and $210.1 million, respectively, related to the refinancing, prepayment and/or amendment of various senior debt. Such charges include cash fees and expenses of $4.6 million, $15.6 million, $46.0 million, $0.0 million and $181.2 million, respectively, and non-cash charges for write-off and accelerated amortization of unamortized debt issuance costs and discount/premium of $1.9 million, $5.8 million, $12.8 million, $9.2 million and $28.9 million, respectively.

(5) | Fiscal 2017, Fiscal 2016, Fiscal 2015, Fiscal 2014 and Fiscal 2013 income tax expense of $48.3 million, $31.6 million, $39.6 million, $59.3 million and $26.3 million, respectively, include non-cash charges (benefit s) of approximately $79.6 million, $(45.7) million, $190.8 million, $(31.0) million and $152.9 million, respectively, resulting primarily from an increase (decrease) in the valuation allowance against certain net deferred tax assets.

(6) | See Note 24, Earnings per Share, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for further details regarding the calculation of net income (loss) per common share. In Fiscal 2014, diluted weighted average common shares outstanding did not reflect the conversion effect of the Company’s Series A Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Shares”) and the Company’s Series A-2 Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A-2 Preferred Shares”, together with the Series A Preferred Shares, the “Preferred Stock”) for the portion of the period that these securities were outstanding, or the exercise of dilutive common stock equivalents as both would be antidilutive. In Fiscal 2013, diluted weighted average common shares outstanding did not reflect any conversion effect of the Preferred Stock or the exercise of dilutive common stock equivalents as both would be antidilutive. For Fiscal 2017, Fiscal 2016 and Fiscal 2015, the conversion effect of the Preferred Stock had no impact on the diluted weighted average common shares as the Preferred Stock was converted in the third quarter of Fiscal 2014.

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Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Introduction
This “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of HRG should be read in conjunction with Item 6, “Selected Financial Data,” and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”) referred to in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Certain statements we make under this Item 7 constitute “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of Part I of this Form 10-K. You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of our Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
HRG Overview
We are a holding company that conducts its operations principally through its operating subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2017, our principal operations were conducted through subsidiaries that offer branded consumer products and related businesses (Spectrum Brands); and insurance and reinsurance services (FGL and Front Street). In addition, we own 99.5% of NZCH Corporation, a public shell company, and Salus, which was established to serve as a secured asset-based lender and is in the process of completing the wind-down of its business. From time to time, we may manage a portion of our available cash and engage in other activities through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, HGI Funding, LLC (“HGI Funding”) and HGI Energy Holdings, LLC (“HGI Energy”).
We currently present the results of our operations in two reportable segments: (i) Consumer Products, which consists of Spectrum Brands; and (ii) Corporate and Other, which includes Salus, NZCH, HGI Funding and HGI Energy. As further described below, our Insurance Operations are presented as discontinued operations.
Through Spectrum Brands, we are a diversified global branded consumer products company with positions in the following major product lines and categories: consumer batteries, small appliances, global pet supplies, home and garden control products, personal care products, hardware and home improvement products and global auto care. Spectrum Brands manufactures, markets and/or distributes its products in approximately 160 countries in the North America (“NA”), Europe, Middle East & Africa (“EMEA”), Latin America (“LATAM”) and Asia-Pacific (“APAC”) regions through a variety of trade channels, including retailers, wholesalers and distributors, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), construction companies and hearing aid professionals.
Spectrum Brands’ operating performance is influenced by a number of factors including: general economic conditions; foreign exchange fluctuations; trends in consumer markets; consumer confidence and preferences; overall product line mix, including pricing and gross margin, which vary by product line and geographic region; pricing of certain raw materials and commodities; energy and fuel prices; and general competitive positioning, especially as impacted by competitors’ advertising and promotional activities and pricing strategies.
Through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company (“FGL Insurance”) and Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company of New York (“FGL NY Insurance”), FGL is a provider of various types of fixed annuities and life insurance products in the U.S.
Through its Bermuda and Cayman-based subsidiaries, Front Street Re Ltd. (“Front Street Bermuda”) and Front Street Re (Cayman) Ltd. (“Front Street Cayman”), Front Street engages in the business of life, annuity and long-term care reinsurance.
On May 24, 2017, FGL entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Front Street entered into a Share Purchase Agreement, see “Discontinued Operations” section below and Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information. As a result, our ownership interest in our Insurance Operations has been classified as held for sale in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and reported separately for all periods presented. See Note 5, Divestitures to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information.
During the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2016, HGI Energy completed the sale of its equity interests in Compass to a third party (the “Compass Sale”). Following the completion of the Compass Sale, the Company no longer owns, directly or indirectly, any oil and gas properties and, accordingly, the results of Compass are presented as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 5, Divestitures to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information.
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Highlights for Fiscal 2017:
Significant Transactions and Activity
Consumer Products Segment

• | On June 1, 2017, Spectrum Brands completed the acquisition of PetMatrix, a manufacturer and marketer of rawhide-free dog chews consisting primarily of the DreamBone® and SmartBones® brands. The results of PetMatrix’s operations since June 1, 2017 are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and reported within the Consumer Products segment for Fiscal 2017.

• | On May 12, 2017, Spectrum Brands entered into an asset purchase agreement for the acquisition of assets consisting of the GloFish branded operations, including transfer of the GloFish® brand, related intellectual property and operating agreements. The GloFish operations consist of the development and licensing of fluorescent fish for sale through retail and online channels. The results of GloFish’s operations since May 12, 2017 are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and reported within the Consumer Products segment for Fiscal 2017.

• | On May 18, 2017, Spectrum Brands completed the purchase of the remaining 44.0% non-controlling interest of Shaser, Inc. (“Shaser”) for $12.6 million.

• | On June 10, 2017, Spectrum Brands initiated a voluntary safety recall of various rawhide chew products for dogs sold by our Consumer Products segment due to possible chemical contamination. Spectrum Brands recognized a loss of $35.8 million for Fiscal 2017 associated with the recall, which comprised of inventory write-offs of $15.0 million, customer losses of $7.1 million and $13.7 million of incremental costs to dispose of product and operational expenses due to a temporary shutdown of production facilities. Spectrum Brands suspended production at facilities impacted by the product safety recall and completed a comprehensive manufacturing review and recommenced production during Fiscal 2017. See Note 21, Commitments and Contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information.

• | During Fiscal 2017, Spectrum Brands entered into the following four amendments to the credit agreement governing its term loans (“Credit Agreement”): (i) reduced the interest rate margins applicable to the U.S. dollar denominated term loan facility (the “USD Term Loan”) to adjusted International Exchange London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) subject to a 0.75% floor plus margin of 2.50% per annum, or base rate with a 1.75% floor plus margin of 1.50% per annum; (ii) expanded the overall capacity of its revolving credit facility (the “Revolver Facility”) to $700.0 million, reducing the interest rate margin to either adjusted LIBOR plus margin ranging from 1.75% to 2.25%, or base rate plus margin ranging from 0.75% to 1.25%, reducing the commitment fee to 35 bps, and extending the maturity to March 2022; (iii) reduced the interest rate margins applicable to its USD Term Loan to either adjusted LIBOR plus margin of 2.00% per annum, or base rate plus margin of 1.00% per annum; and (iv) increased its USD Term Loan by $250.0 million of incremental borrowings and removing the floor which both LIBOR and base rates were subject to.

• | On May 24, 2017, Spectrum Brands extinguished its Euro denominated term loan facility.

• | On September 20, 2016, Spectrum Brands issued €425.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% unsecured notes due 2026 (the “4.00% Notes”). The proceeds from the 4.00% Notes were used to repay Spectrum Brands’ outstanding 6.375% unsecured notes due 2020 (the “6.375% Notes”) and pay fees and expenses in connection with the refinancing. Spectrum Brands repurchased $390.3 million aggregate principal amount of the 6.375% Notes through a cash tender offer on September 20, 2016, with the remaining outstanding aggregate principal amount of $129.7 million subsequently redeemed by Spectrum Brands during Fiscal 2017.

Corporate and Other

• | Omar Asali, President, Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and a director of HRG ceased his employment with HRG and resigned from the Board of Directors of HRG and its subsidiaries effective as of April 14, 2017.

• | Joseph Steinberg, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of HRG, was appointed to the additional position of CEO effective as of April 14, 2017.

• | On March 22, 2017, Ehsan Zargar, HRG’s then General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, was appointed to the additional positions of Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, effective as of January 1, 2017.

• | On January 13, 2017, the Company entered into a loan agreement (“2017 Loan”), pursuant to which it may borrow up to an aggregate amount of $150.0 million. The 2017 Loan bears interest at an adjusted LIBOR plus 2.35% per annum, payable quarterly and a commitment fee of 75 bps. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had drawn $50.0 million under the 2017 Loan. The maturity date of the 2017 Loan is July 13, 2018, with an option for early termination by the borrower.

• | On November 17, 2016, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had initiated a process to explore and evaluate strategic alternatives available to the Company with a view toward enhancing shareholder value. Strategic alternatives may include, but are not limited to, a merger, sale or other business combination involving the Company and/or its assets.

• | During Fiscal 2017, we continued the wind-down of the operations of Salus and as of September 30, 2017, there were no asset-based loans outstanding.

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Discontinued Operations

• | On April 17, 2017, FGL terminated its Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement”) by and among FGL, Anbang Insurance Group Co., Ltd. and its affiliates (collectively, “Anbang”). Prior to its termination, the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement was amended on November 3, 2016 and on February 9, 2017, each time to extend the outside termination date. As a result of the termination of the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement, FGL had no remaining obligations thereunder and could enter into an alternative transaction.

• | On May 24, 2017, FGL entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “FGL Merger Agreement”) with CF Corporation (“CF Corp”), FGL U.S. Holdings Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CF Corp (“CF/FGL US”) and FGL Merger Sub Inc., a direct wholly owned subsidiary of CF/FGL US, pursuant to which CF Corp has agreed to acquire FGL for $31.10 per share (the “FGL Merger”). FGL expects to be in a position to close the FGL Merger before the end of calendar year 2017, subject to receipt of approval from the Iowa Insurance Division. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information.

• | On May 24, 2017, Front Street entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Front Street Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Front Street has agreed to sell (the “Front Street Sale”) to CF/FGL US all of the issued and outstanding shares of (i) Front Street Cayman and (ii) Front Street Bermuda (collectively, the “Acquired Companies”). The purchase price is $65.0 million, subject to customary adjustments for transaction expenses. The required regulatory approvals in connection with the transaction have been received and the closing of the transaction is expected to take place before the end of calendar year 2017, subject to the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions, including the consummation of the FGL Merger. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information.

• | On May 24, 2017, HRG, FS Holdco II Ltd. (“FS Holdco”), CF Corp and CF/FGL US agreed that FS Holdco may, at its option, cause CF/FGL US and FS Holdco to make a joint election under Section 338(h)(10) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended , with respect to the FGL Merger and the deemed share purchases of FGL’s subsidiaries (the “338 Tax Election”). The Company currently expects to exercise the 338 Tax Election. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information. Also see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors-While, as of the date of this report, we expect to exercise the 338 Tax Election and to receive tax benefits from making such election there can be no assurance that such an election will be made or that we will receive any of the benefits from such an election.”

Key financial highlights

• | Net loss from continuing operations attributable to controlling interest increased $19.0 million to $20.6 million, or $0.10 per basic and diluted common share attributable to controlling interest in Fiscal 2017, compared to $1.6 million, or $0.01 per basic and diluted common share attributable to controlling interest in Fiscal 2016. The increase in net loss per share was primarily due to lower operating profit and a higher effective income tax rate, partially offset by lower interest expenses.

• | Corporate cash and investments were approximately $93.0 million at September 30, 2017.

• | Our Consumer Products segment’s operating income for Fiscal 2017 decreased $94.9 million, or 14.5%, to $561.4 million from $656.3 million for Fiscal 2016. The decrease was primarily due to a $47.3 million increase in restructuring and related charges primarily attributable to restructuring initiatives in the hardware and home improvement and global auto care product lines; incremental costs of $35.8 million from the rawhide safety recall; and $11.6 million increase in impairment charges on intangible assets.

• | Our Consumer Products segment’s adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA” see additional discussion included in the “Non-GAAP Measurements” section below) of $955.7 million increased slightly compared to Adjusted EBITDA of $952.8 million for Fiscal 2016. Adjusted EBITDA margin represented 19.1% of sales as compared to 18.9% in Fiscal 2016.

• | Our Corporate and Other segment’s operating loss for Fiscal 2017 decreased $37.1 million to an operating loss of $45.7 million from $82.8 million for the Fiscal 2016 primarily due to decreases in corporate stock-based compensation, payroll and bonus expenses, coupled with lower impairments and loan loss provision expenses on the asset-based loan portfolio and the effects of the continued run-off of the Salus portfolio, the Company’s sale of its ownership interest in CorAmerica, and the wind-down of operations of Energy & Infrastructure Capital, LLC (“EIC”).

• | During Fiscal 2017, we received cash dividends of approximately $68.5 million from our subsidiaries, including $56.3 million and $12.2 million from Spectrum Brands and FGL, respectively.

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Results of Operations
Fiscal 2017 Compared to Fiscal 2016, and Fiscal 2016 Compared to Fiscal 2015
Presented below is a table that summarizes our results of operations and compares the amount of the change between the fiscal periods (in millions):

| Fiscal |  | Increase / (Decrease)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 compared to 2016 |  | 2016 compared to 2015
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Products | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |  |  | $ | (32.3 | ) |  | $ | 349.3 |
Corporate and Other | 1.1 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 63.4 |  |  | (7.8 | ) |  | (54.5 | )
Total revenues | $ | 5,008.5 |  |  | $ | 5,048.6 |  |  | $ | 4,753.8 |  |  | $ | (40.1 | ) |  | $ | 294.8 |
Operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Products | $ | 561.4 |  |  | $ | 656.3 |  |  | $ | 474.1 |  |  | $ | (94.9 | ) |  | $ | 182.2 |
Corporate and Other and eliminations | (45.1 | ) |  | (82.8 | ) |  | (295.0 | ) |  | 37.7 |  |  | 212.2 |
Consolidated operating income | 516.3 |  |  | 573.5 |  |  | 179.1 |  |  | (57.2 | ) |  | 394.4 |
Interest expense | (360.1 | ) |  | (402.5 | ) |  | (407.8 | ) |  | 42.4 |  |  | 5.3 |
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38.5 |  |  | — |  |  | (38.5 | )
Other (expense) income, net | (5.0 | ) |  | 4.8 |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | (9.8 | ) |  | (5.3 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 151.2 |  |  | 175.8 |  |  | (180.1 | ) |  | (24.6 | ) |  | 355.9 |
Income tax expense | 48.3 |  |  | 31.6 |  |  | 39.6 |  |  | 16.7 |  |  | (8.0 | )
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 102.9 |  |  | 144.2 |  |  | (219.7 | ) |  | (41.3 | ) |  | 363.9 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | 170.3 |  |  | (178.1 | ) |  | (292.7 | ) |  | 348.4 |  |  | 114.6 |
Net income (loss) | 273.2 |  |  | (33.9 | ) |  | (512.4 | ) |  | 307.1 |  |  | 478.5 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 167.2 |  |  | 164.9 |  |  | 44.4 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 120.5 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (556.8 | ) |  | $ | 304.8 |  |  | $ | 358.0 |

Revenues. Revenues for Fiscal 2017 decreased $40.1 million, or 0.8%, to $5,008.5 million from $5,048.6 million for Fiscal 2016. The decrease was primarily due to lower net sales from our Consumer Products segment and lower revenues generated by Salus as a result of run-off of the asset-backed loan portfolio.
Revenues for Fiscal 2016 increased $294.8 million, or 6.2%, to $5,048.6 million from $4,753.8 million for Fiscal 2015. The increase was primarily due to growth from acquisitions and organic net sales from our Consumer Products segment. These increases were partially offset by negative impact of foreign exchange in the Consumer Products segment, lower sales revenue associated with FOH that was deconsolidated in Fiscal 2015, and lower investment income as a result of the decrease in the asset-based loan portfolio of Salus.
Consolidated operating income. Consolidated operating income for Fiscal 2017 decreased $57.2 million, or 10.0%, to $516.3 million from $573.5 million for Fiscal 2016. The decrease was primarily driven by lower operating profit in our Consumer Products segment as a result of lower volumes and the negative impact of foreign exchange rates, as well as Spectrum Brands’ incremental costs of $35.8 million from the rawhide safety recall and additional restructuring costs of $47.3 million. The decrease was partially offset by lower impairments and stock based compensation expense in our Corporate and Other segment.
Consolidated operating income for Fiscal 2016 increased $394.4 million, or 220.2%, to $573.5 million from $179.1 million for Fiscal 2015. The increase was mainly due to increased profitability in our Consumer Products segment, lower impairments and lower selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses in the Corporate and Other segment.
Interest expense. Interest expense decreased $42.4 million to $360.1 million for Fiscal 2017 from $402.5 million for Fiscal 2016 primarily due to lower borrowing costs and incremental premium paid from debt redemption in the prior year due to the refinancing activities at our Consumer Products segment.
Interest expense decreased $5.3 million to $402.5 million for Fiscal 2016 from $407.8 million for Fiscal 2015. The decrease was primarily due to $58.8 million of costs incurred in Fiscal 2015 related to the financing of Spectrum Brands’ acquisition of AAG, the refinancing of certain of Spectrum Brands’ term loans (the “Term Loans Refinancing”), the refinancing of Spectrum Brands’ revolver facility (the “Revolver Facility Refinancing”) and redemption of SBI’s 6.75% senior unsecured notes (the “6.75% Notes”). Expenses related to the financing of the AAG acquisition included $14.1 million of costs related to bridge financing commitments and $4.5 million of costs related to interest on the acquired AAG senior notes from the date of the
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acquisition through the time of payoff. Expenses related to the Term Loans Refinancing, Revolver Facility Refinancing and redemption of the 6.75% Notes included: (i) $16.9 million of cash costs related to the call premium and pre-paid interest on the 6.75% Notes; (ii) $10.4 million of cash costs related to fees associated with the Term Loans Refinancing; (iii) $8.8 million of non-cash costs for the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees and original issue discount; and (iv) $4.1 million of non-cash costs for the write off of unamortized deferred financing fees on the 6.75% Notes. This decrease was partially offset by $21.4 million of non-recurring costs due to Spectrum Brands’ refinancing activity during Fiscal 2016, including (i) $15.6 million tender premium upon repayment of 6.375% Notes, and (ii) a $5.8 million non-cash expense for the write-off of debt issuance costs associated with the repayment of 6.375% Notes. Excluding the one-time and non-recurring costs, interest expense increased $32.9 million due to higher overall debt levels in the Consumer Products segment and Corporate and Other segment.
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary. FOH was deconsolidated in Fiscal 2015, which resulted in a gain of $38.5 million upon the elimination of FOH’s cumulative historical losses through April 19, 2015, the date FOHG filed for bankruptcy. Following the completion of the bankruptcy of FOHG, such entities ceased to be subsidiaries of HRG.
Other (expense) income, net. Other income decreased $9.8 million to $5.0 million other expense for Fiscal 2017 compared to $4.8 million other income for Fiscal 2016 driven by $8.0 million gain on the extinguishment of notes issued by HGI Energy recognized during Fiscal 2016.
Other income for Fiscal 2016 decreased $5.3 million to $4.8 million from $10.1 million for Fiscal 2015. The income for Fiscal 2015 was primarily due to unrealized gains on our ownership interest in HC2 Holdings Inc. (“HC2”) which was sold during the first fiscal quarter of 2016; and a gain on contingent purchase price reduction and associated interest income as a result of a settlement with OM Group (UK) Limited (“OMGUK”) during Fiscal 2015 of a purchase price adjustment in connection with HRG’s acquisition of FGL’s subsidiaries; partially offset by foreign exchange losses on asset-based loans denominated in Canadian Dollars for which Salus bears the foreign exchange exposure.
Income Taxes. Our tax rates are affected by many factors, including our mix of worldwide earnings related to operations in various taxing jurisdictions, changes in tax legislation and the character of our income.
For Fiscal 2017, our effective tax rate of 31.9% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate of 35.0% and was primarily impacted by U.S. pretax losses in the U.S. where the tax benefits were not more-likely-than-not to be realized, resulting in the recording of valuation allowance. Partially offsetting this increase in effective tax rate were the effects of income earned by Spectrum Brands outside of the U.S. that is subject to statutory rates lower than 35.0%. In addition, Spectrum Brands recognized a $33.4 million tax benefit for changes in its assessment over its ability to effectively repatriate tax-free non-US earnings upon which liabilities were previously recorded.
For Fiscal 2016, our effective tax rate of 18.0% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate and was primarily impacted by the release of domestic valuation allowance of $111.1 million by Spectrum Brands resulting from the expected utilization of a portion of Spectrum Brands’ U.S. net operating loss carryforwards that were previously recorded with valuation allowance, partially offset by $25.5 million of income tax expense recognized by Spectrum Brands for a tax contingency reserve for a tax exposure in Germany and an increase in valuation allowance needed for current year losses from the Corporate and Other segment in the U.S. that are not more-likely-than-not to be realized.
For Fiscal 2015, our effective tax rate of (22.0)% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate and was impacted by pretax losses including significant impairment and bad debt expense in our Corporate and Other segment in the U.S., and certain pretax losses from foreign jurisdictions for which the Company concluded that the tax benefits are not more-likely-than-not to be realized, resulting in the recording of valuation allowances. In addition, for Fiscal 2015, the Company recognized a $22.8 million income tax benefit from the reversal of a portion of Spectrum Brands’ U.S. valuation allowance on deferred tax assets in connection with the acquisition of AAG.
See Note 18, Income Taxes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional information.
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax. Income from discontinued operations, net of tax for Fiscal 2017 was $170.3 million compared to a loss from discontinued operations, net of tax of $178.1 million for Fiscal 2016. The $348.4 million decrease in loss from discontinued operations, net of tax was entirely driven by the Insurance Operations and was due to (i) a $304.4 million decrease in the write-down of the carrying value of the assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell; (ii) $54.4 million increase in income attributable to the Insurance Operations; and (iii) reversal of the $15.2 million estimated alternative minimum tax liability established in Fiscal 2016 as a result of the Company’s current intent in Fiscal 2017 to exercise the 338 Tax Election which is not expected to result in a taxable gain; partially offset by income from discontinued operations from Compass of $40.8 million prior to the sale in Fiscal 2016.
At September 30, 2017, the carrying value of the Company’s interest in FGL was $402.2 million higher than the estimated fair value less cost to sell of FGL. As a result, during Fiscal 2017, we recorded a $39.4 million write-down of assets of business held for sale in addition to the $362.8 million already recorded in Fiscal 2016 (mostly due to the increase in unrealized gains, net of offsets in FGL’s investment portfolio). The cumulative write-down could be partially reversed if the carrying value of FGL decreases in future reporting periods. If the FGL Merger is consummated, the amount of AOCI related to FGL will be recognized through (loss) income from discontinued operations on the statement of operations and could result in a gain from discontinued
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operations. In addition, at September 30, 2017, the carrying value of the Company’s interest in Front Street was $19.0 million higher than the fair value less cost to sell based on the sales price of Front Street and as a result, during Fiscal 2017, the Company recorded a $19.0 million write-down of assets of businesses held for sale.
The increase in net income attributable to the Insurance Operations of $54.4 million was driven primarily by the change in the fixed index annuity (“FIA”) present value of future credits and guarantee liability that decreased $172.9 million during Fiscal 2017 compared to an increase of $101.5 million for Fiscal 2016 due to the increase in longer duration risk free rates in the current period compared to a decrease in longer duration risk free rates in the prior period. Also contributing to the increase in net income attributable to the Insurance Operations was higher net investment income driven by higher assets under management. These increases were partially offset by credit-related impairment losses of $26.3 million on available-for-sale debt securities; higher amortization of intangibles and income tax expense; as well as lower operating income on Front Street’s reinsurance agreements with third parties and the established full valuation allowance against Front Street’s deferred tax assets during Fiscal 2017.
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax was $178.1 million for Fiscal 2016 as compared to $292.7 million for Fiscal 2015. The $114.6 million decrease in loss from discontinued operations, net of tax was primarily driven by a decrease in loss attributable to Compass of $409.4 million, offset by a decrease in income attributable to the Insurance Operations of $294.8 million.
The $409.4 million decrease in loss attributable to Compass was primarily due to a decrease of ceiling test impairments in Fiscal 2016 of $391.9 million year over year; a gain on sale of oil and gas properties of $105.6 million in Fiscal 2016; and $53.6 million gain on disposal of Compass; partially offset by a gain upon gaining control of an equity method investment of $141.2 million in Fiscal 2015.
The decrease in income of $294.8 million attributable to the Insurance Operations was driven by the write-down of the carrying value of the assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell of $362.8 million for Fiscal 2016; and the $15.2 million income tax expense recorded in Fiscal 2016 due to the effects of classifying the Company’s ownership interest in FGL as held for sale following the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement; partially offset by $83.2 million increase in net income attributable to the Insurance Operations.
The increase in net income attributable to the Insurance Operations of $83.2 million was driven primarily by higher net investment income due to increased average assets under management and higher earned yields from repositioning activities, tender offer consideration and bond prepayment income; and higher insurance and investment product fees due to increases in rider fees on FIA policies and in cost of insurance charges on universal life policies. These increases were partially offset by higher amortization of intangibles and income tax expense.
Noncontrolling Interest. The net income attributable to noncontrolling interest reflects the share of the net income of our subsidiaries, which are not wholly-owned, attributable to the noncontrolling interest. Such amount varies in relation to such subsidiary’s net income or loss for the period and the percentage interest not owned by HRG.
Consumer Products Segment
Acquisitions
The following acquisition activity has a significant impact on the comparability of the financial results of our Consumer Products segment:

• | PetMatrix - On June 1, 2017, Spectrum Brands completed the acquisition of PetMatrix, a manufacturer and marketer of rawhide-free dog chews consisting primarily of the DreamBone® and SmartBones® brands. The results of PetMatrix’s operations are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017.

• | GloFish - On May 12, 2017, Spectrum Brands completed the acquisition of assets consisting of the GloFish branded operations, including transfer of the GloFish® brand, related intellectual property and operating agreements. The GloFish operations primarily consist of the development and licensing of fluorescent fish for sale through mass retail and online channels. The results of GloFish’s operations are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017.

• | AAG - On May 31, 2015, Spectrum Brands completed the acquisition of AAG, a consumer products company consisting primarily of Armor All® branded appearance products, STP® branded performance chemicals, and A/C PRO® branded do-it-yourself automotive air conditioner recharge products. The results of AAG’s operations are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015.

• | Salix - On January 16, 2015, Spectrum Brands completed the acquisition of Salix, a vertically integrated producer and distributor of natural rawhide dog chews, treats and snacks. The results of Salix’s operations are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015.

• | European IAMS and Eukanuba - On December 31, 2014, Spectrum Brands completed the acquisition of Procter & Gamble’s European IAMS and Eukanuba, including its brands for dogs and cats. The results of the European IAMS and Eukanuba’s operations are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015.

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See Note 3, “Acquisitions” to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for further details regarding acquisition activity.
Spectrum Brands continually seeks to improve its operational efficiency, match the manufacturing capacity and product costs to market demand and better utilize its manufacturing resources. Spectrum Brands has undertaken various initiatives to reduce manufacturing and operating costs. The most significant of these initiatives are:

• | GAC Business Rationalization Initiatives, which began during the third quarter of Fiscal 2016 and anticipated to be incurred through December 31, 2017;

• | PET Rightsizing Initiative, which began during the second quarter of Fiscal 2017 and is anticipated to be incurred through September 30, 2018;

• | HHI Distribution Center Consolidation, which began during the second quarter of Fiscal 2017 and is anticipated to be incurred through September 30, 2018;

• | HHI Business Rationalization Initiatives, which began during the second quarter of Fiscal 2014 and was completed as of September 30, 2016; and

• | Global Expense Rationalization Initiatives, which began in the third quarter of Fiscal 2013 and was completed as of September 30, 2016.

See Note 4, “Restructuring and Related Charges” to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for further restructuring and related activity.
Presented below is a table that summarizes the results of operations of our Consumer Products segment and compares the amount of the change between the fiscal periods (in millions):

|  | Fiscal |  | Increase / (Decrease)
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 compared to 2016 |  | 2016 compared to 2015
Net sales |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |  |  | $ | (32.3 | ) |  | $ | 349.3 |
Cost of goods sold |  | 3,132.6 |  |  | 3,119.8 |  |  | 3,020.0 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 99.8 |
Consumer products segment gross profit |  | 1,874.8 |  |  | 1,919.9 |  |  | 1,670.4 |  |  | (45.1 | ) |  | 249.5 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 1,313.4 |  |  | 1,263.6 |  |  | 1,196.3 |  |  | 49.8 |  |  | 67.3 |
Operating income - Consumer Products segment |  | $ | 561.4 |  |  | $ | 656.3 |  |  | $ | 474.1 |  |  | $ | (94.9 | ) |  | $ | 182.2 |

Net sales. Net sales for Fiscal 2017 decreased $32.3 million, or 0.6%, to $5,007.4 million from $5,039.7 million for Fiscal 2016 as a result of the negative effect of foreign exchange rates of $28.3 million and decreases of organic net sales in global pet supplies products, home and garden control products, home appliances, global auto care and personal care product lines. These decreases in net sales were partially offset by the effects of acquisitions of PetMatrix and GloFish during the year of $25.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively, and increases of organic net sales in the hardware and home improvement products and consumer batteries. Organic net sales excludes the impact of foreign currency translation and acquisitions, and is considered a non-GAAP measurement (See “Non-GAAP Measures” section below for reconciliation of net sales to organic net sales).
Consolidated net sales by product line for each of those respective periods are as follows (in millions):

|  | Fiscal |  | Increase (Decrease)
Product line net sales |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 compared to 2016 |  | 2016 compared to 2015
Consumer batteries |  | $ | 865.6 |  |  | $ | 840.7 |  |  | $ | 829.5 |  |  | $ | 24.9 |  |  | $ | 11.2 |
Small appliances |  | 626.9 |  |  | 656.0 |  |  | 734.6 |  |  | (29.1 | ) |  | (78.6 | )
Personal care products |  | 505.4 |  |  | 513.6 |  |  | 528.1 |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  | (14.5 | )
Global batteries & appliances |  | 1,997.9 |  |  | 2,010.3 |  |  | 2,092.2 |  |  | (12.4 | ) |  | (81.9 | )
Hardware and home improvement products |  | 1,276.1 |  |  | 1,241.0 |  |  | 1,205.5 |  |  | 35.1 |  |  | 35.5 |
Global pet supplies |  | 793.2 |  |  | 825.7 |  |  | 758.2 |  |  | (32.5 | ) |  | 67.5 |
Home and garden control products |  | 493.3 |  |  | 509.0 |  |  | 474.0 |  |  | (15.7 | ) |  | 35.0 |
Global auto care |  | 446.9 |  |  | 453.7 |  |  | 160.5 |  |  | (6.8 | ) |  | 293.2 |
Total net sales to external customers |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |  |  | $ | (32.3 | ) |  | $ | 349.3 |

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The following table details the principal components of the change in the Consumer Products segment net sales from Fiscal 2016 to Fiscal 2017 (in millions):

|  | Net Sales
Fiscal 2016 Net sales |  | $ | 5,039.7 |
Increase due to acquisitions |  | 28.1 |
Increase in hardware and home improvement products |  | 32.4 |
Increase in consumer batteries |  | 29.4 |
Decrease in personal care products |  | (2.2 | )
Decrease in global auto care |  | (6.5 | )
Decrease in small appliances |  | (15.6 | )
Decrease in home and garden control products |  | (15.7 | )
Decrease in global pet supplies |  | (53.9 | )
Foreign currency impact, net |  | (28.3 | )
Fiscal 2017 Net sales |  | $ | 5,007.4 |

Net sales in hardware and home improvement products increased $35.1 million, or 2.8%, for Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016, with an increase in organic net sales of $32.4 million, or 2.6%, mainly attributable to an increase in security and locksets of $28.7 million due to increases in NA of $39.5 million from the introduction of new products with key retailers, expansion in electronic based products, promotion sales in e-commerce channel, increased volumes with non-retail wholesale and builder channels, and the introduction of Tell product into retail channels; partially offset by reduction in LATAM sales of $11.1 million driven by the exit of lower margin business of $9.4 million. Plumbing increased $6.7 million due to increases in NA of $8.1 million from promotional sales volumes with retailers and e-commerce channels, plus the introduction of new products with key retailers. The increases were partially offset by decreases in hardware of $3.0 million due to exit of lower margin business.
Net sales in consumer batteries improved $24.9 million, or 3.0%, for Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016, with an increase in organic net sales of $29.4 million, or 3.5%, primarily due to an increase in EMEA of $31.4 million from promotional sales volumes plus expansion with new and existing customers for both branded alkaline and specialty batteries; and increases in APAC of $2.7 million and LATAM of $1.1 million. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in NA of $5.8 million driven by pricing constraints on alkaline batteries, discontinued private label business, offset by volume increases and strong holiday point of sale (“POS”).
Net sales in personal care products decreased $8.2 million, or 1.6%, for Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016 with a decrease in organic net sales of $2.2 million, or 0.4%, due to a decrease in NA of $8.3 million from softer category POS, reduced retailer shelf space partially offset by continued growth through e-commerce channels; partially offset by increases in APAC, LATAM and EMEA of $3.4 million, $1.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
Net sales in global auto care decreased $6.8 million, or 1.5%, for Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016, with an organic sales decrease of $6.5 million, or 1.4%, primarily driven by decreased sales in auto appearance products of $6.7 million due to cooler and wet weather conditions and slowed POS during the summer months, and mass and auto retailer inventory reduction programs; partially offset by new product introductions.
Net sales in small appliances decreased $29.1 million, or 4.4%, for Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016, with an organic net sales decrease of $15.6 million, or 2.4%, primarily attributable to decrease in EMEA of $4.2 million primarily from Brexit-related market softness in the UK, coupled with decreases in APAC, LATAM and NA of $5.0 million, $4.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively, from lower POS and promotional activity within the region.
Net sales and organic sales in home and garden control products decreased $15.7 million, or 3.1%, for Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016, primarily attributable to decreases in repellent products and lawn and garden control products of $16.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, primarily due to weather conditions decreasing seasonal inventory sales, a reduction in distribution due to retail inventory management programs, coupled with higher demand driven by Zika concerns in the prior year; partially offset by an increase in household insect control products of $4.7 million driven by stronger POS and volume growth with key retailers and the introduction of new products and increased market share with key retail partners.
Net sales in global pet supplies decreased $32.5 million, or 3.9%, for Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016, with an organic net sales decrease of $53.9 million, or 6.5%. Net sales were negatively impacted by $7.1 million for customers returns attributed to the pet safety recall discussed above. Excluding the impact of the PetMatrix acquisition and product safety recall discussed above, companion animal sales decreased $37.0 million primarily due to a decrease in EMEA of $23.8 million from lower distribution and softer POS from increased competition and a reduction of $16.2 million for the acceleration of the exit of a pet food tolling agreement and a decrease in NA of $14.7 million from retail inventory reduction management programs, reduced listings and soft POS with pet specialty retailers, and low margin product exits of $5.2 million. Aquatic organic net sales decreased $9.8 million due to decreases in NA of $11.1 million from retail inventory reduction management programs and soft category POS with pet specialty retailers, partially offset by increases in EMEA of $2.1 million due to promotional sales offset by slower seasonal weather sales.
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Net sales for Fiscal 2016 increased $349.3 million, or 7.4%, to $5,039.7 million from $4,690.4 million for Fiscal 2015. The increase was primarily due to the impact of the acquisitions in AAG, European IAMS and Eukanuba and Salix that accounted for $277.3 million, $44.2 million and $30.3 million, respectively, and the growth in organic net sales across hardware and home improvement products, consumer batteries, home and garden control products, personal care products, global auto care and global pet supplies. These increases were partially offset by the negative impact of foreign exchange of $126.2 million and a decrease in the small appliances product line. The following table details the principal components of the change in the Consumer Products segment net sales from Fiscal 2015 to Fiscal 2016 (in millions):

|  | Net Sales
Fiscal 2015 Net sales |  | $ | 4,690.4 |
Acquisition of AAG |  | 277.3 |
Acquisition of European IAMS and Eukanuba |  | 44.2 |
Acquisition of Salix |  | 30.3 |
Increase in consumer batteries |  | 51.2 |
Increase in hardware and home improvement products |  | 50.2 |
Increase in home and garden control products |  | 35.1 |
Increase in global auto care |  | 16.6 |
Increase in personal care products |  | 12.9 |
Increase in global pet supplies |  | 1.2 |
Decrease in small appliances |  | (43.5 | )
Foreign currency impact, net |  | (126.2 | )
Fiscal 2016 Net sales |  | $ | 5,039.7 |

Net sales in consumer batteries increased $11.2 million, or 1.4% for Fiscal 2016 compared to Fiscal 2015, with an increase in organic sales of $51.2 million, or 6.2%, due to an increase in NA of $6.9 million due to increases in alkaline battery volumes from branded and private label product; increases in EMEA of $33.8 million due to an increase in alkaline battery sales of $17.5 million driven by promotion sales volumes, increased e-commerce and new private label customers and increases in hearing aid and specialty batteries of $14.9 million from increased hearing aid battery volumes with new and existing customers coupled with an increase in portable sales; and an increase in LATAM of $9.7 million primarily from hearing aid and specialty batteries.
Net sales in hardware and home improvement products increased $35.5 million, or 2.9%, for Fiscal 2016 compared to Fiscal 2015, with organic net sales increase of $50.2 million, or 4.2%, primarily attributable to an increase in the security and locksets category of $40.0 million due to an increase in POS, new product listings with key retail customers, increases in e-commerce volumes, and market growth with non-retail customers, partially offset by a $5.5 million decrease in sales with private label customers due to the transition in production of higher-margin branded products; an increase in plumbing products of $14.7 million from the introduction of new products and promotional sales with key retail customers. These increases were partially offset by a $3.7 million decrease in hardware products driven by a $22.8 million decrease for the expiration of a customer tolling agreement and planned exit of unprofitable business, mitigated by volume growth at existing retail and market expansion with non-retail customers in NA.
Net sales in home and garden control products increased $35.0 million, or 7.4%, for Fiscal 2016 compared to Fiscal 2015, with an organic net sale increase of $35.1 million, or 7.4%, primarily attributable to increases in repellent products growth of $15.7 million due to volume growth with key retailers and increased demand in response to the Zika virus; an increase in household insect control products of $10.3 million from volume growth with key retailers; and an increase in lawn and garden control products of $9.0 million due to an extended outdoor season due to warmer weather and early season retail shipments.
Net sales in global auto care increased $293.2 million for Fiscal 2016, including acquisition sales of $277.3 million. For the period of May 21, 2016 through September 30, 2016, organic net sales increased $16.6 million, or 10.3%, compared to the period of May 21, 2015 through September 30, 2015, primarily driven by increased sales volumes from refrigerant products and the introduction of private label products with a key customer.
Net sales in personal care products decreased $14.5 million, or 2.7%, for Fiscal 2016 compared to Fiscal 2015, with an increase in organic net sales of $12.9 million, or 2.4%, mainly attributable to increases in EMEA of $13.0 million and LATAM of $9.5 million from higher volume due to promotional sales and market expansion; offset by a decrease in NA of $13.9 million for softer POS in the category, reduction in retail inventory, shifting of holiday sales and competitive pricing.
Net sales in global pet supplies increased $67.5 million, or 8.9%, for Fiscal 2016 compared to Fiscal 2015, with organic net sales increase of $1.2 million, or 0.2%. Net sales were positively impacted by $74.5 million due to the acquisition of European IAMS and Eukanuba with $44.2 million and Salix with $30.3 million. Aquatic sales increased $1.1 million due to timing of prior year holiday shipments, partially offset with the exit of lower margin business. Excluding the impact of acquisitions, companion animal sales were consistent with prior year due to increased competition at key retailers, offset by growth with independent pet retailers, timing of promotional activity, and exiting of certain private label business.
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Net sales in small appliances decreased $78.6 million, or 10.7%, for Fiscal 2016 compared to Fiscal 2015, with a decrease in organic net sales of $43.5 million, or 5.9%, primarily attributable to decrease in sales in NA of $43.8 million due to softer category POS, reduction in retail inventory, shifting of holiday sales, and competitive pricing.
Cost of goods sold / Consumer products segment gross profit. Consumer products segment gross profit, representing net consumer products sales minus consumer products cost of goods sold, decreased $45.1 million from $1,919.9 million for Fiscal 2016 to $1,874.8 million for Fiscal 2017. Gross profit margin for Fiscal 2017 decreased to 37.4% from 38.1% in Fiscal 2016 primarily due to a decrease in organic net sales, the pet safety recall and incremental costs and inefficiencies from the HHI and GAC restructuring initiatives discussed above.
Consumer products segment gross profit for Fiscal 2016 was $1,919.9 million compared to $1,670.4 million for Fiscal 2015. The increase in gross profit was primarily attributable to increase in net sales and gross profit margin. Gross profit margin for Fiscal 2016 increased to 38.1% from 35.6% in Fiscal 2015 primarily driven by the AAG acquisition, and a shift towards higher margin product sales and continuing cost improvements across segments.
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses. Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses increased by $49.8 million, or 3.9%, to $1,313.4 million for Fiscal 2017, from $1,263.6 million for Fiscal 2016 due to an increase in selling and general and administrative expenses of $23.6 million primarily from the incremental expenses from the operations of acquired businesses during the year and costs associated with the pet recall previously discussed, increase in restructuring and related charges of $29.5 million primarily attributable to the HHI and GAC restructuring initiatives discussed above, and an increase in impairment charges of $11.6 million; offset by decreased acquisition and integration related charges of $15.8 million primarily from reduced integration costs from the GAC and HHI acquisitions.
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses increased by $67.3 million, or 5.6%, to $1,263.6 million for Fiscal 2016 from $1,196.3 million for Fiscal 2015 due to an increase in selling and general and administrative expenses of $89.4 million due to increased net sales, prior year acquisitions and increased share based compensation of $16.8 million; partially offset by a decrease in acquisition and integration costs of $22.1 million and decreased restructuring and related charges of $11.9 million.
Corporate and Other Segment
Presented below is a table that summarizes the results of operations of our Corporate and Other segment and compares the amount of the change between the fiscal periods (in millions):

| Fiscal |  | Increase / (Decrease)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 compared to 2016 |  | 2016 compared to 2015
Corporate and Other segment revenues | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 8.9 |  |  | $ | 63.4 |  |  | $ | (7.8 | ) |  | $ | (54.5 | )
Cost of consumer products and other goods sold | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30.9 |  |  | — |  |  | (30.9 | )
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses | 46.8 |  |  | 91.7 |  |  | 327.5 |  |  | (44.9 | ) |  | (235.8 | )
Total Corporate and Other segment operating costs and expenses | 46.8 |  |  | 91.7 |  |  | 358.4 |  |  | (44.9 | ) |  | (266.7 | )
Operating loss - Corporate and Other segment | $ | (45.7 | ) |  | $ | (82.8 | ) |  | $ | (295.0 | ) |  | $ | 37.1 |  |  | $ | 212.2 |

Corporate and Other segment revenues. Presented below is a table that summarizes the Corporate and Other segment revenues by product line and compares the amount of the change between the fiscal periods (in millions):

| Fiscal |  | Increase / (Decrease)
Corporate and Other segment revenues | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 compared to 2016 |  | 2016 compared to 2015
Asset management | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 8.9 |  |  | $ | 22.2 |  |  | $ | (7.8 | ) |  | $ | (13.3 | )
Women’s apparel and related products | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42.7 |  |  | — |  |  | (42.7 | )
Inter-company eliminations | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |
Corporate and Other segment revenues | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 8.9 |  |  | $ | 63.4 |  |  | $ | (7.8 | ) |  | $ | (54.5 | )

Asset Management
Revenues decreased $7.8 million to $1.1 million for Fiscal 2017 from $8.9 million for Fiscal 2016. This decrease was primarily driven by lower revenue generated by Salus as a result of the continued run-off of the remaining outstanding amount of Salus loans primarily attributable to paydowns on existing loans, coupled with the effect of the Company’s sale of its ownership interest in CorAmerica and the wind-down of the operations of EIC.
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Revenues decreased $13.3 million to $8.9 million for Fiscal 2016 from $22.2 million for Fiscal 2015. This decrease was primarily driven by lower revenue generated by Salus as a result of the run-off of the remaining outstanding amount of Salus loans primarily attributable to paydowns on existing loans and a lack of new loan originations by Salus.
Women’s apparel and related products
Revenues from Women’s apparel and related products reported within the “Net sales” caption for Fiscal 2015 represent sales from FOH. FOH was deconsolidated in the third quarter of Fiscal 2015 following the declaration of bankruptcy by FOHG in April 2015. Following the completion of the bankruptcy of FOHG, such entities ceased to be subsidiaries of HRG.
Cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold for Fiscal 2015 represents FOH cost of consumer products and other goods sold for Fiscal 2015.
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses. Presented below is a table that summarizes the Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses of our Corporate and Other segment by product line, and compares the amount of the change between the fiscal periods (in millions):

| Fiscal |  | Increase / (Decrease)
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 compared to 2016 |  | 2016 compared to 2015
Corporate | $ | 40.4 |  |  | $ | 52.2 |  |  | $ | 103.9 |  |  | $ | (11.8 | ) |  | $ | (51.7 | )
Asset management | 6.4 |  |  | 39.5 |  |  | 123.6 |  |  | (33.1 | ) |  | (84.1 | )
Women’s apparel and related products | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | — |  |  | (100.0 | )
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses - Corporate and Other segment | $ | 46.8 |  |  | $ | 91.7 |  |  | $ | 327.5 |  |  | $ | (44.9 | ) |  | $ | (235.8 | )

Corporate
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses decreased $11.8 million to $40.4 million for Fiscal 2017 from $52.2 million for Fiscal 2016. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $8.6 million and payroll and bonus expenses, partially offset by severance costs related to headcount reduction and an increase in legal expenses related to the exploration and evaluation of strategic alternatives available to the Company with a view toward enhancing shareholder value.
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses decreased $51.7 million to $52.2 million for Fiscal 2016 from $103.9 million for Fiscal 2015. The decrease was primarily due to the absence in Fiscal 2016 of $34.1 million of severance costs associated with the departure of Philip Falcone, the Company’s former CEO, in December 2014 (the “Falcone Departure”) and other HRG employee departures; a decrease of $5.2 million in bonus and stock based compensation; and a decrease in overall overhead cost for Fiscal 2016 when compared to Fiscal 2015. The lower compensation expense was driven by fewer participants in HRG’s bonus pool, which was partially offset by higher performance-based bonuses for the remaining participants.
Asset Management
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses decreased $33.1 million to $6.4 million for Fiscal 2017 from $39.5 million for Fiscal 2016. The decrease in selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses reflect $10.7 million goodwill and intangibles impairment at CorAmerica for Fiscal 2016, as well as a decrease in impairments and loan loss provision expenses on the asset-based loan portfolio of $11.0 million. Also contributing to the decrease were the effects of the run-off of the Salus portfolio, the Company’s sale of its ownership interest in CorAmerica, and the wind-down of the operations of EIC.
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses decreased $84.1 million to $39.5 million for Fiscal 2016 from $123.6 million for Fiscal 2015. The decrease in selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses reflected lower impairments and bad debt expense, the run-off of the Salus portfolio, the effect of the Company’s sale of its ownership interest in CorAmerica and the wind-down of the operations of EIC. Impairments and bad debt expense for Fiscal 2016 were $23.5 million, which consisted of $12.8 million net increase to the provision for credit losses on Salus’ asset-based loan portfolio and goodwill impairment of $10.7 million at CorAmerica. Impairments and bad debt expense for Fiscal 2015 were $88.0 million, which was primarily due to impairments on the loan to RadioShack, a former borrower of Salus.
Women’s apparel and related products
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses for Fiscal 2015 were $100.0 million, including $60.2 million of impairments to goodwill and intangible assets due to a change in view of the strategic direction of FOH following the Falcone Departure during the first quarter of Fiscal 2015, which triggered goodwill and intangibles impairment tests, as well as costs related to the bankruptcy filing of FOHG during Fiscal 2015.
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Non-GAAP Measurements
Our Consumer Products segment results contain non-GAAP metrics such as organic net sales and Adjusted EBITDA. While we believe organic net sales and Adjusted EBITDA are useful supplemental information, such adjusted results are not intended to replace the Company’s financial results in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) or the GAAP financial results of our Consumer Products segment and should be read in conjunction with those GAAP results.
Organic Net Sales — Consumer Products
Organic net sales is defined as net sales excluding the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and/or impact from acquisitions (where applicable). Spectrum Brands’ management believes this non-GAAP measure provides useful information to investors because it reflects regional and operating performance from Spectrum Brands’ activities without the effect of changes in currency exchange rate and/or acquisitions. Spectrum Brands uses organic net sales as one measure to monitor and evaluate their regional and segment performance. Organic growth is calculated by comparing organic net sales to net sales in the prior year. The effect of changes in currency exchange rates is determined by translating the period’s net sales using the currency exchange rates that were in effect during the prior comparative period. Net sales are attributed to the geographic regions based on the country of destination. Spectrum Brands excludes net sales from acquired businesses in the current year for which there are no comparable sales in the prior period.
The following is a reconciliation of net sales to organic net sales for Fiscal 2017 compared to net sales for Fiscal 2016, and the net sales to organic net sales for Fiscal 2016 compared to Fiscal 2015, respectively:

Fiscal 2017 |  | Net Sales |  | Effect of Changes in Currency |  | Net Sales Excluding Effect of Changes in Currency |  | Effect of Acquisitions |  | Organic Net Sales |  | Net Sales September 30, 2016 |  | Variance |  | % Variance
Consumer batteries |  | $ | 865.6 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 870.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 870.1 |  |  | $ | 840.7 |  |  | $ | 29.4 |  |  | 3.5 | %
Small Appliances |  | 626.9 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 640.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 640.4 |  |  | 656.0 |  |  | (15.6 | ) |  | (2.4 | )%
Personal care products |  | 505.4 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 511.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 511.4 |  |  | 513.6 |  |  | (2.2 | ) |  | (0.4 | )%
Global Batteries & Appliances |  | 1,997.9 |  |  | 24.0 |  |  | 2,021.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,021.9 |  |  | 2,010.3 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Hardware and home improvement products |  | 1,276.1 |  |  | (2.7 | ) |  | 1,273.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,273.4 |  |  | 1,241.0 |  |  | 32.4 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Global pet supplies |  | 793.2 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 799.9 |  |  | (28.1 | ) |  | 771.8 |  |  | 825.7 |  |  | (53.9 | ) |  | (6.5 | )%
Home and garden control products |  | 493.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 493.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 493.3 |  |  | 509.0 |  |  | (15.7 | ) |  | (3.1 | )%
Global Auto care |  | 446.9 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 447.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 447.2 |  |  | 453.7 |  |  | (6.5 | ) |  | (1.4 | )%
Total |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 28.3 |  |  | $ | 5,035.7 |  |  | $ | (28.1 | ) |  | $ | 5,007.6 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | (32.1 | ) |  | (0.6 | )%

Fiscal 2016 |  | Net Sales |  | Effect of Changes in Currency |  | Net Sales Excluding Effect of Changes in Currency |  | Effect of Acquisitions |  | Organic Net Sales |  | Net Sales September 30, 2015 |  | Variance |  | % Variance
Consumer batteries |  | $ | 840.7 |  |  | $ | 40.0 |  |  | $ | 880.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 880.7 |  |  | $ | 829.5 |  |  | $ | 51.2 |  |  | 6.2 | %
Small appliances |  | 656.0 |  |  | 35.1 |  |  | 691.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 691.1 |  |  | 734.6 |  |  | (43.5 | ) |  | (5.9 | )%
Personal care products |  | 513.6 |  |  | 27.4 |  |  | 541.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 541.0 |  |  | 528.1 |  |  | 12.9 |  |  | 2.4 | %
Global Batteries & Appliances |  | 2,010.3 |  |  | 102.5 |  |  | 2,112.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,112.8 |  |  | 2,092.2 |  |  | 20.6 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Hardware and home improvement products |  | 1,241.0 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 1,255.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,255.7 |  |  | 1,205.5 |  |  | 50.2 |  |  | 4.2 | %
Global pet supplies |  | 825.7 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 833.9 |  |  | (74.5 | ) |  | 759.4 |  |  | 758.2 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Home and garden control products |  | 509.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 509.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 509.1 |  |  | 474.0 |  |  | 35.1 |  |  | 7.4 | %
Global auto care |  | 453.7 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 454.4 |  |  | (277.3 | ) |  | 177.1 |  |  | 160.5 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Total |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 126.2 |  |  | $ | 5,165.9 |  |  | $ | (351.8 | ) |  | $ | 4,814.1 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |  |  | $ | 123.7 |  |  | 2.6 | %

Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP metric used by Spectrum Brands that Spectrum Brands’ management believes provides useful information to investors because it reflects ongoing operating performance and trends, excluding certain non-cash based expenses and/or non-recurring items during each of the comparable periods. It also facilitates comparisons between peer companies since interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization can differ greatly between organizations as a result of differing capital structures and tax strategies. Adjusted EBITDA is also used for determining compliance with Spectrum Brands’ debt covenant. See Note 13, Debt, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for additional details.
EBITDA is calculated by excluding income tax expense, interest expense, depreciation expense and amortization expense (from intangible assets) from our Consumer Products segment’s net income. Adjusted EBITDA further excludes: (1) stock-based
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compensation expense as it is a non-cash based compensation cost, see Note 20, Stock-based Compensation, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for further details; (2) acquisition and integration charges that consist of transaction costs from acquisition transactions during the period or subsequent integration related project costs directly associated with the acquired business, see Note 3, Acquisitions, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for further details; (3) restructuring and related charges, which consist of project costs associated with restructuring initiatives, see Note 4, Restructuring and Related Charges, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for further details; (4) non-cash purchase accounting inventory adjustments recognized in earnings subsequent to an acquisition (when applicable); (5) non-cash asset impairments or write-offs realized (when applicable); and (6) other adjustments as further discussed.
During Fiscal 2017, other adjustments consisted of estimated costs for a non-recurring voluntary recall of rawhide products (see Note 21, Commitments and Contingencies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for further details), professional fees associated with non-acquisition based strategic initiatives of our Consumer Products segment and an adjustment for the devaluation of cash and cash equivalents denominated in Venezuelan currency. During Fiscal 2016, other adjustments consisted of the onboarding of a key executive and the involuntary transfer of inventory. During Fiscal 2015, other adjustments consisted of costs associated with the exiting of a key executive, coupled with onboarding a key executive, and an adjustment for the devaluation of cash and cash equivalents denominated in Venezuelan currency.
The table below shows a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA for the Consumer Products segment (in millions):

|  | Fiscal
Reconciliation to reported net income: |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Reported net income - Consumer Products segment |  | $ | 297.1 |  |  | $ | 357.7 |  |  | $ | 149.4 |
Interest expense |  | 211.1 |  |  | 250.0 |  |  | 271.9 |
Income tax expense |  | 47.5 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 43.9 |
Depreciation of properties |  | 103.5 |  |  | 89.1 |  |  | 82.2 |
Amortization of intangibles |  | 95.2 |  |  | 93.9 |  |  | 87.8 |
EBITDA - Consumer products segment |  | 754.4 |  |  | 830.7 |  |  | 635.2 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 57.2 |  |  | 64.4 |  |  | 47.6 |
Acquisition and integration related charges |  | 20.9 |  |  | 36.7 |  |  | 58.8 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 62.5 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | 28.7 |
Product Safety Recall |  | 35.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Write-off from impairment of intangible assets |  | 16.3 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |
Purchase accounting inventory adjustment |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.7 |
Venezuela devaluation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.5 |
Other |  | 5.3 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 6.1 |
Adjusted EBITDA - Consumer Products segment |  | $ | 955.7 |  |  | $ | 952.8 |  |  | $ | 800.6 |

Our Consumer Products segment’s Adjusted EBITDA increased $2.9 million, or 0.3%, to $955.7 million in Fiscal 2017 as compared to $952.8 million in Fiscal 2016 primarily driven by a $12.8 million increase in the hardware and home improvements products due to increase in sales volumes and cost improvements; partially offset by (i) decrease of $5.3 million in home and garden control products due to lower sales volumes and incremental marketing costs, partially offset by product mix improvement and (ii) decrease of $5.0 million in global auto care due to sales volumes and higher marketing costs for new product introductions, partially offset by improved product mix and pricing adjustments. Adjusted EBITDA margin represented 19.1% of sales in Fiscal 2017 as compared to 18.9% in Fiscal 2016.
Our Consumer Products segment’s Adjusted EBITDA increased $152.2 million, or 19.0%, to $952.8 million in Fiscal 2016 as compared to $800.6 million in Fiscal 2015 primarily driven by a (i) $106.1 million increase attributable to AAG operations; (ii) the improved profitability in hardware and home improvement products and home and garden control products due to higher sales, improved product mix and cost improvements that account for $29.9 million of the increase in Adjusted EBITDA; and (iii) an increase of $15.6 million in the global pet supplies product line primarily driven by the acquisition of Salix and European IAMS and Eukanuba. Adjusted EBITDA margin represented 18.9% of sales in Fiscal 2016 as compared to 17.1% in Fiscal 2015.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
HRG
HRG is a holding company and its liquidity needs are primarily for interest payments on the 7.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2019 (the “7.875% Notes”), the 7.75% Senior Notes due 2022 (the “7.75% Notes”) and the 2017 Loan (in total approximately $139.6 million per year), professional fees (including advisory services, legal and accounting fees), salaries, retention and benefits payments, office rent, pension expense, insurance costs and funding certain requirements of our insurance and other subsidiaries. HRG’s current source of liquidity is its cash, cash equivalents and investments, and distributions from our subsidiaries and available borrowings.
During Fiscal 2017, we received cash dividends of $68.5 million from our subsidiaries, including $56.3 million and $12.2 million from Spectrum Brands and FGL, respectively. During Fiscal 2018, we expect to receive approximately $60.7 million of dividends from our subsidiaries’ distributable earnings.
The ability of HRG’s subsidiaries to generate sufficient net income and cash flows to make upstream cash distributions is subject to numerous factors, including restrictions contained in such subsidiary’s financing agreements, availability of sufficient funds in such subsidiary, applicable state laws and regulatory restrictions and the approval of such payment by such subsidiary’s Board of Directors, which must consider various factors, including general economic and business conditions, tax considerations, strategic plans, financial results and condition, expansion plans, any contractual, legal or regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends, and such other relevant factors, including in the case of FGL, the limitations imposed by the FGL Merger Agreement, and in the case of Front Street, the limitations imposed by the Front Street Purchase Agreement. In addition, if the FGL Merger and/or Front Street Sale are consummated, while we will receive the proceeds from such sales, we will no longer receive dividends from FGL and/or Front Street. Furthermore, one or more of our subsidiaries may issue, repurchase, retire or refinance, as applicable, their debt and/or equity securities for a variety of purposes, including in order to, in the future, grow their business, pursue acquisition activities and/or manage their liquidity needs. Any such issuance may limit such subsidiary’s ability to make upstream cash distributions.
HRG’s liquidity may also be impacted by the capital needs of HRG’s subsidiaries and the ability of our subsidiaries to remain in compliance with the covenants governing their indebtedness. Such entities may require additional capital to acquire other businesses, maintain or grow their businesses, make payments on, or remain in compliance with the covenants governing their indebtedness, and/or make upstream cash distributions to HRG.
We expect our cash, cash equivalents and investments to continue to be a source of liquidity except to the extent they may be used to fund the capital needs of our subsidiaries. At September 30, 2017, HRG’s corporate cash, cash equivalents and investments were $93.0 million.
We expect that dividends from our subsidiaries along with our cash, cash equivalents and investments and available borrowings to exceed our expected cash requirements and to satisfy our interest obligations, and general administrative expenses for at least the next twelve months. Depending on a variety of factors, including the general state of capital markets, operating needs or business strategies, HRG and/or one or more of its subsidiaries may or may be required to raise additional capital through the issuance of equity, debt, or both. There is no assurance, however, that such capital will be available at that time, in the amounts necessary or on terms satisfactory to HRG or its subsidiaries. HRG would expect to service any additional debt through increasing the dividends we receive or disposing of certain of our holdings, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so. We may also seek to repurchase, retire or refinance, as applicable, all or a portion of, our 7.875% Notes, the 7.75% Notes, the 2017 Loan, or common stock through open market purchases, tender offers, negotiated transactions or otherwise.
HGI Energy
HGI Energy has indebtedness of an aggregate $92.0 million under notes issued by HGI Energy for which Front Street, a wholly-owned subsidiary of HRG, bears the economic risk (the “HGI Energy Notes”). The HGI Energy Notes carry interest of 1.5% payable semi-annually. HGI Energy’s assets at September 30, 2017 included $89.2 million of marketable securities owned by HGI Energy. HGI Energy has required, and may in the future require, additional capital to conduct its operations and pay interest on the HGI Energy Notes.
On May 8, 2017, the HGI Energy Notes were amended to (i) extend the stated maturity date from August 22, 2017 to the earlier of (x) June 30, 2018 and (y) five business days following the date of any occurrence of acquisition of ownership, directly or indirectly, beneficially or of record, by any person or group, other than HRG or its subsidiaries, of common stock representing more than 50.0% of FGL’s issued an outstanding common stock and (ii) increase the rate of interest paid by the HGI Energy Notes from 0.7% to 1.5%, effective August 22, 2017.
Spectrum Brands
Spectrum Brands expects to fund its cash requirements, including capital expenditures, dividend, interest and principal payments due in Fiscal 2018 through a combination of cash ($168.2 million at September 30, 2017), cash flows from operations and $680.5 million available borrowings under the asset based lending Revolver Facility. Spectrum Brands expects its capital expenditures
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for Fiscal 2018 will be approximately $110.0 million to $120.0 million. Going forward, its ability to satisfy financial and other covenants in its senior credit agreements and senior unsecured indentures and to make scheduled payments or prepayments on its debt and other financial obligations will depend on its future financial and operating performance. There can be no assurances that its business will generate sufficient cash flows from operations or that future borrowings under Spectrum Brands’ debt agreements, including the Revolver Facility, will be available in an amount sufficient to satisfy its debt maturities or to fund its other liquidity needs.
FGL (Business Held for Sale)
FGL’s principal source of liquidity is dividends from Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings (“FGH”), whose liquidity is, in turn, principally based on dividends from its operating insurance company subsidiaries, FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance. FGL Insurance’s and FGL NY Insurance’s primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from insurance premiums and fees and investment income. FGL’s principal use of cash is to fund contractual benefit payments under their annuity and universal life products. FGL Insurance’s and FGL NY Insurance’s cash flows associated with collateral received from and posted with counterparties change as the market value of the underlying derivative contract changes. As the value of a derivative asset declines (or increases), the collateral required to be posted by their counterparties would also decline (or increase). Likewise, when the value of a derivative liability declines (or increases), the collateral FGL NY Insurance and FGL Insurance are required to post to their counterparties would also decline (or increase). FGH also maintains lines of credit and long-term debt financing, which provide liquidity but also require debt service.
FGL’s principal use of liquidity is to pay dividends to its stockholders, including HRG. Its ability to pay dividends is limited by regulatory and capital adequacy considerations and contractual limitations, including the FGL Merger Agreement, and other limitations applicable to its subsidiaries.
Front Street (Business Held for Sale)
Front Street’s liquidity needs consist primarily of supporting the capitalization of its reinsurance business. As of September 30, 2017, Front Street Cayman and Front Street Bermuda maintained regulatory capital in excess of their minimum requirements. Front Street Cayman’s reinsurance obligations are collateralized by the assets in the funds withheld accounts of ceding companies. Front Street Cayman does not expect to need additional liquidity in the near-term, but there can be no assurance that its capitalization or the funds withheld assets will be sufficient in the future to meet applicable regulatory requirements or its reinsurance obligations in the event of impairments in the funds withheld assets.
Discussion of Consolidated Cash Flows
Summary of Consolidated Cash Flows
Presented below is a table that summarizes the cash provided or used in our activities and the amount of the respective increases or decreases in cash provided or used from those continuing activities between the fiscal periods (in millions):

|  | Fiscal |  | Increase / (Decrease)
Net change in cash due to continuing operating activities: |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 compared to 2016 |  | 2016 compared to 2015
Consumer Products |  | $ | 665.4 |  |  | $ | 615.0 |  |  | $ | 444.3 |  |  | $ | 50.4 |  |  | $ | 170.7 |
Corporate and Other |  | (185.7 | ) |  | (187.6 | ) |  | (151.8 | ) |  | 1.9 |  |  | (35.8 | )
Net change in cash due to continuing operating activities |  | 479.7 |  |  | 427.4 |  |  | 292.5 |  |  | 52.3 |  |  | 134.9 |
Net change in cash due to continuing investing activities |  | (385.7 | ) |  | 126.2 |  |  | (1,069.8 | ) |  | (511.9 | ) |  | 1,196.0 |
Net change in cash due to continuing financing activities |  | (291.8 | ) |  | (730.2 | ) |  | 776.6 |  |  | 438.4 |  |  | (1,506.8 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | 2.7 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (29.7 | ) |  | 4.1 |  |  | 28.3 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents in continuing operations |  | $ | (195.1 | ) |  | $ | (178.0 | ) |  | $ | (30.4 | ) |  | $ | (17.1 | ) |  | $ | (147.6 | )

Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities totaled $479.7 million for Fiscal 2017 as compared to $427.4 million for Fiscal 2016. The $52.3 million improvement in cash provided by operating activities was the result of a $50.4 million increase in cash provided by the Consumer Products segment primarily due to (i) incremental cash generated from Spectrum Brands’ operations of $25.7 million, including cash contributed through working capital of $15.5 million, primarily from working capital management initiatives to reduce inventory levels, improve turns and the cash conversion cycle and (ii) a decrease in cash paid for interest of $53.4 million, excluding a non-recurring tender premium of $4.6 million for the redemption of the 6.375% Notes, due to a
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reduction in annualized interest costs from refinancing activities. Partially offsetting these cash inflows were: (i) an increase in cash paid for acquisition, integration and restructuring related activities of $30.3 million primarily for integration of newly acquired businesses and ongoing restructuring initiatives; (ii) an increase in corporate expenditures of $7.3 million for continued investment in shared service operations; and (iii) an increase in cash paid for income taxes of $2.1 million.
Cash provided by operating activities totaled $427.4 million for Fiscal 2016 compared to $292.5 million for Fiscal 2015. The $134.9 million improvement was the result of a $170.7 million increase in cash provided by the Consumer Products segment primarily due to: (i) incremental cash generated from the segment operations of $166.7 million due to growth in net sales, acquisitions and cost management initiatives, including cash contributed through working capital primarily from decreases of receivables and inventory due to working capital management initiatives; (ii) a decrease in cash paid for interest of $12.0 million, excluding a non-recurring tender premium of $15.6 million for the redemption of the 6.375% Notes, from a decrease in annualized interest costs; and (iii) a decrease in cash paid for income taxes, which was partially offset by (a) an increase in cash paid for restructuring and acquisition and integration related activities of $7.1 million for integration of previously acquired businesses; and (b) increased payments towards corporate expenditures of $3.9 million due to increased compensation costs and investment in shared services. Partially offsetting these inflows was a $35.8 million increase in cash used by the Corporate and Other segment driven by $61.6 million cash received from the settlement of a purchase price adjustment with OMGUK during Fiscal 2015 discussed above.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities was $385.7 million for Fiscal 2017 and was primarily related to acquisitions, net of cash acquired, of PetMatrix and GloFish by Spectrum Brands of $304.7 million and capital expenditures of $115.0 million associated with incremental investment in capacity expansion and cost reduction projects, partially offset by cash proceeds from the net repayment of asset-based loans at Salus of $30.9 million.
Cash provided by investing activities during Fiscal 2016 was $126.2 million primarily driven by (i) $170.9 million of cash provided from the net repayment of asset-based loans; (ii) $35.1 million from the sale of our ownership interest in HC2; and (iii) $19.7 million proceeds from sale of assets. Partially offsetting these inflows were purchases of property, plant and equipment by Spectrum Brands of $95.4 million.
Cash used in investing activities during Fiscal 2015 was $1,069.8 million primarily driven by (i) $1,309.9 million used for Spectrum Brands’ acquisitions of AAG, Salix, European IAMS and Eukanuba and Tell; and the Company’s purchase of additional interest in Compass; (ii) $90.6 million of capital expenditures; and (iii) $24.0 million capital contribution to Front Street. Partially offsetting these outflows were (i) $282.9 million of cash provided from the net repayment of asset-based loans and (ii) $70.8 million of cash provided from the sale of investments.
Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities during Fiscal 2017 was $291.8 million primarily related to (i) debt repayment of $261.1 million, including $129.7 million for the redemption of Spectrum Brands’ 6.375% Notes, $61.3 million for the extinguishment of Spectrum Brands’ Euro denominated term loan facility, $41.6 million of scheduled amortizing payments of debt by Spectrum Brands and $28.5 million of debt repayment by Salus; (ii) Spectrum Brands’ repurchases of their common stock and the purchase of the remaining non-controlling interest of Shaser of $252.5 million and $12.6 million, respectively; (iii) share-based award tax withholding payments of $40.8 million; and (iv) dividend paid by Spectrum Brands to noncontrolling interests of $39.9 million; partially offset by (i) proceeds, net of debt issuance costs, from the Revolver Facility and other notes by Spectrum Brands of $259.7 million and the 2017 Loan by HRG of $48.9 million and (ii) proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $6.5 million.
Cash used in financing activities was $730.2 million for Fiscal 2016 and was primarily related to the (i) $1,090.8 million repayment of debt primarily by Spectrum Brands and Salus; (ii) purchases of Spectrum Brands stock of $52.1 million; (iii) dividend paid by Spectrum Brands to noncontrolling interests of $37.3 million and (iv) share-based award tax withholding payments of $28.7 million, partially offset by new borrowing by Spectrum Brands under the 4.00% Notes, net of financing costs $475.7 million.
Cash provided by financing activities during Fiscal 2015 was $776.6 million primarily related to (i) the $3,660.5 million proceeds from issuance of debt, net of financing costs to fund certain acquisitions, organic growth and refinance debt with lower interest rates and (ii) the $281.0 million of cash provided by the issuance of Spectrum Brands common stock in relation to the funding for the acquisition of AAG. These inflows were offset by (i) the repayment of debt, including tender and call premiums of $3,050.5 million; (ii) $49.6 million used for the purchases of shares of Spectrum Brands as well as on additional interest in CorAmerica; (iii) payment of dividends by our partially owned subsidiaries to noncontrolling interest holders of $31.0 million; (iv) common stock repurchases of $22.2 million; and (v) share-based award tax withholding payments of $21.0 million.
Debt Financing Activities
At September 30, 2017, HRG and its subsidiaries were in compliance with their respective covenants under their respective debt documents. See Note 13, Debt, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial
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Statements and Schedules for additional information regarding the Company and its subsidiaries’ debt activities during Fiscal 2017.
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2017 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods (in millions) and excludes certain other obligations that have been reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 included in this report.

|  | Payments Due by Period
|  | Total |  | Less than 1 year |  | 1 to 3 years |  | 3 to 5 years |  | Thereafter
Contractual obligations of business held for use: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt, excluding capital lease (a) |  | $ | 5,612.3 |  |  | $ | 164.7 |  |  | $ | 895.7 |  |  | $ | 2,230.9 |  |  | $ | 2,321.0 |
Interest payments, excluding capital lease (a) |  | 1,592.7 |  |  | 317.0 |  |  | 555.8 |  |  | 440.0 |  |  | 279.9 |
Capital lease (b) |  | 258.6 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 28.7 |  |  | 29.3 |  |  | 186.6 |
Operating lease (c) |  | 148.1 |  |  | 33.7 |  |  | 50.9 |  |  | 30.9 |  |  | 32.6 |
Employee benefit (d) |  | 132.3 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 24.3 |  |  | 25.6 |  |  | 71.3 |
Letters of credit (e) |  | 19.7 |  |  | 19.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other purchase obligations |  | 1.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total contractual obligations of business held for use |  | $ | 7,764.8 |  |  | $ | 560.3 |  |  | $ | 1,556.4 |  |  | $ | 2,756.7 |  |  | $ | 2,891.4 |
Contractual obligations of businesses held for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Annuity, universal life, and long-term products (f) |  | $ | 35,683.3 |  |  | $ | 2,573.6 |  |  | $ | 4,921.4 |  |  | $ | 4,894.5 |  |  | $ | 23,293.8 |
Operating leases |  | 7.2 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |
Debt |  | 405.0 |  |  | 105.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 300.0 |  |  | — |
Interest payments |  | 76.5 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 38.3 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | — |
Total contractual obligations of businesses held for sale |  | $ | 36,172.0 |  |  | $ | 2,699.7 |  |  | $ | 4,963.7 |  |  | $ | 5,214.8 |  |  | $ | 23,293.8 |

At September 30, 2017, our Consolidated Balance Sheets included $34.6 million of reserves for uncertain tax positions. It is not possible to predict or estimate the timing of payments for these obligations and, accordingly, they are not reflected in the above table.

(a) | For more information concerning debt, see Note 13, Debt, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

(b) | Spectrum Brands’ capital lease payments due by fiscal year include executory costs and imputed interest.

(c) | For more information concerning operating leases, see Note 14, Leases, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

(d) | Employee benefit obligations represent the sum of our estimated future minimum required funding for our qualified defined benefit plans based on actuarially determined estimates and projected future benefit payments from our unfunded postretirement plans. For additional information about our employee benefit obligations, see Note 17, Employee Benefit Obligations, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

(e) | Consists of standby letters of credit that back the performance of certain entities under various credit facilities, insurance policies and lease arrangements.

(f) | Consists of projected payments through the year 2030 that the Insurance operations is contractually obligated to pay to annuity, universal life, and long-term care policyholders. The payments are derived from actuarial models which assume a level interest rate scenario and incorporate assumptions regarding mortality and persistency, when applicable. These assumptions are based on historical experience, but actual amounts will differ.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Throughout our history, we have entered into indemnifications in the ordinary course of business with our customers, suppliers, service providers, business partners and in connection with the purchase and sale of assets, securities and businesses. Additionally, we have indemnified our directors and officers who are, or were, serving at our request in such capacities. Although the specific terms or number of such arrangements is not precisely quantifiable, we do not believe that future costs associated with such arrangements will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Seasonality
On a consolidated basis, our financial results are approximately equally weighted between quarters, however, sales of certain product categories within our Consumer Products segment tend to be seasonal. Sales in the consumer batteries and personal care products categories tend to increase during the December holiday season (our first fiscal quarter), while small appliances sales increase from July through December primarily due to the increased demand by customers in the late summer for “back-to-school” sales (our fourth fiscal quarter) and in December for the holiday season. Sales in hardware and home improvement products increase during the spring and summer construction period (our third and fourth fiscal quarters). Sales in global pet supplies products remain fairly consistent throughout the year with little variations. Sales in home and garden control products and global auto care typically peak during the first six months of the calendar year (our second and third fiscal quarters) due to
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customer seasonal purchasing patterns and timing of promotional activities.
Information about our net sales by quarter as a percentage of annual net sales during the last three fiscal years was as follows:

Percentage of Annual Net Consumer Products Sales |  | Fiscal
Fiscal Quarter Ended |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
First Quarter |  | 24 | % |  | 24 | % |  | 23 | %
Second Quarter |  | 24 | % |  | 24 | % |  | 23 | %
Third Quarter |  | 26 | % |  | 27 | % |  | 26 | %
Fourth Quarter |  | 26 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 28 | %

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for information about recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. We believe the following accounting policies are critical to an understanding of our financial statements. The application of these policies requires management’s judgment and estimates in areas that are inherently uncertain. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Except for the matter discussed below, there have been no material changes to the critical accounting policies and estimates.
General
Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
The Company reports a business as held for sale when the criteria of ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”) are met. A business classified as held for sale is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less cost to sell. If the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value less cost to sell, a loss is recognized. Assets and liabilities related to a business classified as held for sale are segregated in the current and prior balance sheets in the period in which the business is classified as held for sale. Transactions between the business held for sale and businesses held for use that are expected to continue to exist after the disposal are not eliminated to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale. If a business is classified as held for sale after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued, the business continues to be classified as held and used in those financial statements when issued or when available to be issued.
The Company reports the results of operations of a business as discontinued operations if a disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results when the business is sold or classified as held for sale, in accordance with ASC 360 and ASU No. 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 2015) and Property, Plant and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity (“ASU 2014-08”). The results of discontinued operations are reported in “Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for current and prior periods commencing in the period in which the business meets the criteria of a discontinued operation, and include any gain or loss recognized on closing or adjustment of the carrying amount to fair value less cost to sell. Transactions between the businesses held for sale and businesses held for use that are expected to continue to exist after the disposal are not eliminated to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale.
The guidance above does not apply to oil and gas properties that are accounted for using the full-cost method of accounting as prescribed by the U.S. SEC (Regulation S-X, Rule 4-10, Financial Accounting and Reporting for Oil and Gas Producing Activities Pursuant to the Federal Securities Laws and the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975) unless the disposal represents all or substantially all of a full cost pool as a discontinued operation. As discussed in Note 5, Divestitures, on July 1, 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to sell all of its remaining oil and gas interests. Consequently, the Company’s investments in oil and gas properties have been reclassified as discontinued operations.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax laws or rates is recognized in income
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in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company has the ability and intent to recover in a tax-free manner assets (or liabilities) with book/tax basis differences for which no deferred taxes have been provided, in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes.
Additionally, taxing jurisdictions could retroactively disagree with our tax treatment of certain items, and some historical transactions have income tax effects going forward. Accounting guidance requires these future effects to be evaluated using current laws, rules and regulations, each of which can change at any time and in an unpredictable manner.
In accordance with ASC Topic 740, we establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets when, in our judgment, we conclude that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We base these judgments on projections of future income, including tax-planning strategies, by individual tax jurisdiction. Changes in industry and economic conditions and the competitive environment may impact the accuracy of our projections. In accordance with ASC Topic 740, during each reporting period, we assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be realized and determine if adjustments to our valuation allowance are appropriate. As a result of this assessment, as of September 30, 2017, our consolidated valuation allowance was $969.4 million. Increase or decreases in our of valuation allowances has had and could have a significant negative or positive impact on our current and future earnings. In Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recorded a net expense (benefit), respectively, due to changes in valuation allowances of $79.6 million, $(45.7) million and $190.8 million, respectively. Additionally, our ability to use NOLs and other tax carryforwards could also be adversely affected if the respective companies were deemed to have an “ownership change” within the meaning of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. An ownership change is generally defined as a greater than 50% increase in equity ownership by “5% shareholders” (as that term is defined for purposes of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code) in any three-year period. We experienced ownership changes in 2013 and in the years prior, which have limited the utilization of a portion of their NOL carryforwards and other carryforward tax attributes.
We prepare and file tax returns based on our interpretation of tax laws and regulations. Our tax returns are subject to examination by various taxing authorities and may result in future tax and interest assessments. For financial reporting purposes, we apply the accounting guidance for uncertain tax positions under ASC Topic 740 which prescribes a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. A reserve for uncertain tax positions is established for those positions that are determined to not be more likely than not of being sustained upon examination based on their technical merits. Our unrecognized tax benefits totaled $34.6 million and $47.4 million as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. See further discussion in Note 18, Income Taxes, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Loss Contingencies
Loss contingencies are recorded as liabilities when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The outcome of existing litigation, the impact of environmental matters and pending or potential examinations by various taxing or regulatory authorities are examples of situations evaluated as loss contingencies. Estimating the probability and magnitude of losses is often dependent upon management’s judgment of potential actions by third parties and regulators. It is possible that changes in estimates or an increased probability of an unfavorable outcome could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The establishment of litigation, regulatory and environmental reserves requires judgments concerning the ultimate outcome of pending claims against us and our subsidiaries. In applying judgment, management utilizes opinions and estimates obtained from outside legal counsel to apply the appropriate accounting for contingencies. Accordingly, estimated amounts relating to certain claims have met the criteria for the recognition of a liability. Other claims for which a liability has not been recognized are reviewed on an ongoing basis in accordance with accounting guidance. A liability is recognized for all associated legal costs as incurred. Liabilities for litigation settlements, regulatory matters, environmental settlements, legal fees and changes in these estimated amounts may have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
See further discussion in Note 21, Commitments and Contingencies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets
Our goodwill, intangible assets and tangible fixed assets are held at historical cost, net of depreciation and amortization, less any provision for impairment. Intangible and tangible assets with determinable lives are amortized or depreciated on a straight line basis over estimated useful lives.
On an annual basis, or more frequently if triggering events occur, we compare the estimated fair value of our reporting units to the carrying value to determine if potential goodwill impairment exists. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss, if any, is recorded for the difference between the fair value of the reporting unit goodwill and its carrying value. The estimated fair value represents the amount at which a reporting unit could be bought or sold in a current transaction between willing parties on an arms-length basis. In estimating the fair value of the reporting unit, we use a discounted cash flows methodology, which requires us to estimate future revenues, expenses, and capital expenditures and make assumptions about our weighted average cost of capital, and perpetuity growth rate, among other variables. We tested the aggregate estimated fair value of our consumer products reporting units for reasonableness by comparison to Spectrum Brands’ total market capitalization, which includes both its equity and debt securities.
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In addition to goodwill, we have indefinite-lived intangible assets that consist of acquired tradenames. On an annual basis, or more frequently if triggering events occur, we compare the estimated fair value of the identified trade names to the carrying value to determine if potential impairment exists. If the fair value is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recorded for the excess. The fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is determined using an income approach, the relief from royalty methodology, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future revenues, royalty rates, and the discount rate, among others.
We also review other definite-lived intangible assets and tangible fixed assets for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Circumstances such as the discontinuation of a product or product line, a sudden or consistent decline in the sales forecast for a product, changes in technology or in the way an asset is being used, a history of operating or cash flow losses or an adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, among others, may trigger an impairment review. If such indicators are present, the Company performs undiscounted cash flow analyses to determine if impairment exists. The asset value would be deemed impaired if the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset did not exceed the carrying value of the asset. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value.
A considerable amount of judgment and assumptions is required in performing the impairment tests, principally in determining the fair value of each reporting unit and assets subject to impairment testing. While we believe that our judgments and assumptions are reasonable, different assumptions could change the estimated fair value and therefore, additional impairment changes could be required. The Company is subject to financial statement risk in the event that business or economic conditions unexpectedly decline and impairment is realized.
Spectrum Brands has reporting units that are also consistent with Spectrum Brands’ product categories: global batteries and appliances, hardware and home improvement, global pet supplies, home and garden, and global auto care. The fair value of global batteries and appliances, hardware and home improvement, global pet supplies, home and garden and global auto care categories, which are also Spectrum Brands’ reportable segments, exceeded their carrying value by 152.1%, 93.2%, 38.6%, 352.3% and 12.4%, respectively.
During Fiscal 2016, Spectrum Brands recognized $4.7 million impairment on indefinite life intangible assets due to the reduction in value over certain tradenames in response to changes in management’s strategy.
During Fiscal 2017, Spectrum Brands recognized $16.3 million impairment on indefinite life intangible assets due to the reduction in value over certain tradenames in response to changes in management’s strategy.
There were no triggering events identified during the year that would require the need for an impairment test over Spectrum Brands’ definite-lived assets.
During the third quarter of Fiscal 2016, the Company determined that sufficient indicators of potential impairment existed to require an interim goodwill impairment analysis for the CorAmerica reporting unit. The Company estimated the fair value of the CorAmerica reporting unit using the income approach. Management’s estimate of implied fair value of goodwill was zero and, consequently, resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $10.7 million. The goodwill impairment charge was reflected in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Effective April 19, 2015, FOHG filed for bankruptcy. Following the completion of the bankruptcy of FOHG, such entities ceased to be subsidiaries of HRG. We recorded an impairment charge of $10.7 million related to FOHG during Fiscal 2016.
See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, and Note 11, Goodwill and Intangibles, net, to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our asset impairment determinations.
Pensions
The Company recognizes amounts on the consolidated financial statements related to defined benefit pension plans using a September 30 measurement date. The accounting for these plans requires us to recognize the overfunded and/or underfunded status of each pension plan (i.e. the estimated present value of future benefits, net of plan assets) on the consolidated statement of financial position. A substantial portion of our pension obligations are related to defined benefit pension plans in the U.S., a majority of which are frozen. The determination of the estimated present value of future benefits includes several important assumptions, particularly around discount rates, expected returns on plan assets, and retirement and mortality rates.
The Company’s discount rate assumptions are based on the interest rate of high-quality corporate bonds, with appropriate consideration of our plans’ participants’ demographics and benefit payment terms. For the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company used discount rates ranging from 1.1% to 13.4%. The Company believes the discount rates used are reflective of the rates at which pension benefits could be effectively settled. If interest rates decline resulting in a lower discount rate, our pension liability will increase along with the related pension expense and required funding contributions.
The Company’s expected return on plan assets assumptions are based on our expectation of long-term average rates of return on assets in the pension funds, which reflect both the current and projected asset mix of the funds and consider the historical returns earned on the fund. If the actual rates of return are lower than we assume, our future pension expense and required funding contributions may increase. Actual returns above the assumed level could decrease future pension expense and lower the amount of required funding contributions. For the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company used an expected return on plan assets of 1.1% to 7.0%. If plan assets decline due to poor market performance, the Company’s pension liability will
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increase along with increasing pension expense and required funding contributions may increase.
The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications based on current rates and trends when appropriate. Based on the information provided by independent actuaries and other relevant sources, the Company believes that the assumptions used are reasonable; however, changes in these assumptions could impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows in the future. See Note 17, Employee Benefit Obligations to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for further discussion of our employee benefit plans.
Restructuring and Related Charges
Restructuring charges include, but are not limited to, termination and related costs consisting primarily of one-time termination benefits such as severance costs and retention bonuses, and contract termination costs consisting primarily of lease termination costs. Related charges, as defined by us, include, but are not limited to, other costs directly associated with exit and relocation activities, including impairment of property and other assets, departmental costs of full-time incremental employees, and any other items related to the exit or relocation activities. Costs for such activities are estimated by us after evaluating detailed analyses of the costs to be incurred.
Liabilities from restructuring and related charges are recorded for estimated costs of facility closures, significant organizational adjustments and measures undertaken by us to exit certain activities. Costs for such activities are estimated by us after evaluating detailed analyses of the costs to be incurred. Such liabilities could include amounts for items such as severance costs and related benefits (including settlements of pension plans), lease termination payments and any other items directly related to the exit activities. Impairment of property, plant and equipment and other current or long-term assets as a result of restructuring related initiatives are recognized as a reduction of the appropriate asset.
Restructuring and related charges associated with manufacturing and related initiatives are reported in cost of goods sold. Restructuring and related charges reflected in cost of goods sold include, but are not limited to, termination and related costs associated with manufacturing employees, asset impairments relating to manufacturing initiatives and other costs directly related to the restructuring initiatives implemented. Restructuring and related charges associated with administrative functions are reported in operating expenses, such as initiatives impacting sales, marketing, distribution or other non-manufacturing related functions. Restructuring and related charges reflected in operating expenses include, but are not limited to, termination and related costs, any asset impairments relating to the administrative functions and other costs directly related to the initiatives implemented.
While the actions are carried out as expeditiously as possible, restructuring and related charges are estimates. Changes in estimates resulting in an increase to or a reversal of a previously recorded liability may be required as we execute a restructuring plan. See Note 4, Restructuring and Related Charges to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our restructuring initiatives and related costs.

Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market Risk Factor s
Market risk is the risk of the loss of fair value resulting from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. Market risk is directly influenced by the volatility and liquidity in the markets in which the related underlying financial instruments are traded.
Through Spectrum Brands, we have market risk exposure from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and commodity prices. Spectrum Brands uses derivative financial instruments to mitigate the risk from such exposures, when appropriate. While we or our subsidiaries may enter into derivative contracts to attempt to manage a portion of an underlying market risk, we or our subsidiaries may not be successful managing the intended risk and/or we or our subsidiaries may reduce or eliminate such arrangements at any time.
Interest Rate Risk
A portion of Spectrum Brands’ debt bears interest at variable rates. If market interest rates increase, the interest rate on Spectrum Brands’ variable rate debt will increase and will create higher debt service requirements, which would adversely affect Spectrum Brands’ cash flow and could adversely impact its results of operations. Spectrum Brands also has bank lines of credit at variable interest rates. The general levels of United States, Canadian and European Union interest rates, London Interbank Offered rate, Canadian Dollar Offered rate and Euro Interbank Offered Rate affect interest expense. Spectrum Brands periodically uses interest rate swaps to manage such risk. The net amounts to be paid or received under interest rate swap agreements are accrued as interest rates change, and are recognized over the life of the swap agreements as an adjustment to interest expense from the underlying debt to which the swap is designated. The related amounts payable to, or receivable from, the contract counterparties are included in accrued liabilities or accounts receivable.
At September 30, 2017, the Company had $1,367.9 million, or 23.3%, of its total debt subject to variable interest rates, the majority related to Spectrum Brands’ Term Loans of $1,303.2 million. After inclusion of $300.0 million of Spectrum Brands’ interest rate swaps expiring in May 2020 fixing a portion of the variable rate debt, $1,067.9 million, or 18.2% of our consolidated
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debt is subject to variable rates. Assuming an increase to market rates of 1.0% as of September 30, 2017, the Company would incur an increase to interest expense of $10.9 million.
At September 30, 2017, the potential change in fair value of Spectrum Brands’ outstanding interest rate derivative instruments assuming a 1 percent decline in interest rates would be a loss of $8.3 million. The net impact on reported earnings, after also including the effect of the change on one year’s underlying interest rate exposure on Spectrum Brands’ variable rate Term Loan would be a net loss of $1.2 million.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Spectrum Brands is subject to risk from sales and loans to and from its subsidiaries as well as sales to, purchases from and bank lines of credit with, third-party customers, suppliers and creditors, respectively, denominated in foreign currencies. Foreign currency sales and purchases are made primarily in Euro, Pounds Sterling, Mexican Pesos, Canadian Dollars, Australian Dollars and Brazilian Reals. Spectrum Brands manages its foreign exchange exposure from such sales, accounts receivable, intercompany loans, firm purchase commitments, accounts payable and credit obligations through the use of naturally occurring offsetting positions (borrowing in local currency), forward foreign exchange contracts, foreign exchange rate swaps and foreign exchange options. The related amounts payable to, or receivable from, the counter-parties are included in accounts payable or accounts receivable.
At September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had $622.7 million equivalent of debt denominated in foreign currencies. Other than Spectrum Brands Canadian-denominated term loan and Euro-denominated 4.00% Notes in the equivalent of $59.0 million and $501.0 million, respectively, recorded in a U.S. Dollar functional entity, the remaining debt is recorded in countries with the same functional currency as the debt. The foreign currency exposure from the Canadian Dollar-denominated term loans are substantially offset by Canadian Dollar-denominated intercompany loan receivables recorded in a U.S. Dollar functional entity and the 4.00% Notes are held as a net investment hedge of the translation of the Company’s net investment in Euro-denominated subsidiaries.
As of September 30, 2017, the potential change in fair value of outstanding foreign exchange derivative instruments of Spectrum Brands, assuming a 10% unfavorable change in the underlying exchange rates, would be a loss of $56.4 million. The net impact on reported earnings, after also including the effect of the change in the underlying foreign currency-denominated exposures, would be a net gain of $6.0 million.
Commodity Price Risk
Spectrum Brands is exposed to fluctuations in market prices for purchases of zinc and brass used in their manufacturing processes. Spectrum Brands uses commodity swaps and calls to manage such risk. The maturity of, and the quantities covered by, the contracts are closely correlated to the anticipated purchases of the commodities. The cost of calls is amortized over the life of the contracts and recorded in cost of goods sold, along with the effects of the swap and call contracts. The related amounts payable to, or receivable from, the counter-parties are included in accounts payable or accounts receivable.
As of September 30, 2017, the potential change in fair value of outstanding commodity price derivative instruments of Spectrum Brands, assuming a 10% decline in the underlying commodity prices, would be a loss of $3.1 million. The net impact on reported earnings, after also including the reduction in cost of one year’s purchases of the related commodities due to the same change in commodity prices, would be a gain of $2.0 million.
Risks Related to the Insurance Operations (Businesses Classified as Held for Sale)
For a discussion of the FGL Merger and the Front Street Sale, see Part I, item 1A, Risk Factors - “The FGL Merger and Front Street Sale are subject to various closing conditions, including regulatory approvals. ”
Market Risk Factors
Our Insurance Operations have significant holdings in financial instruments and are naturally exposed to a variety of market risks. FGL is primarily exposed to interest rate risk and equity price risk and has some exposure to credit risk and counterparty risk, which affect the fair value of financial instruments subject to market risk.
Enterprise Risk Management
FGL has established a dedicated risk management function with responsibility for the formulation of its risk appetite, strategies, policies and limits. FGL attempts to align its risk appetite with how its businesses are managed and how it anticipates future regulatory developments.
FGL has implemented several limit structures to manage risk. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:

• | At-risk limits on sensitivities of regulatory capital to the capital markets provide the fundamental framework to manage capital markets risks including the risk of asset / liability mismatch;

• | Duration and convexity mismatch limits;

• | Credit risk concentration limits; and

• | Investment and derivative guidelines.

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FGL manages its risk appetite based on two key risk metrics:

• | Regulatory Capital Sensitivities: the potential reduction, under a range of moderate to extreme capital markets stress scenarios, of the excess of available statutory capital above the minimum required under the NAIC regulatory Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”) methodology; and

• | Earnings Sensitivities: the potential reduction in results of operations over a 30 year time horizon under the same moderate to extreme capital markets stress scenario. Maintaining a consistent level of earnings helps FGL to finance its operations, support capital requirements and provide funds to pay dividends to stockholders.

FGL is also subject to cash flow stress testing pursuant to regulatory requirements. This analysis measures the effect of changes in interest rate assumptions on asset and liability cash flows. The analysis includes the effects of:

• | The timing and amount of redemptions and prepayments in FGL’s asset portfolio;

• | FGL’s derivative portfolio;

• | Death benefits and other claims payable under the terms of FGL’s insurance products;

• | Lapses and surrenders in FGL’s insurance products;

• | Minimum interest guarantees in FGL’s insurance products; and

• | Book value guarantees in FGL’s insurance products.

Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the Insurance Operations’ primary market risk exposure. The Insurance Operations define interest rate risk as the risk of an economic loss due to adverse changes in interest rates. This risk arises from the Insurance Operations’ holdings in interest sensitive assets and liabilities, primarily as a result of investing life insurance premiums and fixed annuity deposits received in interest-sensitive assets and carrying these funds as interest-sensitive liabilities. Substantial and sustained increases or decreases in market interest rates can affect the profitability of the insurance products and fair value of the Insurance Operations’ investments, as the majority of the Insurance Operations’ insurance liabilities are backed by fixed maturity securities.
The profitability of most of the Insurance Operations’ products depends on the spreads between interest yield on investments and rates credited on insurance liabilities. FGL has the ability to adjust the rates credited, primarily caps and credit rates, on the majority of the annuity liabilities at least annually, subject to minimum guaranteed values. In addition, the majority of the annuity products have surrender and withdrawal penalty provisions designed to encourage persistency and to help ensure targeted spreads are earned. However, competitive factors, including the impact of the level of surrenders and withdrawals, may limit the ability to adjust or maintain crediting rates at the levels necessary to avoid a narrowing of spreads under certain market conditions.
In order to meet its policy and contractual obligations, the Insurance Operations must earn a sufficient return on its invested assets. Significant changes in interest rates expose the Insurance Operations to the risk of not earning the anticipated spreads between the interest rate earned on its investments and the credited interest rates paid on outstanding policies and contracts. Both rising and declining interest rates can negatively affect interest earnings, spread income, and the attractiveness of certain products.
During periods of increasing interest rates, FGL may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as indexed universal life insurance and fixed annuities, and it may increase crediting rates on in-force products to keep these products competitive. A rise in interest rates, in the absence of other countervailing changes, will result in a decline in the market value of the Insurance Operations’ investment portfolio.
As part of the Insurance Operations’ asset/liability management program, significant effort has been made to identify the assets appropriate to different product lines and ensure investing strategies match the profile of these liabilities. The Insurance Operations’ asset/liability management program is designed to align the expected cash flows from the investment portfolio with the expected liability cash flows. As such, a major component of managing interest rate risk has been to structure the investment portfolio with cash flow characteristics consistent with the cash flow characteristics of the insurance liabilities. The Insurance Operations use actuarial models to simulate cash flows expected from the existing business under various interest rate scenarios. The Insurance Operations use these simulations to measure the potential gain or loss in the fair value of interest rate-sensitive financial instruments, to evaluate the adequacy of expected cash flows from assets to meet the expected cash requirements of the liabilities and to determine if it is necessary to lengthen or shorten the average life and duration of its investment portfolio. Duration measures the price sensitivity of a security to a small change in interest rates. When the durations of assets and liabilities are similar, exposure to interest rate risk is minimized because a change in the value of assets could be expected to be largely offset by a change in the value of liabilities.
Credit Risk
The Insurance Operations’ are exposed to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligation resulting in financial loss. The major source of credit risk arises predominantly in the Insurance Operations’ portfolios of debt and similar securities. The carrying value of the Insurance Operations’ fixed maturity AFS portfolio totaled $21.9 billion, including $0.7 billion of funds withheld receivables related to third parties, at September 30, 2017. The Insurance Operations’ credit risk materializes primarily as impairment losses. The Insurance Operations are exposed to occasional cyclical economic downturns,
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during which impairment losses may be significantly higher than the long-term historical average. This is offset by years where the Insurance Operations expect the actual impairment losses to be substantially lower than the long-term average. Credit risk in the portfolio can also materialize as increased capital requirements as assets migrate into lower credit qualities over time. The effect of rating migration on FGL’s capital requirements is also dependent on the economic cycle and increased asset impairment levels may go hand in hand with increased asset related capital requirements.
The Insurance Operations seek to manage the risk of default and rating migration by applying disciplined credit evaluation and underwriting standards and limiting allocations to lower quality, higher risk investments. In addition, the Insurance Operations diversify its exposure by issuer and country, using rating based issuer and country limits. The Insurance Operations also set investment constraints that limit its exposure by industry segment. To limit the impact that credit risk can have on earnings and capital adequacy levels, the Insurance Operations have portfolio-level credit risk constraints in place. Limit compliance is monitored on a daily or, in some cases, monthly basis.
In connection with the use of call options, the Insurance Operations are exposed to counterparty credit risk-the risk that a counterparty fails to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. The Insurance Operations have adopted a policy of only dealing with credit worthy counterparties and obtaining sufficient collateral where appropriate, as a means of mitigating the financial loss from defaults. The exposure and credit rating of the counterparties are continuously monitored and the aggregate value of transactions concluded is spread amongst five different approved counterparties to limit the concentration in one counterparty. In addition, FGL’s policy allows for the purchase of derivative instruments from counterparties and/or clearinghouses that meet the required qualifications under the Iowa Code. The internal credit department reviews the ratings of all the counterparties periodically. Collateral support documents are negotiated to further reduce the exposure when deemed necessary.
Credit Risk
No collateral was posted by Front Street’s counterparties; accordingly, at September 30, 2017, the maximum amount of loss due to credit risk that Front Street would incur if parties to the call options failed completely to perform according to the terms of the contracts is $14.5 million.
Information regarding FGL’s exposure to credit loss on the call options it holds is presented in the following table:

|  |  |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Counterparty |  | Credit Rating (Fitch/Moody’s/S&P) (a) |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Collateral |  | Net Credit Risk |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Collateral |  | Net Credit Risk
Merrill Lynch |  | A/*/A+ |  | $ | 3,164.4 |  |  | $ | 143.7 |  |  | $ | 104.6 |  |  | $ | 39.1 |  |  | $ | 2,301.7 |  |  | $ | 54.4 |  |  | $ | 9.6 |  |  | $ | 44.8 |
Deutsche Bank |  | A-/A3/A- |  | 972.4 |  |  | 32.0 |  |  | 32.7 |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  | 1,619.8 |  |  | 46.2 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 33.6 |
Morgan Stanley |  | */A1/A+ |  | 1,555.7 |  |  | 81.7 |  |  | 87.5 |  |  | (5.8 | ) |  | 2,951.8 |  |  | 86.3 |  |  | 58.0 |  |  | 28.3 |
Barclay's Bank |  | A*+/A1/A |  | 2,163.3 |  |  | 72.8 |  |  | 73.8 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | 1,389.6 |  |  | 39.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 39.2 |
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce |  | AA-/Aa3/A+ |  | 2,458.5 |  |  | 82.6 |  |  | 82.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,623.5 |  |  | 49.1 |  |  | 47.6 |  |  | 1.5 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 10,314.3 |  |  | $ | 412.8 |  |  | $ | 381.2 |  |  | $ | 31.6 |  |  | $ | 9,886.4 |  |  | $ | 275.2 |  |  | $ | 127.8 |  |  | $ | 147.4 |

(a) An asterisk (*) represents credit ratings that were not available.
FGL also has credit risk related to the ability of reinsurance counterparties to honor their obligations to pay the contract amounts under various agreements. To minimize the risk of credit loss on such contracts, FGL diversifies its exposures among many reinsurers and limit the amount of exposure to each based on credit rating. FGL also generally limits its selection of counterparties with which FGL does new transactions to those with an “A-” credit rating or above or that are appropriately collateralized and provide credit for reinsurance. When exceptions are made to that principle, FGL ensures that it obtains collateral to mitigate its risk of loss.
The following table presents FGL’s reinsurance recoverable balances and financial strength ratings for its four largest reinsurance recoverable balances as of September 30, 2017 (in millions):

|  |  |  | Financial Strength Rating
Parent Company/Principal Reinsurers |  | Reinsurance Recoverable |  | AM Best |  | S&P |  | Moody's
Wilton Reassurance |  | $ | 1,534.7 |  |  | A+ |  | Not Rated |  | Not Rated
Scottish Re |  | 157.9 |  |  | Not Rated |  | Not Rated |  | Not Rated
Security Life of Denver |  | 146.6 |  |  | A |  | A |  | A2
London Life |  | 100.6 |  |  | A |  | Not Rated |  | Not Rated

In the normal course of business, certain reinsurance recoverables are subject to reviews by the reinsurers. FGL is not aware of any material disputes arising from these reviews or other communications with the counterparties, and, therefore, as of September 30, 2017, no allowance for uncollectible amounts was recorded.
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Through Front Street, the Company is exposed to insurance counterparty risk, which is the potential for Front Street to incur losses due to a client, retrocessionaire, or partner becoming distressed or insolvent. This includes run-on-the-bank risk and collection risk. The run-on-the-bank risk is that a client’s in force block incurs substantial surrenders and/or lapses due to credit impairment, reputation damage or other market changes affecting the counterparty. Substantially higher than expected surrenders and/or lapses could result in inadequate in force business to recover cash paid out for acquisition costs. The collection risk for clients and retrocessionaires includes their inability to satisfy a reinsurance agreement because the right of offset is disallowed by the receivership court; the reinsurance contract is rejected by the receiver, resulting in a premature termination of the contract; and/or the security supporting the transaction becomes unavailable to Front Street. Front Street has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any material difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires or as to the recoverability of any such claims.
Front Street is exposed to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligation resulting in financial loss. The major source of credit risk arises predominantly in Front Street’s funds withheld receivables portfolio that consists primarily of debt and equity securities. The carrying value of Front Street’s funds withheld receivables portfolio with third parties totaled $742.7 million at September 30, 2017. Front Street’s credit risk materializes primarily as impairment losses. Front Street is exposed to occasional cyclical economic downturns, during which impairment losses may be significantly higher than the long-term historical average. This is offset by years where Front Street expects the actual impairment losses to be substantially lower than the long-term average. Credit risk in the portfolio can also materialize as increased capital requirements as assets migrate into lower credit qualities over time. The effect of rating migration on Front Street’s capital requirements is also dependent on the economic cycle and increased asset impairment levels may go hand in hand with increased asset related capital requirements.
Front Street assumes reinsurance business from counterparties that seek to manage the risk of default and rating migration by applying credit evaluation and underwriting standards and limiting allocations to lower quality, higher risk investments. In addition, Front Street’s reinsurance counterparties diversify their exposure by issuer and country, using rating based issuer and country limits and set investment constraints that limit its exposure by industry segment. To limit the impact that credit risk can have on earnings and capital adequacy levels, Front Street has portfolio-level credit risk constraints in place. Limit compliance is monitored on a daily or, in some cases, monthly basis.
Equity Price Risk
The Insurance Operations are primarily exposed to equity price risk through certain insurance products, specifically those products with guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits. The Insurance Operations offer a variety of FIA contracts with crediting strategies linked to the performance of indices, such as the S&P 500 index, Dow Jones Industrials or the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (“NASDAQ”) 100 index. The estimated cost of providing guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits incorporates various assumptions about the overall performance of equity markets over certain time periods. Periods of significant and sustained downturns in equity markets, increased equity volatility, or reduced interest rates could result in an increase in the valuation of the future policy benefit or policyholder account balance liabilities associated with such products, resulting in a reduction in the Insurance Operations’ net income. The rate of amortization of intangibles related to FIA products and the cost of providing guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits could also increase if equity market performance is worse than assumed.
To seek to economically hedge the equity returns on these products, the Insurance Operations purchase derivatives to hedge the FIA equity exposure. The primary way the Insurance Operations hedge FIA equity exposure is to purchase over the counter equity index call options from broker-dealer derivative counterparties approved by their internal credit department. FGL also hedges FIA equity exposure by purchasing exchange traded equity index futures contracts. The Insurance Operations’ hedging strategy has enabled it to reduce its overall hedging costs and achieve a high correlation of returns on the call options purchased relative to the index credits earned by the FIA contractholders. The majority of the call options are one-year options purchased to match the funding requirements underlying the FIA contracts. These hedge programs are limited to the current policy term of the FIA contracts, based on current participation rates. Future returns, which may be reflected in FIA contracts’ credited rates beyond the current policy term, are not hedged. The Insurance Operations attempt to manage the costs of these purchases through the terms of its FIA contracts, which permit it to change caps or participation rates, subject to certain guaranteed minimums that must be maintained.
The derivatives are used to fund the FIA contract index credits and the cost of the call options purchased is treated as a component of spread earnings. While the FIA hedging program does not explicitly hedge U.S. GAAP income volatility, the FIA hedging program tends to mitigate a significant portion of the statutory and U.S. GAAP reserve changes associated with movements in the equity market and risk-free rates. This is due to the fact that a key component in the calculation of statutory and U.S. GAAP reserves is the market valuation of the current term embedded derivative. Due to the alignment of the embedded derivative reserve component with hedging of this same embedded derivative, there should be a reasonable match between changes in this component of the reserve and changes in the assets backing this component of the reserve. However, there may be an interim mismatch due to the fact that the hedges which are put in place are only intended to cover exposures expected to remain until the end of an indexing term. To the extent index credits earned by the contractholder exceed the proceeds from option expirations and futures income, the Insurance Operations incur a hedging loss.
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Fair value changes associated with these investments are intended to, but do not always, substantially offset the increase or decrease in the amounts added to policyholder account balances for index products. When index credits to policyholders exceed call option proceeds received at expiration related to such credits, any shortfall is funded by FGL’s net investment spread earnings and futures income. For Fiscal 2017, the annual index credits to policyholders on their anniversaries were $392.1 million. Proceeds received at expiration on call options related to such credits were $405.4 million. This shortfall is funded by FGL’s net investment spread earnings and futures income.
The Insurance Operations enter into hedging transactions with respect to market exposures periodically depending on market conditions and the Insurance Operations’ risk tolerance. The FIA hedging strategy seeks to economically hedge the equity returns and exposes the Insurance Operations to the risk that unhedged market exposures result in divergence between changes in the fair value of the liabilities and the hedging assets. The Insurance Operations use a variety of techniques including direct estimation of market sensitivities and value-at-risk to monitor this risk daily.
Sensitivity Analysis
Interest Rate Risk
The Insurance Operations assess interest rate exposures for financial assets, liabilities and derivatives using hypothetical test scenarios that assume either increasing or decreasing 100 basis point parallel shifts in the yield curve, reflecting changes in either credit spreads or risk-free rates. If interest rates were to increase 100 basis points from levels at September 30, 2017, the estimated fair value of the Insurance Operations’ fixed maturity securities would decrease by approximately $1,494.8 million. If interest rates were to decrease by 100 basis points from levels at September 30, 2017, the estimated impact on the FIA embedded derivative liability of such a decrease would be an increase of $217.8 million.
The actuarial models used to estimate the impact of a 100 basis points change in market interest rates incorporate numerous assumptions, require significant estimates and assume an immediate and parallel change in interest rates without any management of the investment portfolio in reaction to such change. Consequently, potential changes in value of financial instruments indicated by these simulations will likely be different from the actual changes experienced under given interest rate scenarios, and the differences may be material. Because the Insurance Operations actively manage its investments and liabilities, the net exposure to interest rates can vary over time. However, any such decreases in the fair value of fixed maturity securities (unless related to credit concerns of the issuer requiring recognition of an other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”)) would generally be realized only if the Insurance Operations were required to sell such securities at losses prior to their maturity to meet liquidity needs, which it manages using the surrender and withdrawal provisions of the annuity contracts and through other means.
Equity Price Risk
Assuming all other factors are constant, the Insurance Operations estimate that a decline in equity market prices of 10% would cause the market value of the Insurance Operations’ equity investments to decline by approximately $77.3 million, its derivative investments to decrease by approximately $22.6 million based on equity positions and its FIA embedded derivative liability to decrease by approximately $39.0 million as of September 30, 2017. Because the Insurance Operations’ equity investments are classified as AFS, the 10% decline would not affect current earnings except to the extent that it reflects OTTI. These scenarios consider only the direct effect on fair value of declines in equity market levels and not changes in asset-based fees recognized as revenue, or changes in the Insurance Operations’ estimates of total gross profits used as a basis for amortizing deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired.

Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms, the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements appear in a separate section of this Form 10-K (beginning on Page F-2 following Part IV). The index to the Company’s consolidated financial statements appears on Page F-1.

Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and participation of the Company’s management, including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, concluded that, as of September 30, 2017, the
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Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Company’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, there can be no assurance that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures will detect or uncover all failures of persons within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in the Company’s periodic reports. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving their control objectives.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only with proper authorizations; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. These inherent limitations are an intrinsic part of the financial reporting process. Therefore, although the Company’s management is unable to eliminate this risk, it is possible to develop safeguards to reduce it. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Company’s management, under the supervision of and with the participation of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017 based on criteria for effective control over financial reporting described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in 2013. Based on this assessment, the Company’s management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2017 in accordance with the COSO criteria. Under guidelines established by the SEC, companies are allowed to exclude acquisitions from their first assessment of internal control over financial reporting following the date of the acquisition. The Company’s management excluded Spectrum Brands’ acquisitions of GloFish, which was completed on May 12, 2017 and PetMatrix, which was completed on June 1, 2017, from the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. The total assets of $309.3 million and total net sales of $28.1 million associated with the acquisitions are included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended September 30, 2017. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which is included on page F-3 of this Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended September 30, 2017, FGL notified the Company that FGL’s management had identified a deficiency in the design and operation of a control over the accuracy of data inputs and approval of updates to certain economic rate table inputs which impacted the valuation of the FGL’s FIA contract reserve liability for the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and June 30, 2017. As previously discussed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, FGL has been classified as an asset held for sale in in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet and FGL’s operations were classified as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The control deficiency resulted in an immaterial misstatement of our previously issued interim financial statements which was corrected in the quarter ended September 30, 2017. Management has concluded the deficiency constituted a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting during the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and June 30, 2017. FGL evaluated the controls associated with the economic rate table and valuation of FGL’s FIA contract reserve liability and designed a remediation plan to strengthen the control over the economic rate table review. During the quarter ended September 30, 2017, FGL implemented the remediation plan, tested the enhanced control over the economic rate table review and concluded the deficiency has been remediated.
An evaluation was performed under the supervision of the Company’s management, including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of whether any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2017. Except with respect to the changes in connection with FGL’s implementation of the remediation plan discussed above, the Company’s management,
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including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, concluded that no significant changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2017 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures or the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

Item 9B. | Other Information

None.
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PART III
Unless otherwise indicated in Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) or the context requires otherwise, in this Form 10-K, references to the “Company,” “HRG,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to HRG Group, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “FGH” refers to Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “FGL” refers to Fidelity & Guaranty Life and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Fiscal 2013” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2013; “Fiscal 2014” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2014; “Fiscal 2015” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015; “Fiscal 2016” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016; “Fiscal 2017” refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2017; “Fiscal 2018” refers to the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018; “Front Street” refers to Front Street Re (Delaware) Ltd. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Front Street Cayman” refers to Front Street Re Cayman Ltd.;“Front Street Bermuda” refers to Front Street Re Ltd.; “HGI Energy” refers to HGI Energy Holdings, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “HGI Funding” refers to HGI Funding, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “Salus” refers to Salus Capital Partners, LLC and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; “SBI” refers to Spectrum Brands, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries; and “Spectrum Brands” refers to Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and, where applicable, its consolidated subsidiaries.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
In accordance with our Bylaws (“Bylaws”), as of the date of this report, our board of directors (our “Board”) consists of seven members. In accordance with our Certificate of Incorporation (our “Charter”), our Board is divided into three classes (designated as Class I, Class II, and Class III, respectively). The three classes are currently comprised of the following directors:
Class II Directors - Terms Expiring 2018
Curtis A. Glovier, age 53, has served as a director of HRG since February 2015. Mr. Glovier currently serves as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of PENSCO Trust Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Opus Bank, a publicly traded bank, and as Senior Executive President, Head of Wealth Services of Opus Bank and as Senior Managing Director in the Merchant Banking division. Mr. Glovier also serves as Manager of CAG Investment, LLC and Imladris LLC. Mr. Glovier has also served on the board of directors of Opus Bank since September 2010. From May 2007 until July 8, 2016, Mr. Glovier was a Managing Director at Fortress Investment Group LLC (“Fortress”), which through its affiliated funds, is a significant stockholder of HRG. Prior to that, Mr. Glovier served as a Managing Director and Co-Head of the Middle Market Buyout Group at Perseus, LLC. Prior to joining Perseus, LLC in 2000, he was a Managing Director of Nassau Capital. Prior to joining Nassau Capital, Mr. Glovier worked at Goldman, Sachs & Co. in the Mergers & Acquisitions, Structured Finance and Leveraged Buyout groups, and was also a management consultant at The Boston Consulting Group. Mr. Glovier has served as a director of several companies in a variety of industries, including the financial services, branded consumer products, pharmaceutical and alternative energy areas. He formerly served on the board of directors of CarCor Investment Holdings LLC, Omnisure Group, LLC and SNAAC Investors LLC. Mr. Glovier holds a B.A. from Princeton University, a M.Ec. from James Cook University in Australia, and an M.B.A. as a Palmer Scholar from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.
David M. Maura, age 44, has served as a director of HRG since May 2011 and as the Executive Chairman of Spectrum Brands, a subsidiary of HRG, since January 2016. Mr. Maura previously served as the Chairman of the board of Spectrum Brands from July 2011 until his appointment as Executive Chairman, and as the interim Chairman of the board of directors of Spectrum Brands and as one of its directors since June 2010. Mr. Maura served as a Managing Director and Executive Vice President of Investments of HRG from October 2011 until November 2016. Mr. Maura also currently serves as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Mosaic Acquisition Corp., a publicly traded blank check company. Prior to becoming Managing Director and Executive Vice President of Investments at HRG, Mr. Maura was a Vice President and Director of Investments of Harbinger Capital Partners, LLC (“Harbinger Capital”). Prior to joining Harbinger Capital in 2006, Mr. Maura was a Managing Director and Senior Research Analyst at First Albany Capital, where he focused on distressed debt and special situations, primarily in the consumer products and retail sectors. Prior to First Albany, Mr. Maura was a Director and Senior High Yield Research Analyst in Global High Yield Research at Merrill Lynch & Co. Mr. Maura was a Vice President and Senior Analyst in the High Yield Group at Wachovia Securities, where he covered various consumer product, service and retail companies. Mr. Maura began his career at ZPR Investment Management as a Financial Analyst. During the past five years, Mr. Maura has served on the board of directors of Russell Hobbs, Inc. (formerly Salton, Inc.), Applica Incorporated, and Ferrous Resources Ltd. Mr. Maura received a B.S. in Business Administration from Stetson University and is a CFA charterholder.
Joseph S. Steinberg, age 73, has served as Chairman of the Board of HRG since December 2014 and as a director of HRG since July 2014. Mr. Steinberg was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer of HRG effective as of April 14, 2017. Mr. Steinberg has also served as Chairman of the board of directors of FGL, a subsidiary of HRG, since March 2015 and has served on the board of directors of FGL and Spectrum Brands since February 2015 and March 2015, respectively. Mr. Steinberg is Chairman of the board of directors of Leucadia National Corporation (“Leucadia”), a significant stockholder of HRG. He has served as a director of Leucadia since December 1978 and as President from January 1979 until March 1, 2013, when he became the Chairman of the Leucadia board of directors. Mr. Steinberg has served as Chairman of the board of directors of HomeFed
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Corporation (“HomeFed”) since 1999 and as a HomeFed director since 1998. Mr. Steinberg also serves on the board of directors of Crimson Wine Group, Ltd. Mr. Steinberg has served as a director of Jefferies Group, LLC (“Jefferies”), a subsidiary of Leucadia, since April 2008. Mr. Steinberg previously served as a director of Mueller Industries, Inc. from September 2011 to September 2012.
Class III Directors - Terms Expiring 2019
Frank Ianna, age 68, has served as a director of HRG since April 2013. Mr. Ianna served as director of Sprint Corporation from 2009 until August 2015. Mr. Ianna served as a director of Clearwire Corporation from November 2008 until June 2011 and as a director of Tellabs, Inc. from 2004 until 2013. Mr. Ianna served on the board of trustees of the Stevens Institute of Technology between 1997 and 2007 and as chairman of its subsidiary, Castle Point Holdings, Inc., between 2006 and 2007. Mr. Ianna has also served as a director of a number of private companies and non-profit organizations. Mr. Ianna retired from AT&T, Inc. in 2003 after a 31-year career serving in various executive positions, most recently as President of AT&T Network Services. Mr. Ianna serves as a consultant for McCreight & Company, a consulting company based in Connecticut. Mr. Ianna received his undergraduate degree from the Stevens Institute in Electrical Engineering in 1971 (BEEE), and his Master’s Degree from MIT in 1972 (MSEE) and completed the Program for Management Development (PMD), an Executive Education Program of the Harvard Business School in 1985.
Gerald Luterman, age 73, has served as a director of HRG since April 2013. Mr. Luterman has been a director of Florida Community Bank since January 2010. Mr. Luterman also served as Interim Chief Financial Officer of NRG Energy, Inc. (“NRG”) from November 2009 through May 2010. Mr. Luterman was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of KeySpan Corporation from August 1999 to September 2007. Mr. Luterman has more than 30 years of experience in senior financial positions with companies including American Express Company, Booz Allen & Hamilton, Inc., Xomox Corporation, a subsidiary of Emerson Electric Company and Arrow Electronics. Mr. Luterman also served as a director of NRG from April 2009 to 2014, IKON Office Solutions, Inc. from November 2003 until August 2008 and U.S. Shipping Partners L.P. from May 2006 until November 2009. Mr. Luterman previously qualified as a Canadian Chartered Accountant and graduated from McGill University in Montreal, earning a Bachelor of Commerce Degree in Economics in 1965 and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School in 1969.
Class I Directors - Terms Expiring 2020
Andrew A. McKnight, age 40, was appointed as a director of HRG in July 2016. Mr. McKnight currently serves as a Partner and Managing Director at Fortress, which through its affiliated funds, is a significant stockholder of HRG. Prior to joining Fortress in 2005, Mr. McKnight served as a Managing Director at Fir Tree Partners. Prior to joining Fir Tree in 2002, he was in the Leveraged Finance group at Goldman, Sachs & Co. Mr. McKnight currently serves on the Board of Ligado Networks and has served on the board of FGL, a subsidiary of HRG, since April 2017. Mr. McKnight holds a B.A. from the University of Virginia.
Andrew Whittaker, age 56, has served as a director of HRG since July 2014. Since 2002, Mr. Whittaker has been the Vice Chairman of Jefferies, a subsidiary of Leucadia, a significant stockholder of HRG. In addition, Mr. Whittaker has also been the Vice Chairman of Leucadia since 2014. Mr. Whittaker has served as a member of the board of directors of Jefferies Finance LLC since 2004. Mr. Whittaker has been a long-standing member of the Jefferies Executive Committee. He was formerly the Co-Head of Investment Banking at Jefferies. He was a founding member of the Investment Banking department at Jefferies in 1990. Mr. Whittaker has extensive investment banking experience in a broad range of industries. Mr. Whittaker received an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School and a B.A. from Dartmouth College.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following sets forth certain information with respect to the executive officers of the Company, as of the date of this report. All officers of the Company serve at the discretion of the Board.

Name |  | Age |  | Position
Joseph S. Steinberg* |  | 73 |  |  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board
Ehsan Zargar |  | 40 |  |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
George C. Nicholson |  | 58 |  |  | Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Financial Officer

* For biographical information see “Board of Directors” above.
Ehsan Zargar, age 40, has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of HRG effective as of January 2017, as General Counsel since April 2015, and as Corporate Secretary since February 2012. Mr. Zargar is responsible for leading and carrying out the Company’s strategic and tactical initiatives. Mr. Zargar is also responsible for providing the Company’s Board and senior management with advice on the Company’s strategies and for their implementation. In addition, Mr. Zargar is responsible for overseeing the Company’s legal and risk management function. Mr. Zargar joined the Company in June 2011 as a member of the legal department and since then has served in positions of increasing responsibility. Mr. Zargar has also served on the board of directors of Spectrum Brands, a subsidiary of HRG, since August 2017. Prior to joining HRG, Mr. Zargar
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worked in the New York office of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP from November 2006 to June 2011, where he worked on a range of capital markets, securities and M&A transactions and corporate governance matters. Prior to that, Mr. Zargar practiced law at another major law firm focusing on general corporate matters. Mr. Zargar received a law degree from Faculty of Law at University of Toronto and a B.A. from the University of Toronto.
George C. Nicholson, age 58, has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer of HRG since November 2015. On January 20, 2017, Mr. Nicholson was appointed as Chief Financial Officer of the Company. Mr. Nicholson served as Acting Chief Financial Officer from January 4, 2016 to January 20, 2017. Mr. Nicholson also serves as a director and Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Financial Officer of NZCH Corporation, a subsidiary of HRG. Previously, Mr. Nicholson was employed by HGI Asset Management Holdings, LLC, a subsidiary of HRG, from May 2013 to November 2015. Mr. Nicholson served as Vice President and Controller of Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company, a subsidiary of FGL (“FGL Insurance”), from August 2007 through May 2013. Prior to joining FGL Insurance, Mr. Nicholson served as Chief Accounting Officer of Capital Bank Corporation from September 2005 to August 2007 and previously held executive positions at Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company and London Pacific Life & Annuity Company. Mr. Nicholson spent 10 years with Ernst & Young ending as a Senior Manager specializing in the energy and financial services industry. Mr. Nicholson is a Certified Public Accountant and holds an M.B.A. degree from the University of Kentucky and a B.B.A. degree from Eastern Kentucky University.
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers, and the persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our Common Stock and securities convertible into shares of Common Stock (together with the Common Stock, “Subject Shares”), to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of Subject Shares. Directors, officers and greater than 10% beneficial owners of the Subject Shares are required by the SEC’s regulations to furnish us with copies of all forms they file with the SEC pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act. Based solely on the reports filed with the SEC, we believe that these persons have complied with all applicable filing requirements during Fiscal 2017.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
In accordance with the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual (the “NYSE Rules”), a majority of our Board is comprised of independent directors and we have an Audit Committee (“Audit Committee”), a Compensation Committee (“Compensation Committee”) and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (“NCG Committee”), each of which have written charters addressing each such committee’s purpose and responsibilities and are comprised entirely of independent directors.
Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Ethics and Business Conduct
Our Board has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines to assist it in the exercise of its responsibilities. These guidelines reflect our Board’s commitment to monitor the effectiveness of policy and decision making both at our Board and management level, with a view to enhancing stockholder value over the long term. The Corporate Governance Guidelines address, among other things, our Board and Board committee composition and responsibilities, director qualifications standards and selection of the Chairman of our Board and our Chief Executive Officer.
Our Board has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors, Officers and Employees and a Code of Ethics for Chief Executive and Senior Financial Officers to provide guidance to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. Our Board has adopted a corporate governance policy prohibiting our directors and executive officers from (i) hedging the economic risk associated with the ownership of our Common Stock, or (ii) pledging our Common Stock, after the date the policy was adopted, unless, in each case, first pre-approved by our General Counsel. Our Board has also adopted an equity retention policy for the Company’s senior management and our non-executive Directors.
Director Independence
Our Board has determined that Messrs. Glovier, Ianna, Luterman and McKnight, each a non-management director, qualify as independent directors under our Corporate Governance Guidelines and the NYSE Rules. Under our Corporate Governance Guidelines and the NYSE Rules, no director qualifies as independent unless our Board affirmatively determines that the director has no material relationship with HRG. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning their background, employment and affiliations, our Board has determined that each of the independent directors named above has no material relationship with HRG, nor has any such person entered into any material transactions or arrangements with HRG or its subsidiaries, and is therefore independent under the NYSE Rules. In making such determination, our Board considered a variety of factors, including certain business transactions from time to time between us and certain entities affiliated with our directors, and determined that Messrs. Glovier, Ianna, Luterman and McKnight qualify as independent directors under our Corporate Governance Guidelines and the NYSE Rules.
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Meetings of Independent Directors
We generally hold executive sessions at each Board and committee meeting. Mr. McKnight presides over executive sessions of the entire Board and the chairman of each committee presides over the executive session of that committee.
Board Structure and Risk Oversight
Mr. Steinberg serves as the Chairman of our Board and as our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Steinberg is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day activities of the Company. Given the structure and business strategy of our Company, our Board believes that it is in the best interest of the Company for Mr. Steinberg to concurrently serve as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board.
Our management is responsible for understanding and managing the risks that we face in our business, and our Board is responsible for overseeing management’s overall approach to risk management. Our Board receives, reviews and discusses reports on the operations of our businesses from members of management and members of management of our subsidiaries as appropriate. Our Board also fulfills its oversight role through the operations of our NCG Committee, Audit Committee and Compensation Committee. Our Audit Committee is responsible for oversight of corporate finance and financial reporting-related risks, including those related to our accounting, auditing and financial reporting practices. Our Compensation Committee is responsible for the oversight of our compensation policies and practices, including conducting annual risk assessments of our compensation policies and practices. Our NCG Committee is responsible for assisting our Board with reviewing and making recommendations to our Board regarding our overall corporate governance, including board and committee composition, board nominees, size and structure and director independence, our corporate governance profile and ratings, and our political participation and contributions.
Governance Documents Availability
We have posted our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors, Officers and Employees, Code of Ethics for Chief Executive and Senior Financial Officers, Audit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter and NCG Committee Charter on our website under the heading “Corporate Governance” at www.HRGgroup.com. We intend to disclose any amendments to, and, if applicable, any waivers of, these governance documents on that section of our website. These governance documents are also available in print without charge to any stockholder of record that makes a written request to HRG. Inquiries must be directed to the Investor Relations Department at HRG Group, Inc., 450 Park Avenue, 29th floor, New York, New York 10022.
INFORMATION ABOUT COMMITTEES OF OUR BOARD
Our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and NCG Committee were our Board’s standing committees during Fiscal 2017. Our Board held 30 meetings during Fiscal 2017.
Audit Committee
As of the date hereof, our Audit Committee is composed of Messrs. Luterman (Chairman), Glovier and Ianna. Our Board determined that all members of our Audit Committee qualify as independent under applicable SEC rules (including Exchange Act Rule 10A-3), NYSE Rules and the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines. Messrs. Luterman and Ianna also qualify as “audit committee financial experts” as defined by Item 407(d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K. Our Audit Committee held four meetings during Fiscal 2017.
Our Audit Committee has been delegated the authority to, among other things, (i) appoint and replace the independent auditor; (ii) determine the compensation and oversight of the independent auditor; (iii) pre-approve all auditing services and permitted non-audit services, including the fees and terms thereof, to be performed for the Company by its independent auditor; (iv) provide oversight with respect to the Company’s internal control and procedures; and (v) prepare any reports required by law to be prepared by the Audit Committee. Our Audit Committee operates under, and has the responsibility and authority set forth in, the written charter adopted by our Board, which can be viewed on our website, www.HRGgroup.com, under the heading “Corporate Governance.”
Compensation Committee
As of the date hereof, our Compensation Committee is composed of Messrs. Ianna (Chairman), Glovier, Luterman and McKnight. During Fiscal 2017, Mr. Steinberg served as a member of our Compensation Committee until he was appointed as Chief Executive Officer of HRG in April 2017. Our Board determined that all members of our Compensation Committee qualify as independent under applicable SEC rules, NYSE Rules and the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines. Our Compensation Committee held ten meetings during Fiscal 2017.
Our Compensation Committee has been delegated the authority to, among other things, (i) review and recommend to our Board corporate goals and objectives relevant to our executive officer compensation and recommend to our Board the compensation level of our executive officers; (ii) make recommendations to our Board with respect to executive officer compensation and benefits, including incentive-compensation and equity-based plans for executive officers; (iii) review and recommend to our Board any employment agreements or severance or termination arrangements to be made with any of our executive officers;
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and (iv) review and discuss with management our compensation discussion and analysis disclosure and compensation committee reports in order to comply with our public reporting requirements. Our Compensation Committee operates under, and has the responsibility and authority set forth in, the written charter adopted by our Board, which can be viewed on our website, www.HRGgroup.com, under the heading “Corporate Governance.”
NCG Committee
As of the date hereof, our NCG Committee is composed of Messrs. Ianna (Chairman), Glovier, Luterman and McKnight. During Fiscal 2017, Mr. Steinberg served as a member of our NCG Committee until he was appointed as Chief Executive Officer of HRG in April 2017. Our Board determined that all members of our NCG Committee qualify as independent under applicable SEC rules, NYSE Rules and the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines. Our NCG Committee held one meeting during Fiscal 2017.
Our NCG Committee has been delegated the authority to, among other things, (i) develop and recommend to our Board for approval the criteria for Board membership and identify individuals qualified to become members of our Board; (ii) as directed by our Board from time to time, either select or recommend to our Board for selection director nominees for the next annual meeting of stockholders or to fill vacancies on our Board; (iii) assist the Board in determining whether individual directors have material relationships with our Company that may interfere with their independence; and (iv) develop, review and assess at least annually the adequacy of the Company’s corporate governance principles and guidelines, the Board’s and management’s review of the Company’s risk oversight process, and make recommendations to the Board as the NCG Committee deems appropriate. Our NCG Committee operates under, and has the responsibility and authority set forth in, the written charter adopted by our Board, which can be viewed on our website, www.HRGgroup.com, under the heading “Corporate Governance.”
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Item 11. Executive Compensation
COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
This section provides an overview and analysis of our compensation program and policies, the material compensation decisions made under those programs and policies, and the material factors considered in making those decisions. The discussion below is intended to help you understand the detailed information provided in our executive compensation tables and put that information into context within our overall compensation program. The series of tables following this Compensation Discussion and Analysis provides more detailed information concerning compensation earned or paid in Fiscal 2017, Fiscal 2016 and Fiscal 2015 for the following individuals (each a “named executive officer” for all or a portion of Fiscal 2017):

• | Joseph S. Steinberg, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board;

• | Ehsan Zargar, Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary;

• | George C. Nicholson, Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer;

• | Omar M. Asali, our former President and Chief Executive Officer, and former Director; and

• | David M. Maura, a Director and our former Managing Director and Executive Vice President of Investments.

As previously disclosed, Mr. Maura’s employment with the Company ceased on November 28, 2016, and Mr. Asali’s employment with the Company ceased on April 14, 2017, which was, in each case, prior to the completion of Fiscal 2017. Mr. Steinberg did not receive compensation from HRG in his capacity as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and instead only received ordinary board fees for his service as a director of HRG, Spectrum Brands and FGL.
Executive Summary
Highlights for Fiscal 2017
During Fiscal 2017, we executed on a number of strategic initiatives, including:

• | At HRG, continuing to advance the simplification of our corporate structure and focusing on the reduction of general and administrative expenses.

• | At FGL, entering into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “FGL Merger Agreement”) with CF Corporation (“CF Corp”), FGL U.S. Holdings Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CF Corp (“CF/FGL US”), and FGL Merger Sub Inc., a direct wholly owned subsidiary of CF/FGL US, pursuant to which CF Corp has agreed to acquire FGL for $31.10 per share (the “FGL Merger”).

• | At Front Street, entering into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Front Street Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which Front Street has agreed to sell (the “Front Street Sale”) to CF/FGL US all of the issued and outstanding shares of (i) Front Street Cayman and (ii) Front Street Bermuda (collectively, the “Acquired Companies”). The purchase price is $65.0 million, subject to customary adjustments for transaction expenses.

• | At Spectrum Brands, completing of the acquisitions of (i) Petmatrix LLC, a manufacturer and marketer of rawhide-free dog chews, for a purchase price of $255.2 million, (ii) GloFish branded operations, which primarily consist of the development and licensing of fluorescent fish for sale through mass retail and online channels, for a purchase price of $53.9 million, and (iii) the remaining 44.0% non-controlling interest of Shaser, Inc. for a purchase price of $12.6 million.

• | At Spectrum Brands, redeeming the remaining outstanding $129.7 million aggregate principal amount of 6.375% Notes due 2020.

• | At Spectrum Brands, entering into the multiple amendments to the credit agreement governing its term loans and the revolving credit facility (the “Revolver Facility”, collectively the “Credit Agreement”) reducing the interest rate margins and commitment fee, extending the maturity to March 2022, increasing its USD Term Loan by $250.0 million of incremental borrowings and removing the floor which both LIBOR and base rates were subject to.

• | At Salus, recovering $30.9 million on the remaining loans in its asset-backed portfolio and winding down the operations of Salus.

The foregoing is a highlight summary of only certain of HRG’s performance measures as of the end of Fiscal 2017. For a more complete understanding and evaluation of the business and financial results of the Company and its subsidiaries, you are encouraged to read the remainder of this report and the Company’s other reports filed with the SEC.
Summary of the Governance Features of our Compensation Programs for Fiscal 2017
Listed below are some of the Company’s more significant practices and policies that were in effect during Fiscal 2017

• | No 280G or Section 409A Excise Tax Gross-Ups: We do not provide “gross-ups” for any taxes imposed with respect to Section 280G (change of control) or Section 409A (nonqualified deferred compensation) of the Code.

• | No Pensions or Supplemental Pensions: Our named executive officers are not provided with pension or supplemental executive retirement plans.

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• | No Single-Trigger Equity Acceleration: In Fiscal 2017, we did not provide our named executive officers “single-trigger” equity vesting upon a change of control.

• | No Repricing of Underwater Stock Options without Stockholder Approval: We do not lower the exercise price of any outstanding stock options, unless stockholders approve this.

• | No Discounted Stock Options: The exercise price of our stock options is not less than 100% of the fair market value of our Common Stock on the date of grant.

• | No Unauthorized Hedging or Pledging: Our Board has adopted a corporate governance policy prohibiting our directors and executive officers from (i) hedging the economic risk associated with the ownership of our Common Stock and (ii) pledging our Common Stock, unless, in each case, first pre-approved by our General Counsel.

Compensation Philosophy and General Objectives
For Fiscal 2017, in connection with the Company’s general reviewing of its strategic alternatives and direction of the Company, our executive compensation philosophy was focused on the retention of our executives. The Company determined that its previous bonus plan, which was based on the Company’s net asset value, was not appropriate for Fiscal 2017. Accordingly, in Fiscal 2017, the Company terminated the net asset value bonus plan and instead entered into retention bonus arrangements with certain of our executives. Our Compensation Committee considered several factors in designing levels of compensation, including, but not limited to, historical levels of pay for each executive, turnover in the executive ranks, and its judgment about retention risk with regards to each executive relative to their importance to the Company.
Components of Executive Compensation
The principal elements of compensation for our continuing named executive officers in Fiscal 2017 were:
•base salary;
•retention bonus payable in cash; and
•limited benefits.
Mr. Steinberg did not receive compensation in his capacity as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and instead only received ordinary board fees for his service as a director of HRG, Spectrum Brands and FGL.
How We Determine Each Element of Compensation
Role of Our Compensation Committee
Our Compensation Committee is responsible for our executive compensation program design and administration, including a regular review of our compensation programs and evaluation of management performance and awards consistent with our bonus plan. In Fiscal 2017, our Compensation Committee was advised by separate outside counsel, as it deemed appropriate. In Fiscal 2017, our Compensation Committee did not engage a compensation consultant.
Base Salary
For Fiscal 2017, our Compensation Committee determined that the base salaries provided to our named executive officers represented an appropriate level of compensation in accordance with each such executive officer’s job responsibilities and contributions to our Company. Mr. Nicholson’s base salary was increased from $275,000 to $325,000 effective as of January 1, 2017, and increased to $338,000 effective as of October 1, 2017.
Annual Bonus Plan
As discussed above, in connection with its review of strategic alternatives, the Company determined that its previous bonus plan, which was based on the Company’s net asset value, was not appropriate for Fiscal 2017. Accordingly, in Fiscal 2017, the Company terminated the net asset value bonus plan and instead entered into retention bonus arrangements with certain of our executives.
For Fiscal 2017, Mr. Nicholson was eligible to receive a retention bonus amount equal to $725,000, plus a one-time payment of $100,000, pursuant to retention bonus arrangements entered into with the Company. For Fiscal 2017, Mr. Zargar was eligible to receive a retention bonus amount equal to $3,000,000, plus a potential transaction bonus equal to $1,000,000, pursuant to retention bonus arrangements entered into with the Company.
For Fiscal 2017, Messrs. Asali and Maura received bonus compensation pursuant to their respective transition and separation agreements entered into with the Company. As discussed above, Mr. Steinberg did not receive compensation in his capacity as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and thus did not receive any bonus for Fiscal 2017.
For further details on the bonus amounts paid to the Named Executive Officers for Fiscal 2017, see the section titled “Summary Compensation Table” and “Agreements with Named Executive Officers.” For details on the bonus amounts payable to the continuing Named Executive Officers for Fiscal 2018, see the section titled “Agreements with Named Executive Officers.”
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Benefits
During Fiscal 2017, we provided our named executive officers with standard medical, dental, vision, disability and life insurance benefits available to employees generally. Messrs. Nicholson and Zargar also participated in a supplemental health insurance plan effective July 1, 2017, that provides supplemental insurance coverage for certain out of pocket healthcare expenses.
We limit the use of perquisites as a method of compensation and provide executive officers with only those perquisites that we believe are reasonable and consistent with our overall compensation program to better enable us to attract and retain superior employees for key positions. In this regard, our named executive officers are eligible to participate in a flexible perquisite account under our FlexNet Program, which permits them to be reimbursed for certain eligible personal expenses, up to a per year cap of $50,000 for Messrs. Asali, Maura and Zargar and $25,000 for Mr. Nicholson. Eligible expenses include, but are not limited to, reimbursement for tax preparation, legal services, education programs, health and wellness programs, technology and personal computers, wills and estate planning services and transportation services. For Fiscal 2017, participants were responsible for payment of taxes on FlexNet payments. Reimbursements, at participants’ elections, can be net of taxes and/or include an estimated tax payment, subject to the annual maximum reimbursement cap. Further, we may provide from time to time in our discretion reimbursement for other employment related expenses. The perquisites provided to the named executive officers are quantified in the Summary Compensation Table below.
We sponsor a 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) in which eligible participants may defer a fixed amount or a percentage of their eligible compensation, subject to limitations. In Fiscal 2017 we made discretionary matching contributions of up to 5% of eligible compensation.
Risk Review
Our Compensation Committee reviewed, analyzed and discussed the incentives created by our Fiscal 2017 compensation program. Our Compensation Committee does not believe that any aspect of our Fiscal 2017 compensation program encouraged our named executive officers to take unnecessary or excessive risks.
Compensation in Connection with Termination of Employment and Change-In-Control
During Fiscal 2017, Messrs. Asali, Maura, Zargar and Nicholson had employment agreements which provided for termination compensation in the form of payment of bonuses and salary and benefit continuation ranging from six to twenty-four months following involuntary termination of employment.
However, as described more fully under the Section titled “Agreements with Named Executive Officers”, during Fiscal 2017 the Company entered into (i) a transition agreement with Mr. Asali, (ii) a separation agreement with Mr. Maura and (iii) retention agreements with each of Messrs. Zargar and Nicholson that, among other things, provided such named executive officers with certain payments upon termination of employment, in lieu of bonuses or severance pursuant to employment agreements or otherwise.
During Fiscal 2017, our compensation programs did not provide for any “golden parachute” tax gross-ups to any named executive officer.
You can find additional information regarding compensation payable in connection with termination of employment to our named executive officers under the headings “Agreements with Named Executive Officers” and “Payments Upon Termination and Change of Control” below.
Impact of Tax Considerations
With respect to taxes, Section 162(m) of the Code imposes a $1 million limit on the deduction that a company may claim in any tax year with respect to compensation paid to each of its Chief Executive Officer and three other named executive officers (other than the Chief Financial Officer), unless certain conditions are satisfied. Certain types of performance-based compensation are generally exempted from the $1 million limit. Performance-based compensation can include income from stock options, performance-based restricted stock, and certain formula driven compensation that meets the requirements of Section 162(m). In structuring the compensation for our named executive officers our Compensation Committee will review a variety of factors including the deductibility of such compensation under Section 162(m), to the extent applicable. However, this is not the driving or most influential factor. Our Compensation Committee has approved, and is expected to approve in the future, non-deductible compensation arrangements and specifically reserves the right to do so.
Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation
Our Compensation Committee and our Board considered the results of our stockholder vote regarding the non-binding resolution on executive compensation presented at the 2017 Annual Meeting, where 94.82% of votes cast approved the compensation program described in the Company’s proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting. Our Compensation Committee and our Board have continued to maintain a generally similar compensation philosophy.
At the 2017 Annual Meeting, a majority of our stockholders approved, as recommended by our Board, a proposal for our stockholders to be provided with the opportunity to cast a non-binding advisory vote on compensation of our named executive officers every three years. Our Board believed that this frequency is appropriate as a triennial vote would provide the Company
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with sufficient time to engage with stockholders to understand and respond to the “say-on-pay” vote results and to put in place any changes to the Company’s compensation program as a result of such discussions, if necessary. The next stockholder advisory (non-binding) vote on executive compensation will be held at our upcoming 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and the next stockholder advisory (non-binding) vote on the frequency of the say-on-pay vote will be held at our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
Components of Executive Compensation
The following table discloses compensation received by Messrs. Steinberg, Asali, Maura, Zargar and Nicholson, each of whom was a “named executive officer” for all or a portion of Fiscal 2017. As disclosed in greater detail elsewhere in this report, Mr. Maura’s employment with the Company ceased on November 29, 2016 and Mr. Asali’s employment with the Company ceased on April 14, 2017. In addition, Mr. Steinberg did not receive compensation in his capacity as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and instead only received ordinary board fees for his service as a director of HRG, Spectrum Brands and FGL.
Summary Compensation Table

Name and Principal Position |  | Year |  | Salary ($) |  | Bonus ($) (1) |  | Stock Awards ($) (2) |  | Option Awards ($) (2) |  | Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) |  | All Other Compensation ($) (3) |  | Total ($)
Joseph S. Steinberg, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board |  | 2017 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,927 |  |  | 165,927 |
Omar M. Asali, Former President and Chief Executive Officer |  | 2017 |  | 284,615 |  |  | 3,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,775 |  |  | 3,336,390 |
| 2016 |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 242,786 |  |  | 46,454 |  |  | 8,000,000 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | 8,839,240 |
| 2015 |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,348,776 |  |  | 1,809,401 |  |  | 171,000 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | 12,879,177 |
David M. Maura, Former Executive Vice President of Investments and Managing Director |  | 2017 |  | — |  |  | 2,150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,895,458 |  |  | — |  |  | 550,000 |  |  | 4,595,458 |
| 2016 |  | 150,824 |  |  | — |  |  | 191,356 |  |  | 36,613 |  |  | 3,355,080 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | 3,783,873 |
| 2015 |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,044,576 |  |  | 866,770 |  |  | 135,000 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | 6,596,346 |
Ehsan Zargar, Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary |  | 2017 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 3,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64,225 |  |  | 3,464,225 |
George C. Nicholson, Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Financial Officer |  | 2017 |  | 312,500 |  |  | 825,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,441 |  |  | 1,179,941 |
| 2016 |  | 275,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 38,250 |  |  | 613,250 |

(1 | ) | For Messrs. Zargar and Nicholson this reflects amounts payable for Fiscal 2017 pursuant to their retention agreements. For further details on the retention bonus amounts payable thereunder, see the section titled “Agreements with Named Executive Officers.” For Mr. Asali and Mr. Maura this reflects the cash portion of their incentive awards earned for Fiscal 2017. In addition, Mr. Asali and Mr. Maura received compensation from Spectrum Brands for services performed for Spectrum Brands, which is not included in this report and Mr. Asali received compensation from Fidelity & Guaranty Life, which is not included in this report.
(2 | ) | All stock and option awards were granted under the Harbinger Group Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan, as amended (the “2011 Plan”). Mr. Steinberg received the stock award as part of his Director compensation. The equity awards presented in this table were granted as follows (i) on November 28, 2016, Mr. Steinberg was granted $80,000 in the form of 5,092 shares of restricted stock that vested on September 30, 2017 pursuant to the HRG Director compensation plan for Fiscal 2017, and (ii) on December 14, 2016, Mr. Maura was granted $1,895,458 in the form of nonqualified stock options to purchase 318,190 shares of our Common Stock which vest as follows: 30,626 were vested on the date of grant, 30,626 shall vest on December 14, 2017, 128,469 shall vest on December 14, 2018 and 128,469 shall vest on December 14, 2019. These columns reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of the awards computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 (disregarding any risk of forfeiture assumptions). For a discussion of the relevant valuation assumptions, See Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part VI - Item 15. Financial Statements. Excluded from the table above is the grant of 181 shares received by Mr. Zargar for service as a director of Spectrum Brands during Fiscal 2017. Also excluded from the table above is the grant of 1,670 shares and $178,750 of cash compensation and $2,739 dividends received by Mr. Steinberg for service as a director of Spectrum Brands and Fidelity & Guaranty Life during Fiscal 2017.
(3 | ) | For Fiscal 2017, (i) for Mr. Asali, amounts in this column represent the value of his FlexNet cash benefit of $50,000, utilized for transportation and financial services; (ii) for Mr. Maura, amounts in this column represent $500,000 severance payment relating to his separation from the company and the value of his FlexNet cash benefit of $50,000, utilized for health and welfare programs, transportation and financial services; (iii) for Mr. Nicholson, amounts in this column represent the value of his FlexNet cash benefit of $25,000, utilized for health and welfare programs, finance and technology services and $15,125 in matching contributions pursuant to the Company’s 401(K)plan and $2,316 representing company paid premium for a supplemental health insurance plan (iv) for Mr. Zargar, amounts in this column represent the value of his FlexNet cash benefit of $50,000, utilized for health and welfare programs, finance and technology services and $13,250 in matching contributions pursuant to the Company’s 401(K)plan and $975 representing company paid premium for a supplemental health insurance plan.

Agreements with Named Executive Officers
During Fiscal 2017, the Company was party to the following agreements with Named Executive Officers:
Asali and Maura Employment Agreements
On February 11, 2014, the Company entered into amended and restated employment agreements with Messrs. Asali and Maura. Each amended and restated employment agreement provided for a one year term which automatically renewed each October 1, subject to earlier termination. The amended and restated employment agreements provided for an annual base salary of $500,000 and entitled the executives to participate in the Company’s annual bonus plan comprised of a mix of cash and equity.
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Asali Transition Agreement
As previously reported, on November 17, 2016, the Company announced that Mr. Asali planned to leave the Company during Fiscal 2017. In connection with the foregoing, on November 17, 2016, the Company and Mr. Asali entered into a Transition Agreement (the “Asali Transition Agreement”). The Asali Transition Agreement provided that Mr. Asali would receive from the Company (i) for Fiscal 2016, a bonus of $8,000,000 in cash and (ii) for Fiscal 2017, a bonus of $3,000,000 in cash. In addition, Mr. Asali’s options and restricted stock awards which were scheduled to vest and settle during Fiscal 2016, would vest and settle on their own terms, and Mr. Asali’s options and restricted stock awards which were scheduled to vest and settle on November 29, 2017, would vest and be settled on March 31, 2017. Mr. Asali is permitted to exercise his outstanding options as follows: (i) with respect to any option that was exercisable as of April 14, 2017, Mr. Asali is permitted to exercise such option through the first anniversary of such date and (ii) with respect to any option that became exercisable after April 14, 2017, Mr. Asali is permitted to exercise such option through the first anniversary of the date such option first became exercisable, and such period, in each case, may be further extended to accommodate certain black-out periods, if applicable.
Per the Asali Transition Agreement, had Mr. Asali resigned from employment with Good Reason or been terminated by the Company without Cause prior to certain specified dates, Mr. Asali would have received a $500,000 cash payment as severance plus COBRA reimbursement for a period of up to 12 months. In addition, Mr. Asali would be eligible to receive an additional payment of $3,000,000 (or such higher amount as determined by the Board), if the Company entered into definitive documentation with respect to a sale, merger, change in control or other strategic transaction of or involving the Company and substantially all of its assets by certain specified dates. On April 14, 2017, Mr. Asali ceased his employment with the Company and resigned from the Board of Directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. Accordingly, Mr. Asali did not receive, and is no longer eligible to receive, the payments described in this paragraph.
Mr. Asali remains subject to certain non-solicitation restrictions of the Company’s employees for 18 months post-termination of employment and confidentiality provisions indefinitely. The Asali Transition Agreement also contains a customary mutual release of claims.
Maura Separation and Release Agreement
On November 28, 2016, the Company and Mr. Maura entered into a Separation and Release Agreement (the “Maura Separation and Release Agreement”) pursuant to which Mr. Maura’s employment ceased effective November 29, 2016. Mr. Maura continues to serve as the Executive Chairman of Spectrum Brands and as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors.
Pursuant to the Maura Separation and Release Agreement, Mr. Maura received a lump sum cash payment of $500,000 and COBRA reimbursements for a period of up to 12 months post termination. In addition, all of Mr. Maura’s then outstanding unvested options and unvested shares of restricted stock that were each awarded prior to November 28, 2016 became fully vested, but were exercisable/settled as follows: (A) 209,997 options and 510,576 shares of restricted stock became exercisable/settled on November 29, 2016 and (B) 48,408 options and 110,212 shares of restricted stock shall be exercisable/settled on November 29, 2017. Mr. Maura is permitted to exercise such options as follows: (i) with respect to any option that was exercisable as of December 7, 2016, Mr. Maura shall be permitted to exercise such option through the first anniversary of such date and (ii) with respect to any option that becomes exercisable after December 7, 2016, Mr. Maura shall be permitted to exercise such option through the first anniversary of the date such option first became exercisable, and such period, in each case, may be further extended to accommodate certain black-out periods, if applicable.
Pursuant to the Maura Separation and Release Agreement, Mr. Maura received a bonus for Fiscal 2016, consisting of (i) $1,540,000 paid in cash in December 2016, (ii) $1,815,080 payable in cash on November 1, 2018 and (iii) a fully vested option to acquire 318,190 shares of common stock of the Company on December 14, 2016. Such options become exercisable as follows: 30,626 on the date of grant, 30,626 on December 14, 2017, 128,469 on December 14, 2018 and 128,469 on December 14, 2019 and, in each case, remain exercisable through December 14, 2026. Mr. Maura also received a cash bonus of $2,150,000 in respect of Fiscal 2017.
Mr. Maura remains subject to certain non-solicitation restrictions of the Company’s employees for 18 months post-termination of employment and confidentiality provisions indefinitely. The Maura Separation and Release Agreement also contains a customary mutual release of claims.
Zargar Employment Agreement
On October 1, 2012, the Company entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Mr. Zargar. Pursuant to his employment agreement, Mr. Zargar’s annual base salary was $250,000 and Mr. Zargar was also eligible for an annual bonus. Mr. Zargar is subject to certain perpetual confidentiality and non-disparagement restrictions following termination of employment. On April 19, 2015, Mr. Zargar’s base salary was increased to $400,000. Effective January 1, 2017, Mr. Zargar was appointed as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company, in addition to his prior General Counsel and Corporate Secretary roles.
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Zargar Retention Agreement
On January 20, 2017, the Company and Mr. Zargar entered into a retention agreement (the “Prior Zargar Retention Agreement”). The Prior Zargar Retention Agreement was designed to retain and incentivize Mr. Zargar to remain employed with the Company during its Fiscal 2017 year, thus he was eligible to receive (i) $2,000,000 on June 30, 2017 (ii) $1,000,000 on October 2, 2017, (iii) $1,000,000 on the closing of a strategic transaction involving the Company and substantially all of its assets and (iv) COBRA reimbursement for a period of up to 6 months post termination. The $2,000,000 referenced above was paid to Mr. Zargar on June 30, 2017 and the $1,000,000 was paid to Mr. Zargar on October 2, 2017.
On September 15, 2017, the Company and Mr. Zargar entered into an amended and restated retention letter agreement, designed to retain and incentivize Mr. Zargar to remain employed with the Company during its Fiscal 2018 (the “Restated Zargar Retention Agreement”), which superseded in its entirety the Prior Zargar Retention Agreement.
Pursuant to the Restated Zargar Retention Agreement, in addition to the retention payments which were previously received, Mr. Zargar will receive, (i) a payment equal to $2,000,000 on June 30, 2018, (ii) a payment equal to $2,000,000, on October 1, 2018, (iii) a payment equal to $1,000,000 on the later of (x) closing of a sale, merger, change in control or other strategic transaction involving the Company’s beneficial ownership interests in FGL or (y) January 15, 2018, and (iv) COBRA reimbursement for a period of up to 6 months post termination, subject with respect to (i) through (iii), to Mr. Zargar’s continued employment with the Company through such dates. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent not yet paid, Mr. Zargar will also receive the retention payments if his employment is terminated prior to the above specified dates due to his death or disability, or by the Company without Cause (defined below under heading “Nicholson Retention Agreement”) or by Mr. Zargar for Good Reason (defined below under heading “Nicholson Retention Agreement”). In addition, all payment dates pursuant to the Restated Zargar Retention Agreement will be accelerated to the date the Company closes a sale, merger, change in control or other strategic transaction involving the Company and substantially all of its assets, which shall include the Company’s beneficial ownership interests in both Spectrum Brands and FGL to the extent the Company beneficially owns interests in Spectrum Brands or FGL on such date, if it occurs prior to the regularly scheduled payment dates thereunder. The payments are conditioned upon Mr. Zargar’s execution of a customary release (except following death or disability) and will be in lieu of any severance or bonus payments pursuant to his employment agreement or any other severance plan or arrangement. In addition, following his termination of employment, unless he is terminated for Cause, Mr. Zargar shall be permitted to exercise his outstanding options as follows: (i) with respect to any option that is exercisable as of the date of his termination of employment, Mr. Zargar shall be permitted to exercise such option through the first anniversary of such termination date and (ii) with respect to any option that becomes exercisable following his date of termination, Mr. Zargar shall be permitted to exercise such option through the first anniversary of the date such option first became exercisable, and such period, in each case, may be further extended to accommodate certain black-out periods, if applicable.
Nicholson Employment Agreement
On November 19, 2015, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Nicholson as its Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, and on December 26, 2015, Mr. Nicholson was promoted to the additional position of Acting Chief Financial Officer of the Company, effective as of January 4, 2016. Pursuant to his employment agreement, Mr. Nicholson’s annual base salary was $275,000 and Mr. Nicholson was also eligible for an annual bonus in a target amount equal to $275,000. Mr. Nicholson is subject to certain non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions for six months following termination of employment, as well as perpetual confidentiality and non-disparagement provisions.
Nicholson Retention Agreement
On January 20, 2017, the Company and Mr. Nicholson entered into a retention letter agreement (the “Prior Nicholson Retention Agreement”) pursuant to which Mr. Nicholson would be employed by the Company as its Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, effective as of January 20, 2017. In addition, his base salary was increased to $325,000 effective as of January 1, 2017 and he received a one-time bonus equal to $100,000 within ten days after January 20, 2017. The Prior Nicholson Retention Agreement was designed to retain and incentivize Mr. Nicholson to remain employed with the Company during its Fiscal 2017 year and for the filing of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for such year, thus if he remained so employed he could receive (i) a retention payment equal to $325,000, (ii) a bonus equal to $400,000 and (iii) COBRA reimbursement for a period of up to 12 months.
On September 15, 2017, the Company and Mr. Nicholson entered into an amended and restated retention letter agreement, designed to retain and incentivize Mr. Nicholson to remain employed with the Company during its Fiscal 2018 and for the filing of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for such year (the “Restated Nicholson Retention Agreement”), which superseded in its entirety the Prior Nicholson Retention Agreement.
Pursuant to the Restated Nicholson Retention Agreement, Mr. Nicholson’s base salary was increased from $325,000 to $338,000 effective as of October 1, 2017. In addition to the retention payment equal to $325,000 and the bonus equal to $400,000 that Mr. Nicholson would receive upon continued employment related to Fiscal 2017, the Restated Nicholson Retention Agreement provides that, Mr. Nicholson will also receive (i) a retention payment equal to $325,000 for Fiscal 2018 and (ii) a bonus equal to $425,000 for Fiscal 2018, subject in each case to Mr. Nicholson’s continued employment with the Company through the
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earliest of November 30, 2018, the date the Company files its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018 or an earlier date selected by the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Mr. Nicholson will also receive these payments, to the extent not yet paid, if his employment is terminated prior to the above specified dates due to his death or disability, or by the Company without Cause (defined below) or by Mr. Nicholson for Good Reason (defined below). The payments are conditioned upon Mr. Nicholson’s execution of a customary release (except following death or disability) and will be in lieu of any severance or bonus payments pursuant to his employment agreement.
“Cause” pursuant to the retention agreements means: (A) willful misconduct in the performance of the executive’s duties for HRG which causes material injury to HRG or its subsidiaries, (B) the executive willfully engages in illegal conduct that is injurious to HRG or its subsidiaries, (C) the executive’s material breach of the terms of this Agreement or the executive’s employment agreement, (D) the executive willfully violates HRG’s written policies in a manner that causes material injury to HRG; (E) the executive commits fraud or misappropriates, embezzles or misuses the funds or property of HRG or its subsidiaries; (F) the executive engages in negligent actions that results in the loss of a material amount of capital of HRG or its subsidiaries; or (G) the executive willfully fails to follow the reasonable and lawful instructions of the Board or the executive’s superiors that are consistent with the executive’s position with HRG; provided, however, that the executive shall be provided a ten (10) day period to cure any of the events or occurrences described in the immediately preceding clauses (C), (D) or (G) hereof, to the extent curable. For purposes hereof, no act, or failure to act, on the part of the executive shall be considered “willful” unless it is done, or omitted to be done, by the executive in bad faith or without reasonable belief that the executive’s action or omission was in the best interests of HRG. An act, or failure to act, based on specific authority given pursuant to a resolution duly adopted by the Board or based upon the written advice of outside counsel for HRG shall be presumed to be done, or omitted to be done, by the executive in good faith and in the best interests of HRG.
“Good Reason” pursuant to the retention agreements means the occurrence, without the executive’s express written consent, of any of the following events: (A) a material diminution in the executive’s authority, duties or responsibilities (provided, for Mr. Nicholson only, it shall not constitute Good Reason if the executive is required to report to another designee of the CEO); (B) a diminution of base salary; (C) a change in the geographic location of the executive’s principal place of performance of his services hereunder to a location more than thirty (30) miles outside of New York City that is also more than thirty (30) miles from the executive’s primary residence at the time of such change, except for travel consistent with the terms of the executive’s employment agreement (for Mr. Nicholson only, for the avoidance of doubt, the requirement that Mr. Nicholson relocate to the New York City area shall not constitute Good Reason); or (D) a material breach by HRG of the retention agreement or the executive’s employment agreement. The executive shall give HRG a written notice (specifying in detail the event or circumstances claimed to give rise to Good Reason) within 25 days after the executive has knowledge that an event or circumstances constituting Good Reason has occurred, and if the executive fails to provide such timely notice, then such event or circumstances will no longer constitute Good Reason. HRG shall have 30 days to cure the event or circumstances described in such notice, and if such event or circumstances are not timely cured, then the executive must actually terminate employment within 120 days following the specified event or circumstances constituting Good Reason; otherwise, such event or circumstances will no longer constitute Good Reason.
Grants of Plan-Based Awards for Fiscal 2017
The following table provides information concerning awards granted in Fiscal 2017 to our named executive officers.
Messrs. Asali, Zargar and Nicholson did not receive plan-based awards in Fiscal 2017.

Name |  | Grant Date |  | All Other Stock Awards: Number of Shares of Stock or Units (1) |  | All Other Option Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Options (2) |  | Exercise or Base Price of Option Awards ($/Sh) |  | Grant Date Fair Value ($) (3)
Joseph S. Steinberg |  | 11/28/2016 |  | 5,092 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,000 |
David M. Maura |  | 12/14/2016 |  | — |  |  | 318,190 |  |  | 15.39 |  |  | 1,895,458 |

(1 | ) | The restricted stock awards to Mr. Steinberg made in Fiscal 2017 were granted with respect to his director services for HRG for Fiscal 2017.
(2 | ) | The option awards made to Mr. Maura in Fiscal 2017 were granted pursuant to the 2016 Bonus Plan.
(3 | ) | This column reflects the aggregate grant date fair value of the option and stock awards computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 (disregarding any risk of forfeiture assumptions). For a discussion of the relevant valuation assumptions, see Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I - Item 1. Financial Statements.

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Outstanding Equity Awards as of September 30, 2017

|  | Option Awards |  | Stock Awards
Name |  | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable |  | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable |  |  | Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options |  | Option Exercise Price ($) (1) |  | Option Expiration Date |  | Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested |  |  | Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($) (2)
Omar M. Asali |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 4.86 |  |  | 2/14/2022 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 544,900 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 8.52 |  |  | 11/29/2022 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 409,091 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 11.76 |  |  | 11/29/2023 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 340,232 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 13.36 |  |  | 11/29/2024 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 9,163 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 13.93 |  |  | 11/29/2025 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
David M. Maura |  | 435,920 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 8.52 |  |  | 12/14/2022 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 397,773 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 11.76 |  |  | 12/14/2023 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 117,440 |  |  | 48,408 |  | (3) |  | — |  |  | 13.36 |  |  | 12/14/2024 |  | 110,211 |  | (3) |  | 833,183 |
|  | 7,222 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 13.93 |  |  | 12/14/2025 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 30,626 |  |  | 287,564 |  | (4) |  | — |  |  | 15.39 |  |  | 12/14/2026 |  | — |  |  |  |
Ehsan Zargar |  | 30,000 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 4.68 |  |  | 5/14/2022 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 19,644 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 8.52 |  |  | 11/29/2022 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 24,545 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 11.76 |  |  | 11/29/2023 |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | 19,846 |  |  | 11,218 |  | (5) |  | — |  |  | 13.36 |  |  | 11/29/2024 |  | 25,539 |  | (5) |  | 398,664 |

(1) | The exercise price of all equity awards is equal to the fair market value (closing sale price of our Common Stock) on the date of grant.
(2) | The amounts in this column reflect the fair market value of the unvested restricted stock based on the closing stock price of $15.61 on the last trading day in Fiscal 2017.
(3) | Mr. Maura’s unvested option awards will vest as follows: 48,408 on November 29, 2017. Mr Maura's employment terminated on November 28 2016. The numbers in the table reflect the gross number of shares that were unvested. However pursuant to the terms of his separation agreement 56,836 shares were withheld from the 110,211 shares for tax purposes. These shares related to the Fiscal 2014 bonus plan.
(4) | Mr. Maura’s unvested option awards will vest as follows: 30,626 on December 14, 2017, 128,469 on December 14, 2018 and 128,469 on December 14, 2019.
(5) | Mr. Zargar’s unvested option awards will vest as follows: 11,218 on November 29, 2017. Mr. Zargar’s restricted stock will vest as follows: 25,539 on November 29, 2017.

Option Exercises and Stock Vested in Fiscal 2017

|  | Stock Awards
Name |  | Number of Shares Acquired on Vesting |  |  | Value Realized on Vesting ($)
Joseph S. Steinberg |  | 5,092 |  | (1) |  | 79,486 |
Omar M. Asali |  | 382,117 |  | (2) |  | 5,987,773 |
|  | 289,076 |  | (3) |  | 5,584,948 |
|  | 289,077 |  | (4) |  | 4,523,837 |
|  | 8,715 |  | (5) |  | 119,308 |
David M. Maura |  | 393,496 |  | (2) |  | 6,166,082 |
|  | 56,837 |  | (6) |  | 874,721 |
|  | 110,212 |  | (4) |  | 1,727,022 |
|  | 6,868 |  | (5) |  | 94,023 |
Ehsan Zargar |  | 17,833 |  | (2) |  | 279,443 |
|  | 25,539 |  | (4) |  | 400,196 |

(1) | Represents restricted stock awards granted in relation to his director duties in December 2016 and vested on September 30, 2017.
(2) | Represents restricted stock awards granted pursuant to the bonus plan for Fiscal 2013, which vested on November 29, 2016.
(3) | Represents restricted stock awards granted pursuant to the bonus plan for Fiscal 2014, which vested on March 31, 2017.
(4) | Represents restricted stock awards granted pursuant to the bonus plan for Fiscal 2014, which vested on November 29, 2016.
(5) | Represents stock awards granted pursuant to the bonus plan for Fiscal 2015 which vested on November 24, 2015.
(6) | Represents restricted stock awards granted pursuant to the bonus plan for Fiscal 2014, which vested on December 14, 2016.

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Pension Benefits
For Fiscal 2017, the Company did not maintain any defined benefit pension plan for the benefit of our named executive officers.
Nonqualified Deferred Compensation
Our previous annual bonus programs provided for an automatic deferral of payouts in excess of two times the target bonus pool, subject to clawback in later years if certain bonus thresholds were not met.

Name |  | Registrant Contributions in Last Fiscal Year |  | Aggregate Balance at Last Fiscal Year End
David M. Maura |  | $ | 1,815,080 |  |  | $ | 1,815,080 |

Payments Upon Termination and Change of Control
The following table sets forth amounts of compensation that would have been paid to Messrs. Zargar and Nicholson if their employment was terminated without Cause or for Good Reason. The amounts shown assume that such termination was effective as of September 30, 2017.
As discussed above, Mr. Asali’s and Mr. Maura’s employment was terminated prior to September 30, 2017 and Mr. Steinberg is not eligible to receive severance.

Name |  | Cash Severance |  | Prior Year Bonus |  | Benefits Continuation (1) |  | Total
Ehsan Zargar (2) |  | $ | 6,000,000 |  |  | $ | 423,904 |  |  | $ | 7,822 |  |  | $ | 6,007,822 |
George C. Nicholson (3) |  | 1,475,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,995 |  |  | 1,502,995 |

(1) | This column reflects estimated payments for COBRA coverage.
(2) | Mr. Zargar’s payments would be payable pursuant to the Restated Zargar Retention Agreement and includes (i) $1,000,000 in respect of Fiscal 2017, which was paid on October 2, 2017, (ii) $4,000,000 in respect of Fiscal 2018, which are payable as follows: $2,000,000 on June 30, 2018 and $1,000,000 on October 2, 2018 and (iii) a payment equal to $1,000,000 upon the closing of a sale, merger, change of control, or other strategic transaction involving the Company’s beneficial ownership interest in FGL. In addition, pursuant to the Restated Zargar Retention Agreement, Mr. Zargar would have an extended period of time within which he could exercise his options, as further described in the section titled “Agreements with Named Executive Officers.” Mr. Zargar’s prior year bonus reflects 25,539 shares of restricted stock that would have otherwise vested on November 29, 2017 and $11,218 stock options with an exercise price of $13.36 that would otherwise have vested on November 29, 2017.
(3) | Mr. Nicholson’s payments would be payable pursuant to the Restated Nicholson Retention Agreement and includes (i) a retention payment equal to $325,000 in respect of Fiscal 2017, (ii) a bonus equal to $400,000 in respect of Fiscal 2017, (iii) a retention payment equal to $325,000 in respect of Fiscal 2018 and (ii) a bonus equal to $425,000 in respect of Fiscal 2018.

Director Compensation
Directors who are not employees of the Company (“non-employee directors”) receive an annual retainer of $80,000 (paid on a quarterly basis). Non-employee directors also receive an annual equity award of $80,000, granted as restricted stock or restricted stock units, which vest on the last date of the Company’s fiscal year, subject to continued service on the Board on such date.
In addition, newly elected non-employee directors receive a commencement equity award of $80,000, granted as restricted stock or restricted stock units, to vest in full on the one-year anniversary of the commencement of each such director’s service on the Board. Newly elected directors are only entitled to receive the annual equity award in the first fiscal year commencing immediately following the date such newly elected director becomes a member of the Board.
For Fiscal 2017, compensation for service on the standing committees of the Board is paid in quarterly installments as follows:

Committee |  | Chair Annual Retainer |  | Member Annual Retainer
Audit |  | $ | 26,000 |  |  | $ | 15,000 |
Compensation |  | 15,000 |  |  | 6,000 |
Nominating and Corporate Governance |  | 10,000 |  |  | 5,000 |

In addition, if a non-employee director attends in excess of 20 in-person committee meetings of our Board in one fiscal year, then such director receives $1,500 for each meeting in excess of 20 that such director attends.
We maintain a non-employee director share retention requirement, requiring each non-employee director to retain ownership of 100% of his or her covered shares, net of taxes and transaction costs, until the earlier of (i) the date of such director’s termination of employment or (ii) the date such person is no longer a director.
On November 28, 2016, equity awards of 5,092 restricted stock were granted to each of Messrs. Ianna, Luterman, Steinberg, Whittaker and Glovier for Fiscal 2017 services, which vested on September 30, 2017.
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Director Compensation Table
The following table shows for Fiscal 2017 certain information with respect to the compensation of the directors of the Company, excluding Omar M. Asali and David M. Maura, whom did not receive any compensation for service as a director of HRG and whose compensation for their service as officers of HRG is disclosed above in the section entitled “Summary Compensation Table.”

Name (1) |  | Fees Earned or Paid in Cash |  | Stock Awards (2) |  | Total
Gerald Luterman (3) |  | $ | 117,000 |  |  | $ | 80,000 |  |  | $ | 197,000 |
Frank Ianna (3) |  | 120,000 |  |  | 80,000 |  |  | 200,000 |
Joseph S. Steinberg (3) |  | 85,927 |  |  | 80,000 |  |  | 165,927 |
Andrew Whittaker (3) |  | 80,000 |  |  | 80,000 |  |  | 160,000 |
Curtis Glovier |  | 106,000 |  |  | 80,000 |  |  | 186,000 |
Andrew A. McKnight (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1) | Messrs. Maura and Asali were employees of our Company and did not receive any compensation from the Company for their services as HRG directors. Also excluded from this table are: (i) the ordinary board fees that Messrs. Asali, Maura and Steinberg received for service on the board of Spectrum Brands; and (ii) the ordinary board fees that Messrs. Asali and Steinberg received for service on the board of FGL. See section titled “Summary Compensation Table.”
(2) | This column reflects the aggregate grant date fair value of the awards computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 (disregarding any risk of forfeiture assumptions).
(3) | On November 28, 2016, equity awards of 5,092 restricted stock were granted to each of Messrs. Luterman, Ianna, Steinberg, Whittaker and Glovier, which vested on September 30, 2017.
(4) | Mr. McKnight joined the Board on July 21, 2016. Mr. McKnight is entitled to, but has not yet received compensation for his services as a director of HRG.

COMPENSATION COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION
Currently, our Compensation Committee is composed of Messrs. Frank Ianna (Chairman), Curtis A. Glovier, Gerald Luterman, and Andrew A. McKnight. None of the members of our Compensation Committee is or has ever been one of our officers or employees. On April 14, 2017, Mr. Steinberg resigned from our Compensation Committee and our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee when he was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer. In addition, during Fiscal 2017, none of our executive officers served as a member of the compensation committee of any other entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our Board or our Compensation Committee.
REPORT OF THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information contained in this report shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” or incorporated by reference in future filings with the SEC or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into a document filed under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act.
Our Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis contained in this report with our management. Based on that review and discussion, our Compensation Committee recommended to our Board that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in this report.
THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE
Frank Ianna (Chairman)
Curtis A. Glovier
Gerald Luterman
Andrew A. McKnight
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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The table below shows the number of shares of our Common Stock beneficially owned as of November 14, 2017 by:

• | each director;

• | each of our named executive officers for Fiscal 2017;

• | each person known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding Common Stock (the “5% stockholders”); and

• | all directors and executive officers as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Determinations as to the identity of 5% stockholders, the number of shares of our Common Stock beneficially owned by 5% stockholders and former directors and officers, including shares of our Common Stock which may be acquired by them within 60 days, is based upon filings with the SEC as indicated in the footnotes to the table below. Except as otherwise indicated, we believe, based on the information furnished or otherwise available to us, that each person or entity named in the table has sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our Common Stock shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. As of November 14, 2017, there were 200,624,864 shares of Common Stock outstanding (including shares of restricted stock).
Included in the computation of the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding and beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person in the table below are shares of our Common Stock that are subject to options, warrants or restricted stock units held by that person that are currently exercisable or become exercisable, or vest, as applicable, within 60 days of November 14, 2017.These shares of our Common Stock are not, however, deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise noted below, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table is c/o HRG Group, Inc., 450 Park Avenue, 29th floor, New York, New York 10022.

Name and Address |  | Beneficial Ownership |  | Percent of Class
5% Stockholders as of November 14, 2017 |  |  |  |
Leucadia National Corporation (1) |  | 46,632,180 |  |  | 23.24 | %
CF Turul Group (2) |  | 32,994,740 |  |  | 16.45 | %
Our Directors and Fiscal 2017 Named Executive Officers, each as of November 14, 2017 |  |  |  |
Omar M. Asali (3) ** |  | 3,705,710 |  |  | 1.83 | %
Curtis A. Glovier |  | 5,092 |  |  | * |
Frank Ianna |  | 27,351 |  |  | * |
Gerald Luterman |  | 27,351 |  |  | * |
David M. Maura (4)** |  | 2,035,563 |  |  | 1.01 | %
Joseph S. Steinberg |  | 22,321 |  |  | * |
Andrew Whittaker |  | 22,321 |  |  | * |
Andrew A. McKnight |  | 5,092 |  |  | * |
George C. Nicholson |  | — |  |  | * |
Ehsan Zargar |  | 212,586 |  |  | * |
All current directors and executive officers as a group (9 persons) (5) |  | 2,357,677 |  |  | 1.17 | %

* Indicates less than 1% of our outstanding Common Stock.
** As disclosed in greater detail herein, Messrs. Asali’s and Maura’s employment with the Company ceased in Fiscal 2017. Mr. Maura still serves on the Board.

(1) | Based solely on a Schedule 13D, Amendment No. 3, filed with the SEC on March 27, 2017, Leucadia is the beneficial owner of 46,632,180 shares of our Common Stock, including the 28,000,000 shares Leucadia may from time to time sell and receive the proceeds from such sale for its own account. The address of Leucadia is 520 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10022.
(2) | Based solely on a Schedule 13D, Amendment No. 5, filed with the SEC on July 27, 2016, CF Turul LLC is the beneficial owner of 32,994,740 shares of our Common Stock. The 32,994,740 shares excludes one share of our preferred stock owned by CF Turul, which cannot be converted into Common Stock. As described in the Schedule 13D, each of Fortress Credit Opportunities Advisors LLC, Fortress Credit Opportunities MA Advisors LLC, Fortress Credit Opportunities MA II Advisors LLC, FCO MA LSS Advisors LLC, Fortress Credit Opportunities MA Maple Leaf Advisors LLC, Fortress Global Opportunities (Yen) Advisors LLC, Drawbridge Special Opportunities Advisors LLC, Fortress Special Opportunities Advisors LLC, FIG LLC, Fortress Operating Entity I LP, FIG Corp., Fortress Investment Group LLC, Mr. Peter L. Briger, Jr., and Mr. Constantine M. Dakolias (collectively, the “CF Turul Group”) may also be deemed to be the beneficial owner of our shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by CF Turul, assuming the effectiveness of a joint investment committee agreement. The business address of CF Turul is c/o Fortress Investment Group LLC, 1345 Avenue of the Americas, 46th Floor, New York, New York 10105.
(3) | Includes 1,402,324 shares of Common Stock and 2,303,386 shares of Common Stock underlying options that have vested.
(4) | Includes 967,548 shares of Common Stock, 988,981 shares underlying options that have vested and 79,034 shares of Common Stock underlying options that will vest within 60 days of November 14, 2017. Does not include 256,938 shares of Common Stock that have not vested and will not vest within 60 days of November 14, 2017.
(5) | Includes 1,184,409 shares of Common Stock and 1,173,268 shares of Common Stock underlying options, warrants or restricted stock units that are currently exercisable or become exercisable, or vest, as applicable, within 60 days of November 14, 2017. Does not include 256,938 shares underlying unvested options and warrants that do not vest within 60 days of November 14, 2017.

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Changes in Control
To the knowledge of the Company, there are no arrangements, including any pledge by any person of securities of the Company or any of its parents, the operation of which may, at a subsequent date, result in a change in control of the Company, other than ordinary default provisions that may be contained in our Charter or Bylaws, or trust indentures, or other governing instruments relating to the securities of the Company.
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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Our Board has adopted a Statement of Policy with Respect to Related Party Transactions (the “Related Party Transactions Policy”). A “Related Party Transaction” is defined in the Related Party Transactions Policy as any financial transaction or any series of similar transactions in which we are a participant and in which a related person (i.e., a director, officer, beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of our capital stock or a family member or controlling or controlled entity of the foregoing persons) has a direct or indirect interest, other than: (i) our payment of compensation to a related person for the related person’s service in the capacity that give rise to the person’s status as a “related person”; (ii) transactions available to all of our employees or all of our stockholders on the same terms; and (iii) transactions which, when aggregated with the amount of all other transactions between us and the related person, involve in a fiscal year the lesser of (a) $100,000 or (b) 1% of the average of our total assets at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years. Pursuant to the Related Party Transaction Policy, the Related Party Transaction proposed to be entered into must be reported to our Board for review. In reviewing and determining whether to approve a proposed Related Party Transaction presented to our Board, the disinterested members of our Board will analyze such factors as they deem appropriate. We may only enter into a Related Party Transaction upon approval by our Board. Our Board may delegate its authority to review and approve Related Party Transactions to the Audit Committee, a special committee or other committee of our Board.
See Note 19, Related Party Transactions to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV - Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules for information about related party transactions and Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance, under the heading “Corporate Governance - Director Independence” for information about director independence.
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Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
In accordance with Sarbanes-Oxley, the Audit Committee Charter provides that the Audit Committee of our Board has the sole authority and responsibility to pre-approve all audit services, audit-related tax services and other permitted services to be performed for the Company by our independent registered public accounting firm and the related fees. Pursuant to its charter and in compliance with rules of the SEC and PCAOB, the Audit Committee has established a pre-approval policy and procedures that require the pre-approval of all services to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm. The independent registered public accounting firm may be considered for other services not specifically approved as audit services or audit-related services and tax services, so long as the services are not prohibited by SEC or PCAOB rules and would not otherwise impair the independence of the independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee has also delegated pre-approval to the Audit Committee Chairman to pre-approve audit services of up to $200,000 and certain permitted non-audit services up to $50,000 per engagement; however, any services pre-approved by the Audit Committee Chairman must be reported to the full Audit Committee at its next meeting.
The table below sets forth the professional fees we paid to our independent registered public accounting firm for professional services rendered for the Company, FS Holdco II Ltd. (excluding FGL), HGI Energy and HGI Funding. Professional fees paid for such services by our other reporting affiliates, FGL and its subsidiaries, Spectrum Brands and its subsidiaries and NZCH, are disclosed in such affiliates’ Annual Reports on Form 10-K or amendments thereto.

|  | For Fiscal 2017 |  | For Fiscal 2016
Audit Fees |  | $ | 1,954,000 |  |  | $ | 2,462,745 |
Audit-Related Fees |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax Fees |  | 33,900 |  |  | 22,612 |
All Other Fees |  | 24,000 |  |  | 22,000 |
Total Fees |  | $ | 2,011,900 |  |  | $ | 2,507,357 |

• | Audit Fees are fees for professional services for the audit of the consolidated financial statements included in Form 10-K and the review of the consolidated financial statements included in Form 10-Qs or services that are provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements, such as statutory audits required for certain foreign subsidiaries.

• | Audit-Related Fees are fees for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the consolidated financial statements.

• | Tax Fees are fees for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.

• | All Other Fees are fees, if any, for any services not included in the first three categories.

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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules
(a) List of Documents Filed
1) Financial Statements
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on Page F-1 following this Part IV.
2) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
All other schedules have been omitted since they are either not applicable or the information is contained within the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
LIST OF EXHIBITS
(b) List of Exhibits. The following is a list of exhibits filed, furnished or incorporated by reference as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of March 9, 2015, we changed our name from Harbinger Group Inc. to HRG Group, Inc.

Exhibit No. |  | Description of Exhibit
3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation of HRG Group, Inc. as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 28, 2009 (File No. 1-4219); Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 13, 2011 (File No. 1-4219); Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 5, 2011 (File No. 1-4219); Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 5, 2011 (File No. 1-4219); Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 11, 2015 (File No. 1-4219); Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on form 8-K filed July 15, 2015 (File No. 1-4219); and Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed November 20, 2015 (File No. 1-4219).
3.2 |  | Restated Bylaws of HRG Group, Inc., amended as of July 13, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 15, 2015 (File No. 1-4219)).
4.1 |  | Indenture governing the 7.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2019, dated as of December 24, 2012, by and between Harbinger Group Inc. and Wells Fargo, National Association, as trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 26, 2012 (File No. 1-4219)).
4.2 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 23, 2014, to the Indenture dated as of December 24, 2012, by and between Harbinger Group Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 23, 2014 (File No. 1-4219)).
4.3 |  | Security and Pledge Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2011, by and between Harbinger Group Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed January 28, 2011, as amended (File No. 333-171924)).
4.4 |  | Collateral Trust Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2011, by and between Harbinger Group Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed January 28, 2011, as amended (File No. 333-171924)).
4.5 |  | Indenture governing the 7.750% Senior Notes due 2022, dated as of January 21, 2014, by and between Harbinger Group Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 21, 2014 (File No. 1-4219)).
4.6 |  | Certificate of Designation of Series A Participating Convertible Preferred Stock of Harbinger Group Inc., adopted on May 12, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 13, 2011 (File No. 1-4219)).
4.7 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of Series A Participating Convertible Preferred Stock of Harbinger Group Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 5, 2011 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.1 |  | Stockholder Agreement, dated as of February 9, 2010, by and among Harbinger Group Inc. (as successor to the initial parties thereto) and Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc.; Harbinger Group Inc. became a party to this agreement on January 7, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 5, 2010 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.2 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of February 9, 2010, by and among Harbinger Group Inc. (as successor, effective January 7, 2011, to the initial parties thereto), and Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 5, 2010 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.3 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 12, 2011, by and among Harbinger Group Inc., CF Turul LLC, an affiliate of funds managed by Fortress Investment Group LLC or its affiliates, Providence TMT Debt Opportunity Fund II, L.P., PECM Strategic Funding L.P. and Wilton Re Holdings Limited (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 13, 2011 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.4 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of May 12, 2011, by and among Harbinger Group Inc., CF Turul LLC, an affiliate of funds managed by Fortress Investment Group LLC or its affiliates, Providence TMT Debt Opportunity Fund II, L.P., PECM Strategic Funding L.P. and Wilton Re Holdings Limited (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 13, 2011 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.5 |  | Registration Rights Acknowledgment, dated March 18, 2014, by and among Harbinger Group Inc., Leucadia National Corporation, Harbinger Capital Partners Master Fund I, Ltd., Global Opportunities Breakaway Ltd. and Harbinger Capital Partners Special Situations Fund, L.P. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 19, 2014 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.6 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 18, 2013, by and between Fidelity & Guaranty Life and Harbinger Group Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed February 7, 2014 (File No: 1-4219)).
10.7 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement, by and among Harbinger Group Inc. and its Directors and Officers, as amended and restated on February 23, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010 filed March 11, 2011 (File No. 1-4219)).

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Exhibit No. |  | Description of Exhibit
10.8† |  | Employment Agreement, dated February 11, 2014, by and between Omar Asali and Harbinger Group Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 14, 2014 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.9† |  | Transition Agreement, dated as of November 17, 2016, by and between HRG Group, Inc. and Omar M. Asali (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Amendment No. 1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed January 27, 2017 (File No.: 1-4219)).
10.10† |  | Employment Agreement, dated February 11, 2014, by and between David Maura and Harbinger Group Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 14, 2014 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.11† |  | Subsidiary Service Agreement, dated as of January 20, 2016, by and between HRG Group, Inc. and David Maura (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 21, 2016 (file No. 1-4219)).
10.12† |  | Separation and Release Agreement, dated as of November 28, 2016, by and between HRG Group, Inc. and David M. Maura (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Amendment No.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed January 27, 2017 (File No.: 1-4219)).
10.13† |  | Form of Employee Nonqualified Option Award Agreement, dated as of December 14, 2016, by and between HRG Group, Inc. and David Maura (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Amendment No. 1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed January 27, 2017 (File No.: 1-4219)).
10.14† |  | HRG Group, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (formerly, Harbinger Group Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan), adopted as of September 15, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Amendment No. 1 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed January 30, 2012 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.15† |  | First Amendment to HRG Group, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (formerly, Harbinger Group Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan), (incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 29, 2014 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.16† |  | HRG Group, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (formerly, Harbinger Group Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan) Forms of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Non-Employee Directors), Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, Stock Award Agreement, Employee Nonqualified Option Award Agreement and Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Employees) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed November 21, 2014 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.17† |  | The Harbinger Group Inc. 2014 Warrant Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Annex B to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 29, 2014 (File No. 1-4219)).
10.18† |  | Common Stock Purchase Warrant Agreement, dated March 10, 2014, by and between Harbinger Group Inc. and Philip Falcone (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 8, 2014 (File No: 1-4219)).
10.19† |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of November 19, 2015, by and between HRG Group, Inc. and George C. Nicholson (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed November 20, 2015 (File No.: 1-4219)).
10.20†* |  | Amended and Restated Retention Agreement, dated as of September 15, 2017, by and between HRG Group, Inc. and George C. Nicholson.
10.21† |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between HRG Group, Inc. and Ehsan Zargar (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 5, 2017 (File No.: 1-4219)).
10.22†* |  | Amended and Restated Retention and Severance Agreement, dated as of September 15, 2017, by and between HRG Group, Inc. and Ehsan Zargar.
12.1* |  | Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges.
21.1* |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23.1* |  | Consent of KPMG LLP.
31.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1** |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2** |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.**
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.**
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.**
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase.**
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.**
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.**

† | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

* | Filed herewith.

** | Furnished herewith.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
123

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | HRG GROUP, INC. (Registrant)
Dated: | November 20, 2017 | By: | /s/ GEORGE C. NICHOLSON
|  |  | Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (on behalf of the Registrant and as Principal Financial Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ JOSEPH S. STEINBERG Joseph S. Steinberg |  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors (Principal Executive Officer) |  | November 20, 2017
/s/ GEORGE NICHOLSON George Nicholson |  | Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) |  | November 20, 2017
/s/ CURTIS GLOVIER Curtis Glovier |  | Director |  | November 20, 2017
/s/ FRANK IANNA Frank Ianna |  | Director |  | November 20, 2017
/s/ GERALD LUTERMAN Gerald Luterman |  | Director |  | November 20, 2017
/s/ DAVID M. MAURA David M. Maura |  | Director |  | November 20, 2017
/s/ ANDREW A. MCKNIGHT Andrew A. McKnight |  | Director |  | November 20, 2017
/s/ ANDREW WHITTAKER Andrew Whittaker |  | Director |  | November 20, 2017

124

Table of Contents
Financial Statements
HRG GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX OF CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | F-8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-9
(1) Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations | F-9
(2) Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements | F-11
(3) Acquisitions | F-20
(4) Restructuring and Related Charges | F-22
(5) Divestitures | F-24
(6) Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities | F-26
(7) Fair Value of Financial Instruments | F-26
(8) Receivables, net | F-28
(9) Inventories, net | F-28
(10) Property, Plant and Equipment, net | F-29
(11) Goodwill and Intangibles, net | F-29
(12) Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities | F-30
(13) Debt | F-31
(14) Leases | F-36
(15) Derivative Financial Instruments | F-36
(16) Shareholders’ Equity | F-39
(17) Employee Benefit Obligations | F-40
(18) Income Taxes | F-43
(19) Related Party Transactions | F-48
(20) Stock-Based Compensation | F-49
(21) Commitments and Contingencies | F-51
(22) Insurance Subsidiary — Financial Information | F-53
(23) Segment and Geographic Data | F-55
(24) Earnings Per Share | F-56
(25) Consolidating Financial Information | F-57
(26) Quarterly Results (Unaudited - See Accompanying Accountants’ Report) | F-60
Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant | F-62

F-1

Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
HRG Group, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HRG Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2017. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited financial statement schedule II. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule II are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of HRG Group, Inc. and subsidiaries as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended September 30, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated November 20, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
November 20, 2017
F-2

Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
HRG Group, Inc.:
We have audited HRG Group, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of HRG Group, Inc.; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, HRG Group, Inc. and subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
HRG Group, Inc.’s consolidated subsidiary - Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. acquired PetMatrix LLC as well as assets consisting of the GloFish operations (GloFish) during the year ended September 30, 2017, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of HRG Group, Inc. and subsidiaries internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017, the internal control over financial reporting associated with both PetMatrix LLC and GloFish which had combined total assets of $309.3 million and total net sales of $28.1 million included in the consolidated financial statements of HRG Group, Inc. and subsidiaries as of and for the year ended September 30, 2017. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of PetMatrix LLC and GloFish.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of HRG Group, Inc. and subsidiaries as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2017, along with the financial statement schedule II, and our report dated November 20, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
November 20, 2017
F-3

Table of Contents
HRG GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except per share and share amounts)

| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 270.1 |  |  | $ | 465.2 |
Receivables, net (Note 8) | 569.8 |  |  | 539.1 |
Inventories, net (Note 9) | 775.5 |  |  | 740.6 |
Deferred tax assets (Note 18) | 20.2 |  |  | 18.3 |
Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 10) | 700.7 |  |  | 543.4 |
Goodwill (Note 11) | 2,626.0 |  |  | 2,478.4 |
Intangibles, net (Note 11) | 2,424.0 |  |  | 2,372.5 |
Other assets | 137.2 |  |  | 138.3 |
Assets of businesses held for sale (Note 5) | 28,326.2 |  |  | 26,284.3 |
Total assets | $ | 35,849.7 |  |  | $ | 33,580.1 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Debt (Note 13) | $ | 5,774.1 |  |  | $ | 5,525.8 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities (Note 12) | 1,115.6 |  |  | 983.2 |
Employee benefit obligations (Note 17) | 87.5 |  |  | 125.4 |
Deferred tax liabilities (Note 18) | 531.4 |  |  | 546.0 |
Other liabilities | 43.5 |  |  | 28.7 |
Liabilities of businesses held for sale (Note 5) | 26,350.7 |  |  | 24,553.8 |
Total liabilities | 33,902.8 |  |  | 31,762.9 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 21) |  |  |
HRG Group, Inc. shareholders' equity (Note 16): |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par; 500,000.0 thousand shares authorized; 200,624.9 thousand and 200,789.1 thousand shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. | 2.0 |  |  | 2.0 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,372.9 |  |  | 1,447.1 |
Accumulated deficit | (925.9 | ) |  | (1,031.9 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 309.0 |  |  | 220.9 |
Total HRG Group, Inc. shareholders' equity | 758.0 |  |  | 638.1 |
Noncontrolling interest | 1,188.9 |  |  | 1,179.1 |
Total shareholders' equity | 1,946.9 |  |  | 1,817.2 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 35,849.7 |  |  | $ | 33,580.1 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-4

Table of Contents
HRG GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In millions, except per share amounts)

|  | Year ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,733.1 |
Net investment income |  | 1.1 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 20.7 |
Total revenues |  | 5,008.5 |  |  | 5,048.6 |  |  | 4,753.8 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 3,132.6 |  |  | 3,119.8 |  |  | 3,050.9 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 1,359.6 |  |  | 1,355.3 |  |  | 1,523.8 |
Total operating costs and expenses |  | 4,492.2 |  |  | 4,475.1 |  |  | 4,574.7 |
Operating income |  | 516.3 |  |  | 573.5 |  |  | 179.1 |
Interest expense |  | (360.1 | ) |  | (402.5 | ) |  | (407.8 | )
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38.5 |
Other (expense) income, net |  | (5.0 | ) |  | 4.8 |  |  | 10.1 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 151.2 |  |  | 175.8 |  |  | (180.1 | )
Income tax expense |  | 48.3 |  |  | 31.6 |  |  | 39.6 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 102.9 |  |  | 144.2 |  |  | (219.7 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | 170.3 |  |  | (178.1 | ) |  | (292.7 | )
Net income (loss) |  | 273.2 |  |  | (33.9 | ) |  | (512.4 | )
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 167.2 |  |  | 164.9 |  |  | 44.4 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (556.8 | )
Amounts attributable to controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (20.6 | ) |  | $ | (1.6 | ) |  | $ | (242.1 | )
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 126.6 |  |  | (197.2 | ) |  | (314.7 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (556.8 | )
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.10 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (1.22 | )
Basic income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 0.63 |  |  | (0.99 | ) |  | (1.59 | )
Basic |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (1.00 | ) |  | $ | (2.81 | )
Diluted loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.10 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (1.22 | )
Diluted income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 0.63 |  |  | (0.99 | ) |  | (1.59 | )
Diluted |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (1.00 | ) |  | $ | (2.81 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-5

Table of Contents
HRG GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In millions)

|  | Year ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 273.2 |  |  | $ | (33.9 | ) |  | $ | (512.4 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation gains (losses) |  | 29.1 |  |  | (8.5 | ) |  | (112.9 | )
Net unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in derivative instruments before reclassification adjustment |  | (31.6 | ) |  | 11.1 |  |  | 11.4 |
Net reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (loss) |  | (10.8 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | (27.5 | )
Changes in derivative instruments after reclassification adjustment |  | (42.4 | ) |  | 10.0 |  |  | (16.1 | )
Changes in deferred income tax asset/liability |  | 13.3 |  |  | (2.8 | ) |  | 5.2 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (2.2 | )
Net unrealized (loss) gain on hedging derivative instruments |  | (29.1 | ) |  | 7.1 |  |  | (13.1 | )
Actuarial adjustments to pension plans |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in actuarial adjustments before reclassification adjustment |  | 23.5 |  |  | (41.7 | ) |  | (13.6 | )
Net reclassification adjustment |  | 5.5 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 1.4 |
Changes in actuarial adjustments to pension plans |  | 29.0 |  |  | (39.3 | ) |  | (12.2 | )
Changes in deferred income tax asset/liability |  | (8.5 | ) |  | 10.8 |  |  | 3.6 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.1 | )
Net actuarial adjustments to pension plans |  | 20.5 |  |  | (28.5 | ) |  | (11.7 | )
Unrealized investment gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in unrealized investment gains (losses) before reclassification adjustment |  | 176.5 |  |  | 784.5 |  |  | (643.8 | )
Net reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income |  | 17.9 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 28.8 |
Changes in unrealized investment gains (losses) after reclassification adjustment |  | 194.4 |  |  | 793.3 |  |  | (615.0 | )
Adjustments to intangible assets |  | (40.3 | ) |  | (258.3 | ) |  | 219.7 |
Changes in deferred income tax asset/liability |  | (54.5 | ) |  | (185.7 | ) |  | 138.7 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | 99.6 |  |  | 349.3 |  |  | (256.6 | )
Changes in non-credit related other-than-temporary impairment |  | — |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | — |
Net change to derive comprehensive income (loss) for the period |  | 120.1 |  |  | 318.0 |  |  | (394.3 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | 393.3 |  |  | 284.1 |  |  | (906.7 | )
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | 167.2 |  |  | 164.9 |  |  | 44.4 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 28.0 |  |  | 56.0 |  |  | (108.0 | )
|  | 195.2 |  |  | 220.9 |  |  | (63.6 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the controlling interest |  | $ | 198.1 |  |  | $ | 63.2 |  |  | $ | (843.1 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-6

Table of Contents
HRG GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In millions)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest (“NCI”) |  | Total Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances at September 30, 2014 | 202.3 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 1,472.3 |  |  | $ | (276.3 | ) |  | $ | 243.6 |  |  | $ | 1,441.6 |  |  | $ | 815.4 |  |  | $ | 2,257.0 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (556.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (556.8 | ) |  | 44.4 |  |  | (512.4 | )
Unrealized investment losses, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (206.1 | ) |  | (206.1 | ) |  | (50.5 | ) |  | (256.6 | )
Other unrealized losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7.5 | ) |  | (7.5 | ) |  | (5.6 | ) |  | (13.1 | )
Actuarial adjustments to pension plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7.0 | ) |  | (7.0 | ) |  | (4.7 | ) |  | (11.7 | )
Translation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (65.7 | ) |  | (65.7 | ) |  | (47.2 | ) |  | (112.9 | )
Comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (843.1 | ) |  | (63.6 | ) |  | (906.7 | )
Repurchase of common stock | (1.7 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (22.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22.2 | )
Proceeds from public offering of subsidiary shares, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 31.2 |  |  | 249.8 |  |  | 281.0 |
Purchases of subsidiary stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (76.1 | ) |  | 15.1 |  |  | (61.0 | )
Exercise of stock options | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.1 |
Stock compensation | 1.4 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 71.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71.1 |  |  | 18.9 |  |  | 90.0 |
Restricted stock surrendered for tax withholding | (1.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (19.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19.9 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | (21.0 | )
NCI in acquired subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.8 |
Dividend paid by subsidiary to NCI | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33.9 | ) |  | (33.9 | )
Balances at September 30, 2015 | 201.4 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 1,458.5 |  |  | (833.1 | ) |  | (40.7 | ) |  | 586.7 |  |  | 1,001.4 |  |  | 1,588.1 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (198.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (198.8 | ) |  | 164.9 |  |  | (33.9 | )
Unrealized investment gains, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 279.3 |  |  | 279.3 |  |  | 68.6 |  |  | 347.9 |
Other unrealized gains | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 7.1 |
Actuarial adjustments to pension plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16.6 | ) |  | (16.6 | ) |  | (11.9 | ) |  | (28.5 | )
Translation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.8 | ) |  | (4.8 | ) |  | (3.7 | ) |  | (8.5 | )
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 63.2 |  |  | 220.9 |  |  | 284.1 |
Purchases of subsidiary stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (35.0 | ) |  | (19.5 | ) |  | (54.5 | )
Exercise of stock options | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |
Stock compensation | — |  |  |  |  | 42.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42.9 |  |  | 21.4 |  |  | 64.3 |
Restricted stock surrendered for tax withholding | (1.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24.1 | ) |  | (4.6 | ) |  | (28.7 | )
Dividend paid by subsidiary to NCI | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40.5 | ) |  | (40.5 | )
Balances at September 30, 2016 | 200.8 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 1,447.1 |  |  | (1,031.9 | ) |  | 220.9 |  |  | 638.1 |  |  | 1,179.1 |  |  | 1,817.2 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 106.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 106.0 |  |  | 167.2 |  |  | 273.2 |
Unrealized investment gains, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79.1 |  |  | 79.1 |  |  | 20.5 |  |  | 99.6 |
Other unrealized losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17.3 | ) |  | (17.3 | ) |  | (11.8 | ) |  | (29.1 | )
Actuarial adjustments to pension plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 20.5 |
Translation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 29.1 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 198.1 |  |  | 195.2 |  |  | 393.3 |
Purchases of subsidiary stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (113.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  | (117.2 | ) |  | (136.0 | ) |  | (253.2 | )
Exercise of stock options | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.5 |
Stock compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49.0 |  |  | 30.6 |  |  | 79.6 |
Restricted stock surrendered for tax withholding | (0.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (30.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30.4 | ) |  | (10.4 | ) |  | (40.8 | )
NCI in acquired subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13.9 |  |  | (26.4 | ) |  | (12.5 | )
Dividend paid by subsidiary to NCI | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43.2 | ) |  | (43.2 | )
Balances at September 30, 2017 | 200.6 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 1,372.9 |  |  | $ | (925.9 | ) |  | $ | 309.0 |  |  | $ | 758.0 |  |  | $ | 1,188.9 |  |  | $ | 1,946.9 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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HRG GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In millions)
| Year ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 273.2 |  |  | $ | (33.9 | ) |  | $ | (512.4 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | 170.3 |  |  | (178.1 | ) |  | (292.7 | )
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 102.9 |  |  | 144.2 |  |  | (219.7 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to operating cash flows from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of properties and amortization of intangibles | 199.3 |  |  | 183.7 |  |  | 171.0 |
Impairment of intangible assets and goodwill | 16.3 |  |  | 15.4 |  |  | 60.2 |
Loan provision and bad debt expense | 1.8 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 88.0 |
Stock-based compensation | 62.4 |  |  | 78.0 |  |  | 72.6 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 15.5 |  |  | 18.3 |  |  | 17.2 |
Amortization of debt discount | 1.8 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 4.8 |
Write-off of debt discount on retired debt | 2.5 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 12.8 |
Deferred income taxes | (6.8 | ) |  | (32.5 | ) |  | (7.0 | )
Purchase accounting inventory adjustment | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.7 |
Pet safety recall inventory write-off | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on contingent purchase price reduction | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8.5 | )
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38.5 | )
Gain on debt extinguishment | — |  |  | (8.0 | ) |  | — |
Net recognized losses on investments and derivatives | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 2.5 |
Dividends from subsidiaries classified as discontinued operations | 12.2 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 12.2 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | 53.5 |  |  | (6.5 | ) |  | 103.2 |
Net change in cash due to continuing operating activities | 479.7 |  |  | 427.4 |  |  | 292.5 |
Net change in cash due to discontinued operating activities | 360.4 |  |  | 485.9 |  |  | 24.3 |
Net change in cash due to operating activities | 840.1 |  |  | 913.3 |  |  | 316.8 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from investments sold, matured or repaid | — |  |  | 35.1 |  |  | 70.8 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (304.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,309.9 | )
Net asset-based loan repayments | 30.9 |  |  | 170.9 |  |  | 282.9 |
Capital expenditures | (115.0 | ) |  | (95.4 | ) |  | (90.6 | )
Proceeds from sales of assets | 4.6 |  |  | 19.7 |  |  | 1.4 |
Capital contribution to subsidiary classified discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24.0 | )
Other investing activities, net | (1.5 | ) |  | (4.1 | ) |  | (0.4 | )
Net change in cash due to continuing investing activities | (385.7 | ) |  | 126.2 |  |  | (1,069.8 | )
Net change in cash due to discontinued investing activities | (1,216.7 | ) |  | (1,017.6 | ) |  | (1,071.5 | )
Net change in cash due to investing activities | (1,602.4 | ) |  | (891.4 | ) |  | (2,141.3 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of new debt | 315.6 |  |  | 485.0 |  |  | 3,705.3 |
Repayment of debt, including tender and call premiums | (261.1 | ) |  | (1,090.8 | ) |  | (3,050.5 | )
Debt issuance costs | (7.0 | ) |  | (9.3 | ) |  | (44.8 | )
Purchases of subsidiary stock, net | (265.1 | ) |  | (52.1 | ) |  | (49.6 | )
Dividend paid by subsidiary to noncontrolling interest | (39.9 | ) |  | (37.3 | ) |  | (31.0 | )
Share based award tax withholding payments | (40.8 | ) |  | (28.7 | ) |  | (21.0 | )
Common stock repurchased | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22.2 | )
Net proceeds from issuance subsidiary common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 281.0 |
Other financing activities, net | 6.5 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 9.4 |
Net change in cash due to continuing financing activities | (291.8 | ) |  | (730.2 | ) |  | 776.6 |
Net change in cash due to discontinued financing activities | 874.8 |  |  | 878.9 |  |  | 954.2 |
Net change in cash due to financing activities | 583.0 |  |  | 148.7 |  |  | 1,730.8 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents due to Venezuela devaluation | (0.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2.5 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 3.1 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (27.2 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (176.6 | ) |  | 169.2 |  |  | (123.4 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents in discontinued operations | 18.5 |  |  | 347.2 |  |  | (93.0 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents in continuing operations | (195.1 | ) |  | (178.0 | ) |  | (30.4 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 465.2 |  |  | 643.2 |  |  | 673.6 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 270.1 |  |  | $ | 465.2 |  |  | $ | 643.2 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 323.5 |  |  | $ | 397.7 |  |  | $ | 395.7 |
Cash paid for taxes, net | 37.5 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | 54.4 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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HRG GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except per share and unit measures or as otherwise specified)
(1) Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations
HRG Group, Inc. (“HRG”, and collectively with its respective subsidiaries, the “Company”) is a holding company that conducts its operations principally through its operating subsidiaries. HRG’s shares of common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “HRG.”
The Company’s reportable business segments are organized in a manner that reflects how HRG’s management views those business activities. Accordingly, the Company currently presents the results from its business operations in two reportable segments: (i) Consumer Products and (ii) Corporate and Other.
The Company’s Consumer Products segment represents the Company’s 59.6% controlling interest in Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. (“Spectrum Brands”), which is a diversified global branded consumer products company. The Company’s Corporate and Other segment includes the Company’s ownership of Salus Capital Partners, LLC, (“Salus”), which was created for the purpose of serving as an asset-based lender, 99.5% of NZCH Corporation (“NZCH”), a public shell company, HGI Funding, LLC (“HGI Funding”) and HGI Energy Holdings, LLC (“HGI Energy”), which are subsidiaries that the Company uses to manage a portion of its available cash and engage in other activities.
As described further below under “Insurance Operations”, the Company conducts its insurance operations through its 80.4% ownership of Fidelity & Guaranty Life (“FGL”), and the Company’s other wholly-owned subsidiary, Front Street Re (Delaware) Ltd., (“Front Street”), collectively (the “Insurance Operations”). As described further below, as of September 30, 2017, the Company’s Insurance Operations were classified as held for sale in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Insurance Operations were classified as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and reported separately for all periods presented. Any intercompany transactions between FGL and Front Street have been eliminated in the Company’s financial statements. See Note 5, Divestitures.
For the results of operations by segment, and other segment data, see Note 23, Segment and Geographic Data and Note 25, Consolidating Financial Information.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company included herein have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The financial statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of such information. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Although the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote disclosures, including a description of significant accounting policies normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified or combined to conform to the current year presentation.
Fiscal Year End
The Company’s fiscal year ends on September 30 and the quarters end on the last calendar day of the months of December, March and June. The Company’s significant subsidiary, Spectrum Brands’ fiscal year ends September 30 and its interim fiscal quarters end every thirteenth Sunday, except for its first fiscal quarter which may end on the fourteenth Sunday following September 30. The Company does not adjust for the difference in fiscal periods between Spectrum Brands and itself, as such difference would be less than 93 days, pursuant to Regulation S-X Rule 3A-02. References herein to Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 refer to the fiscal years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Consumer Products Segment
The Consumer Products segment represents the Company’s 59.6% controlling interest in Spectrum Brands. Through its operating subsidiaries, Spectrum Brands is a diversified global branded consumer products company with positions in multiple product lines and categories: consumer batteries, small appliances, global pet supplies, home and garden control products, personal care products, hardware and home improvement products and global auto care.
During Fiscal 2017, Spectrum Brands completed the acquisitions of (i) Petmatrix LLC (“Petmatrix”), a manufacturer and marketer of rawhide-free dog chews, for a purchase price of $255.2, (ii) GloFish branded operations (“GloFish”), which primarily consist of the development and licensing of fluorescent fish for sale through mass retail and online channels, for a purchase price of $49.7, and (iii) the remaining 44.0% non-controlling interest of Shaser, Inc. (“Shaser”) for a purchase price of $12.6. See Note 3, Acquisitions.
Corporate and Other Segment
In connection with the Transition Agreement, dated as of November 17, 2016, by and between HRG and Omar Asali, Mr. Asali’s employment as the President and Chief Executive Officer of HRG, as well as his service on the board of directors of the Company and its subsidiaries, ceased, effective as of April 14, 2017. On April 14, 2017, Mr. Joseph S. Steinberg, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company, was appointed to the additional position of Chief Executive Officer of the Company.
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On March 22, 2017, the Company appointed Mr. Ehsan Zargar, our General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, to the additional positions of Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company effective as of January 1, 2017.
Also, on November 28, 2016, the Company and David Maura, Managing Director and Executive Vice President of Investments of the Company, entered into a Separation and Release Agreement pursuant to which Mr. Maura resigned his employment with the Company, but will continue to serve as the Executive Chairman of Spectrum Brands and its subsidiaries and as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors.
In addition, as previously announced in November 2016, HRG’s Board of Directors initiated a process to review and evaluate strategic alternatives, which may include, but are not limited to, a merger, sale or other business combination involving HRG and/or its assets. HRG has not set a definitive schedule to complete its review of strategic alternatives and it does not intend to provide any further updates until such time as it determines in its sole discretion or as required by law. There can be no assurance that any such process will result in a transaction, or if a transaction is undertaken, as to its terms or timing. The strategic review process may be suspended or terminated at any time without notice.
Insurance Operations
Through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company (“FGL Insurance”) and Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company of New York, FGL is a provider of various types of fixed annuities and life insurance products in the U.S.
Through Bermuda and Cayman-based subsidiaries, Front Street Re Ltd. (“Front Street Bermuda”) and Front Street Re (Cayman) Ltd. (“Front Street Cayman”), Front Street engages in the business of life, annuity and long-term care reinsurance.
On November 8, 2015, Anbang Insurance Group Co., Ltd. and its affiliates (collectively, “Anbang”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement”) to acquire FGL for $26.80 per share. On April 17, 2017, FGL terminated the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement. Prior to its termination, the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement was amended on November 3, 2016 and on February 9, 2017, each time to extend the outside termination date. As a result of the termination of the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement, FGL had no remaining obligations thereunder.
On May 24, 2017, FGL entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “FGL Merger Agreement”) with CF Corporation (“CF Corp”), FGL U.S. Holdings Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CF Corp (“CF/FGL US”), and FGL Merger Sub Inc., a direct wholly owned subsidiary of CF/FGL US, pursuant to which CF Corp has agreed to acquire FGL for $31.10 per share (the “FGL Merger”).
Pursuant to the FGL Merger Agreement, the consummation of the FGL Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the following closing conditions, which have been satisfied: (i) on June 16, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission granted early termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended; (ii) on August 8, 2017, CF Corp held an extraordinary general meeting in lieu of an annual general meeting of shareholders, at which CF Corp’s shareholders approved, among other items, all of the proposals relating to the FGL Merger Agreement and the FGL Merger; (iii) on August 14, 2017, FGL filed with the SEC and mailed to its stockholders a definitive information statement in connection with the FGL Merger; (iv) on August 24, 2017, the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation granted its required regulatory approval relating to the FGL Merger; and (v) on November 8, 2017, the New York Department of Financial Services granted its required regulatory approval relating to the FGL Merger. In addition, the consummation of the FGL Merger is also subject to satisfaction or waiver of other closing conditions, including the receipt of regulatory approvals from the Iowa Insurance Division (“IID”) and the absence of any law or order enacted, issued or enforced that is in effect and that prevents or prohibits the consummation of the FGL Merger. With respect to the regulatory approvals from the IID, on November 7, 2017, the IID held a public hearing to consider whether the proposed acquisition of control of Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company complies with the standards set forth under applicable Iowa insurance laws.
FGL expects to be in a position to close the FGL Merger before the end of calendar year 2017; however, the closing of the FGL Merger and the timing thereof is subject to the IID’s regulatory review and approval process, the results of which cannot be assured. In the event the FGL Merger Agreement is terminated, under certain circumstances, FGL may be required to pay a termination fee to CF Corp in an aggregate amount of $50.0.
In a separate transaction, on May 24, 2017, Front Street entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Front Street Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Front Street has agreed to sell (the “Front Street Sale”) to CF/FGL US all of the issued and outstanding shares of (i) Front Street Cayman and (ii) Front Street Bermuda (collectively, the “Acquired Companies”). The purchase price is $65.0, subject to customary adjustments for transaction expenses. The definitive documentation contains customary representations, warranties and indemnification obligations. In addition, at the closing of the Front Street Sale, $6.5 of the purchase price will be deposited in escrow for a period of 15 months (as extended to satisfy pending claims at such time) to support certain indemnification obligations of Front Street to CF/FGL US. The required regulatory approvals in connection with the transaction have been received and the closing of the transaction is expected to take place before the end of calendar year 2017, subject to the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions, including the consummation of the FGL Merger. The closing of the FGL Merger is not conditioned upon the closing of the Front Street Sale. Prior to the execution of the Front Street Purchase Agreement, the operations of Front Street were reported in the Company’s Insurance segment.
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In addition, on May 24, 2017, HRG, FS Holdco II Ltd. (“FS Holdco”), CF Corp and CF/FGL US entered into an agreement (the “338 Agreement”) pursuant to which CF/FGL US agreed that FS Holdco may, at its option, cause CF/FGL US and FS Holdco to make a joint election under Section 338(h)(10) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, with respect to the FGL Merger and the deemed share purchases of FGL’s subsidiaries (the “338 Tax Election”). Pursuant to the 338 Agreement, if FS Holdco elects to make the 338 Tax Election, it will be required to pay CF/FGL US $30.0, plus additional specified amounts, in excess of $6.0, determined by reference to FGL’s incremental current tax costs attributable to the 338 Tax Election, if any, and CF/FGL US will be required to pay FS Holdco additional specified amounts, in excess of $6.0, determined by reference to FGL’s incremental current tax savings attributable to the 338 Tax Election, if any. As of the date hereof, the Company expects to exercise the 338 Tax Election. As of September 30, 2017, HRG had approximately $1,840.2 of gross U.S. net operating loss (“NOL”) and capital loss carryforwards - also see Note 18, Income Taxes. If the 338 Tax Election is made, HRG expects to retain such federal NOL and capital loss carryforwards following the sale of its stock in the FGL Merger. If the Company exercises the 338 Tax Election, at September 30, 2017, the Company estimated to receive a $9.6 net payment from CF Corp to HRG, which was reflected in the estimated fair value, less cost to sell of FGL as of September 30, 2017. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the Company will receive the expected benefits of such election. In addition, the estimated payment described herein is preliminary and subject to change, and will not be definitively determined until the FGL Merger is closed and the 338 Tax Election is made and the parties to the 338 Agreement complete their review of the election in accordance with the terms of the 338 Agreement. Also, see Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, “Use of Estimates” section.
(2) Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Principles of Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of HRG and all other entities in which HRG has a controlling financial interest and those variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where the Company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany accounts and transactions between businesses held for use have been eliminated. Results of operations of acquired companies are included from the dates of acquisition and for VIEs, from the dates that the Company became the primary beneficiary. At September 30, 2017, the non-controlling interest component of total equity primarily represents the 40.4% share of Spectrum Brands and the 19.6% of FGL not owned by HRG.
VIE is an entity that lacks equity investors or whose equity investors do not have a controlling financial interest in the entity through their equity investments. The entity that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is referred to as the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE. A corporation is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and is the primary beneficiary of a VIE if it has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
The Company, through its subsidiary, Salus, primarily uses VIEs for its securitization activities, in which Salus transfers whole loans into a trust or other vehicle such that the assets are legally isolated from the creditors of Salus. Assets held in a trust can only be used to settle obligations of the trust. The creditors of these trusts typically have no recourse to Salus except in accordance with the obligations under standard representations and warranties. When Salus is the servicer of whole loans held in a securitization trust, Salus has the power to direct the most significant activities of the trust. Salus consolidates a whole-loan securitization trust if it has the power to direct the most significant activities and also holds securities issued by the trust or has other contractual arrangements, other than standard representations and warranties, that could potentially be significant to the trust. See Note 6, Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities for additional information on the Company’s investment in consolidated VIEs.
Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
The Company reports a business as held for sale when the criteria of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”) are met. A business classified as held for sale is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less cost to sell. If the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value less cost to sell, a loss is recognized. Assets and liabilities related to a business classified as held for sale are segregated in the current and prior balance sheets in the period in which the business is classified as held for sale. Transactions between the business held for sale and businesses held for use that are expected to continue to exist after the disposal are not eliminated to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale. If a business is classified as held for sale after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued, the business continues to be classified as held and used in those financial statements when issued or when available to be issued.
The Company reports the results of operations of a business as discontinued operations if a disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results when the business is sold or classified as held for sale, in accordance with ASC 360 and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 2015) and Property, Plant and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity (“ASU 2014-08”). The results of discontinued operations are reported in “Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for current and prior
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periods commencing in the period in which the business meets the criteria of a discontinued operation, and include any gain or loss recognized on closing or adjustment of the carrying amount to fair value less cost to sell. Transactions between the businesses held for sale and businesses held for use that are expected to continue to exist after the disposal are not eliminated to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale.
The guidance above does not apply to oil and gas properties that are accounted for using the full-cost method of accounting as prescribed by the U.S. SEC (Regulation S-X, Rule 4-10, Financial Accounting and Reporting for Oil and Gas Producing Activities Pursuant to the Federal Securities Laws and the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975) unless the disposal represents all or substantially all of a full cost pool as a discontinued operation. As discussed in Note 5, Divestitures, on July 1, 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to sell all of its remaining oil and gas interests. Consequently, the Company’s investments in oil and gas properties have been reclassified as discontinued operations.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid temporary instruments purchased with original maturities of three months or less from date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
Receivables
Trade accounts receivable are carried at net realizable value. The Company extends credit to its customers based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition and credit history, but generally does not require collateral. The Company monitors its customers’ credit and financial condition based on changing economic conditions and will make adjustments to credit policies as required. Provisions for losses on uncollectible trade receivables are determined based on ongoing evaluations of the Company’s receivables, principally on the basis of historical collection experience and evaluations of the risks of nonpayment or return for a given customer. Refer to Note 8, Receivables, net, for further detail.
Inventories
The Company’s inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost of inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Refer to Note 9, Inventories, net, for further detail.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Property, plant and equipment held under capital leases are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset; such amortization is included in depreciation expense. The Company uses accelerated depreciation methods for income tax purposes. Useful lives for property, plant and equipment are as follows:

Asset Type |  | Range
Buildings and improvements |  | 20 to 40 years
Machinery and equipment |  | 2 to 15 years

Expenditures which substantially increase value or extend useful lives are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. The Company records gains and losses on the disposition or retirement of property, plant and equipment based on the net book value and any proceeds received.
Long-lived fixed assets held and used are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Circumstances such as the discontinuation of a product or product line, a sudden or consistent decline in the sales forecast for a product, changes in technology or in the way an asset is being used, a history of operating or cash flow losses or an adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, among others, may trigger an impairment review. If such indicators are present, the Company performs undiscounted cash flow analyses to determine if impairment exists. The asset value would be deemed impaired if the undiscounted cash flows generated did not exceed the carrying value of the asset. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. There were no triggering events identified during the year that necessitated an impairment test over property, plant and equipment. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Refer to Note 10, Property, Plant and Equipment, net, for further detail.
Goodwill
Goodwill reflects the excess of acquisition cost over the aggregate fair value assigned to identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill
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is not amortized, but instead is assessed for impairment at least annually and as triggering events or indicators of potential impairment are identified. Goodwill has been assigned to reporting units for purposes of impairment testing based upon the relative fair value of the asset to each reporting unit. The Company performs its annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year.
Consumer Products Segment
The reporting units of Spectrum Brands are consistent with the product categories for the Consumer Products segment. The fair value of each reporting unit is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. In estimating the fair value of their reporting units, Spectrum Brands uses a discounted cash flow methodology, which requires the estimation of future revenues, expenses, and capital expenditures and make assumptions about Spectrum Brands’ weighted average cost of capital and perpetuity growth rate, among other variables. Spectrum Brands tests the aggregate estimated fair value of the reporting units by comparison to Spectrum Brands’ total market capitalization, including both equity and debt capital. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss would be recognized equal to that excess; however the loss recognized cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. See Note 11, Goodwill and Intangibles, net for further details.
Corporate and Other
During Fiscal 2016, the Company determined that sufficient indicators of potential impairment existed to require an interim goodwill impairment analysis for the CorAmerica Capital, LLC (“CorAmerica”) reporting unit. The Company estimated the fair value of the CorAmerica reporting unit using the income approach. Under the income approach, the Company calculated the fair value of the CorAmerica reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Management’s estimate of implied fair value of goodwill was zero and, consequently, resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $10.7, which was reflected in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2016.
During Fiscal 2015, the Company concluded that an interim impairment test of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for its Frederick’s of Hollywood Group Inc. (“FOH”) reporting unit was necessary. This conclusion was based on certain indicators of impairment, primarily related to the departure of Philip Falcone, the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer, in December of 2014, and subsequent change in strategic direction of FOH.
The Company estimated the fair value of the FOH reporting unit using a combination of the income and market multiple approaches. Under the income approach, the Company calculated the fair value of the FOH reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. The market data utilized included publicly-traded prices and transaction values of comparable companies with operations considered to be similar to those of the Company’s reporting units. Management’s estimate of implied fair value of goodwill of $16.2 was below the carrying value for the FOH reporting unit and, consequently, resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $28.3 for Fiscal 2015.
Intangibles
Intangibles with Indefinite Lives
Indefinite-lived intangible assets (certain trade name intangible assets) are not amortized; but instead are tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth fiscal quarter or as triggering events or indicators of potential impairment are identified.
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets is assessed by comparing the estimated fair value of the identified trade names to their carrying value to determine if potential impairment exists. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recorded for the excess. The fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is determined using an income approach, the relief from royalty methodology, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future revenues, royalty rates, and the discount rate, among others.
Intangibles Impairment Test
Consumer Products
Spectrum Brands performs its annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year. During Fiscal 2017, the Company recognized $16.3 impairment on indefinite life intangible assets due to the reduction in value of certain tradenames in response to changes in management’s strategy. During Fiscal 2016, the Company recognized $4.7 impairment on indefinite-lived intangible assets. In connection with its annual impairment testing of indefinite-lived intangible assets, Spectrum Brands concluded that the fair values of its intangible assets exceeded their carrying values resulting in no impairment for Fiscal 2015. These impairments were reflected in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Corporate and Other
Prior to conducting the goodwill impairment test for the FOH reporting unit discussed above, the Company first evaluated the recoverability of FOH’s intangible assets. The Company valued indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks using the income
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approach, specifically the relief from royalty method. Management estimated the fair value of the trade name and trademarks at $9.9 under this approach, which resulted in an impairment of $31.9 for Fiscal 2015.
Effective April 19, 2015, FOHG Holdings, LLC, FOH and their subsidiaries (together, “FOHG”) filed for bankruptcy. Prior to the bankruptcy, three of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries were lenders to FOHG. Following the completion of the bankruptcy of FOHG, such entities ceased to be subsidiaries of HRG and the Company deconsolidated FOHG from the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company recorded a $38.5 gain on the deconsolidation, reported in “Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and $16.2 of impairments related to certain loans between FOHG and subsidiaries of the Company. The deconsolidation of FOHG also resulted in a decrease of goodwill and intangibles associated with FOHG of $16.2 and $9.9, respectively.
Intangibles with Definite or Estimable Useful Lives
Intangible assets are recorded at cost or at estimated fair value if acquired in a business combination. Customer lists, proprietary technology and certain trade name intangibles are amortized, using the straight-line method, over their estimated useful lives. The range and weighted average useful lives for definite-lived intangibles assets are as follows:

Asset Type |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
Customer relationships |  | 2 to 20 years |  | 18.4 years
Technology assets |  | 5 to 18 years |  | 12.2 years
Tradenames |  | 5 to 13 years |  | 11.4 years

Definite-lived intangible assets held and used are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. If indicators of potential impairment are identified, the Company performs an undiscounted cash flow analysis to determine if impairment exists. The asset value would be deemed impaired if the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset did not exceed its carrying value. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. There were no triggering events identified during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 that necessitated an impairment test of definite-lived intangible assets.
Impairment reviews are conducted at the judgment of management when it believes that a change in circumstances in the business or external factors warrants a review. Circumstances such as the discontinuation of a product or product line, a sudden or consistent decline in the sales forecast for a product, changes in technology or in the way an asset is being used, a history of operating or cash flow losses, or an adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, among others, may trigger an impairment review. Refer to Note 11, Goodwill and Intangibles, net, for further detail.
Debt Issuance Costs
Debt issuance costs are deferred and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the lives of the related debt agreements. Debt issuance costs were $76.1 and $87.0 as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and are included in “Long-term debt, net of current portion” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization of debt issuance costs is recognized as “Interest expense” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 13, Debt for further detail.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Derivative financial instruments are used by the Company’s Consumer Products segment principally in the management of its interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate and raw material price exposures. The Company’s Consumer Products segment does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Derivative assets and liabilities are reported at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. When hedge accounting is elected at inception, the Company formally designates the financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure and documents both the risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge. Depending on the nature of derivatives designated as hedging instruments, changes in fair value are either offset against the change in fair value of the hedged assets or liability through earnings or recognized in equity through other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized. Any ineffective portion of a financial instrument’s change in fair value is recognized in earnings. For derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, the change in the fair value is recognized in earnings.
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the effective portion of the derivative is reported as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”) and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on derivatives representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the
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future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax laws or rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company has the ability and intent to recover in a tax-free manner assets (or liabilities) with book/tax basis differences for which no deferred taxes have been provided, in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes.
The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more-likely-than-not to be sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. Accrued interest expense and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recorded in “Income tax expense” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Refer to Note 18, Income Taxes, for further detail.
Stock-Based compensation
The fair values of restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards are determined based on the market price of HRG’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of stock option awards and warrants are determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. HRG uses the simplified method to estimate the expected option term for stock option grants, as the Company does not have a sufficient history of stock option exercises to reliably estimate the expected option term. HRG recognizes stock based compensation expense in income on a straight line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of such stock based compensation awards. In certain instances during Fiscal 2017, the Company repurchased restricted stock and other equity upon vesting from its current and former officers and employees to cover the minimum applicable statutory taxes. The Company classifies certain stock awards as liabilities. For these awards, the fair value is classified as a liability in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the liability is marked-to-market through net income at the end of each reporting period, and included in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Spectrum Brands measures the compensation expense of its stock-based compensation awards, which consist of restricted stock units, based on the fair value of the awards at the date of grant and recognizes these costs on a straight line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The fair value of the restricted stock units is determined based on the market price of Spectrum Brands’ shares of common stock on the grant date.
Refer to Note 20, Stock-based Compensation, for further detail.
Employee Benefit Obligations
The recognition and disclosure provisions of ASC Topic 715: “Compensation-Retirement Benefits” (“ASC 715”) requires recognition of the overfunded or underfunded status of defined benefit pension and postretirement plans as an asset or liability in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, and to recognize changes in that funded status in AOCI.
In accordance with the measurement date provisions of ASC 715, the Company measures all of its defined benefit pension and postretirement plan assets and obligations as of September 30, which is the Company’s fiscal year end.
Refer to Note 17, Employee Benefit Obligations, for further detail.
Foreign Currency Translation
Local currencies are considered the functional currencies for most of the Company’s operations outside the United States (“U.S.”). Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated at the rate of exchange existing at year-end, with revenues, expenses, and cash flows translated at the average of the monthly exchange rates. Adjustments resulting from translation of the financial statements are recorded as a component of equity in AOCI, including the effects of exchange rate changes on intercompany balances of a long-term investment nature.
As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, accumulated losses related to foreign currency translation adjustments of $77.7 and $92.4 (net of taxes and non-controlling interest), respectively, were reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets in AOCI.
Foreign currency transaction gains and losses for transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are reported in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period they occur. Exchange losses on foreign currency transactions aggregating $6.4, $6.8 and $26.8 for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, are included in “Other (expense) income, net” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Revenue Recognition
Net Consumer and Other Product Sales
The Company recognizes revenue from product sales generally upon delivery to the customer, or at the shipping point in situations
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where the customer picks up the product or where delivery terms so stipulate. This represents the point at which title and risks and rewards of ownership of the product are passed, provided that, there are no uncertainties regarding customer acceptance, there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and ability to collect is deemed reasonably assured. The provision for customer returns is based on historical sales and returns and other relevant information. The Company estimates and accrues the cost of returns, which are treated as a reduction of “Net sales” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company enters into promotional arrangements, primarily with retail customers, that entitle such retailers to earn cash rebates from the Company. These arrangements require the Company to estimate and accrue the costs of these programs, which are treated as a reduction of “Net sales” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company also enters into promotional arrangements that target the ultimate consumer. The costs associated with such arrangements are treated as either a reduction of “Net sales” or an increase of “Cost of goods sold,” based on the type of promotional program. The Company monitors its commitments under all promotion arrangements and uses various measures, including past experience, to estimate the earned, but unpaid, promotional costs. The terms of the Company’s customer-related promotional arrangements and programs are tailored to each customer and documented through written contracts, correspondence or other communications with the individual customers.
The Company also enters into various arrangements, primarily with retail customers, which require the Company to make upfront cash payments in order to secure the right to distribute through such customers. The Company capitalizes these payments provided the payments are supported by a time or volume based arrangement with the retailer, and amortizes the associated payment over the appropriate time or volume based term of the arrangement. Capitalized payments are treated as a reduction of “Net sales” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and a corresponding asset is reported in “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Net Investment Income
Dividends and interest income recorded in “Net investment income,” are recognized when earned, net of related expenses. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are reflected in “Net investment income” over the contractual terms of the investments in a manner that produces a constant effective yield.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs, which are included in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, include costs incurred with third-party carriers to transport products to customers and salaries and overhead costs related to activities to prepare the Company’s products for shipment at the Company’s distribution facilities. The Company’s shipping and handling costs were $293.8, $294.7 and $272.9 during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs, which are included in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, include agency fees and other costs to create advertisements, as well as costs paid to third parties to print or broadcast the Company’s advertisements and are expensed as incurred. The Company incurred advertising costs of $39.9, $39.8 and $35.1 during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are charged to “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” in the period they are incurred. The Company incurred research and development costs of $59.5, $58.7 and $51.3 during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Environmental Expenditures
Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations or to conditions caused by past operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. The Company determines its liability for environmental matters on a site-by-site basis and records a liability at the time when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and such liability can be reasonably estimated. The estimated liability is not reduced for possible recoveries from insurance carriers. Estimated environmental remediation expenditures are included in the determination of the net realizable value recorded for assets held for sale. Refer to Note 21, Commitments and Contingencies, for further detail.
Legal Matters and Contingencies
The Company records legal fees and accruals in accordance with ASC Topic 450, “Contingencies”. Contingencies arising from environmental remediation costs, regulatory judgments, claims, assessments, guarantees, litigation, recourse reserves, fines, penalties and other sources are recorded when deemed probable and reasonably estimable.
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Restructuring and Related Charges
Restructuring charges include, but are not limited to the costs of one-time termination benefits such as severance costs and retention bonuses, and contract termination costs consisting primarily of lease termination costs. Related charges, as defined by the Company, include, but are not limited to, other costs directly associated with exit and relocation activities, including impairment of property and other assets, departmental costs of full-time incremental employees, and any other items related to the exit or relocation activities. Costs for such activities are estimated by management after evaluating detailed analyses of the costs to be incurred.
Liabilities from restructuring and related charges are recorded for estimated costs of facility closures, significant organizational adjustments and measures undertaken by management to exit certain activities. Costs for such activities are estimated by management after evaluating analyses of the costs to be incurred. Such liabilities or asset reductions could include amounts for items such as severance costs and related benefits, lease termination payments and any other items directly related to the exit activities. Impairment of property and equipment and other current or long-term assets as a result of restructuring related initiatives are recognized as a reduction of the appropriate asset.
Restructuring and related charges associated with manufacturing and related initiatives are recorded in “Cost of goods sold”. Restructuring and related charges reflected in cost of goods sold include, but are not limited to, termination and related costs associated with manufacturing employees, asset impairments relating to manufacturing initiatives and other costs directly related to the manufacturing component of a restructuring initiative. Restructuring and related charges associated with administrative functions are recorded in operating expenses, such as initiatives impacting sales, marketing, distribution or other non-manufacturing related functions reflected in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses”. Restructuring and related charges reflected in operating expenses include, but are not limited to, termination and related costs, any asset impairments relating to the administrative functions and other costs directly related to the administrative components of the restructuring initiatives implemented.
See Note 4, Restructuring and Related Charges, for further detail.
Acquisition and Integration Related Charges
Acquisition and integration related charges include, but are not limited to, transaction costs (such as banking, legal, accounting and other professional fees directly related to both consummated acquisitions and acquisition targets), termination and related costs for transitional and certain other employees, integration related professional fees and other post business combination expenses associated with integration activity.
Interest Expense
Interest expense on the Company’s short-term and long-term debt is recognized as due and any associated premiums, discounts, and costs are amortized (accreted) over the term of the related borrowing utilizing the effective interest method. Interest expense also includes fees on the Company’s credit facilities.
Earnings per Share (“EPS”)
The Company computes net income (loss) per common share in accordance with ASC Topic 260, “Earnings per Share.” Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated in the same manner, but shares outstanding are adjusted to reflect the potential dilution that would occur if unvested options, warrants, restricted stock units and unvested restricted stock awards were vested. The dilutive effects of such stock-based compensation awards are calculated using the treasury stock method. In periods where losses are recorded, inclusion of potentially dilutive securities in the calculation would decrease the loss per common share and therefore they are not added to the weighted average number of shares outstanding due to their anti-dilutive effect.
Refer to Note 24, Earnings per Share, for further detail.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) includes foreign currency translation gains and losses on assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries, effects of exchange rate changes on intercompany balances of a long-term nature and transactions designated as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign subsidiary, deferred gains and losses on derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedges, actuarial adjustments to pension plans, and unrealized gains (losses) and non-credit related to other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on investment securities classified as available for sale (“AFS”) of businesses held for sale. Net unrealized gains and losses on investment securities classified as AFS by the businesses held for sale are reduced by deferred income taxes and adjustments to intangible assets that would have resulted had such gains and losses been realized. The foreign currency translation gains and losses for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 were primarily attributable to the impact of translation of the net assets of Spectrum Brands’ European and Latin American operations, which primarily have functional currencies in Euros, Pounds Sterling, Mexican Peso and Brazilian Real.
Refer to Note 16, Shareholders’ Equity, for further detail.
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Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset or non-performance risk, which may include the Company’s own credit risk. The Company’s estimate of an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (“exit price”) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market, for that asset or liability, as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or receive a liability (“entry price”). The Company categorizes financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:
Level 1 — Values are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 — Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices from those willing to trade in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by market data for the term of the instrument. Such inputs include market interest rates and volatilities, spreads and yield curves.
Level 3 — Certain inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s best estimate of what hypothetical market participants would use to determine a transaction price for the asset or liability at the reporting date based on the best information available in the circumstances.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lower level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment.
When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. Because certain securities trade in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, the determination of fair value for these securities is inherently more difficult. However, Level 3 fair value investments may include, in addition to the unobservable or Level 3 inputs, observable components, which are components that are actively quoted or can be validated to market-based sources.
Reclassifications
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified or combined to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications and combinations had no effect on previously reported results of operations or accumulated deficit.
Subsequent Events
ASC Topic 855, “Subsequent Events” (“ASC 855”), establishes general standards of accounting and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued. ASC 855 requires the Company to evaluate events that occur after the balance sheet date through the date the Company’s financial statements are issued and to determine whether adjustments to or additional disclosures in the financial statements are necessary. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date these financial statements were issued. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations, for updates regarding the regulatory approvals related to the FGL Merger and the Front Street Sale. No other significant events occurred subsequent to September 30, 2017.
Newly Adopted Accounting Standards
In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. If goodwill impairment is realized, the amount recognized will be the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however the loss recognized cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 must be applied on a prospective basis and will become effective for public entities in the first quarter of the year ended September 30, 2021, with early adoption available. The Company elected to adopt the standard immediately, with no impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. This ASU makes changes to the VIE model and voting interest (“VOE”) model consolidation guidance. The Company adopted this ASU using a modified retrospective approach during Fiscal 2017. The adoption of this ASU had no effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. ASU 2014-09 requires revenue recognition
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to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new revenue recognition model requires identifying the contract and performance obligations, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to performance obligations and recognizing the revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 can be applied either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the updates recognized at the date of the initial application along with additional disclosures. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) Deferral of the Effective Date, which amends the previously issued ASU to provide for a one year deferral from the original effective date. As a result, the ASU 2014-09 will become effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of its fiscal year ending September 30, 2019. The Company has performed a preliminary assessment over the impact of the pronouncement and is currently performing detailed assessments over its contracts with customers and the impact to its processes and control environment. The Company has not measured the impact of adoption at this point in its assessment and has not concluded on the overall materiality of the impact of adoption to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, or the method of adoption, but has not identified any matters that are considered significant for further disclosure.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which supersedes the lease requirements in ASC 840, Leases. ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet, as well as disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. Although the new ASU 2016-02 requires both operating and finance leases to be disclosed on the balance sheet, a distinction between the two types still exists as the economics of leases can vary. ASU 2016-02 can be applied using a modified retrospective approach, with a number of optional practical expedients relating to the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the effective date, along with the ability to use hindsight in the evaluation of lease decisions, that entities may elect to apply. As a result, the ASU 2016-02 will become effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of its fiscal year ending September 30, 2020, with early adoption applicable. The Company has not measured the impact of adoption at this point in its assessment and has not concluded on the overall materiality of the impact of adoption to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, or determined the method and timing of adoption.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which intends to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-15 will become effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of its fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this update on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”), which removes the prohibition against the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. ASU 2016-16 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-16 will become effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this update on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Interest Held through Related Parties That Are under Common Control (“ASU 2016-17”), which alters how a decision maker needs to consider indirect interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”) held through an entity under common control. ASU 2016-17 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-17 will become effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this update on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force (“ASU 2016-18”), which provides guidance on the presentation of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-18 will become effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this update on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (“ASU 2017-07”), which requires an employer to disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net periodic pension costs within the statement of operations. ASU 2017-07 provides guidance requiring the service cost component to be recognized consistent with other compensation costs arising from service rendered by employees during the period, and all other components to be recognized separately outside of the subtotal of income from operations. The net periodic benefit costs for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $8.3, $4.8 and $4.7, respectively, of which the service costs component was $4.5, $3.3 and $4.1, respectively; and other components were $3.8, $1.5 and $0.6, respectively. ASU 2017-07 is applied on a retrospective basis, and will become effective
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for public entities in first quarter of the fiscal year ending September 30, 2019; with early adoption available. The Company is currently assessing the impact this pronouncement will have on the consolidated financial statements and have not yet concluded on the materiality or timing of the adoption.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (Topic 815), which changes the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and presentation of hedge results. The amendments in this update make certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP, better aligning the entity’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships. The ASU can only be applied prospectively, and will become effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of the fiscal year ending September 30, 2020, with early adoption available. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this update on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
(3) Acquisitions
In accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), the Company accounts for acquisitions by applying the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method of accounting requires, among other things, that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination be measured at their fair values as of the closing date of the acquisition.
PetMatrix
On June 1, 2017, Spectrum Brands completed the acquisition of PetMatrix, a manufacturer and marketer of rawhide-free dog chews consisting primarily of the DreamBone® and SmartBones® brands. The results of PetMatrix’s operations since June 1, 2017 are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations within the Consumer Products segment for Fiscal 2017.
Spectrum Brands has recorded an allocation of the purchase price to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the June 1, 2017 (the acquisition date). The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets was recorded as goodwill, which includes value associated with the assembled workforce. The calculation of purchase price and purchase price allocation is as follows:

|  | Purchase Price
Cash consideration |  | $ | 255.2 |

|  | Purchase Price Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 0.2 |
Receivables, net |  | 7.8 |
Inventories, net |  | 16.0 |
Property, Plant and Equipment, net |  | 0.8 |
Goodwill |  | 123.8 |
Intangibles, net |  | 110.4 |
Other assets |  | 0.9 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | (4.7 | )
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 255.2 |

The purchase price allocation resulted in goodwill of $123.8, which is deductible for tax purposes. The values allocated to intangible assets and the weighted average useful lives are as follows:

|  | Carrying Amount |  | Weighted Average Useful Life (Years)
Tradenames |  | $ | 75.0 |  |  | Indefinite
Technology |  | 21.0 |  |  | 14
Customer relationships |  | 12.0 |  |  | 16
Non-compete agreement |  | 2.4 |  |  | 5
Total intangibles acquired |  | $ | 110.4 |  |  |

Spectrum Brands performed a valuation of the acquired inventories, tradenames, technologies, customer relationships and non-compete agreements. The following is a summary of significant inputs to the valuation:
Inventory - Acquired inventory consists of branded finished goods that were valued based on the comparative sales method, which estimates the expected sales price of the finished goods inventory, reduced for all costs expected to be incurred in its completion or disposition and a profit on those costs.
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Tradenames - Spectrum Brands valued indefinite-lived trade names, DreamBone® and SmartBones®, using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the asset value was determined by estimating the hypothetical royalties that would have to be paid if the trade names were not owned. Royalty rates were selected based on consideration of several factors, including prior transactions, related trademarks and trade names, other similar trademark licensing and transaction agreements and the relative profitability and perceived contribution of the trade names.
Technology - Spectrum Brands valued technology using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the asset value was determined by estimating the hypothetical royalties that would have to be paid if the technology was not owned. Royalty rates were selected based on consideration of several factors, including prior transactions, related licensing agreements and the importance of the technology and profit levels, among other considerations. Spectrum Brands anticipates using these technologies through the legal life of the underlying patents; therefore, the expected useful life of these technologies is based on the remaining life of the underlying patents.
Customer relationships - Spectrum Brands valued customer relationships using an income approach, the multi-period excess earnings method. In determining the fair value of the customer relationships, the multi-period excess earnings approach values the intangible asset at the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows attributable only to the customer relationship after deducting contributory asset charges. The incremental after-tax cash flows attributable to the subject intangible asset are then discounted to their present value. Only expected sales from current customers were used, which are estimated using annual expected growth rates of 2.0% to 20.0%. Spectrum Brands assumed a customer retention rate of up to 98.0%, which is supported by historical retention rates. Income taxes were estimated at 35.0% and amounts were discounted using a rate of 12.0%.
Non-compete agreements - Spectrum Brands valued the non-compete agreement using the income approach that compares the prospective cash flows with and without the non-compete agreement in place. The value of the non-compete agreement is the difference between the discounted cash flows of the business under each of these two alternative scenarios, considering both tax expenditure and tax amortization benefits.
Pro forma results have not been presented as the PetMatrix acquisition is not considered individually significant to the consolidated results of the Company.
GloFish
On May 12, 2017, Spectrum Brands entered into an asset purchase agreement with Yorktown Technologies LP, for the acquisition of assets consisting of the GloFish branded operations, including transfer of the GloFish® brand, related intellectual property and operating agreements. The GloFish operations primarily consist of the development and licensing of fluorescent fish for sale through mass retail and online channels. The results of GloFish’s operations since May 12, 2017 are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017.
Spectrum Brands has recorded an allocation of the purchase price to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the May 12, 2017 acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets was recorded as goodwill, which includes value associated with the assembled workforce, including an experienced research team. The calculation of purchase price and purchase price allocation is as follows:

|  | Purchase Price
Cash consideration |  | $ | 49.7 |

|  | Purchase Price Allocation
Receivables, net |  | $ | 0.4 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 0.6 |
Goodwill |  | 11.2 |
Intangibles, net |  | 37.8 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | (0.3 | )
Total net assets acquired |  | $ | 49.7 |

The purchase price allocation resulted in goodwill of $11.2, which is deductible for tax purposes. The values allocated to intangible assets and the weighted average useful lives are as follows:

|  | Carrying Amount |  | Weighted Average Useful Life (Years)
Tradenames |  | $ | 6.1 |  |  | Indefinite
Technology |  | 30.2 |  |  | 13
Customer relationships |  | 1.5 |  |  | 10
Total intangibles acquired |  | $ | 37.8 |  |  |

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Spectrum Brands performed a valuation of the acquired tradenames, technologies and customer relationships. The following is a summary of significant inputs to the valuation:
Tradenames - Spectrum Brands valued indefinite-lived trade names using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the asset value was determined by estimating the hypothetical royalties that would have to be paid if the trade names were not owned. Royalty rates were selected based on consideration of several factors, including prior transactions, related trademarks and trade names, other similar trademark licensing and transaction agreements and the relative profitability and perceived contribution of the trade names.
Technology - Spectrum Brands valued technology using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the asset value was determined by estimating the hypothetical royalties that would have to be paid if the technology was not owned. Royalty rates were selected based on consideration of several factors, including prior transactions, related licensing agreements and the importance of the technology and profit levels, among other considerations. Spectrum Brands anticipates using these technologies through the legal life of the underlying patents; therefore, the expected useful life of these technologies is based on the remaining life of the underlying patents.
Customer relationships - Spectrum Brands valued customer relationships using the replacement cost approach. The replacement cost approach values the intangible asset at the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows attributable only to the customer relationships after deducting the cost to recreate key customer relationships. The incremental after-tax cash flows attributable to the subject intangible asset are then discounted to their present value. Income taxes were estimated at 35.0% and amounts were discounted using a rate of 12.0%.
Pro forma results have not been presented with respect to the GloFish acquisition because such acquisition is not considered individually significant to the consolidated results of the Company.
Shaser
On May 18, 2017, Spectrum Brands completed the purchase of the remaining 44.0% non-controlling interest of Shaser with a purchase price of $12.6. Effective May 18, 2017, Shaser is a wholly owned subsidiary of Spectrum Brands and all recognized non-controlled interest associated with Shaser is part of Spectrum Brands’ equity.
Acquisition and Integration Costs
Acquisition and integration costs include costs directly associated with the completion of the purchase of net assets or equity interest of a business such as a business combination, equity investment, joint venture or purchase of non-controlling interest. Included costs include transactions costs; advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional fees; and integration of acquired operations onto Spectrum Brands’ shared service platform and termination of redundant positions and locations. The following table summarizes acquisition and integration related charges incurred by the Company for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| Fiscal
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Hardware & Home Improvement Business | $ | 5.9 |  |  | $ | 13.3 |  |  | $ | 12.0 |
PetMatrix | 4.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Armored AutoGroup Parent Inc. | 3.2 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 21.8 |
Shaser | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
GloFish | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Salix Animal Health LLC | 0.7 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 10.7 |
European IAMS and Eukanuba pet food business | 0.2 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 9.3 |
Other | 4.3 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 7.3 |
Total acquisition and integration related charges | $ | 21.0 |  |  | $ | 37.3 |  |  | $ | 61.1 |

(4) Restructuring and Related Charges
During Fiscal 2017, Spectrum Brands implemented a rightsizing initiative in the global pet supplies product category to streamline certain operations and reduce operating costs (the “Pet Rightsizing Initiative”). The initiative includes headcount reductions and the rightsizing of certain facilities. Total costs associated with this initiative are expected to be approximately $11.0, of which $8.2 has been incurred to date. The balance is anticipated to be incurred through September 30, 2018.
During Fiscal 2017, Spectrum Brands implemented an initiative in the hardware and home improvement product category to consolidate certain operations and reduce operating costs (the “HHI Distribution Center Consolidation”). The initiative includes headcount reductions and the exit of certain facilities. Total costs associated with the initiative are expected to be approximately $50.0, of which $27.4 has been incurred to date. The balance is anticipated to be incurred through September 30, 2018.
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During Fiscal 2016, Spectrum Brands implemented a series of initiatives in the global auto care product category to consolidate certain operations and reduce operating costs (the “GAC Business Rationalization Initiatives”). These initiatives include headcount reductions and the exit of certain facilities. Total costs associated with these initiatives are expected to be approximately $32.0, of which $29.5 has been incurred to date. The balance is anticipated to be incurred through December 31, 2017.
During Fiscal 2014, Spectrum Brands implemented a series of initiatives throughout the hardware and home improvement product category unit to reduce operating costs and exit low margin business outside the U.S. (the “HHI Business Rationalization Initiatives”). These initiatives include headcount reductions, the exit of certain facilities and the sale of a portion of the Hardware & Home Improvement operations. Total costs associated with these initiatives of $16.6 has been incurred and completed as of September 30, 2016.
During Fiscal 2013, Spectrum Brands implemented a series of initiatives to reduce operating costs. These initiatives consisted of headcount reductions in the global batteries & appliances and global pet supplies product categories, and within corporate (the “Global Expense Rationalization Initiatives”). Total costs associated with these initiatives of $47.0 has been incurred and completed as of September 30, 2016.
Spectrum Brands has entered or may enter into small, less significant initiatives and restructuring activities to reduce costs and improve margins throughout the organization (“Other Restructuring Activities”). Individually these activities are not substantial, and occur over a shorter time period (less than 12 months).
The following table summarizes restructuring and related charges incurred during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, and where those charges are classified in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations:

|  | Fiscal
Initiatives: |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
HHI distribution center consolidation |  | $ | 27.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
GAC business rationalization initiative |  | 24.2 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | — |
Pet rightsizing initiative |  | 8.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Global Expense Rationalization |  | — |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 17.1 |
HHI business rationalization initiative |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 10.3 |
Other restructuring activities |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 1.3 |
Total restructuring and related charges |  | $ | 62.5 |  |  | $ | 15.2 |  |  | $ | 28.7 |
Reported as: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 18.3 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 44.2 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 26.6 |

The following table summarizes restructuring and related charges for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, and cumulative costs of restructuring initiatives as of September 30, 2017, by cost type. Termination costs consist of involuntary employee termination benefits and severance pursuant to a one-time benefit arrangement recognized as part of a restructuring initiative. Other costs consist of non-termination type costs related to restructuring initiatives such as incremental costs to consolidate or close facilities, relocate employees, cost to retrain employees to use newly deployed assets or systems, lease termination costs, and redundant or incremental transitional operating costs and customer fines and penalties during transition, among others:

|  | Fiscal |  |  |  |
Cost Type: |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Cumulative costs through September 30, 2017 |  | Future costs to be incurred
Termination benefits |  | $ | 12.8 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |
Other costs |  | 49.7 |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | 21.7 |  |  | 54.7 |  |  | 25.0 |
Total restructuring and related charges |  | $ | 62.5 |  |  | $ | 15.2 |  |  | $ | 28.7 |  |  | $ | 67.8 |  |  | $ | 31.0 |

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(5) Divestitures
The following table summarizes the components of “Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax attributable to Insurance Operations |  | $ | 170.3 |  |  | $ | (218.9 | ) |  | $ | 75.9 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax attributable to Compass Production Partners, LP (“Compass”) |  | — |  |  | 40.8 |  |  | (368.6 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | $ | 170.3 |  |  | $ | (178.1 | ) |  | $ | (292.7 | )

Insurance Operations
As previously discussed in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations, the Insurance Operations were classified as held for sale in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The following table summarizes the major categories of assets and liabilities of the Insurance Operations classified as held for sale in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017 and 2016:

| September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Assets |  |  |
Investments, including loans and receivables from affiliates | $ | 23,211.1 |  |  | $ | 21,160.6 |
Funds withheld receivables | 742.7 |  |  | 671.6 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 914.5 |  |  | 896.0 |
Accrued investment income | 231.3 |  |  | 213.7 |
Reinsurance recoverable | 2,358.8 |  |  | 2,344.4 |
Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired, net | 1,163.6 |  |  | 1,065.5 |
Other assets | 125.4 |  |  | 295.3 |
Write-down of assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell | (421.2 | ) |  | (362.8 | )
Total assets of businesses held for sale | $ | 28,326.2 |  |  | $ | 26,284.3 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Insurance reserves | $ | 24,989.6 |  |  | $ | 23,404.6 |
Debt | 405.0 |  |  | 398.8 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities | 56.2 |  |  | 63.1 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 68.0 |  |  | 9.9 |
Other liabilities | 831.9 |  |  | 677.4 |
Total liabilities of businesses held for sale | $ | 26,350.7 |  |  | $ | 24,553.8 |

In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, long-lived assets classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less cost to sell at the balance sheet date. At September 30, 2017, the carrying value of the Company’s interest in FGL was $402.2 higher than FGL’s estimated fair value less cost to sell of $1,471.3. As a result, during Fiscal 2017, the Company recorded a $39.4 write-down of assets of business held for sale, which was in addition to the $362.8 write-down previously recorded at September 30, 2016. At September 30, 2017, the carrying value of the Company’s interest in Front Street was $19.0 higher than Front Street’s estimated fair value less cost to sell of $65.0. As a result, during Fiscal 2017, the Company recorded a $19.0 write-down of assets of Front Street’s business held for sale.
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The following table summarizes the components of “Net income (loss) from discontinued operations” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance premiums |  | $ | 43.9 |  |  | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | 59.9 |
Net investment income |  | 1,050.7 |  |  | 985.9 |  |  | 923.0 |
Net investment gains (losses) |  | 377.4 |  |  | 131.6 |  |  | (128.8 | )
Insurance and investment product fees and other |  | 169.5 |  |  | 130.5 |  |  | 93.1 |
Total revenues |  | 1,641.5 |  |  | 1,320.5 |  |  | 947.2 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefits and other changes in policy reserves |  | 925.9 |  |  | 893.9 |  |  | 649.0 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 148.2 |  |  | 127.9 |  |  | 124.9 |
Amortization of intangibles |  | 197.5 |  |  | 78.6 |  |  | 41.8 |
Total operating costs and expenses |  | 1,271.6 |  |  | 1,100.4 |  |  | 815.7 |
Operating income |  | 369.9 |  |  | 220.1 |  |  | 131.5 |
Interest expense |  | (24.4 | ) |  | (22.0 | ) |  | (23.6 | )
Write-down of assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell |  | (58.4 | ) |  | (362.8 | ) |  | — |
Net income (loss) before income taxes |  | 287.1 |  |  | (164.7 | ) |  | 107.9 |
Income tax expense (a) |  | 116.8 |  |  | 54.2 |  |  | 32.0 |
Net income (loss) |  | 170.3 |  |  | (218.9 | ) |  | 75.9 |
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 43.7 |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | 23.1 |
Net income (loss) - attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 126.6 |  |  | $ | (237.9 | ) |  | $ | 52.8 |

(a) Included in the income tax expense for Fiscal 2016 was a $15.2 of income tax expense primarily related to the establishment of a deferred tax liability of $367.9 at September 30, 2016, which was a result of classifying the Company’s ownership interest in FGL as held for sale following the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement, partially offset by the recognition of a $94.7 deferred tax asset related to realized capital losses primarily from the Compass Sale and $258.0 reduction of valuation allowances on HRG’s net operating and capital loss carryforwards expected to offset the FGL taxable gain at September 30, 2016. The remaining liability is expected to be offset by losses recognized in continuing operations except for $15.2 of estimated alternative minimum taxes. Based on the Company’s current intent to exercise the 338 Tax Election related to the FGL Merger, the Company reversed the previously recorded deferred tax liability and deferred tax asset valuation allowance reduction, which resulted in the recognition of a $15.2 income tax benefit in Fiscal 2017.
Compass
On July 1, 2016, HGI Energy entered into an agreement to sell its equity interests in Compass to a third party (such agreement, the “Compass Sale Agreement”). During Fiscal 2016, the transactions contemplated by the Compass Sale Agreement were consummated. This sale represented the disposal of all of the Company’s oil and gas properties, which were accounted for using the full-cost method prior to their disposal. The Company has determined that the completion of HGI Energy’s sale of its equity interests in Compass to a third party represented a strategic shift for the Company and, accordingly, has presented the results of operations for Compass as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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The following table summarizes the components of “Net income (loss) from discontinued operations” attributable to Compass in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2016 and 2015.

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |  |
Oil and natural gas revenues |  | $ | 40.2 |  |  | $ | 107.4 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |
Oil and natural gas direct operating costs |  | 38.2 |  |  | 85.9 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 22.8 |  |  | 62.0 |
Impairments and bad debt expense |  | 93.2 |  |  | 485.1 |
Total operating costs and expenses |  | 154.2 |  |  | 633.0 |
Operating loss |  | (114.0 | ) |  | (525.6 | )
Interest expense |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (9.9 | )
Gain upon gaining control of equity method investment |  | — |  |  | 141.2 |
Gain on sale of oil and gas properties |  | 105.6 |  |  | — |
Other income, net |  | 1.5 |  |  | 25.7 |
Gain on disposal |  | 53.6 |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) |  | 40.8 |  |  | (368.6 | )
Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 0.1 |  |  | (1.1 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to common and participating preferred stockholders |  | $ | 40.7 |  |  | $ | (367.5 | )

(6) Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities
Collateralized Loan Obligations
In February 2013, September 2013 and February 2015, Salus completed a collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) securitization of up to $578.5 notional aggregate principal amount. At September 30, 2017 and 2016, the outstanding notional aggregate principal amount of $28.9 and $39.7, respectively, was taken up by unaffiliated entities, $48.1 and $65.9, respectively, was taken up by FGL and also included in “Assets of businesses held for sale” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, and $22.2 and $30.3, respectively, was taken up by Salus and is eliminated upon consolidation. The CLO’s subordinated debt is non-recourse to the Company. As of September 30, 2017, the CLO’s assets consisted of $2.0 of cash that is being held back to cover wind-down and legal expenses. The subordinated tranches carry residual interest subject to maintenance of certain covenants. Due to losses incurred in the CLO, at September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, the CLO was not accruing interest on the subordinated debt.
Included within “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2016 were asset-based loans of $29.3 that served as collateral to the obligations of the CLO. At September 30, 2017, there were no asset-based loans that served as collateral to the obligations of the CLO.
The table below summarizes select information related to the CLO vehicle in which Salus held a variable interest at September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Maximum loss exposure |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29.3 |
Asset-based loans receivable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29.3 |
Cash and other assets |  | 2.0 |  |  | 13.7 |
Total assets of consolidated VIE |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 43.0 |
Subordinated long-term debt |  | $ | 99.2 |  |  | $ | 135.2 |
Total liabilities of consolidated VIE |  | $ | 99.2 |  |  | $ | 135.2 |

(7) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Spectrum Brands utilizes valuation techniques that attempt to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Spectrum Brands’ derivative assets and liabilities are valued on a recurring basis using internal models,
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which are based on market observable inputs including interest rate curves and both forward and spot prices for currencies and commodities, which are generally based on quoted or observed market prices and classified as Level 2. The fair value of certain derivatives is estimated using pricing models based on contracts with similar terms and risks. Modeling techniques assume market correlation and volatility, such as using prices of one delivery point to calculate the price of the contract’s different delivery point. The nominal value of interest rate transactions is discounted using applicable forward interest rate curves. In addition, by applying a credit reserve which is calculated based on credit default swaps or published default probabilities for the actual and potential asset value, the fair value of Spectrum Brands’ derivative assets reflects the risk that the counterparties to these contracts may default on the obligations. Likewise, by assessing the requirements of a reserve for non-performance which is calculated based on the probability of default by Spectrum Brands, it adjusts its derivative liabilities to reflect the price at which a potential market participant would be willing to assume Spectrum Brands’ liabilities. The Company has not changed its valuation techniques in measuring the fair value of any derivative assets and liabilities during the year.
The Company’s consolidated assets and liabilities measured at fair value are summarized according to the hierarchy previously described as follows:

| September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value
Derivative Assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8.7 |
Derivative Liabilities | — |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |

See Note 15, Derivative Financial Instruments, for additional detail.
Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets are tested annually or more frequently if an event occurs that indicates an impairment loss may have been incurred using fair value measurements with unobservable inputs (Level 3).
Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value
The carrying amount, estimated fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instrument assets and liabilities which are not measured at fair value in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets are summarized as follows:

| September 30, 2017
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Total debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,908.0 |  |  | $ | 92.0 |  |  | $ | 6,000.0 |  |  | $ | 5,774.1 |

| September 30, 2016
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Asset-based loans, included in prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33.3 |  |  | $ | 33.3 |  |  | $ | 33.3 |
Total debt | — |  |  | 5,700.1 |  |  | 121.9 |  |  | 5,822.0 |  |  | 5,525.8 |

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables approximate fair value due to their short duration and, accordingly, they are not presented in the tables above. The fair value of debt set forth above is generally based on quoted or observed market prices.
Valuation Methodology
Asset-based loans
The fair value of the asset-based loans originated by Salus approximate their net carrying value. Such loans carry a variable rate that are typically revolving in nature and can be settled at the demand of either party. Nonaccrual loans are considered impaired for reporting purposes and are measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis. As the loans are collateral dependent, Salus measures such impairment based on the estimated fair value of eligible proceeds. This is generally based on estimated market prices, which may be obtained from a variety of sources, including in certain instances from appraisals prepared by third parties. The impaired loan balance represents those nonaccrual loans for which impairment was recognized during the year.
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(8) Receivables, net
“Receivables, net” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of the following:

| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Trade accounts receivable | $ | 571.5 |  |  | $ | 529.4 |
Less: Allowance for doubtful trade accounts receivable | 45.4 |  |  | 46.8 |
Total trade accounts receivable, net | 526.1 |  |  | 482.6 |
Other receivables | 43.7 |  |  | 56.5 |
Total receivables, net | $ | 569.8 |  |  | $ | 539.1 |

The following is an analysis of the allowance for doubtful trade accounts receivable:

Period |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Charged to Costs and Expenses |  | Deductions |  | Other Adjustments |  | Balance at End of Period
Fiscal 2017 |  | $ | 46.8 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | (4.1 | ) |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 45.4 |
Fiscal 2016 |  | 44.0 |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | (12.0 | ) |  | (0.8 | ) |  | 46.8 |
Fiscal 2015 |  | 48.6 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | (6.3 | ) |  | (4.3 | ) |  | 44.0 |

The Company has a broad range of customers including many large retail outlet chains, one of which accounts for a significant percentage of its sales volume. This major customer represented approximately 15.1%, 15.2% and 14.7% of the Company’s “Net sales” during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. This customer represents approximately 14.0% and 15.1% of the Company’s “Receivables, net” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Spectrum Brands has entered into various factoring agreements and early pay programs with its customers to sell its trade receivables under non-recourse agreements in exchange for cash proceeds. A loss on sales is recognized for any discount and factoring fees associated with the transfer. Spectrum Brands utilizes factoring arrangements as an integral part of their financing for working capital. These transactions are treated as a sale and are accounted for as a reduction in trade receivables because the agreements transfer effective control over and risk related to the receivables to buyers. In some instances, Spectrum Brands may continue to service the transferred receivable after the factoring has occurred, but in most cases Spectrum Brands does not service any factored accounts. Any servicing of the trade receivable does not constitute significant continuing involvement or preclude the recognition of a sale. Spectrum Brands does not carry any material servicing assets or liabilities. Cash proceeds from these arrangements are reflected as operating activities. The aggregate gross amount factored under these facilities was $2,141.0, $2,055.0 and $1,938.0 for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The cost of factoring such trade receivables was $11.9, $10.1 and $6.5 for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which are reported in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(9) Inventories, net
“Inventories, net” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of the following:

| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Raw materials | $ | 123.8 |  |  | $ | 127.5 |
Work-in-process | 54.3 |  |  | 43.6 |
Finished goods | 597.4 |  |  | 569.5 |
Total inventories, net | $ | 775.5 |  |  | $ | 740.6 |

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(10) Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Property, plant and equipment, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of the following:

| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Land, buildings and improvements | $ | 201.1 |  |  | $ | 196.9 |
Machinery, equipment and other | 637.7 |  |  | 553.1 |
Capitalized leases | 282.4 |  |  | 130.0 |
Construction in progress | 66.1 |  |  | 57.7 |
Properties, plant and equipment at cost | 1,187.3 |  |  | 937.7 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | 486.6 |  |  | 394.3 |
Total properties, plant and equipment, net | $ | 700.7 |  |  | $ | 543.4 |

Depreciation expense from property, plant and equipment for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $104.1, $89.8, and $83.2, respectively.
(11) Goodwill and Intangibles, net
A summary of the changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill and intangible assets are as follows:

|  |  | Intangible Assets
| Goodwill |  | Indefinite Lived |  | Definite Lived |  | Total
Balance at September 30, 2015 | $ | 2,487.4 |  |  | $ | 1,490.3 |  |  | $ | 990.0 |  |  | $ | 2,480.3 |
Adjustments | 3.3 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 4.2 |
Impairments (Note 2) | (10.7 | ) |  | (4.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4.7 | )
Periodic amortization | — |  |  | — |  |  | (93.9 | ) |  | (93.9 | )
Effect of translation | (1.6 | ) |  | (13.1 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (13.4 | )
Balance at September 30, 2016 | 2,478.4 |  |  | 1,473.5 |  |  | 899.0 |  |  | 2,372.5 |
Adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | (0.9 | )
Acquisitions (Note 3) | 135.0 |  |  | 81.1 |  |  | 67.1 |  |  | 148.2 |
Impairments (Note 2) | — |  |  | (16.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16.3 | )
Periodic amortization | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95.2 | ) |  | (95.2 | )
Effect of translation | 12.6 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 15.7 |
Balance at September 30, 2017 | $ | 2,626.0 |  |  | $ | 1,548.8 |  |  | $ | 875.2 |  |  | $ | 2,424.0 |

The fair values of the global batteries and appliances, hardware and home improvement, global pet supplies, home and garden control and global auto care product categories, which are also Spectrum Brands’ reportable segments, exceeded their carrying values by 152.1%, 93.2%, 38.6%, 352.3% and 12.4%, respectively. As a result, no impairment was recognized and there were no reporting units that were deemed at risk of impairment.
Definite Lived Intangible Assets
Amortizable intangible assets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 consist of the following:

| September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
| Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Customer relationships | $ | 1,007.6 |  |  | $ | (360.7 | ) |  | $ | 646.9 |  |  | $ | 984.8 |  |  | $ | (302.9 | ) |  | $ | 681.9 |
Technology assets | 250.5 |  |  | (83.4 | ) |  | 167.1 |  |  | 237.2 |  |  | (96.7 | ) |  | 140.5 |
Trade names | 165.8 |  |  | (104.6 | ) |  | 61.2 |  |  | 165.7 |  |  | (89.1 | ) |  | 76.6 |
| $ | 1,423.9 |  |  | $ | (548.7 | ) |  | $ | 875.2 |  |  | $ | 1,387.7 |  |  | $ | (488.7 | ) |  | $ | 899.0 |

Certain trade names intangible assets have an indefinite life and are not amortized. The balance of trade names not subject to amortization was $1,548.8 and $1,473.5 as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. During Fiscal 2017, the Company recognized $16.3 impairment on indefinite life intangible assets due to the reduction in value of certain tradenames in response to changes in management’s strategy. During Fiscal 2016, the Company recognized $4.7 impairment on indefinite-lived intangible assets. In connection with its annual impairment testing of indefinite-lived intangible assets, Spectrum Brands concluded that the fair values of its intangible assets exceeded their carrying values resulting in no impairment for Fiscal 2015.
See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, for further detail.
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Amortization expense for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $95.2, $93.9 and $87.8, respectively. Excluding the impact of any future acquisitions or change in foreign currency, the Company estimates annual amortization expense of amortizable intangible assets for the next five fiscal years will be as follows:

Fiscal Year |  | Estimated Amortization Expense
2018 |  | $ | 91.0 |
2019 |  | 90.9 |
2020 |  | 88.5 |
2021 |  | 79.7 |
2022 |  | 69.2 |

(12) Accounts payable and other current liabilities
“Accounts payable and other current liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of the following:

| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Accounts payable | $ | 729.1 |  |  | $ | 581.3 |
Accrued expenses and other | 215.4 |  |  | 188.5 |
Accrued wages and salaries | 93.0 |  |  | 145.1 |
Accrued interest | 78.1 |  |  | 68.3 |
Total accounts payable and other current liabilities | $ | 1,115.6 |  |  | $ | 983.2 |

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(13) Debt
The Company’s consolidated debt consists of the following:

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016 |  |
|  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Interest Rate
HRG |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
7.875% Senior Secured Notes, due July 15, 2019 |  | $ | 864.4 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | $ | 864.4 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | Fixed rate
7.75% Senior Unsecured Notes, due January 15, 2022 |  | 890.0 |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | 890.0 |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | Fixed rate
HGI Funding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2017 Loan, due July 13, 2018 |  | 50.0 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | Variable rate, see below
HGI Energy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HGI Energy Notes, due June 30, 2018* |  | 92.0 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 92.0 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | Fixed rate
|  | 1,896.4 |  |  |  |  | 1,846.4 |  |  |  |  |
Spectrum Brands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD Term Loan, due June 23, 2022 |  | 1,244.2 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | 1,005.5 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | Variable rate, see below
CAD Term Loan, due June 23, 2022 |  | 59.0 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 54.9 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | Variable rate, see below
Euro Term Loan, due June 23, 2022 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 63.0 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | Variable rate, see below
6.375% Notes, due November 15, 2020 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 129.7 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  | Fixed rate
6.625% Notes, due November 15, 2022 |  | 570.0 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 570.0 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | Fixed rate
6.125% Notes, due December 15, 2024 |  | 250.0 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 250.0 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | Fixed rate
5.75% Notes, due July 15, 2025 |  | 1,000.0 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  | 1,000.0 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  | Fixed rate
4.00% Notes, due October 1, 2026 |  | 501.0 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 477.0 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | Fixed rate
Revolver Facility, expiring March 6, 2022 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | Variable rate, see below
Other notes and obligations |  | 14.7 |  |  | 10.7 | % |  | 16.8 |  |  | 9.8 | % |  | Variable rate
Obligations under capital leases |  | 258.6 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 114.7 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | Various
Salus |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unaffiliated long-term debt of consolidated variable-interest entity |  | 28.9 |  |  | — | % |  | 39.7 |  |  | — | % |  | Variable rate, see below
Long-term debt of consolidated variable-interest entity with FGL* |  | 48.1 |  |  | — | % |  | 65.9 |  |  | — | % |  | Variable rate, see below
Unaffiliated secured borrowings under non-qualifying loan participations |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2.0 |  |  | — | % |  | Fixed rate
Total |  | 5,870.9 |  |  |  |  | 5,635.6 |  |  |  |  |
Original issuance discounts on debt, net of premiums |  | (20.7 | ) |  |  |  | (22.8 | ) |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issue costs |  | (76.1 | ) |  |  |  | (87.0 | ) |  |  |  |
Total debt |  | 5,774.1 |  |  |  |  | 5,525.8 |  |  |  |  |
Less current maturities and short-term debt |  | 178.7 |  |  |  |  | 258.0 |  |  |  |  |
Non-current portion of debt |  | $ | 5,595.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,267.8 |  |  |  |  |

* The debt balances included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and in the table above reflect transactions between the businesses held for sale and businesses held for use that are expected to continue to exist after the completion of any disposition resulting from the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale. Such transactions are not eliminated in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements in order to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale.
Aggregate scheduled maturities of debt and capital lease obligations as of September 30, 2017 are as follows:

Fiscal Year |  | Capital lease obligations |  | HRG debt - Parent Only |  | Consolidated
2018 |  | $ | 14.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 178.7 |
2019 |  | 14.4 |  |  | 864.4 |  |  | 897.0 |
2020 |  | 14.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 27.4 |
2021 |  | 15.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 106.0 |
2022 |  | 13.4 |  |  | 890.0 |  |  | 2,154.2 |
Thereafter |  | 186.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,507.6 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 258.6 |  |  | $ | 1,754.4 |  |  | $ | 5,870.9 |

HRG
7.875% Notes
As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company had an outstanding balance of $864.4 of 7.875% senior secured notes due 2019 (the “7.875% Notes”). Interest on the 7.875% Notes is payable semiannually, in January and July.
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Until January 15, 2018, the Company may redeem some or all of the 7.875% Notes at certain fixed redemption prices expressed as percentages of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after January 15, 2018, the Company may redeem some or all of the 7.875% Notes at 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The indenture governing the 7.875% Notes contains covenants limiting, among other things, and subject to certain qualifications and exceptions, the Company’s ability, and, in certain cases, the ability of the Company’s subsidiaries, to incur additional indebtedness; create liens; engage in sale-leaseback transactions; pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock; make certain restricted payments; sell assets; engage in transactions with affiliates; or consolidate or merge with, or sell substantially all of the Company’s assets to, another person. The Company is also required to maintain compliance with certain financial tests, including minimum liquidity and collateral coverage ratios that are based on the fair market value of the collateral, including the Company’s equity interests in Spectrum Brands and its other subsidiaries such as HGI Funding. At September 30, 2017, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the indenture governing the 7.875% Notes.
7.75% Notes
As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company had an outstanding balance of $890.0 of 7.75% senior notes due 2022 (the “7.75% Notes”). Interest on the 7.75% Notes is payable semiannually, in January and July.
Until January 15, 2020, the Company may redeem the 7.75% Notes at certain fixed redemption prices expressed as a percentage of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after January 15, 2020, the Company may redeem some or all of the 7.75% Notes at 100.0% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
HGI Funding
2017 Loan
On January 13, 2017, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of HGI Funding, entered into a loan agreement, pursuant to which it may borrow up to an aggregate amount of $150.0 (the “2017 Loan”). The 2017 Loan bears interest at an adjusted International Exchange London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), plus 2.35% per annum, payable quarterly and a commitment fee of 75 bps. The 2017 Loan matures on July 13, 2018, with an option for early termination by the borrower. At September 30, 2017, the 2017 Loan was secured by 4.2 million shares of Spectrum Brands owned by a subsidiary of HGI Funding. The Company incurred $1.1 of financing costs in connection with the 2017 Loan. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had drawn $50.0 under the 2017 Loan. The 2017 Loan contains a customary mandatory prepayment clause, which requires the borrower to pay back any amounts borrowed under the 2017 Loan if certain events occur, including, but not limited to, a breach of the terms of the agreement by the borrower, a change of control of the borrower or the issuer of the pledged securities or a delisting of the pledged securities.
HGI Energy
In February 2013, in connection with the Company’s acquisition of an interest in Compass, HGI Energy entered into note purchase agreements with FGL and Front Street for $100.0 notional aggregate principal amount due February 14, 2021 (the “Old HGI Energy Notes”). The Old HGI Energy Notes to FGL earned interest at 9.0% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 1 and July 1. Following the Compass Sale, the Old HGI Energy Notes were canceled and replaced with $92.0 notional aggregate amount of new notes of HGI Energy (the “HGI Energy Notes”), which were then transferred from FGL to a reinsurance funds withheld account at Front Street, for which Front Street bears the economic risk. As a result of the transaction, HGI Energy recognized $8.0 gain on the extinguishment of debt included in “Other (expense) income, net” in accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, while FGL and Front Street recognized $8.0 of net investment loss included in “Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
On May 8, 2017, the HGI Energy Notes were amended to (i) extend the stated maturity date to the earlier of (x) June 30, 2018 and (y) five business days following the date of any occurrence of acquisition of ownership, directly or indirectly, beneficially or of record, by any person or group, other than HRG or its subsidiaries, of common stock representing more than 50.0% of FGL’s issued an outstanding common stock; and (ii) increase the rate of interest paid by the HGI Energy Notes from 0.7% to 1.5%, effective August 22, 2017.
Spectrum Brands
Term Loans and Revolver Facility
On June 23, 2015, Spectrum Brands, Inc., a subsidiary of Spectrum Brands (“SBI”) entered into term loan facilities pursuant to a Senior Credit Agreement consisting of (i) a $1,450.0 U.S. dollar denominated term loan facility due June 23, 2022 (the “USD Term Loan”), (ii) a $75.0 CAD term loan due June 23, 2022 (“CAD Term Loan”) and (iii) a €300.0 Euro denominated term loan facility due June 23, 2022 (“Euro Term Loan” and together with “USD Term Loan” and “CAD Term Loan”, the “Term Loans”) and (iv) entered into a $500.0 Revolver Facility due June 23, 2020 (the “Revolver Facility”). The proceeds from the Term Loans and draws on the Revolver were used to repay SBI’s then-existing senior term credit facility, repay SBI’s outstanding 6.75% senior unsecured notes due 2020 (the “6.75% Notes”), repay and replace SBI’s then-existing asset based revolving loan facility, and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the refinancing and for general corporate purposes.
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On October 6, 2016, Spectrum Brands entered into the first amendment to the Credit Agreement under its Term Loans and Revolver Facility (the “Credit Agreement”) reducing the interest rate margins applicable to the USD Term Loan to either adjusted LIBOR, subject to a 0.75% floor plus margin of 2.50% per annum, or base rate with a 1.75% floor plus margin of 1.50% per annum. Spectrum Brands recognized $1.0 of costs in connection with amending the Credit Agreement that has been recognized as interest expense.
On March 6, 2017, Spectrum Brands entered into a second amendment to the Credit Agreement expanding the overall capacity of the Revolver Facility to $700.0, reducing the interest rate margin to either adjusted LIBOR plus margin ranging from 1.75% to 2.25%, or base rate plus margin ranging from 0.75% to 1.25%, reducing the commitment fee to 35 bps, and extending the maturity to March 2022. Spectrum Brands recognized $2.6 of costs in connection with amending the cash revolver that has been deferred as debt issuance costs.
On April 7, 2017, Spectrum Brands entered into a third amendment to the Credit Agreement reducing the interest rate margins applicable to the USD Term Loans to either adjusted LIBOR plus margin of 2.00% per annum, or base rate plus margin of 1.00%. Spectrum Brands recognized $0.6 of costs in connection with amending the Credit Agreement that has been recognized as interest expense.
On May 16, 2017, Spectrum Brands entered into a fourth amendment to the Credit Agreement increasing its USD Term Loan by $250.0 of incremental borrowings and removing the floor which both LIBOR and base rates were subject to. Spectrum Brands recognized $2.7 as costs in connection with the increased borrowing that has been deferred as debt issuance costs.
On May 24, 2017, Spectrum Brands extinguished its Euro Term Loan and recognized non-cash interest expense of $0.6 for previously deferred debt issuance costs in connection with the extinguishment.
Following the amendments to the Credit Agreement (discussed above), the Term Loans and Revolver Facility are subject to variable interest rates, (i) the USD Term Loan is subject to either adjusted LIBOR, plus margin of 2.00% per annum, or base rate plus margin of 1.00% per annum; (ii) the CAD Term Loan is subject to either Canadian Dollar Offered Rate, subject to a 0.75% floor plus 3.50% per annum, or base rate with a 1.75% floor plus 2.50% per annum; (iii) the Euro Term Loan was subject to either Euro Interbank Offered Rate, subject to a 0.75% floor plus 2.75% per annum; and (iv) the Revolver Facility is subject to either adjusted LIBOR plus margin ranging from 1.75% to 2.25% per annum, or base rate plus margin ranging from 0.75% to 1.25% per annum.
Subject to certain mandatory prepayment events, the Term Loans are subject to repayment according to scheduled amortizations, with the final payments of all amounts outstanding, plus accrued and unpaid interest, due at maturity. The Senior Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on SBI and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to incur indebtedness, create liens, make investments, pay dividends or make certain other distributions, and merge or consolidate or sell assets, in each case subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Senior Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement, solely with respect to the Revolver Facility, contains a financial covenant test on the last day of each fiscal quarter on the maximum total leverage ratio. This is calculated as the ratio of (i) the principal amount of third party debt for borrowed money (including unreimbursed letter of credit drawings), capital leases and purchase money debt, at period-end, less cash and cash equivalents, to (ii) adjusted EBITDA for the trailing twelve months. The maximum total leverage ratio should be no greater than 6.0 to 1.0. As of September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement.
Pursuant to a guarantee agreement, SB/RH Holdings, LLC (“SB/RH Holdings”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spectrum Brands, and the material wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries of SBI have guaranteed SBI’s obligations under the Senior Credit Agreement and related loan documents. Pursuant to a security agreement, SBI and such subsidiary guarantors have pledged substantially all of their respective assets to secure such obligations and, in addition, SB/RH Holdings has pledged the capital stock of SBI to secure such obligations. The Senior Credit Agreement also provides for customary events of default including payment defaults and cross-defaults to other material indebtedness.
In connection with the Revolver Facility, SBI incurred $5.7 of fees that were capitalized as debt issuance costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Revolver Facility. As of September 30, 2017, SBI had aggregate borrowing availability of $680.5, net of outstanding letters of credit of $18.0 and a $1.5 allocated to a foreign subsidiary of Spectrum Brands.
4.00% Notes
On September 20, 2016, SBI issued €425.0 aggregate principal amount of the 4.00% Notes due October 1, 2026 (“4.00% Notes”). The 4.00% Notes are guaranteed by SB/RH Holdings as well as by SBI’s existing and future domestic subsidiaries.
SBI may redeem all or a part of the 4.00% Notes, at any time on or after October 1, 2021 at specified redemption prices. In addition, prior to October 1, 2021, SBI may redeem the notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amounts plus a “make-whole” premium. SBI is also entitled to redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes before October 1, 2019 with an amount of cash equal to the net proceeds that SBI raises in equity offerings at specified redemption prices. Further, the indenture governing the 4.00% Notes (the “2026 Indenture”) requires SBI to make an offer, in cash, to repurchase all or a portion of the applicable outstanding notes for a specified redemption price, including a redemption premium, upon the occurrence of a change of control of SBI, as defined in the 2026 Indenture.
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The 2026 Indenture contains customary covenants that limit, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends on or redemption or repurchase of equity interests, the making of certain investments, expansion into unrelated businesses, creation of liens on assets, merger or consolidation with another company, transfer or sale of all or substantially all assets, and transactions with affiliates.
In addition, the 2026 Indenture provides for customary events of default, including failure to make required payments, failure to comply with certain agreements or covenants, failure to make payments when due or on acceleration of certain other indebtedness, and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Events of default under the 2026 Indenture arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the 4.00% Notes. If any other event of default under the 2026 Indenture occurs and is continuing, the trustee for the 2026 Indenture or the registered holders of at least 25% in the then aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 4.00% Notes, may declare the acceleration of the amounts due under those notes.
Spectrum Brands recorded $7.7 of fees in connection with the offering of the 4.00% Notes during Fiscal 2016, which have been capitalized as debt issuance costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the 4.00% Notes.
5.75% Notes
On May 20, 2015, in connection with the acquisition of the Armored AutoGroup Parent Inc. (“AAG”) Business, SBI issued $1,000.0 aggregate principal amount of 5.75% senior notes due July 15, 2025 (the “5.75% Notes”) at par value. The 5.75% Notes are guaranteed by SB/RH Holdings, as well as by SBI’s existing and future domestic subsidiaries.
SBI may redeem all or a part of the 5.75% Notes, at any time on or after July 15, 2020, at specified redemption prices. In addition, prior to July 15, 2020, SBI may redeem the notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a “make-whole” premium. SBI is also entitled to redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes before July 15, 2018 with an amount of cash equal to the net proceeds that SBI raises in equity offerings at specified redemption prices. Further, the indenture governing the 5.75% Notes (the “2025 Indenture”) requires SBI to make an offer, in cash, to repurchase all or a portion of the applicable outstanding notes for a specified redemption price, including a redemption premium, upon the occurrence of a change of control of SBI, as defined in the 2025 Indenture.
The 2025 Indenture contains customary covenants that limit, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends on or redemption or repurchase of equity interests, the making of certain investments, expansion into unrelated businesses, creation of liens on assets, merger or consolidation with another company, transfer or sale of all or substantially all assets, and transactions with affiliates.
In addition, the 2025 Indenture provides for customary events of default, including failure to make required payments, failure to comply with certain agreements or covenants, failure to make payments when due or on acceleration of certain other indebtedness, and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Events of default under the 2025 Indenture arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the 5.75% Notes. If any other event of default under the 2025 Indenture occurs and is continuing, the trustee for the 2025 Indenture or the registered holders of at least 25% in the then aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 5.75% Notes, may declare the acceleration of the amounts due under those notes.
Spectrum Brands recorded $19.7 of fees in connection with the offering of the 5.75% Notes, which have been capitalized as debt issuance costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the 5.75% Notes.
6.125% Notes
On December 4, 2014, SBI issued $250.0 aggregate principal amount of 6.125% Notes at par value, due December 15, 2024 (the “6.125% Notes”). The 6.125% Notes are guaranteed by SB/RH Holdings, as well as by SBI’s existing and future domestic subsidiaries.
SBI may redeem all or a part of the 6.125% Notes, at any time on or after December 15, 2019, at specified redemption prices. Prior to December 15, 2019, SBI may redeem the notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a “make-whole” premium. SBI is also entitled to redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes before December 15, 2017 with an amount of cash equal to the net proceeds that SBI raises in equity offerings at specified redemption prices. Further, the indenture governing the 6.125% Notes (the “2024 Indenture”) requires SBI to make an offer, in cash, to repurchase all or a portion of the applicable outstanding notes for a specified redemption price, including a redemption premium, upon the occurrence of a change of control of SBI, as defined in the 2024 Indenture.
The 2024 Indenture contains customary covenants that limit, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends on or redemption or repurchase of equity interests, the making of certain investments, expansion into unrelated businesses, creation of liens on assets, merger or consolidation with another company, transfer or sale of all or substantially all assets, and transactions with affiliates.
In addition, the 2024 Indenture provides for customary events of default, including failure to make required payments, failure to comply with certain agreements or covenants, failure to make payments when due or on acceleration of certain other indebtedness, and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Events of default under the 2024 Indenture arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the 6.125% Notes. If any
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other event of default under the 2024 Indenture occurs and is continuing, the trustee for the 2024 Indenture or the registered holders of at least 25% in the then aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 6.125% Notes, may declare the acceleration of the amounts due under those notes.
Spectrum Brands recorded $4.6 of fees in connection with the offering of the 6.125% Notes, which have been capitalized as debt issuance costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the 6.125% Notes.
6.375% Notes and 6.625% Notes
On December 17, 2012, in connection with the acquisition of Hardware & Home Improvement (“HHI”) business, Spectrum Brands assumed $520.0 aggregate principal amount of 6.375% Notes at par value, due November 15, 2020, and $570.0 aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Notes, due November 15, 2022 (the “6.625% Notes”). In connection with the issuance of the 4.00% Notes previously discussed, Spectrum Brands repurchased $390.3 aggregate principal amount of the 6.375% Notes in a cash tender offer. In connection with the tender, Spectrum Brands recognized $6.5 of fees and expenses and a $15.6 tender premium as interest expense; and wrote off $5.8 of previously capitalized debt issuance costs as a non-cash charge to interest expense during Fiscal 2016. On October 20, 2016, Spectrum Brands redeemed the remaining outstanding aggregate principal on the 6.375% Notes of $129.7 with a make whole premium of $4.6 recognized as interest expense and $1.9 in non-cash interest expense for previously deferred debt issuance costs for Fiscal 2017. The 6.625% Notes are unsecured and guaranteed by SB/RH Holdings, as well as by existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries.
Spectrum Brands may redeem all or a part of the 6.625% Notes, upon not less than 30 or more than 60 days notice, at specified redemption prices. Further, the indenture governing the 6.625% Notes (the “2020/22 Indenture”) requires Spectrum Brands to make an offer, in cash, to repurchase all or a portion of the applicable outstanding notes for a specified redemption price, including a redemption premium, upon the occurrence of a change of control of Spectrum Brands, as defined in such indenture. Subsequent to Fiscal 2017 and effective November 15, 2017, the 6.625% Notes became callable by Spectrum Brands.
The 2020/22 Indenture contains customary covenants that limit, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends on or redemption or repurchase of equity interests, the making of certain investments, expansion into unrelated businesses, creation of liens on assets, merger or consolidation with another company, transfer or sale of all or substantially all assets, and transactions with affiliates.
In addition, the 2020/22 Indenture provides for customary events of default, including failure to make required payments, failure to comply with certain agreements or covenants, failure to make payments when due or on acceleration of certain other indebtedness, and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Events of default under the 2020/22 Indenture arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the 6.625% Notes. If any other event of default under the 2020/22 Indenture occurs and is continuing, the trustee for the 2020/22 Indenture or the registered holders of at least 25% in the then aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 6.625% Notes, may declare the acceleration of the amounts due under those notes.
Spectrum Brands recorded $14.1 of fees in connection with the offering of the 6.625% Notes, which were capitalized as debt issuance costs and amortized over the remaining lives of the 6.625% Notes.
Salus
Salus acted as co-lender under some of the asset-based loans that it originated, and such loans were structured to meet the definition of a “participating interest” as defined under ASC 860-10, Transfers and Servicing. Salus is no longer originating new loans. For loans originated with co-lenders that have terms that result in such a co-lender not having a qualifying “participating interest,” Salus recognizes the whole, undivided loan. Salus also reflects a secured borrowing owing to the co-lender representing their share in the undivided whole loan. As of September 30, 2016, Salus had $2.0 of such secured borrowings to unaffiliated co-lenders outstanding related to non-qualifying “participating interests.” As of September 30, 2017, Salus had no secured borrowings to unaffiliated co-lenders outstanding related to non-qualifying “participating interests.”
For additional information related to the reduction in senior secured and subordinated CLO debt, see Note 6, Securitization and Variable Interest Entities.
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(14) Leases
Lease Commitments
The Company has leases primarily pertaining to land, buildings, and equipment that expire at various times through February 2034. The Company’s minimum rent payments under operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases. Future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases, primarily relating to Spectrum Brands, net of contractual third-party sublease, are as follows:

|  | Operating Leases of Business Held for Use |  | Operating Leases of Businesses Held for Sale
2018 |  | $ | 33.7 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |
2019 |  | 28.9 |  |  | 2.0 |
2020 |  | 22.0 |  |  | 2.0 |
2021 |  | 17.2 |  |  | 1.2 |
2022 |  | 13.7 |  |  | — |
Thereafter |  | 32.6 |  |  | — |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 148.1 |  |  | $ | 7.2 |

The Company’s total rent expense was $41.8, $49.6 and $40.8 during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(15) Derivative Financial Instruments
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest Rate Swaps. Spectrum Brands uses interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate risk. The swaps are designated as cash flow hedges with the changes in fair value recorded in AOCI and as a derivative asset or liability, as applicable. The swaps settle periodically in arrears with the related amounts for the current settlement period payable to, or receivable from, the counterparties included in accrued liabilities or receivables, respectively, and recognized in earnings as an adjustment to interest expense from the underlying debt to which the swap is designated. At September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had a series of U.S. dollar denominated interest rate swaps outstanding which effectively fix the interest on variable rate debt, exclusive of lender spreads, at 1.76% for a notional principal amount of $300.0 through May 2020. As of September 30, 2016, Spectrum Brands had a series of U.S. dollar denominated interest rate swaps outstanding which effectively fix the interest on variable rate debt, exclusive of lender spreads at 1.36% for a notional principal amount of $300.0 through April 2017. The derivative net losses estimated to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months is $0.3, net of tax. Spectrum Brands’ interest rate swaps financial instruments at September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
|  | Notional Amount |  | Remaining Years |  | Notional Amount |  | Remaining Years
Interest rate swaps - fixed |  | $ | 300.0 |  |  | 2.6 |  | $ | 300.0 |  |  | 0.5

Commodity Swaps. Spectrum Brands is exposed to risk from fluctuating prices for raw materials, specifically zinc and brass used in its manufacturing processes. Spectrum Brands hedges a portion of the risk associated with the purchase of these materials through the use of commodity swaps. The hedge contracts are designated as cash flow hedges with the fair value changes recorded in AOCI and as a hedge asset or liability, as applicable. The unrecognized changes in fair value of the hedge contracts are reclassified from AOCI into earnings when the hedged purchase of raw materials also affects earnings. The swaps effectively fix the floating price on a specified quantity of raw materials through a specified date. At September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had a series of zinc and brass swap contracts outstanding through March 2019. The derivative net gains estimated to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months is $1.3, net of tax. Spectrum Brands had the following commodity swap contracts outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
|  | Notional |  | Contract Value |  | Notional |  | Contract Value
Zinc swap contracts |  | 7.6 Tons |  | $ | 20.7 |  |  | 6.7 Tons |  | $ | 12.8 |
Brass swap contracts |  | 1.3 Tons |  | 6.6 |  |  | 1.0 Tons |  | 4.0 |

Foreign exchange contracts. Spectrum Brands periodically enters into forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge a portion of the risk from forecasted foreign currency denominated third party and intercompany sales or payments. These obligations generally require Spectrum Brands to exchange foreign currencies for U.S. Dollars, Euros, Pounds Sterling, Australian Dollars, Canadian Dollars (“CAD”) or Japanese Yen. These foreign exchange contracts are cash flow hedges of fluctuating foreign
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exchange rates related to sales of product or raw material purchases. Until the sale or purchase is recognized, the fair value of the related hedge is recorded in AOCI and as a hedge asset or liability, as applicable. At the time the sale or purchase is recognized, the fair value of the related hedge is reclassified as an adjustment to “Net sales” or purchase price variance in “Cost of goods sold”, respectively, in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. At September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had a series of foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding through June 2019. The derivative net losses estimated to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months is $6.3, net of tax. At September 30, 2017 and 2016, Spectrum Brands had foreign exchange derivative contracts designated as cash flow hedges with a notional value of $360.8 and $224.8, respectively.
Net Investment Hedge
On September 20, 2016, SBI issued €425.0 aggregate principal amount of 4.00% Notes. See Note 13, Debt for further details. Spectrum Brands’ 4.00% Notes are denominated in Euros and have been designated as a net investment hedge of the translation of Spectrum Brands’ net investments in Euro denominated subsidiaries at the time of issuance. As a result, the translation of the Euro denominated debt is recognized in AOCI with any ineffective portion recognized as foreign currency translation gains or losses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations when the aggregate principal exceeds the net investment in its Euro denominated subsidiaries. Net gains or losses from the net investment hedge are reclassified from AOCI into earnings upon a liquidation event or deconsolidation of Euro denominated subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2017, the hedge was fully effective and no ineffective portion was recognized in earnings.
Derivative Contracts Not Designated as Hedges for Accounting Purposes
Foreign exchange contracts. Spectrum Brands periodically enters into forward and swap foreign exchange contracts to economically hedge a portion of the risk from third party and intercompany payments resulting from existing obligations. These obligations generally require Spectrum Brands to exchange foreign currencies for U.S. Dollars, CAD, Euros, Pounds Sterling, Taiwanese Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars or Australian Dollars. These foreign exchange contracts are economic hedges of a related liability or asset recorded in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The gain or loss on the derivative hedge contracts is recorded in earnings as an offset to the change in value of the related liability or asset at each period end. At September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had a series of forward exchange contracts outstanding through October 2017. At September 30, 2017 and 2016, Spectrum Brands had $205.7 and $131.4, respectively, of notional value for such foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding.
Commodity Swaps. Spectrum Brands periodically enters into commodity swap contracts to economically hedge the risk from fluctuating prices for raw materials, specifically the pass-through of market prices for silver used in manufacturing purchased watch batteries. Spectrum Brands hedges a portion of the risk associated with these materials through the use of commodity swaps. The commodity swap contracts are designated as economic hedges with the unrealized gain or loss recorded in earnings and as an asset or liability at each period end. The unrecognized changes in the fair value of the commodity swap contracts are adjusted through earnings when the realized gains or losses affect earnings upon settlement of the commodity swap contracts. The commodity swap contracts effectively fix the floating price on a specified quantity of silver through a specified date. At September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had a series of commodity swaps outstanding through December 2019. Spectrum Brands had the following commodity swaps outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
|  | Notional |  | Contract Value |  | Notional |  | Contract Value
Silver (troy oz.) |  | 20.9 |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | 31.0 |  | $ | 0.6 |

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments
The fair value of outstanding derivatives recorded in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows:

|  |  |  | September 30,
Asset Derivatives |  | Classification |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity swaps |  | Receivables, net |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |
Interest rate swaps |  | Other assets |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Commodity swaps |  | Other assets |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Receivables, net |  | 0.2 |  |  | 5.5 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Other assets |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total asset derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 8.5 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Receivables, net |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total asset derivatives |  |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |

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|  |  |  | September 30,
Liability Derivatives |  | Classification |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | $ | 14.5 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Other liabilities |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.1 |
Interest rate swaps |  | Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.1 |
Commodity swaps |  | Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total liability derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  | 17.0 |  |  | 3.0 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total liability derivatives |  |  |  | $ | 17.6 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |

Spectrum Brands is exposed to the risk of default by the counterparties with which Spectrum Brands transacts and generally does not require collateral or other security to support financial instruments subject to credit risk. Spectrum Brands monitors counterparty credit risk on an individual basis by periodically assessing each such counterparty’s credit rating exposure. The maximum loss due to credit risk equals the fair value of the gross asset derivatives that are concentrated with certain domestic and foreign financial institution counterparties. Spectrum Brands considers these exposures when measuring its credit reserve on its derivative assets, which $0.1 as of September 30, 2017 and 2016.
Spectrum Brands’ standard contracts do not contain credit risk related contingent features whereby Spectrum Brands would be required to post additional cash collateral as a result of a credit event. However, Spectrum Brands is typically required to post collateral in the normal course of business to offset its liability positions. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, there was no cash collateral outstanding. In addition, as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, Spectrum Brands had no posted standby letters of credit related to such liability positions.
The following tables summarize the impact of the effective portion of designated hedges and the gain (loss) recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015:

Fiscal 2017 |  | Classification |  | Effective Portion
|  |  |  | Gain (Loss) in AOCI |  | Gain (Loss) reclassified to Earnings
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (0.7 | ) |  | $ | (1.3 | )
Commodity swaps |  | Cost of goods sold |  | 6.2 |  |  | 5.4 |
Net investment hedge |  | Other (expense) income, net |  | (24.0 | ) |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Net sales |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Cost of goods sold |  | (13.5 | ) |  | 6.7 |
|  |  |  | $ | (31.6 | ) |  | $ | 10.8 |

Fiscal 2016 |  | Classification |  | Effective Portion
|  |  |  | Gain (Loss) in AOCI |  | Gain (Loss) reclassified to Earnings
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  | $ | (1.9 | )
Commodity swaps |  | Cost of goods sold |  | 4.5 |  |  | (3.7 | )
Net investment hedge |  | Other (expense) income, net |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Net sales |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Cost of goods sold |  | 6.8 |  |  | 6.9 |
|  |  |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |

Fiscal 2015 |  | Classification |  | Effective Portion
|  |  |  | Gain (Loss) in AOCI |  | Gain (Loss) reclassified to Earnings
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (3.4 | ) |  | $ | (1.9 | )
Commodity swaps |  | Cost of goods sold |  | (7.1 | ) |  | (0.7 | )
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Net sales |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Cost of goods sold |  | 21.8 |  |  | 30.0 |
|  |  |  | $ | 11.4 |  |  | $ | 27.5 |

The unrealized loss on derivative contracts in AOCI expected to be recognized during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018
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(“Fiscal 2018”) is $8.9.
During Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized the following gains and losses on its derivatives:

|  |  |  | Fiscal
|  | Classification |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Commodity swaps |  | Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Other (expense) income, net |  | (4.2 | ) |  | 5.5 |  |  | (13.5 | )

(16) Shareholders’ Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The cumulative amounts of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, as of September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, were as follows:

|  | Unrealized Investment Gains, net |  | Non-credit Related Other-than- temporary Impairments |  | Other Unrealized Gains (Losses) — Cash Flow Hedges |  | Actuarial Adjustments to Pension Plans |  | Cumulative Translation Adjustments |  | Total
Cumulative components at September 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross amounts (after reclassification adjustments) |  | $ | 1,134.9 |  |  | $ | (2.4 | ) |  | $ | (35.4 | ) |  | $ | (58.7 | ) |  | $ | (135.1 | ) |  | $ | 903.3 |
Intangible assets adjustments |  | (298.9 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (298.5 | )
Tax effects |  | (291.6 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | (274.8 | )
Noncontrolling interest |  | (106.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 21.5 |  |  | 53.9 |  |  | (21.0 | )
|  | $ | 437.9 |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | (15.8 | ) |  | $ | (33.6 | ) |  | $ | (77.7 | ) |  | $ | 309.0 |
Cumulative components at September 30, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross amounts (after reclassification adjustments) |  | $ | 940.5 |  |  | $ | (2.4 | ) |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | (87.7 | ) |  | $ | (164.2 | ) |  | $ | 693.2 |
Intangible assets adjustments |  | (258.6 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (258.2 | )
Tax effects |  | (237.1 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | (3.8 | ) |  | 12.1 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | (225.1 | )
Noncontrolling interest |  | (86.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  | 30.4 |  |  | 68.3 |  |  | 11.0 |
|  | $ | 358.8 |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | (45.2 | ) |  | $ | (92.4 | ) |  | $ | 220.9 |
Cumulative components at September 30, 2015: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross amounts (after reclassification adjustments) |  | $ | 147.2 |  |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | (3.0 | ) |  | $ | (48.4 | ) |  | $ | (155.7 | ) |  | $ | (60.9 | )
Intangible assets adjustments |  | (0.3 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Tax effects |  | (51.4 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | (47.3 | )
Noncontrolling interest |  | (17.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 18.6 |  |  | 64.9 |  |  | 67.4 |
|  | $ | 78.1 |  |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  | $ | (2.6 | ) |  | $ | (28.5 | ) |  | $ | (87.3 | ) |  | $ | (40.7 | )

Restricted Net Assets of Subsidiaries
The Company considered the guidance in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Regulation S-X related to restricted net assets of subsidiaries. In accordance with Rule 4-08(e) of Regulation S-X, the Company has determined that certain net assets of its subsidiaries are considered restricted under this guidance and exceed 25 percent of HRG’s consolidated net assets. HRG’s interest in net assets of its subsidiaries that were considered to be restricted at September 30, 2017 was $2,273.9 and consisted of net assets of FS Holdco II Ltd. (inclusive of businesses classified as held for sale) and Spectrum Brands, less noncontrolling interest, which were restricted as to transfer to HRG in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances under regulatory or debt covenant restrictions.
Stock Repurchase Program
On May 8, 2014, our board of directors authorized us to enter into a repurchase program, which replaced our prior share repurchase program. This share repurchase program authorized us to repurchase up to $100.0 of shares of our common stock, subject to certain restrictions and provisions. This program does not have an expiration date. We may from time to time, and at any time, elect to increase the amount of shares authorized under our repurchase program, authorize a new repurchase program or repurchase shares of our Common Stock in privately negotiated transactions or we may determine to terminate, suspend, discontinue, modify and/or reinstate one or more of such programs.
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A summary of the stock repurchase activity under a $100.0 stock repurchase program authorized by HRG’s Board of Directors in Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 is summarized as follows (share amounts in thousands):

|  | Shares repurchased |  | Weighted-Average Price per Share |  | Amount Repurchased
Cumulative balance through September 30, 2017 (a) |  | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 12.71 |  |  | $ | 87.7 |
Cumulative balance through September 30, 2016 (a) |  | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 12.71 |  |  | $ | 87.7 |
Cumulative balance through September 30, 2015 (a) |  | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 12.71 |  |  | $ | 87.7 |

(a) Represents cumulative stock purchases under the $100.0 stock repurchase program since the program’s adoption in May 2014.
The purchase price for the shares of the Company’s stock repurchased is reflected as a reduction to shareholders’ equity. Upon repurchase, the Company retires the stock and records the excess of the cost of the treasury stock over its par value entirely to additional paid-in capital.
(17) Employee Benefit Obligations
Defined Benefit Plans
HRG
HRG has a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the “HRG Pension Plan”) covering certain former U.S. employees. During 2006, the HRG Pension Plan was frozen which caused all existing participants to become fully vested in their benefits.
Additionally, HRG has an unfunded supplemental pension plan (the “Supplemental Plan”) which provides supplemental retirement payments to certain former senior executives of HRG. The amounts of such payments equal the difference between the amounts received under the HRG Pension Plan and the amounts that would otherwise be received if HRG Pension Plan payments were not reduced as the result of the limitations upon compensation and benefits imposed by Federal law. Effective December 1994, the Supplemental Plan was frozen.
Spectrum Brands
Spectrum Brands has various defined benefit pension plans (the “Spectrum Brands Pension Plans”) covering some of its employees in the U.S. and certain employees in other countries. The Spectrum Brands Pension Plans generally provide benefits of stated amounts for each year of service. Spectrum Brands funds its U.S. pension plans in accordance with the requirements of the defined benefit pension plans and, where applicable, in amounts sufficient to satisfy the minimum funding requirements of applicable laws. Additionally, in compliance with Spectrum Brands’ funding policy, annual contributions to non-U.S. defined benefit plans are equal to the actuarial recommendations or statutory requirements in the respective countries.
Spectrum Brands also sponsors or participates in a number of other non-U.S. pension arrangements, including various retirement and termination benefit plans, some of which are covered by local law or coordinated with government-sponsored plans, which are not significant in the aggregate. Spectrum Brands also has various nonqualified deferred compensation agreements with certain of its employees. Under certain of these agreements, Spectrum Brands has agreed to pay certain amounts annually for the first 15 years subsequent to retirement or to a designated beneficiary upon death. It is management’s intent that life insurance contracts owned by Spectrum Brands will fund these agreements. Under the remaining agreements, Spectrum Brands has agreed to pay such deferred amounts in up to 15 annual installments beginning on a date specified by the employee, subsequent to retirement or disability, or to a designated beneficiary upon death.
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The following tables provide additional information on the Company’s pension plans as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, which principally relate to Spectrum Brands:

|  | U.S. Plans |  | Non U.S. Plans
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Change in benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation, beginning of year |  | $ | 98.7 |  |  | $ | 93.2 |  |  | $ | 210.6 |  |  | $ | 184.4 |
Service cost |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 2.6 |
Interest cost |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 5.7 |
Actuarial (gain) loss |  | (4.4 | ) |  | 6.8 |  |  | (22.4 | ) |  | 36.0 |
Curtailments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |
Benefits paid |  | (7.1 | ) |  | (5.6 | ) |  | (8.6 | ) |  | (6.1 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | (12.0 | )
Projected benefit obligation, end of year |  | $ | 91.3 |  |  | $ | 98.7 |  |  | $ | 195.9 |  |  | $ | 210.6 |
Change in plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year |  | $ | 77.7 |  |  | $ | 72.6 |  |  | $ | 115.0 |  |  | $ | 116.9 |
Actual return on plan assets |  | 7.9 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | 8.9 |
Employer contributions |  | 2.0 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 6.6 |
Benefits paid |  | (7.1 | ) |  | (5.6 | ) |  | (8.6 | ) |  | (6.1 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | (11.3 | )
Fair value of plan assets, end of year |  | $ | 80.5 |  |  | $ | 77.7 |  |  | $ | 118.4 |  |  | $ | 115.0 |
Accrued Benefit Cost / Funded Status |  | $ | (10.8 | ) |  | $ | (21.0 | ) |  | $ | (77.5 | ) |  | $ | (95.6 | )
Weighted average assumptions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  | 3.1% to 3.7% |  | 2.8% to 3.5% |  | 1.1% to 13.4% |  | 1.0% to 13.5%
Expected return on plan assets |  | 7.0% |  | 7.0% |  | 1.1% to 4.1% |  | 1.0% to 3.7%
Rate of compensation increase |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 1.4% to 7.0% |  | 2.3% to 7.0%

The net underfunded status as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 of $88.3 and $116.6, respectively, is recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets within “Employee benefit obligations.” Included in AOCI as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 were unrecognized net losses of $33.6, net of tax expense of $3.6 and noncontrolling interest of $21.5, and $45.2, net of tax expense of $12.1 and noncontrolling interest of $30.4, respectively, which have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic pension cost. The net loss in AOCI expected to be recognized during Fiscal 2018 is $2.0.
The following table contains the components of net periodic benefit costs during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | U.S. Plans |  | Non U.S. Plans
|  | Fiscal |  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Components of net periodic cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |
Interest cost |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 6.2 |
Expected return on assets |  | (5.2 | ) |  | (5.2 | ) |  | (5.6 | ) |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (5.2 | )
Curtailment gain |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.7 |
Recognized net actuarial loss |  | 1.6 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.3 |
Net periodic cost |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | $ | (0.9 | ) |  | $ | 7.8 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |
Weighted average assumptions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  | 2.8% to 4.0% |  | 3.4% to 4.3% |  | 3.5% to 4.2% |  | 1.0% to 13.5% |  | 1.8% to 13.8% |  | 2.0% to 13.5%
Expected return on plan assets |  | 7.0% |  | 7.0% to 7.3% |  | 7.3% to 7.5% |  | 1.0% to 3.7% |  | 1.8% to 4.5% |  | 2.0% to 5.3%
Rate of compensation increase |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 2.3% to 7.0% |  | 2.3% to 5.5% |  | 2.3% to 5.5%

The discount rate is used to calculate the projected benefit obligation. The discount rate used is based on the rate of return on government bonds as well as current market conditions of the respective countries where the plans are established. The expected return on plan assets is based on the Company’s expectation of the long-term average rate of return of the capital market in which the plans invest. The expected return reflects the target asset allocations and considers the historical returns earned for each asset category.
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The following benefit payments were expected to be paid as of September 30, 2017:

Fiscal Year |  | U.S. Plans |  | Non U.S. Plans
2018 |  | $ | 5.3 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |
2019 |  | 5.4 |  |  | 6.5 |
2020 |  | 5.4 |  |  | 7.0 |
2021 |  | 5.5 |  |  | 7.3 |
2022 |  | 5.3 |  |  | 7.5 |
2023 to 2027 |  | 26.7 |  |  | 44.6 |

The Company has established formal investment policies for the assets associated with these plans. Policy objectives include maximizing long-term return at acceptable risk levels, diversifying among asset classes, if appropriate, and among investment managers, as well as establishing relevant risk parameters within each asset class. Specific asset class targets are based on the results of periodic asset/liability studies. The investment policies permit variances from the targets within certain parameters. The plan assets currently do not include holdings of common stock of HRG or its subsidiaries.
Below is a summary allocation of all pension plan assets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | U.S. Plans |  | Non U.S. Plans
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Asset Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | 58 | % |  | 61 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Fixed income securities |  | 39 | % |  | 36 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 23 | %
Other |  | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 81 | % |  | 77 | %
Total |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

The fair value of pension plan assets by asset category as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

|  | September 30, 2017
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Defined Benefit Plan Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equity securities |  | $ | 24.1 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33.2 |
Foreign equity securities |  | 11.3 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.7 |
Fixed income securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. fixed income securities |  | 21.0 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 29.1 |
Foreign fixed income securities |  | 2.1 |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 23.7 |
Real estate |  | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Life insurance contracts |  | — |  |  | 40.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 40.2 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 49.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 49.2 |
Foreign cash & cash equivalents |  | 9.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.0 |
Total defined benefit plan assets |  | $ | 69.3 |  |  | $ | 129.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 198.9 |

|  | September 30, 2016
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Defined Benefit Plan Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equity securities |  | $ | 22.2 |  |  | $ | 11.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34.0 |
Foreign equity securities |  | 10.4 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.7 |
Fixed income securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. fixed income securities |  | 19.6 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 26.7 |
Foreign fixed income securities |  | 1.9 |  |  | 24.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 26.0 |
Real estate |  | 1.7 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.5 |
Life insurance contracts |  | — |  |  | 37.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 37.0 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 35.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 35.1 |
Foreign cash & cash equivalents |  | 13.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13.7 |
Total defined benefit plan assets |  | $ | 69.5 |  |  | $ | 123.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 192.7 |

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Defined Contribution Plans
During Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, HRG, Spectrum Brands and Salus sponsored and defined contributions plans in which eligible participants may defer a fixed amount or a percentage of their eligible compensation, subject to limitations. During Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, each of HRG, Spectrum Brands and Salus made discretionary matching contributions of eligible compensation. Spectrum Brands also sponsored defined contribution pension plans for employees of certain foreign subsidiaries. Contributions are discretionary and evaluated annually. Aggregate contributions charged to operations for the defined contribution plans, including discretionary amounts, for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $12.5, $12.1 and $11.7, respectively.
(18) Income Taxes
Income tax expense was calculated based upon the following components of income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | (62.3 | ) |  | $ | (24.4 | ) |  | $ | (370.1 | )
Outside the United States |  | 213.5 |  |  | 200.2 |  |  | 190.0 |
Total income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | $ | 151.2 |  |  | $ | 175.8 |  |  | $ | (180.1 | )

The components of income tax expense were as follows:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 6.9 |  |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  | $ | 1.7 |
Foreign |  | 47.4 |  |  | 60.2 |  |  | 40.4 |
State |  | 0.8 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 4.5 |
Total current |  | 55.1 |  |  | 64.1 |  |  | 46.6 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | 8.8 |  |  | (34.2 | ) |  | (14.8 | )
Foreign |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | 11.2 |
State |  | (9.7 | ) |  | 2.8 |  |  | (3.4 | )
Total deferred |  | (6.8 | ) |  | (32.5 | ) |  | (7.0 | )
Income tax expense |  | $ | 48.3 |  |  | $ | 31.6 |  |  | $ | 39.6 |

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The differences between income taxes expected at the U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate of 35.0% and reported income tax expense are summarized as follows:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Expected income tax expense (benefit) at the Federal statutory rate |  | $ | 52.9 |  |  | $ | 61.5 |  |  | $ | (63.0 | )
State and local income taxes |  | 2.4 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | (5.1 | )
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |  | 79.6 |  |  | (45.7 | ) |  | 190.8 |
Residual tax on foreign earnings |  | (35.8 | ) |  | 19.7 |  |  | 24.8 |
Foreign rate differential |  | (38.7 | ) |  | (38.9 | ) |  | (29.0 | )
Foreign tax law changes |  | — |  |  | (3.7 | ) |  | — |
Impact of Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 9100 relief |  | — |  |  | (16.4 | ) |  | — |
Share based compensation adjustments |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (3.4 | ) |  | — |
Benefit from adjustment to tax basis in assets |  | — |  |  | (8.4 | ) |  | — |
Permanent items |  | 4.5 |  |  | 12.9 |  |  | 14.4 |
Exempt foreign income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.7 | )
Unrecognized tax benefits |  | 9.1 |  |  | 34.7 |  |  | (1.5 | )
State tax law and rate changes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (54.5 | )
Tax attributes |  | (13.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 9.2 |
Gain on deconsolidation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23.3 | )
Non-deductible goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.9 |
Purchase accounting benefit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22.8 | )
Outside basis difference |  | 4.6 |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | (4.9 | )
Return to provision adjustments and other, net |  | (11.3 | ) |  | 0.6 |  |  | (0.7 | )
Reported income tax expense |  | $ | 48.3 |  |  | $ | 31.6 |  |  | $ | 39.6 |
Effective tax rate |  | 31.9 | % |  | 18.0 | % |  | (22.0 | )%

For Fiscal 2017, the Company’s effective tax rate of 31.9% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate of 35.0% and was primarily impacted by U.S. pretax losses where the tax benefits were not more-likely-than-not to be realized resulting in the recording of valuation allowance. Partially offsetting this increase in effective tax rate were the effects of income earned by Spectrum Brands outside of the U.S. that is subject to statutory rates lower than 35.0%. In addition, Spectrum Brands recognized a $33.4 tax benefit for changes in its assessment over its ability to effectively repatriate tax-free non-US earnings upon which liabilities were previously recorded.
For Fiscal 2016, the Company’s effective tax rate of 18.0% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate of 35.0% primarily due to the release of domestic valuation allowance of $111.1 by Spectrum Brands resulting from the expected utilization of a portion of Spectrum Brands’ U.S. NOL carryforwards that were previously recorded with valuation allowance, partially offset by $25.5 of income tax expense recognized by Spectrum Brands for a tax contingency reserve for a tax exposure in Germany and an increase in valuation allowance needed for current year losses from the Corporate and Other segment in the U.S. that are not more-likely-than-not to be realized.
For Fiscal 2015, the Company’s effective tax rate of (22.0)% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate of 35.0% and was impacted by pretax losses including significant impairment and bad debt expense in the Corporate and Other segment in the U.S., and certain pretax losses from foreign jurisdictions for which the Company concluded that the tax benefits are not more-likely-than-not to be realized, resulting in the recording of valuation allowances. In addition, for Fiscal 2015, the Company recognized a $22.8 income tax benefit from the reversal of a portion of Spectrum Brands’ U.S. valuation allowance on deferred tax assets in connection with the acquisition of AAG.
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The following table summarizes the components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities:

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Employee benefits |  | $ | 64.0 |  |  | $ | 101.6 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 31.4 |  |  | 8.9 |
Inventories and receivables |  | 34.5 |  |  | 32.6 |
Marketing and promotional accruals |  | 15.8 |  |  | 17.6 |
Net operating loss, credit and capital loss carry forwards |  | 1,054.2 |  |  | 1,034.6 |
Prepaid royalty |  | — |  |  | 6.0 |
Unrealized losses |  | 16.7 |  |  | 4.3 |
Outside basis difference |  | 49.0 |  |  | 51.1 |
Intangibles |  | 8.5 |  |  | 3.7 |
Other |  | 38.1 |  |  | 38.4 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 1,312.2 |  |  | 1,298.8 |
Less: Valuation allowance |  | 969.4 |  |  | 555.4 |
Net deferred tax assets |  | 342.8 |  |  | 743.4 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  | (34.4 | ) |  | (20.1 | )
Outside basis differences on held for sale assets |  | — |  |  | (367.8 | )
Intangibles |  | (708.7 | ) |  | (813.4 | )
Investment in partnership |  | (91.5 | ) |  | — |
Unrealized gains |  | (5.7 | ) |  | — |
Investments |  | — |  |  | (39.2 | )
Redemption of long term debt |  | (8.4 | ) |  | (10.2 | )
Other |  | (5.3 | ) |  | (20.4 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | (854.0 | ) |  | (1,271.1 | )
Net deferred tax liability |  | $ | (511.2 | ) |  | $ | (527.7 | )
Reported as: |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 20.2 |  |  | $ | 18.3 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 531.4 |  |  | 546.0 |

In accordance with ASC Topic 740, the Company establishes valuation allowances for deferred tax assets that, in its judgment, are not more-likely-than-not realizable. These judgments are based on projections of future income, including tax-planning strategies, by individual tax jurisdiction. Changes in industry and economic conditions and the competitive environment may impact the accuracy of these projections. In accordance with ASC Topic 740, during each reporting period, the Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and determines if adjustments to its valuation allowances are appropriate. As a result of this assessment, for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company had a net charge (release) of valuation allowance to earnings totaling $79.6, $(45.7) and $190.8, respectively, as more fully described below.
HRG
HRG’s valuation allowance at September 30, 2017 and 2016 totaled $703.2 and $313.1, respectively (inclusive of $58.1 and $48.8, respectively, attributable to FGL’s non-life subsidiaries). During Fiscal 2017, HRG increased its net valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $390.1, of which $352.7 was due to the reversal of the previously recorded deferred tax liability and deferred tax asset valuation allowance reduction related to the FGL Merger (discussed below), as a result of the Company’s current intent to exercise the 338 Tax Election related to the FGL Merger. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations and Note 5, Divestitures for additional information about the FGL Merger. As a result, U.S. Federal NOL and capital loss carryforwards attributable to FGL non-life subsidiaries is expected to be retained by HRG after the completion of the FGL Merger. Additionally, HRG increased its valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $36.5 as a result of recognizing a deferred tax asset during Fiscal 2017 on HRG’s investment in Front Street. During Fiscal 2016, HRG decreased its net valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $281.4, of which $352.7 was primarily related to the reversal of valuation allowance against certain U.S. federal net deferred tax assets as a result of recognizing a deferred tax liability on HRG’s investment in FGL, which resulted from classifying the Company’s ownership interest in FGL as held for sale, and was included in “Net income (loss) from discontinued operations”. Partially offset by an increase of $145.3, which was allocated to accumulated other comprehensive income consistent with the source of taxable income available for realization. Included in the net decrease in valuation allowance was an increase of $89.5, which resulted from the tax effect related to Fiscal 2016 losses from the Corporate and Other segment. During Fiscal 2015, HRG increased its valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $309.0, of which $248.6 was related to an increase in valuation allowance against U.S. net deferred taxes and $60.4 was related to an increase in valuation allowance against state net deferred taxes.
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At September 30, 2017 and 2016, HRG had approximately $1,524.3 and $1,304.1, respectively, of gross U.S. Federal NOL carryforwards (inclusive of $151.1 and $133.6, respectively, attributable to FGL’s non-life subsidiaries), which, if unused, will expire in tax years ending December 31, 2028 through 2037. HRG had approximately $315.9 and $322.4 of gross U.S. federal capital loss carryforwards (inclusive of $15.0 and $6.0, respectively, attributable to FGL’s non-life subsidiaries) at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which, if unused, will expire in tax years ended December 31, 2017 through 2022. At September 30, 2016, HRG had approximately $93.9 of tax benefits related to U.S. state NOL carryforwards, which decreased to $0.0 at September 30, 2017 due to HRG applying a 0% state apportionment factor.
The majority of NOL, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards of HRG was historically subject to valuation allowances, as HRG concluded that all or a portion of the related tax benefits are not more-likely-than-not to be realized. Approximately $395.0 of gross U.S. Federal NOL, and capital loss carryforwards of HRG are subject to limitations under Sections 382 and 383 of IRC. Such limitations resulted from ownership changes of more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. HRG has considered the impact of the 2013 Section 382 ownership change and the related limitations in assessing its need for a valuation allowance. There has been no further ownership change since the September 30, 2013 ownership change.
Spectrum Brands
To the extent necessary, Spectrum Brands intends to utilize earnings of foreign subsidiaries in order to support the plans of the Spectrum Brands management to voluntarily accelerate pay down of U.S. debt, fund distributions to its shareholders, fund U.S. acquisitions and satisfy ongoing U.S. operational cash flow requirements. Spectrum Brands annually estimates the available earnings, permanent reinvestment classification and the availability of and Spectrum Brands management’s intent to use alternative mechanisms for repatriation for each jurisdiction in which Spectrum Brands does business. Accordingly, Spectrum Brands is providing residual U.S. and foreign deferred taxes on these earnings to the extent they cannot be repatriated in a tax-free manner.
During Fiscal 2017, Spectrum Brands concluded that sufficient evidence existed that substantially all of its non-US subsidiaries had invested or would invest their respective undistributed earnings indefinitely or that the earnings would be remitted in a tax-free manner. As a result, Spectrum Brands recognized approximately $33.4 in tax benefit for reducing the deferred tax liability on those earnings that had been established in prior years. Spectrum Brands provided residual tax expense of $5.7 on earnings deemed to be repatriated under U.S. tax law for Fiscal 2017. The tax benefit was recognized as an addition to NOL and credit carryforwards deferred tax assets.
During Fiscal 2016, Spectrum Brands provided $33.7 of residual taxes on undistributed foreign earnings and $3.0 in tax expense on earnings deemed to be repatriated under subpart F of the U.S. tax law. The residual domestic taxes from foreign earnings were recognized as a reduction to NOL and credit carryforwards deferred tax assets.
During Fiscal 2015, Spectrum Brands recognized $23.3 of deferred tax assets related to its investment in one of its foreign subsidiaries because it was expected to reverse in the foreseeable future. The deferred tax asset reversed during Fiscal 2016. Spectrum Brands also recorded a $14.4 reduction in its NOL deferred tax assets, with a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance, to reflect losses used as a result of prior year adjustments.
Remaining undistributed earnings of Spectrum Brands’ foreign operations were $302.5 at September 30, 2017, and are intended to remain permanently invested. Accordingly, no residual income taxes have been provided on those earnings. If at some future date these earnings cease to be permanently invested, Spectrum Brands may be subject to U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding and other taxes on such amounts, which cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
At September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had U.S. federal NOL carryforwards of $703.5 with a federal tax benefit of $246.2, tax benefits related to state NOLs of $70.8 and capital loss carryforwards of $19.8 with a federal and state tax benefit of $7.5. Spectrum Brands has an additional $4.3 of federal and state NOLs for which benefits will be recorded to additional paid-in capital when those carryforwards are used. These NOLs expire through years ending in 2037. As of September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had foreign NOLs of $169.2 and tax benefits of $47.4, which will expire beginning in Fiscal 2018. Certain of the foreign NOLs have indefinite carryforward periods. Spectrum Brands is subject to an annual limitation on the use of its NOL carryforwards that arose prior to its emergence from bankruptcy in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2009. Spectrum Brands has had multiple changes of ownership, as defined under IRC Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as amended, that limits the utilization of Spectrum Brands’ U.S. federal and state NOLs and other tax attributes. The annual limitation is based on a number of factors, including the value of the Spectrum Brands’ stock (as defined for tax purposes) on the date of the ownership change, its net unrealized gain position on that date, the occurrence of realized gains in years subsequent to the ownership change, and the effects of subsequent ownership changes (as defined for tax purposes), if any. In addition, separate return year limitations apply to limit Spectrum Brands’ utilization of the acquired Russell Hobbs U.S. federal and state NOLs to future income of the Russell Hobbs subgroup. Due to these limitations, Spectrum Brands estimates, as of September 30, 2017, that $468.9 of U.S. federal NOLs with a federal tax benefit of $164.1 and $16.7 of the tax benefit related to state NOLs will expire unused even if Spectrum Brands generates sufficient income to otherwise use all of its NOLs. Spectrum Brands also projects, as of September 30, 2017, that $45.7 of tax benefits related to its foreign NOLs will not be used. Spectrum Brands has provided a full valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets.
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The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets depends on the ability of Spectrum Brands to generate sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character in the future and in the appropriate taxing jurisdictions.
Spectrum Brands has earned pretax profits in the U.S. each of the last three years. Large, profitable U.S. businesses were acquired in Fiscal 2015 and Fiscal 2013, and Spectrum Brands debt levels and blended interest rates have decreased over time. The combination of U.S. operating results and the changes in Spectrum Brands U.S. operating profile led Spectrum Brands to conclude during Fiscal 2016 that it is more-likely-than-not its U.S. deferred tax assets will be used to reduce taxable income, except for tax attributes subject to ownership change limitations, capital losses, and certain state operating losses and credits that will expire unused.
Spectrum Brands released $111.1 of domestic valuation allowance during Fiscal 2016. Approximately $25.1 of the domestic valuation allowance released by Spectrum Brands resulted from additional deferred tax assets created by the adoption of ASU No. 2016-09, effective as of October 1, 2015. In December 2015, the Company received a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) which resulted in $87.8 of U.S. NOLs being restored and a release of $16.2 of domestic valuation allowance from additional deferred tax assets created by the IRS ruling. Spectrum Brands recorded tax expense of $14.7 related to additional valuation allowance on state NOLs during Fiscal 2017.
As of September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands’ valuation allowance was $266.2, of which $217.1 was related to U.S. net deferred tax assets and $49.1 was related to foreign net deferred tax assets. As of September 30, 2016, Spectrum Brands’ valuation allowance was $245.7, of which $203.7 was related to U.S. net deferred tax assets and $42.0 was related to foreign net deferred tax assets. During Fiscal 2017, Spectrum Brands increased its valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $20.5, of which $13.4 was related to an increase in valuation allowance against U.S. net deferred tax assets and $7.1 related to an increase in the valuation allowance against foreign net deferred tax assets. During Fiscal 2016, Spectrum Brands decreased its valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $59.7, of which $65.0 related to a decrease in valuation allowance against U.S. net deferred tax assets and $5.3 related to an increase in the valuation allowance against foreign net deferred tax assets. During Fiscal 2015, Spectrum Brands recorded valuation allowances of $17.0 against the deferred tax assets of various Latin America entities as it is more-likely-than-not that Spectrum Brands will not obtain tax benefits from these assets.
Uncertain Tax Positions
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits (“UTBs”) at September 30, 2017 and 2016 were $34.6 and $47.4, respectively. If recognized in the future, $34.6 of UTBs would impact the effective tax rate. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. At September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company’s accrued balances of interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions totaled $3.3 and $3.2, respectively. For Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, interest and penalties increased income tax expense by $0.1, $0.4 and $0.9, respectively.
HRG files U.S. federal consolidated and state and local combined and separate income tax returns. HRG’s federal consolidated and state combined income tax returns include FGL’s non-life subsidiaries and do not include Spectrum Brands, Front Street, or FGL’s life insurance subsidiaries, each of which files their own respective consolidated federal, and combined and separate state and local income tax returns.
The Company believes its UTBs for uncertain tax positions are adequate, consistent with the principles of ASC Topic 740. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of additional tax assessments by jurisdiction and, if necessary, adjusts its UTBs based on new information or developments.
The following table summarizes changes to the Company’s UTB reserves, excluding related interest and penalties:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year |  | $ | 47.4 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |
Gross increase — tax positions in prior period |  | 6.7 |  |  | 29.9 |  |  | 4.1 |
Gross decrease — tax positions in prior period |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (1.9 | )
Gross increase — tax positions in current period |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 1.8 |
Settlements |  | (22.9 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (0.9 | )
Lapse of statutes of limitations |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | )
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year |  | $ | 34.6 |  |  | $ | 47.4 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |

The decrease in UTB for Fiscal 2017 was related to Spectrum Brands and included a reduction of $22.9 from an unfavorable court ruling regarding the German tax treatment of certain assets as amortizable. The reduction did not impact income tax expense for Fiscal 2017 since Spectrum Brands also reduced the corresponding income tax receivable. Spectrum Brands continues to maintain tax contingency reserves for certain portions of this case that are still under review.
The increase in UTB for Fiscal 2016 was related to Spectrum Brands and included a $25.5 expense to record a tax contingency reserve for the amortizing tax exposure subject to the German Federal Court ruling received in Fiscal 2017. During Fiscal 2016, a local court had ruled against Spectrum Brands’ characterization of certain assets as amortizable under Germany tax law.
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The IRS completed an audit of HRG’s 2013 federal consolidated tax return in February 2017 and agreed to a $37.0 adjustment to increase the NOL carryforwards. HRG received the final closing letter in February 2017.
Additionally, HRG also finalized its New York State audit with the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance for tax years ended December 31, 2011 through 2013. The New York City tax return for years ended December 31, 2011 through 2013 are currently under audit and are awaiting resolution from New York State.
Spectrum Brands files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state, local and foreign jurisdictions and is subject to ongoing examination by the various taxing authorities. Spectrum Brand’s major taxing jurisdictions are the U.S., United Kingdom and Germany. In the U.S., federal tax filings for years prior to and including Spectrum Brands’ fiscal year ended September 30, 2013 are closed. However, the federal NOLs from Spectrum Brands’ fiscal years ended September 30, 2013 and prior are subject to IRS examination until the year that such NOL carryforwards are utilized and those years are closed for audit. Filings in various U.S. state and local jurisdictions are also subject to audit and to date, no significant audit matters have arisen. At September 30, 2017, certain of the Spectrum Brands’ legal entities were undergoing income tax audits. Spectrum Brands cannot predict the ultimate outcome of the examinations; however, it is reasonably possible that during the next twelve months some portion of previously unrecognized tax benefits could be recognized.
(19) Related Party Transactions
In November 2012, the Company had entered a reciprocal services agreement (the “Services Agreement”) with Harbinger Capital Partners LLC and certain of its affiliated funds (“HCP”), which was at that time the beneficial owner of more than 10% of the outstanding shares of common stock of HRG, with respect to the provision of services that may include providing office space and operational support and each party making available their respective employees to provide services as reasonably requested by the other party, subject to any limitations contained in applicable employment agreements and the terms of the Services Agreement. The Services Agreement was terminated effective as of March 1, 2015. The Company recognized $3.3 of expenses under this Service Agreement with respect to Fiscal 2015 and no other payments since that date.
On November 25, 2014, the Company and Mr. Falcone, who was at that time through HCP the beneficial owner of more than 10% of the outstanding shares of common stock of HRG, entered into a Separation and General Release Agreement (the “Separation Agreement”) pursuant to which, in connection with his resignation from HRG, Mr. Falcone was paid $20.5 as a one-time payment, $16.5, which constituted the unpaid portion of Mr. Falcone’s Fiscal 2014 annual bonus (in cash, rather than a combination of cash and equity) and $3.3 which constituted a pro-rata bonus for Fiscal 2015 (in cash, rather than a combination of cash and equity) for service through December 1, 2014 based on anticipated results. Mr. Falcone’s warrant was amended to provide for their continued vesting, in accordance with their prior vesting schedule, as if Mr. Falcone remained employed with the Company through each applicable vesting date. In exchange, Mr. Falcone executed a general release of claims in favor of the Company and agreed to various restrictive covenants, including covenants relating to non-competition, non-solicitation, non-disparagement, confidentiality, and further cooperation.
During Fiscal 2015, Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Leucadia National Corporation (“Leucadia”), which through subsidiaries beneficially owns more than 10% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock, acted as an initial purchaser for the Company’s issuance of senior notes. In HRG’s offering of 7.875% Notes and 7.75% Notes, Jefferies received $0.7 and $0.3, respectively, in discounts and commissions as a participating initial purchaser.
In May 2015, Spectrum Brands made an offering of $1,000.0 of its 5.75% Notes, whereby Jefferies received aggregate discounts and commissions paid by Spectrum Brands of approximately $2.6 as a participating initial purchaser. Jefferies also received aggregate discounts and commissions of approximately $1.5 as a participating underwriter in Spectrum Brands’ $575.0 offering of common stock in May 2015. In addition, Jefferies was one of the financing institutions that committed to provide “back stop” bridge facilities in an aggregate amount of $1,500.0 in connection with the financing of the AAG acquisition and received aggregate fees paid by Spectrum Brands of approximately $2.1. In Fiscal 2016, Jefferies acted as one of the initial purchasers of Spectrum Brands’ offering of €425.0 of its 4.00% Notes due 2026, for which Jefferies received $0.3 in discounts, commissions and reimbursements of expenses.
On September 25, 2015, CorAmerica assigned its interests under certain purchase agreements regarding outlet center developments to entities and accounts related to Fortress Investment Group LLC (“Fortress”), which, through affiliates, had acquired interests greater than 10% ownership in the Company as of September 30, 2016. The aggregate consideration for such assignment included a $0.4 fee.
On October 7, 2015, FGL entered into an Engagement Letter with Jefferies pursuant to which Jefferies agreed (on a non-exclusive basis) to provide financial advisory services to FGL in connection with a transaction involving a merger or other similar transaction with respect to at least a majority of the capital stock of FGL. HRG was also a party to the Engagement Letter. Under the Engagement Letter, Jefferies is entitled to receive a fee which represents a percentage of the value of the transaction, plus reimbursement for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Jefferies in connection with their engagement. FGL has also agreed to indemnify Jefferies for certain liabilities in connection with their engagement. HRG is required to reimburse FGL for compensation paid by FGL to Jefferies under certain circumstances. Specifically, if compensation to Jefferies becomes payable in respect of a transaction that involves a disposition of shares of FGL held by HRG (and not other stockholders of
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FGL), HRG will reimburse FGL for the full amount of such compensation. If compensation to Jefferies becomes payable in respect of a transaction that involves a disposition of shares of FGL held by HRG and a disposition of not more than 50% of the shares of FGL held by stockholders of FGL other than HRG, HRG will reimburse FGL for its pro rata portion of such compensation (based on its relative number of shares compared to those held by stockholders of FGL other than HRG). On May 8, 2017, the parties executed an amendment to extend the term of the Engagement Letter.
On October 9, 2015, HGI Funding entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement, by and among HGI Funding, HC2 Holdings, Inc. (“HC2”) and the purchasers party thereto, whereby HGI Funding sold its remaining equity interest in HC2 for an aggregate purchase price of $35.1. Jefferies agreed to purchase 1.2 million shares in the transaction at a purchase price of $7.50. In addition, Mr. Falcone purchased through an HCP fund 540 thousand shares in the transaction at a purchase price of $7.50 per share.
On October 23, 2015, Front Street Cayman sold bonds issued by Phoenix Life Insurance Company and received approximately $14.0 in aggregate proceeds from the sale. Jefferies acted as the principal in the transaction.
FGL has invested in CLO securities issued by Fortress Credit Opportunities III CLO LP (“FCO III”) and also invested in securities issued by Fortress Credit BSL Limited (“Fortress BSL”). The parent of both FCO III and Fortress BSL is Fortress, which had acquired interests greater than 10% ownership in HRG as of September 30, 2016. Such CLOs had an aggregate total carrying value of $176.3 and $227.5 as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company’s net investment income from such securities was $11.6, $11.0 and $9.5 for the Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and was included in “Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
On October 16, 2017, the Company entered into an engagement letter with Jefferies pursuant to which Jefferies agreed to act as co-advisor to the Company (with the other co-advisors acting as lead financial advisor to the Company) with respect to the Company’s review of strategic alternatives. Under this engagement letter, Jefferies is entitled to receive up to a $3.0 transaction fee, which may be increased by another $1.0 at the sole discretion of the Company, and reimbursement for all reasonable out of pocket expenses incurred by Jefferies in connection therewith. In addition, the Company has agreed to indemnify Jefferies for certain liabilities in connection with such engagement.
(20) Stock-based Compensation
The Company recognized consolidated stock-based compensation expense of $62.4, $78.0 and $72.6 during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is principally included in “Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
A summary of stock option awards outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and related activity during the year then ended are as follows (option amounts in thousands):

|  | HRG
Stock Option Awards |  | Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Stock options outstanding at September 30, 2016 |  | 4,231 |  |  | $ | 9.48 |  |  | $ | 3.80 |
Granted |  | 318 |  |  | 15.39 |  |  | 5.96 |
Exercised |  | (573 | ) |  | 11.28 |  |  | 4.48 |
Stock options outstanding at September 30, 2017 |  | 3,976 |  |  | 9.69 |  |  | 3.88 |
Stock options vested and exercisable at September 30, 2017 |  | 3,580 |  |  | 9.12 |  |  | 3.67 |
Stock options outstanding and expected to vest |  | 3,976 |  |  | 9.69 |  |  | 3.88 |

A summary of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance restricted stock units outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and related activity during the year then ended, under HRG and Spectrum Brands are as follows (share and unit amounts in thousands):

|  | HRG
Restricted Stock Awards |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested restricted stock outstanding at September 30, 2016 |  | 1,975 |  |  | $ | 12.74 |
Granted |  | 25 |  |  | 15.71 |
Exercised / Released |  | (1,857 | ) |  | 12.73 |
Nonvested restricted stock outstanding at September 30, 2017 |  | 143 |  |  | 13.36 |

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|  | HRG |  | Spectrum Brands
Restricted Stock Units |  | Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted stock units outstanding at September 30, 2016 |  | 42 |  |  | $ | 12.33 |  |  | 577 |  |  | $ | 94.97 |
Granted |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 697 |  |  | 127.00 |
Vested/Exercised |  | (42 | ) |  | 12.33 |  |  | (501 | ) |  | 109.03 |
Forfeited or Expired |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 118.89 |
Restricted stock units outstanding at September 30, 2017 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 761 |  |  | 114.67 |

A summary of warrants outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and related activity during the year then ended, under HRG’s incentive plan are as follows (unit amounts in thousands):

|  | HRG
Warrants |  | Units |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Warrants outstanding at September 30, 2016 |  | 1,200 |  |  | $ | 13.13 |  |  | $ | 3.22 |
Exercised |  | (600 | ) |  | 13.13 |  |  | 3.22 |
Warrants outstanding at September 30, 2017 |  | 600 |  |  | 13.13 |  |  | 3.22 |
Warrants outstanding and expected to vest |  | 600 |  |  | 13.13 |  |  | 3.22 |

A summary of time-based and performance-based grants as of September 30, 2017 and related activity during the year then ended, under HRG and Spectrum Brands are as follows (share amounts in thousands):

|  | HRG |  | Spectrum Brands
Time-based grants |  | Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Fair Value at Grant Date |  | Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Fair Value at Grant Date
Stock option awards |  | 318 |  |  | $ | 5.96 |  |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted stock awards |  | 25 |  |  | 15.71 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |  |  | 133.05 |  |  | 39.4 |
Total time-based grants |  | 343 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | 296 |  |  |  |  | $ | 39.4 |

|  | Spectrum Brands
Performance-based grants |  | Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Fair Value at Grant Date
Vesting in less than 12 months |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 137.54 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Vesting in 12 to 24 months |  | 106 |  |  | 122.65 |  |  | 13.0 |
Vesting in more than 24 months |  | 294 |  |  | 122.43 |  |  | 36.0 |
Total performance-based grants |  | 401 |  |  | 122.39 |  |  | $ | 49.1 |

Additional Disclosures
On September 15, 2011, the Company’s stockholders approved the HRG Group, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (formerly, Harbinger Group Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan, as amended (the “2011 HRG Plan”)). The 2011 HRG Plan provides for the issuance of stock options or stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) for up to 17 million shares of common stock. Such authorization was increased by 7 million shares upon the approval of an amendment to the 2011 Plan by HRG’s shareholders at the annual meeting held on May 30, 2015. Further, at that meeting, HRG’s shareholders approved the adoption of the Harbinger Group Inc. 2014 Warrant Award Plan, authorizing the issuance of 3 million warrants on HRG common stock to HRG’s former Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Philip Falcone, representing the right to purchase approximately 3 million shares of HRG’s common stock, at an exercise price of $13.13 per share. A portion of the warrants, representing 600 thousand shares, vested immediately upon approval of the grant, and the remainder would vest over a period of 4 years. The estimated grant date fair value of this award was $9.6. The 2011 HRG Plan prohibits granting stock options with exercise prices and SARs with grant prices lower than the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, except in connection with the issuance or assumption of awards in connection with certain mergers, consolidations, acquisitions of property or stock or reorganizations. As of September 30, 2017, 8,721 thousand shares were available for issuance under the 2011 HRG Plan.
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During Fiscal 2017, stock option awards and restricted stock awards with a total fair value of $30.4 vested. The total intrinsic value of share options exercised during Fiscal 2017 was $3.2, for which HRG received cash of $6.5 in settlement.
Under HRG’s executive compensation plan for Fiscal 2017, executives will be paid in cash. In addition, at the discretion of the Board, executives may from time to time be granted stock, stock options, and shares of restricted stock.
As of September 30, 2017, HRG had $1.1 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based compensation agreements previously granted, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.27 years.
The fair values of restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards are determined based on the market price of HRG’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of stock option awards and warrants are determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
The following assumptions were used in the determination of these grant date fair values for options awarded using the Black-Scholes option pricing model:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Risk-free interest rate | 1.80% to 2.25% |  | 1.65% to 1.74% |  | 1.57% to 1.87%
Assumed dividend yield | —% |  | —% |  | —%
Expected option term | 5.0 to 6.5 years |  | 5.0 to 5.5 years |  | 5.0 to 6.5 years
Volatility | 35.1% to 37.5% |  | 37.4% to 37.9% |  | 36.3% to 39.0%

The weighted-average remaining contractual term of HRG’s outstanding stock option awards and warrants at September 30, 2017, was 4.19 years.
On April 14, 2017, Mr. Asali ceased his employment with the Company and resigned from the Board of Directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. For Fiscal 2017, Mr. Asali received a cash bonus of $3.0 on March 31, 2017, and Mr. Asali’s options and restricted stock that were scheduled to vest and settle on November 29, 2017 vested and settled on March 31, 2017.
On October 21, 2010, Spectrum Brands’ board of directors adopted the Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (the “2011 Plan”). The 2011 Plan has been subsequently amended to increase the shares issuable to 7,127 thousand shares of common stock of Spectrum Brands, net of cancellations.
Spectrum Brands measures share based compensation expense of restricted stock units based on the fair value of the awards, as determined by the market price of the Spectrum Brands’ shares on the grant date and recognizes these costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. Certain restricted stock units are performance-based awards that are dependent upon achieving specified financial metrics over a designated period of time.
The total market value Spectrum Brands’ restricted stock units on the dates of the grants was approximately $88.5. The remaining unrecognized pre-tax compensation cost related to restricted stock units at September 30, 2017 was $20.9.
In addition to restricted stock units, Spectrum Brands also provides for a portion of its annual incentive compensation plan to be paid in its common stock, in lieu of cash payment, and is considered a liability plan. Total share based compensation expense associated with the annual management incentive compensation plan was $17.0, $10.0 and $10.0 for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(21) Commitments and Contingencies
Legal and Environmental Matters
The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in litigation and claims arising out of their prior businesses and arising in the ordinary course out of their current businesses, which include, among other things, indemnification and other claims and litigations involving HRG’s and its subsidiaries’ business practices, transactions, workers compensation matters, environmental matters, and personal injury claims. However, based on currently available information, including legal defenses available to the Company, and given the Company’s existing accruals and related insurance coverage, the Company does not believe that the outcome of these legal, environmental and regulatory matters will have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
HRG
HRG is a defendant in various litigation matters generally arising out of its legacy businesses. HRG does not believe that any of the matters or proceedings presently pending will have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition, liquidity or cash flows. See discussion above under the heading “Legal and Environmental Matters”.
Spectrum Brands
Spectrum Brands is a defendant in various litigation matters generally arising out of the ordinary course of business. Spectrum Brands does not believe that any of the matters or proceedings presently pending will have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition, liquidity or cash flows.
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Environmental. Spectrum Brands has provided for the estimated costs of $4.4 as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 associated with environmental remediation activities at some of its current and former manufacturing sites. Spectrum Brands believes that any additional liability in excess of the amounts provided that may result from resolution of these matters, will not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of Spectrum Brands.
Product Liability. Spectrum Brands may be named as a defendant in lawsuits involving product liability claims. Spectrum Brands has recorded and maintains an estimated liability in the amount of management’s estimate for aggregate exposure for such liabilities based upon probable loss from loss reports, individual cases, and losses incurred but not reported. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, Spectrum Brands recognized $7.1 and $8.0 in product liability accruals, respectively, included in “Accounts payable and other current liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Spectrum Brands believes that any additional liability in excess of the amounts provided that may result from resolution of these matters, will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of Spectrum Brands.
Product Warranty. Spectrum Brands recognizes an estimated liability for standard warranty on certain products when revenue on the sale of the warranted products is recognized. Estimated warranty costs incorporate replacement parts, products and delivery, and are recorded as a cost of goods sold at the time of product shipment based on historical and projected warranty claim rates, claims experience and any additional anticipated future costs on previously sold products. Spectrum Brands recognized $6.8 and $7.5 of warranty accruals as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, included in “Accounts payable and other current liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Product Safety Recall. On June 10, 2017, Spectrum Brands initiated a voluntary safety recall of various rawhide chew products for dogs sold by Spectrum Brands due to possible chemical contamination. As a result, during Fiscal 2017, Spectrum Brands recognized a loss related to the recall of $35.8, which comprised of inventory write-offs of $15.0 for inventory at our distribution centers and production facilities that were either disposed or to be disposed, customer losses of $7.1 for returned or disposed product held by our customers, and $13.7 of incremental costs to dispose of product and operational expenses incurred during a temporary shutdown of production facilities. Spectrum Brands suspended production at facilities impacted by the product safety recall, completed a comprehensive manufacturing review and subsequently recommenced production during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2017. The amounts for customer losses reflect the cost of the affected products returned to or replaced by Spectrum Brands and the expected cost to reimburse customers for costs incurred by them related to the recall. The incremental costs incurred directly by Spectrum Brands do not include lost earnings associated with interruption of production at Spectrum Brands’ facilities, or the costs to put into place corrective and preventative actions at those facilities. As of September 30, 2017, Spectrum Brands had an outstanding accrual of $5.8 associated with expected customer losses and disposal costs. Spectrum Brands’ estimates for losses related to the recall are provisional and were determined based on an assessment of information currently available and may be revised in subsequent periods as Spectrum Brands continues to work with its customers to substantiate claims received to date and any additional claims that may be received. There have been no lawsuits or claims filed against Spectrum Brands related to the recalled product.
FGL (Business Held for Sale)
FGL is involved in various pending or threatened legal proceedings, including purported class actions, arising in the ordinary course of business. In some instances, these proceedings include claims for unspecified or substantial punitive damages and similar types of relief in addition to amounts for alleged contractual liability or requests for equitable relief. In the opinion of FGL’s management and in light of existing insurance and other potential indemnification, reinsurance and established accruals, such litigation is not expected to have a material adverse effect on FGL’s financial position, although it is possible that the results of operations and cash flows could be materially affected by an unfavorable outcome in any one period.
FGL has assessed amounts by the state guaranty funds to cover losses to policyholders of insolvent or rehabilitated insurance companies. Those mandatory assessments may be partially recovered through a reduction in future premium taxes in certain states. At September 30, 2017, FGL had accrued $2.1 for guaranty fund assessments that is expected to be offset by estimated future premium tax deductions of $2.0.
FGL has received inquiries from a number of state regulatory authorities regarding its use of the U.S. Social Security Administration’s Death Master File (the “Death Master File”) and compliance with state claims practices regulation. Legislation requiring insurance companies to use the Death Master File to identify potential claims has been enacted in a number of states. As a result of these legislative and regulatory developments, in May 2012, FGL undertook an initiative to use the Death Master File and other publicly available databases to identify persons potentially entitled to benefits under life insurance policies, annuities and retained asset accounts. In addition, FGL has received audit and examination notices from several state agencies responsible for escheatment and unclaimed property regulation in those states and in some cases has challenged the audits including litigation against the Controller for the State of California which is subject to a stay and separate litigation against the Treasurer for the State of Illinois. FGL believes its current accrual will cover the reasonably estimated liability arising out of these developments, however costs that cannot be reasonably estimated as of the date of this filing are possible as a result of ongoing regulatory developments and other future requirements related to these matters.
On June 30, 2017, a putative class action complaint was filed against FGL in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, captioned Brokerage Insurance Partners v. Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company, Fidelity & Guaranty Life,
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FS Holdco II Ltd, and John Doe, No.17-cv-1815. The complaint alleges that FGL breached the terms of its agency agreement with Brokerage Insurance Partners (“BIP”) and other agents by changing certain compensation terms. The complaint asserts, among other causes of action, breach of contract, defamation, tortious interference with contract, negligent misrepresentation, and violating of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”). The complaint seeks to certify a class composed of all persons who entered into an agreement with FGL to sell life insurance and who sold at least one life insurance policy between January 1, 2015 and January 1, 2017. The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory, consequential, and punitive damages in an amount not presently determinable, among other forms of relief. On September 1, 2017, FGL filed a counterclaim against BIP and John and Jane Does 1-10, asserting, among other causes of action, breach of contract, fraud, civil conspiracy and violations of RICO. As of the date of this report, FGL does not have sufficient information to determine whether it has exposure to any losses that would be either probable or reasonably estimable with respect to this matter.
On July 5, 2013, Plaintiff Eddie L. Cressy filed a putative class complaint captioned Cressy v. Fidelity Guaranty [sic] Life Insurance Company, et. al. (“Cressy”) in the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles (the “LA Court”), Case No. BC-514340. The complaint was filed after the Plaintiff was unable to maintain an action in federal court. The complaint asserted, inter alia, that the Plaintiff and members of the putative class relied on defendants’ advice in purchasing allegedly unsuitable equity-indexed insurance policies.
On January 2, 2015, the Court entered Final Judgment in Cressy, certifying the class for settlement purposes, and approving the class settlement reached on April 4, 2014. On August 10, 2015, FGL tendered $1.3 to the Settlement Administrator for a claim review fund. FGL implemented an interest enhancement feature for certain policies as part of the class settlement, which enhancement began on October 12, 2015. On October 24, 2016, the parties filed a joint motion to amend the January 2, 2015 final order and judgment, to extend the deadline for settlement completion from October 24, 2016 to December 5, 2016. On December 5, 2016, Plaintiff Cressy filed a Notice of Filing Declaration of Settlement Administrator and Status of Completion of Settlement; the Declaration of Settlement Administrator included a certification by the Settlement Administrator that FGL had complied in all respects with the class settlement and that all eligible claims had been paid and the interest enhancement had been implemented pursuant to the terms of the class settlement. On March 24, 2017, the Court entered a Minute Order indicating that it was satisfied that the parties had fully and finally performed all of the terms of the settlement and recorded the matter as complete without the need for any further hearings.
On January 7, 2015, a putative class action complaint (“Ludwick Litigation”) was filed in the United States District Court, Western District of Missouri (the “District Court”), captioned Dale R. Ludwick, on behalf of Herself and All Others Similarly Situated (the “Plaintiff”) v. HRG, FGL Insurance, Raven Re, and Front Street Cayman (together, the “Defendants”). The complaint alleged violations of the RICO, requested injunctive and declaratory relief and sought unspecified compensatory damages for the putative class in an amount not presently determinable, treble damages, and other relief, and claims the Plaintiff overpaid for her annuity. On February 12, 2016, the District Court granted the Defendants’ joint motion to dismiss the Plaintiff’s claims. On March 3, 2016, the Plaintiff filed a Notice of Appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (the “Court of Appeals”). On April 13, 2017, the Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court’s decision to dismiss the Plaintiff’s claims. The Plaintiff’s time to seek discretionary review of this matter expired on July 12, 2017. As of the date of this report, FGL does not have sufficient information to determine whether FGL has exposure to any losses that would be either probable or reasonably estimable beyond the $1.8 expense incurred by FGL to date.
Guarantees
Throughout its history, the Company has entered into indemnifications in the ordinary course of business with customers, suppliers, service providers, business partners and, in certain instances, when it sold businesses. Additionally, the Company has indemnified its directors and officers who are, or were, serving at the request of the Company in such capacities. Although the specific terms or number of such arrangements is not precisely known due to the extensive history of past operations, costs incurred to settle claims related to these indemnifications have not been material to the Company’s financial statements. The Company has no reason to believe that future costs to settle claims related to its former operations will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Unfunded Investment Commitments
FGL has unfunded investment commitments of $196.6 as of September 30, 2017 based upon the timing of when investments are executed compared to when the actual investments are funded, as some investments require that funding occur over a period of months or years.
(22) Insurance Subsidiary - Financial Information
FGL’s insurance subsidiaries file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) that are prepared in accordance with Statutory Accounting Principles (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by such authorities, which may vary materially from U.S. GAAP. Prescribed SAP includes the Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual of the NAIC as well as state laws, regulations and administrative rules. Permitted SAP encompasses all accounting practices not so prescribed. The principal differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements
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prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are that statutory financial statements do not reflect value of business acquired and deferred acquisition cost, some bond portfolios may be carried at amortized cost, assets and liabilities are presented net of reinsurance, contractholder liabilities are generally valued using more conservative assumptions and certain assets are non-admitted. Accordingly, statutory operating results and statutory capital and surplus may differ substantially from amounts reported in the U.S. GAAP basis financial statements for comparable items.
FGL’s principal insurance subsidiaries’ statutory financial statements are based on a December 31 year end. Statutory net income and statutory capital and surplus of FGL’s wholly owned insurance subsidiaries were as follows:

|  | Subsidiary (state of domicile)(a)
|  | FGL Insurance (IA) |  | FGL NY Insurance (NY)
Statutory Net Income (Loss): |  |  |  |
Year ended December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 20.9 |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Year ended December 31, 2015 |  | (52.9 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Year ended December 31, 2014 |  | 104.6 |  |  | 1.9 |
Statutory Capital and Surplus: |  |  |  |
December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 1,323.0 |  |  | $ | 64.2 |
December 31, 2015 |  | 1,239.0 |  |  | 59.5 |

(a) FGL NY Insurance is a subsidiary of FGL Insurance, and the columns should not be added together.
The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy the applicable regulatory requirements is less than FGL Insurance’s and FGL NY Insurance’s respective statutory capital and surplus.
Life insurance companies are subject to certain Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”) requirements as specified by the NAIC. The RBC is used to evaluate the adequacy of capital and surplus maintained by an insurance company in relation to risks associated with: (i) asset risk, (ii) insurance risk, (iii) interest rate risk and (iv) business risk. FGL monitors the RBC of its insurance subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, each of FGL’s insurance subsidiaries had exceeded the minimum RBC requirements.
FGL’s insurance subsidiaries are restricted by state laws and regulations as to the amount of dividends they may pay to their parent without regulatory approval in any year, the purpose of which is to protect affected insurance policyholders, depositors or investors. Any dividends in excess of limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require approval. Based on statutory results as of December 31, 2016, in accordance with applicable dividend restrictions, FGL Insurance could pay “ordinary” dividends of $132.3 to Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. (“FGH”) in calendar year 2017 less any dividends paid during the immediately preceding 12 month period. In September 2017, FGL Insurance declared and paid an ordinary dividend of $25.0 to FGH. FGL Insurance did not declare or pay any other dividends to FGH during Fiscal 2016. Therefore, for the period of October 1 to December 31, 2017, FGL Insurance is able to declare ordinary dividends up to $107.3 with respect to its 2016 statutory results, subject to management’s discretion.
On November 1, 2013, FGL Insurance re-domesticated from Maryland to Iowa. After re-domestication, FGL Insurance elected to apply Iowa-prescribed accounting practices that permit Iowa-domiciled insurers to report equity call options used to economically hedge fixed index annuity (“FIA”) index credits at amortized cost for statutory accounting purposes and to calculate FIA statutory reserves such that index credit returns will be included in the reserve only after crediting to the annuity contract. This resulted in a $0.1 and $46.8 increase to statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Also, the Iowa Insurance Division granted FGL Insurance a permitted statutory accounting practice to reclassify its negative unassigned surplus balance of $805.8 to additional paid in capital as of April 6, 2011, the date the Company acquired FGL Insurance, which had the effect of setting FGL Insurance’s statutory unassigned surplus to zero as of this date. The prescribed and permitted statutory accounting practices have no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements which are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
FGL Insurance’s statutory carrying value of Raven Re reflects the effect of permitted practices Raven Re received to treat the available amount of a letter of credit as an admitted asset which increased Raven Re’s statutory capital and surplus by $195.0 and $220.0 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Raven Re is also permitted to follow Iowa prescribed statutory accounting practice for its reserves on reinsurance assumed from FGL Insurance which increased Raven Re’s statutory capital and surplus by $4.0 and $4.1 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Without such permitted statutory accounting practices Raven Re’s statutory capital and surplus (deficit) would be $8.3 and $(13.7) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and its risk-based capital would fall below the minimum regulatory requirements. The letter of credit facility was collateralized by NAIC 1 rated fixed maturity securities. If the permitted practice was revoked, the letter of credit could be replaced by the collateral assets with the issuer’s consent. FGL Insurance’s statutory carrying value of Raven Re at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $207.3 and $210.3, respectively.
As of December 31, 2016, FGL NY Insurance did not follow any prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices that differ from the NAIC’s statutory accounting practices.
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Securities held on deposit with various state regulatory authorities had a fair value of $19,765.4 and $18,074.6 at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. FGL Insurance is domesticated in Iowa and under Iowa regulations, insurance companies are required to hold securities on deposit in an amount no less than the FGL Insurance’s legal reserve as prescribed by Iowa regulations.
(23) Segment and Geographic Data
The Company follows the accounting guidance which establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments in interim and annual financial statements. The Company’s reportable business segments are organized in a manner that reflects how HRG’s management views those business activities. Accordingly, the Company currently presents the results from its business operations in two reporting segments: (i) Consumer Products and (ii) Corporate and Other. Refer to Note 25, Consolidating Financial Information, for disclosure of total assets for each segment.
The Company’s Corporate and Other segment includes the Company’s ownership of Salus, NZCH, HGI Funding and HGI Energy. The following schedules present the Company’s segment information for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Products |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |
Corporate and Other |  | 1.1 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 63.4 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 5,008.5 |  |  | $ | 5,048.6 |  |  | $ | 4,753.8 |
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Products |  | $ | 198.7 |  |  | $ | 183.0 |  |  | $ | 170.0 |
Corporate and Other |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.0 |
Consolidated depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 199.3 |  |  | $ | 183.7 |  |  | $ | 171.0 |
Operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Products |  | $ | 561.4 |  |  | $ | 656.3 |  |  | $ | 474.1 |
Corporate and Other and eliminations |  | (45.1 | ) |  | (82.8 | ) |  | (295.0 | )
Consolidated operating income |  | 516.3 |  |  | 573.5 |  |  | 179.1 |
Interest expense |  | (360.1 | ) |  | (402.5 | ) |  | (407.8 | )
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38.5 |
Other (expense) income, net |  | (5.0 | ) |  | 4.8 |  |  | 10.1 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 151.2 |  |  | 175.8 |  |  | (180.1 | )
Income tax expense |  | 48.3 |  |  | 31.6 |  |  | 39.6 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 102.9 |  |  | 144.2 |  |  | (219.7 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | 170.3 |  |  | (178.1 | ) |  | (292.7 | )
Net income (loss) |  | 273.2 |  |  | (33.9 | ) |  | (512.4 | )
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 167.2 |  |  | 164.9 |  |  | 44.4 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (556.8 | )

| Fiscal
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Products | $ | 115.0 |  |  | $ | 95.2 |  |  | $ | 89.1 |
Corporate and Other | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1.5 |
Consolidated capital expenditures | $ | 115.0 |  |  | $ | 95.4 |  |  | $ | 90.6 |

| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Total long-lived assets: |  |  |
Consumer Products | $ | 699.9 |  |  | $ | 542.1 |
Corporate and Other | 0.8 |  |  | 1.3 |
Consolidated total long-lived assets | $ | 700.7 |  |  | $ | 543.4 |

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| Fiscal
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net change in cash due to continuing operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Products | $ | 665.4 |  |  | $ | 615.0 |  |  | $ | 444.3 |
Corporate and Other | (185.7 | ) |  | (187.6 | ) |  | (151.8 | )
Consolidated net change in cash due to continuing operating activities | $ | 479.7 |  |  | $ | 427.4 |  |  | $ | 292.5 |

The Company’s geographic data disclosures are as follows:
Net consumer product sales to external customers:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
United States |  | $ | 3,215.2 |  |  | $ | 3,217.9 |  |  | $ | 2,907.9 |
Outside the United States |  | 1,792.2 |  |  | 1,821.8 |  |  | 1,782.5 |
Consolidated net consumer product sales to external customers |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |

Long-lived assets:

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
United States |  | $ | 488.3 |  |  | $ | 323.4 |
Outside the United States |  | 212.4 |  |  | 220.0 |
Consolidated long-lived assets |  | $ | 700.7 |  |  | $ | 543.4 |

(24) Earnings per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) (share amounts in thousands):

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net loss from continuing operations attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | (20.6 | ) |  | $ | (1.6 | ) |  | $ | (242.1 | )
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations attributable to controlling interest |  | 126.6 |  |  | (197.2 | ) |  | (314.7 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (556.8 | )
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted |  | 199,990 |  |  | 198,374 |  |  | 198,142 |
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.10 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (1.22 | )
Basic income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 0.63 |  |  | (0.99 | ) |  | (1.59 | )
Basic |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (1.00 | ) |  | $ | (2.81 | )
Diluted loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.10 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (1.22 | )
Diluted income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 0.63 |  |  | (0.99 | ) |  | (1.59 | )
Diluted |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (1.00 | ) |  | $ | (2.81 | )

The number of shares of common stock outstanding used in calculating the weighted average thereof reflects the actual number of HRG common stock outstanding, excluding unvested restricted stock.
The following were excluded from the calculation of “Diluted net loss per common share attributable to controlling interest” because the as-converted effect of the unvested restricted stock and stock units, stock options and warrants would have been anti-dilutive (share amounts in thousands):

| Fiscal
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units | 466 |  |  | 1,914 |  |  | 2,667 |
Stock options | 1,727 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 1,334 |
Anti-dilutive warrants | 154 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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For Fiscal 2016 and Fiscal 2015, there were $1.2 and $1.8 outstanding warrants to purchase HRG common stock at an exercise price of $13.125 per share that were excluded from the calculation of “Diluted net (loss) income per common share attributable to controlling interest” because the exercise price per share was above the average stock price for Fiscal 2016 and Fiscal 2015, respectively.
(25) Consolidating Financial Information
The following schedules present the Company’s accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets information at September 30, 2017 and 2016, and accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations information for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015. These schedules present the individual segments of the Company and their contribution to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Amounts presented will not necessarily be the same as those in the individual financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries due to adjustments for purchase accounting, income taxes and noncontrolling interests.
The Corporate and Other column primarily reflects the parent company’s investment in its subsidiaries, invested cash portfolio and corporate long term debt, and the results of Salus and HGI Energy, as well as CorAmerica and FOH from their respective acquisition dates through the dates CorAmerica and FOH were deconsolidated. Reflected in Corporate and Other is also $67.4 of negative book value of HGI Asset Management Holdings LLC as of September 30, 2017, which is primarily attributable to historical loan losses incurred by Salus. The elimination adjustments are for intercompany assets and liabilities, adjustments to align segment accounting policies with the consolidated basis, interest and dividends, the parent company’s investment in capital stocks of subsidiaries, and various reclasses of debit or credit balances to the amounts in consolidation. Purchase accounting adjustments have been pushed down to the appropriate subsidiary.
HRG Group, Inc. - Consolidating Balance Sheets Information

September 30, 2017 |  | Consumer Products |  | Corporate and Other |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Eliminations and adjustments |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in subsidiaries and affiliates |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,631.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,631.7 | ) |  | $ | — |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 168.2 |  |  | 101.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 270.1 |
Receivables, net |  | 569.5 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 569.8 |
Inventories, net |  | 775.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 775.5 |
Deferred tax assets |  | 20.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.2 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 699.9 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 700.7 |
Goodwill |  | 2,626.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,626.0 |
Intangibles, net |  | 2,424.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,424.0 |
Other assets |  | 136.4 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 137.2 |
Assets of businesses held for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,326.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,326.2 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,419.7 |  |  | $ | 2,735.5 |  |  | $ | 28,326.2 |  |  | $ | (2,631.7 | ) |  | $ | 35,849.7 |
Liabilities and Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt |  | $ | 3,840.7 |  |  | $ | 1,793.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140.1 |  |  | $ | 5,774.1 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | 1,076.7 |  |  | 38.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1,115.6 |
Employee benefit obligations |  | 83.3 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87.5 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 531.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 531.4 |
Other liabilities |  | 40.9 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43.5 |
Affiliated debt and payables |  | — |  |  | 140.7 |  |  | — |  |  | (140.7 | ) |  | — |
Liabilities of businesses held for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,350.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,350.7 |
Total liabilities |  | 5,573.0 |  |  | 1,979.1 |  |  | 26,350.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,902.8 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 1,095.4 |  |  | 758.0 |  |  | 1,536.3 |  |  | (2,631.7 | ) |  | 758.0 |
Noncontrolling interests |  | 751.3 |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  | 439.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,188.9 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 1,846.7 |  |  | 756.4 |  |  | 1,975.5 |  |  | (2,631.7 | ) |  | 1,946.9 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,419.7 |  |  | $ | 2,735.5 |  |  | $ | 28,326.2 |  |  | $ | (2,631.7 | ) |  | $ | 35,849.7 |

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September 30, 2016 |  | Consumer Products |  | Corporate and Other |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Eliminations and adjustments |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in subsidiaries and affiliates |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,405.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,405.3 | ) |  | $ | — |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 275.3 |  |  | 189.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 465.2 |
Receivables, net |  | 538.2 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 539.1 |
Inventories, net |  | 740.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 740.6 |
Deferred tax assets |  | 18.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18.3 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 542.1 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 543.4 |
Goodwill |  | 2,478.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,478.4 |
Intangibles, net |  | 2,372.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,372.5 |
Other assets |  | 103.7 |  |  | 34.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 138.3 |
Assets of businesses held for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,284.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,284.3 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,069.1 |  |  | $ | 2,632.0 |  |  | $ | 26,284.3 |  |  | $ | (2,405.3 | ) |  | $ | 33,580.1 |
Liabilities and Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt |  | $ | 3,620.2 |  |  | $ | 1,747.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 157.9 |  |  | $ | 5,525.8 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | 931.6 |  |  | 51.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 983.2 |
Employee benefit obligations |  | 120.2 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125.4 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 532.7 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 546.0 |
Other liabilities |  | 20.4 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28.7 |
Affiliated debt and payables |  | — |  |  | 171.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (171.2 | ) |  | — |
Liabilities of businesses held for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,553.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,553.8 |
Total liabilities |  | 5,225.1 |  |  | 1,997.3 |  |  | 24,553.8 |  |  | (13.3 | ) |  | 31,762.9 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 1,040.4 |  |  | 638.1 |  |  | 1,351.6 |  |  | (2,392.0 | ) |  | 638.1 |
Noncontrolling interests |  | 803.6 |  |  | (3.4 | ) |  | 378.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,179.1 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 1,844.0 |  |  | 634.7 |  |  | 1,730.5 |  |  | (2,392.0 | ) |  | 1,817.2 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,069.1 |  |  | $ | 2,632.0 |  |  | $ | 26,284.3 |  |  | $ | (2,405.3 | ) |  | $ | 33,580.1 |

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HRG Group, Inc. - Consolidating Statements of Operations Information

Fiscal 2017 |  | Consumer Products |  | Corporate and Other |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Eliminations and adjustments |  | Total
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,007.4 |
Net investment income |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |
Total revenues |  | 5,007.4 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,008.5 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 3,132.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,132.6 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 1,313.4 |  |  | 46.8 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  | 1,359.6 |
Total operating costs and expenses |  | 4,446.0 |  |  | 46.8 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  | 4,492.2 |
Operating income |  | 561.4 |  |  | (45.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 516.3 |
Equity in net income of subsidiaries |  | — |  |  | 297.1 |  |  | — |  |  | (297.1 | ) |  | — |
Interest expense |  | (211.1 | ) |  | (148.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  | (360.1 | )
Affiliated interest income |  | — |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (11.4 | ) |  | — |
Other (expense) income, net |  | (5.7 | ) |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5.0 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 344.6 |  |  | 115.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (308.6 | ) |  | 151.2 |
Income tax expense |  | 47.5 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | — |  |  | (8.5 | ) |  | 48.3 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 297.1 |  |  | 105.9 |  |  | — |  |  | (300.1 | ) |  | 102.9 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 170.3 |
Net income (loss) |  | 297.1 |  |  | 105.9 |  |  | 170.3 |  |  | (300.1 | ) |  | 273.2 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 123.6 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 43.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 167.2 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 173.5 |  |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | 126.6 |  |  | $ | (300.1 | ) |  | $ | 106.0 |

Fiscal 2016 |  | Consumer Products |  | Corporate and Other |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Eliminations and adjustments |  | Total
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |
Net investment income |  | — |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8.9 |
Total revenues |  | 5,039.7 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,048.6 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 3,119.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,119.8 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 1,263.6 |  |  | 91.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,355.3 |
Total operating costs and expenses |  | 4,383.4 |  |  | 91.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,475.1 |
Operating income |  | 656.3 |  |  | (82.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 573.5 |
Equity in net income of subsidiaries |  | — |  |  | 43.0 |  |  | — |  |  | (43.0 | ) |  | — |
Interest expense |  | (250.0 | ) |  | (144.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  | (402.5 | )
Affiliated interest expense |  | — |  |  | (12.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | — |
Other (expense) income, net |  | (8.6 | ) |  | 11.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 4.8 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 397.7 |  |  | (185.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (36.7 | ) |  | 175.8 |
Income tax expense |  | 40.0 |  |  | 18.9 |  |  | — |  |  | (27.3 | ) |  | 31.6 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 357.7 |  |  | (204.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9.4 | ) |  | 144.2 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (178.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (178.1 | )
Net income (loss) |  | 357.7 |  |  | (204.1 | ) |  | (178.1 | ) |  | (9.4 | ) |  | (33.9 | )
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 151.1 |  |  | (5.3 | ) |  | 19.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 164.9 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 206.6 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (197.2 | ) |  | $ | (9.4 | ) |  | $ | (198.8 | )

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Fiscal 2015 |  | Consumer Products |  | Corporate and Other |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Eliminations and adjustments |  | Total
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 4,690.4 |  |  | $ | 42.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,733.1 |
Net investment income |  | — |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.7 |
Total revenues |  | 4,690.4 |  |  | 63.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,753.8 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 3,020.0 |  |  | 30.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,050.9 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 1,196.3 |  |  | 327.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,523.8 |
Total operating costs and expenses |  | 4,216.3 |  |  | 358.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,574.7 |
Operating income |  | 474.1 |  |  | (295.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 179.1 |
Equity in net loss of subsidiaries |  | — |  |  | (232.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | 232.4 |  |  | — |
Interest expense |  | (271.9 | ) |  | (125.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10.0 | ) |  | (407.8 | )
Affiliated interest expense |  | — |  |  | (29.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | 29.6 |  |  | — |
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary |  | — |  |  | 38.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38.5 |
Other (expense) income, net |  | (8.9 | ) |  | 29.8 |  |  | — |  |  | (10.8 | ) |  | 10.1 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 193.3 |  |  | (614.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | 241.2 |  |  | (180.1 | )
Income tax expense |  | 43.9 |  |  | (17.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | 39.6 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 149.4 |  |  | (597.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 228.0 |  |  | (219.7 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (292.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (292.7 | )
Net income (loss) |  | 149.4 |  |  | (597.1 | ) |  | (292.7 | ) |  | 228.0 |  |  | (512.4 | )
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 62.7 |  |  | (40.3 | ) |  | 22.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 44.4 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 86.7 |  |  | $ | (556.8 | ) |  | $ | (314.7 | ) |  | $ | 228.0 |  |  | $ | (556.8 | )

(26) Quarterly Results (Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended
|  | September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales |  | $ | 1,321.8 |  |  | $ | 1,249.7 |  |  | $ | 1,303.9 |  |  | $ | 1,361.6 |  |  | $ | 1,169.9 |  |  | $ | 1,209.6 |  |  | $ | 1,211.8 |  |  | $ | 1,218.8 |
Total revenues |  | 1,321.8 |  |  | 1,249.8 |  |  | 1,304.0 |  |  | 1,362.8 |  |  | 1,170.6 |  |  | 1,211.2 |  |  | 1,212.1 |  |  | 1,224.8 |
Net consumer and other product gross profit |  | 496.3 |  |  | 485.7 |  |  | 473.3 |  |  | 530.7 |  |  | 455.2 |  |  | 462.8 |  |  | 450.0 |  |  | 440.7 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 49.1 |  |  | (8.3 | ) |  | 32.1 |  |  | 92.5 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 35.8 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 24.2 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | (25.1 | ) |  | 44.5 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | (185.5 | ) |  | (62.7 | ) |  | (19.9 | ) |  | 250.4 |  |  | (17.2 | )
Net income (loss) |  | 24.0 |  |  | 36.2 |  |  | 39.8 |  |  | (93.0 | ) |  | (51.4 | ) |  | 15.9 |  |  | 260.8 |  |  | 7.0 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | (26.2 | ) |  | (7.3 | ) |  | 2.1 |  |  | (132.9 | ) |  | (82.1 | ) |  | (24.7 | ) |  | 212.2 |  |  | (33.9 | )
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic loss from continuing operations |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.02 | ) |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | )
Basic income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | (0.18 | ) |  | 0.19 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (0.94 | ) |  | (0.35 | ) |  | (0.11 | ) |  | 1.15 |  |  | (0.13 | )
Basic |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | ) |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | (0.67 | ) |  | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.17 | )
Diluted loss from continuing operations |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.02 | ) |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | )
Diluted income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | (0.18 | ) |  | 0.19 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (0.93 | ) |  | (0.35 | ) |  | (0.11 | ) |  | 1.15 |  |  | (0.13 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | ) |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | (0.66 | ) |  | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.17 | )

As previously discussed in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations, and Note 5, Divestitures, during the third quarter of Fiscal 2017, Front Street entered into the Front Street Purchase Agreement. As a result, Front Street was presented as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The impact of the adoption of classifying
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the results of operations of Front Street as discontinued operations and to the Company’s previously reported quarterly results for the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, and December 31, 2017 and 2016 is presented below.

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, 2017 |  | Quarter Ended March 31, 2016
|  | Reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Revised |  | Reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Revised
Net sales |  | $ | 1,169.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,169.9 |  |  | $ | 1,209.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,209.6 |
Total revenues |  | 1,216.1 |  |  | (45.5 | ) |  | 1,170.6 |  |  | 1,267.3 |  |  | (56.1 | ) |  | 1,211.2 |
Net consumer and other product gross profit |  | 455.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 455.2 |  |  | 462.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 462.8 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 3.0 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 63.5 |  |  | (27.7 | ) |  | 35.8 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | (54.4 | ) |  | (8.3 | ) |  | (62.7 | ) |  | (47.6 | ) |  | 27.7 |  |  | (19.9 | )
Net income (loss) |  | (51.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (51.4 | ) |  | 15.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.9 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | (82.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (82.1 | ) |  | (24.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24.7 | )
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | (0.14 | ) |  | $ | (0.02 | )
Basic income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | (0.30 | ) |  | (0.05 | ) |  | (0.35 | ) |  | (0.24 | ) |  | 0.13 |  |  | (0.11 | )
Basic |  | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | (0.12 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (0.13 | )
Diluted loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | (0.14 | ) |  | $ | (0.02 | )
Diluted income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | (0.30 | ) |  | (0.05 | ) |  | (0.35 | ) |  | (0.24 | ) |  | 0.13 |  |  | (0.11 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | (0.12 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (0.13 | )

|  | Quarter Ended December 31, 2016 |  | Quarter Ended December 31, 2015
|  | Reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Revised |  | Reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Revised
Net sales |  | $ | 1,211.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,211.8 |  |  | $ | 1,218.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,218.8 |
Total revenues |  | 1,189.6 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | 1,212.1 |  |  | 1,209.4 |  |  | 15.4 |  |  | 1,224.8 |
Net consumer and other product gross profit |  | 450.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 450.0 |  |  | 440.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 440.7 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  | 2.0 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 24.2 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | 258.8 |  |  | (8.4 | ) |  | 250.4 |  |  | (2.5 | ) |  | (14.7 | ) |  | (17.2 | )
Net income (loss) |  | 260.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 260.8 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.0 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | 212.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 212.2 |  |  | (33.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (33.9 | )
Net income (loss) per common share attributable to controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.04 | )
Basic income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 1.19 |  |  | (0.04 | ) |  | 1.15 |  |  | (0.06 | ) |  | (0.07 | ) |  | (0.13 | )
Basic |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.17 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.17 | )
Diluted loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.04 | )
Diluted income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 1.19 |  |  | (0.04 | ) |  | 1.15 |  |  | (0.06 | ) |  | (0.07 | ) |  | (0.13 | )
Diluted |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | (0.17 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.17 | )

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Table of Contents
SCHEDULE II
Condensed Financial Information of the Registrant
HRG GROUP, INC. (Registrant Only)
BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions)

| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 92.9 |  |  | $ | 170.9 |
Receivables, net | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total current assets | 92.9 |  |  | 171.0 |
Investments in consolidated subsidiaries (a) | 2,423.9 |  |  | 1,870.1 |
Advances to consolidated subsidiaries | 0.2 |  |  | 9.6 |
Deferred tax assets | — |  |  | 351.2 |
Properties, net | 0.8 |  |  | 1.1 |
Other assets | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |
Total assets | $ | 2,518.3 |  |  | $ | 2,403.6 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
Accrued and other current liabilities | 36.1 |  |  | 48.2 |
Total current liabilities | 36.9 |  |  | 48.4 |
Long-term debt | 1,718.3 |  |  | 1,711.2 |
Employee benefit obligations | 4.2 |  |  | 5.2 |
Other liabilities | 0.9 |  |  | 0.7 |
Total liabilities | 1,760.3 |  |  | 1,765.5 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock | 2.0 |  |  | 2.0 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,372.9 |  |  | 1,447.1 |
Accumulated deficit | (925.9 | ) |  | (1,031.9 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 309.0 |  |  | 220.9 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 758.0 |  |  | 638.1 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 2,518.3 |  |  | $ | 2,403.6 |

(a) Includes $1,536.3 and $1,351.6 at September 30, 2017 and 2016 related to the Company’s investment in the Insurance Operations, which were classified as businesses held for sale.
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
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Table of Contents
SCHEDULE II
(continued)
HRG GROUP, INC. (Registrant Only)
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In millions)

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cost of revenues |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gross profit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 40.4 |  |  | 50.7 |  |  | 100.2 |
Acquisition related charges |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.4 |
Total operating expenses |  | 40.4 |  |  | 50.9 |  |  | 100.6 |
Operating loss |  | (40.4 | ) |  | (50.9 | ) |  | (100.6 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries (a) |  | 497.8 |  |  | (214.8 | ) |  | (357.2 | )
Interest expense |  | (144.1 | ) |  | (143.1 | ) |  | (124.2 | )
Gain on contingent purchase price reduction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8.5 |
Other, net |  | 1.3 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 15.2 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 314.6 |  |  | (406.8 | ) |  | (558.3 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) (b) |  | 208.6 |  |  | (208.0 | ) |  | (1.5 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (556.8 | )

(a) Includes $332.5, $(444.1), and $52.8 for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to the Company’s investments in the Insurance Operations and Compass, which were classified as discontinued operations.
(b) Fiscal 2016 includes income tax benefit of $206.2 related to classifying the Company’s ownership interest in FGL as held for sale. Fiscal 2017 includes income tax expense of $205.9 related to the Company’s current intent to exercise the 338 Tax Election related to the FGL Merger which resulted in the reversal of the income tax benefit recorded in Fiscal 2016, as discussed above.
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
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Table of Contents
SCHEDULE II
(continued)
HRG GROUP, INC. (Registrant Only)
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | (198.8 | ) |  | $ | (556.8 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in net (loss) income of subsidiaries |  | (497.8 | ) |  | 214.8 |  |  | 357.2 |
Dividends from subsidiaries |  | 118.9 |  |  | 63.5 |  |  | 65.7 |
Depreciation of properties |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.5 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 5.2 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 25.0 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 6.1 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 4.4 |
Amortization of debt discount |  | 1.0 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 1.8 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 205.9 |  |  | (205.8 | ) |  | — |
Gain on contingent purchase price reduction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8.5 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  | (10.6 | ) |  | (3.6 | ) |  | 29.0 |
Net change in cash due to operating activities |  | (65.0 | ) |  | (109.9 | ) |  | (81.7 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital contributions to consolidated subsidiaries |  | (3.1 | ) |  | (2.9 | ) |  | (406.4 | )
Capital expenditures |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Net change in cash due to investing activities |  | (3.1 | ) |  | (3.0 | ) |  | (407.6 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from senior secured notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 409.6 |
Debt issuance costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6.8 | )
Common stock repurchased |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22.1 | )
Share based award tax withholding payments |  | (16.4 | ) |  | (17.8 | ) |  | (18.3 | )
Other financing activities |  | 6.5 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 4.1 |
Net change in cash due to financing activities |  | (9.9 | ) |  | (13.4 | ) |  | 366.5 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (78.0 | ) |  | (126.3 | ) |  | (122.8 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 170.9 |  |  | 297.2 |  |  | 420.0 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 92.9 |  |  | $ | 170.9 |  |  | $ | 297.2 |

See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
F-64

HRG GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF CERTAIN SUBSIDIARIES INCLUDED PURSUANT TO RULE 3-16 OF REGULATION S-X

| Page
Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Financial Statements | S-2
FS Holdco II Ltd and Subsidiaries Consolidated Financial Statements | S-56
HGI Funding LLC Consolidated Financial Statements | S-81

S-1

SPECTRUM BRANDS HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
This report is a combined report of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. (“SBH)” and SB/RH Holdings, LLC (“SB/RH”). The notes to the consolidated financial statements include consolidated SBH footnotes and certain footnotes related to SB/RH.

| Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | S-3
Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements |
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position | S-6
Consolidated Statements of Income | S-7
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | S-8
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity | S-9
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | S-10
SB/RH Holdings, LLC Consolidated Financial Statements |
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position | S-11
Consolidated Statements of Income | S-12
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | S-13
Consolidated Statements of Shareholder’s Equity | S-14
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | S-15
Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and SB/RH Holdings, LLC Combined |
Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | S-16

S-2

Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2017. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated November 16, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
November 16, 2017
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc.:
We have audited Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries acquired PetMatrix LLC as well as assets consisting of the GloFish operations (GloFish) during 2017 and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2017, the internal control over financial reporting for both PetMatrix LLC and GloFish associated with combined total assets of $309.3 million and combined total net sales of $28.1 million included in the consolidated financial statements of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of and for the year ended September 30, 2017. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of PetMatrix LLC and GloFish.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated statements of financial position of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended September 30, 2017 and our report dated November 16, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
November 16, 2017
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Shareholder
SB/RH Holdings, LLC:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of SB/RH Holdings, LLC and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholder’s equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended September 30, 2017. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of SB/RH Holdings, LLC and subsidiaries as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended September 30, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
November 16, 2017
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SPECTRUM BRANDS HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
September 30, 2017 and 2016
(in millions, except per share figures)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 168.2 |  |  | $ | 275.3 |
Trade receivables, net |  | 526.1 |  |  | 482.6 |
Other receivables |  | 43.4 |  |  | 55.6 |
Inventories |  | 775.5 |  |  | 740.6 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 93.9 |  |  | 78.8 |
Total current assets |  | 1,607.1 |  |  | 1,632.9 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 699.9 |  |  | 542.1 |
Deferred charges and other |  | 62.7 |  |  | 43.2 |
Goodwill |  | 2,626.0 |  |  | 2,478.4 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 2,424.0 |  |  | 2,372.5 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,419.7 |  |  | $ | 7,069.1 |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | $ | 36.7 |  |  | $ | 164.0 |
Accounts payable |  | 727.6 |  |  | 580.1 |
Accrued wages and salaries |  | 87.5 |  |  | 122.9 |
Accrued interest |  | 48.6 |  |  | 39.3 |
Other current liabilities |  | 213.0 |  |  | 189.3 |
Total current liabilities |  | 1,113.4 |  |  | 1,095.6 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | 3,804.0 |  |  | 3,456.2 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 531.4 |  |  | 532.7 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 124.2 |  |  | 140.6 |
Total liabilities |  | 5,573.0 |  |  | 5,225.1 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Common Stock, $0.01 par value: Authorized - 200.0 shares; Issued - 61.8 and 61.5 shares respectively; Outstanding - 57.6 and 59.4 shares, respectively. |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.6 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 2,145.3 |  |  | 2,073.6 |
Accumulated earnings |  | 262.3 |  |  | 63.6 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | (209.6 | ) |  | (229.4 | )
Treasury stock, at cost |  | (360.7 | ) |  | (108.3 | )
Total shareholders' equity |  | 1,837.9 |  |  | 1,800.1 |
Noncontrolling interest |  | 8.8 |  |  | 43.9 |
Total equity |  | 1,846.7 |  |  | 1,844.0 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,419.7 |  |  | $ | 7,069.1 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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SPECTRUM BRANDS HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Income
Years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(in millions, except per share figures)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |
Cost of goods sold |  | 3,114.3 |  |  | 3,119.3 |  |  | 3,018.0 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 18.3 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 2.1 |
Gross profit |  | 1,874.8 |  |  | 1,919.9 |  |  | 1,670.3 |
Selling |  | 781.2 |  |  | 776.6 |  |  | 720.7 |
General and administrative |  | 391.3 |  |  | 372.3 |  |  | 338.8 |
Research and development |  | 59.5 |  |  | 58.7 |  |  | 51.3 |
Acquisition and integration related charges |  | 20.9 |  |  | 36.7 |  |  | 58.8 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 44.2 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 26.6 |
Write-off from impairment of intangible assets |  | 16.3 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses |  | 1,313.4 |  |  | 1,263.7 |  |  | 1,196.2 |
Operating income |  | 561.4 |  |  | 656.2 |  |  | 474.1 |
Interest expense |  | 211.1 |  |  | 250.0 |  |  | 271.9 |
Other non-operating expense, net |  | 5.7 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 8.9 |
Income from operations before income taxes |  | 344.6 |  |  | 397.6 |  |  | 193.3 |
Income tax expense |  | 47.5 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 43.9 |
Net income |  | 297.1 |  |  | 357.6 |  |  | 149.4 |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |
Net income attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 295.8 |  |  | $ | 357.1 |  |  | $ | 148.9 |
Earnings Per Share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 5.04 |  |  | $ | 6.02 |  |  | $ | 2.68 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | 5.02 |  |  | 5.99 |  |  | 2.66 |
Dividends per share |  | 1.64 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 1.27 |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 58.6 |  |  | 59.3 |  |  | 55.6 |
Diluted |  | 59.0 |  |  | 59.6 |  |  | 55.9 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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SPECTRUM BRANDS HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(in millions)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income |  | $ | 297.1 |  |  | $ | 357.6 |  |  | $ | 149.4 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation gain (loss), net tax of $2.9, $2.3, and $0.0, respectively |  | 29.1 |  |  | (8.5 | ) |  | (113.0 | )
Unrealized (loss) gain on hedging activity, net tax of $(13.3), $2.9 and $(3.0), respectively |  | (29.1 | ) |  | 7.1 |  |  | (13.2 | )
Defined benefit pension gain (loss), net tax of $8.5, $(10.8) and $(0.5), respectively |  | 19.6 |  |  | (28.2 | ) |  | (11.0 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 19.6 |  |  | (29.6 | ) |  | (137.2 | )
Comprehensive income |  | 316.7 |  |  | 328.0 |  |  | 12.2 |
Comprehensive (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 316.9 |  |  | $ | 328.3 |  |  | $ | 12.4 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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SPECTRUM BRANDS HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
Years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(in millions)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  | Accumulated |  | Other |  |  |  | Total |  | Non- |  |
|  | Common Stock |  | Paid-in |  | Earnings |  | Comprehensive |  | Treasury |  | Shareholders' |  | controlling |  | Total
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Capital |  | (Deficit) |  | Loss |  | Stock |  | Equity |  | Interest |  | Equity
Balances at September 30, 2014 |  | 52.7 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 1,433.4 |  |  | $ | (283.1 | ) |  | $ | (63.1 | ) |  | $ | (44.3 | ) |  | $ | 1,043.4 |  |  | $ | 43.4 |  |  | $ | 1,086.8 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 148.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 148.9 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 149.4 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (137.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (137.0 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (137.2 | )
Common stock issuance |  | 6.5 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 585.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 586.0 |  |  |  |  | 586.0 |
Restricted stock issued and related tax withholdings |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (15.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15.4 | )
Share based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 29.7 |
Treasury stock purchases |  | (0.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21.2 | ) |  | (21.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (21.2 | )
Dividend declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (71.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (71.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (71.3 | )
Balances at September 30, 2015 |  | 59.4 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 2,033.6 |  |  | (205.5 | ) |  | (200.1 | ) |  | (65.5 | ) |  | 1,563.1 |  |  | 43.7 |  |  | 1,606.8 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 357.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 357.1 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 357.6 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (29.3 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (29.6 | )
Restricted stock issued and related tax withholdings |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Share based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 39.6 |
Treasury stock purchases |  | (0.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42.8 | ) |  | (42.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42.8 | )
Dividend declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (88.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (88.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (88.0 | )
Balances as of September 30, 2016 |  | 59.4 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 2,073.6 |  |  | 63.6 |  |  | (229.4 | ) |  | (108.3 | ) |  | 1,800.1 |  |  | 43.9 |  |  | 1,844.0 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 295.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 295.8 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 297.1 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 19.6 |
Purchase of non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23.8 |  |  | (36.2 | ) |  | (12.4 | )
Restricted stock issued and related tax withholdings |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |
Share based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 39.1 |
Treasury stock purchases |  | (2.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (252.4 | ) |  | (252.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (252.4 | )
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (97.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (97.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (97.1 | )
Balances as of September 30, 2017 |  | 57.6 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 2,145.3 |  |  | $ | 262.3 |  |  | $ | (209.6 | ) |  | $ | (360.7 | ) |  | $ | 1,837.9 |  |  | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 1,846.7 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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SPECTRUM BRANDS HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(in millions)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 297.1 |  |  | $ | 357.6 |  |  | $ | 149.4 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 198.7 |  |  | 183.0 |  |  | 170.0 |
Share based compensation |  | 57.2 |  |  | 64.4 |  |  | 47.6 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 7.3 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | 12.6 |
Purchase accounting inventory adjustment |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.7 |
Write-off of unamortized discount on retired debt |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |
Write-off for impairment of intangible assets |  | 16.3 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |
Pet safety recall inventory write-off |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Write-off of debt issuance costs |  | 2.3 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 11.2 |
Non-cash debt accretion |  | 0.7 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 3.0 |
Deferred tax benefit |  | (4.9 | ) |  | (25.5 | ) |  | (4.6 | )
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  | (10.4 | ) |  | 48.5 |  |  | 93.4 |
Inventories |  | (28.4 | ) |  | 40.2 |  |  | (54.5 | )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | (8.6 | ) |  | (7.5 | ) |  | (3.1 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | 177.9 |  |  | (34.9 | ) |  | 67.8 |
Other |  | (58.3 | ) |  | (35.2 | ) |  | (71.9 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 665.4 |  |  | 615.0 |  |  | 444.3 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  | (115.0 | ) |  | (95.2 | ) |  | $ | (89.1 | )
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (304.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,191.1 | )
Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment |  | 4.6 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 1.4 |
Other investing activities |  | (1.5 | ) |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (0.9 | )
Net cash used by investing activities |  | (416.6 | ) |  | (98.4 | ) |  | (1,279.7 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 265.6 |  |  | 485.0 |  |  | 3,281.4 |
Payment of debt |  | (232.6 | ) |  | (819.5 | ) |  | (2,793.1 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (9.3 | ) |  | (38.1 | )
Payment of cash dividends |  | (96.2 | ) |  | (87.2 | ) |  | (70.7 | )
Treasury stock purchases |  | (252.5 | ) |  | (42.8 | ) |  | (21.2 | )
Purchase of non-controlling interest |  | (12.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Payment of contingent consideration |  | — |  |  | (3.2 | ) |  | — |
Share based tax withholding payments, net of proceeds upon vesting |  | (24.4 | ) |  | (10.8 | ) |  | (2.6 | )
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 562.7 |
Net cash (used) provided by financing activities |  | (358.6 | ) |  | (487.8 | ) |  | 918.4 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents due to Venezuela devaluation |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (2.5 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | 3.1 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (27.2 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (107.1 | ) |  | 27.4 |  |  | 53.3 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 275.3 |  |  | 247.9 |  |  | 194.6 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 168.2 |  |  | $ | 275.3 |  |  | $ | 247.9 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 184.9 |  |  | $ | 238.3 |  |  | $ | 250.3 |
Cash paid for taxes |  | $ | 37.5 |  |  | $ | 35.4 |  |  | $ | 54.4 |
Non cash investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment through capital leases |  | $ | 151.7 |  |  | $ | 37.6 |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Non cash financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of shares through stock compensation plan |  | $ | 54.5 |  |  | $ | 47.9 |  |  | $ | 49.8 |
Assumption of AAG Debt |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 540.0 |

See accompany notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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SB/RH Holdings, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
September 30, 2017 and 2016
(in millions)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 168.2 |  |  | $ | 270.8 |
Trade receivables, net |  | 526.1 |  |  | 482.6 |
Other receivables |  | 42.7 |  |  | 55.6 |
Inventories |  | 775.5 |  |  | 740.6 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 93.9 |  |  | 78.8 |
Total current assets |  | 1,606.4 |  |  | 1,628.4 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 699.9 |  |  | 542.1 |
Deferred charges and other |  | 47.6 |  |  | 32.1 |
Goodwill |  | 2,626.0 |  |  | 2,478.4 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 2,424.0 |  |  | 2,372.5 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,403.9 |  |  | $ | 7,053.5 |
Liabilities and Shareholder's Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | $ | 36.7 |  |  | $ | 164.0 |
Accounts payable |  | 727.6 |  |  | 580.1 |
Accrued wages and salaries |  | 87.5 |  |  | 122.9 |
Accrued interest |  | 48.6 |  |  | 39.3 |
Other current liabilities |  | 208.5 |  |  | 188.3 |
Total current liabilities |  | 1,108.9 |  |  | 1,094.6 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | 3,804.0 |  |  | 3,456.2 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 531.4 |  |  | 532.7 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 124.2 |  |  | 140.6 |
Total liabilities |  | 5,568.5 |  |  | 5,224.1 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) |  |  |  |
Shareholder's equity: |  |  |  |
Other capital |  | 2,079.0 |  |  | 2,000.9 |
Accumulated (deficit) earnings |  | (42.8 | ) |  | 8.1 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | (209.6 | ) |  | (229.4 | )
Total shareholder's equity |  | 1,826.6 |  |  | 1,779.6 |
Noncontrolling interest |  | 8.8 |  |  | 49.8 |
Total equity |  | 1,835.4 |  |  | 1,829.4 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,403.9 |  |  | $ | 7,053.5 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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Table of Contents
SB/RH Holdings, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Income
Years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(in millions)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |
Cost of goods sold |  | 3,114.3 |  |  | 3,119.3 |  |  | 3,018.0 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 18.3 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 2.1 |
Gross profit |  | 1,874.8 |  |  | 1,919.9 |  |  | 1,670.3 |
Selling |  | 781.2 |  |  | 776.6 |  |  | 720.7 |
General and administrative |  | 382.9 |  |  | 366.6 |  |  | 332.4 |
Research and development |  | 59.5 |  |  | 58.7 |  |  | 51.3 |
Acquisition and integration related charges |  | 20.9 |  |  | 36.7 |  |  | 58.8 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 44.2 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 26.6 |
Write-off from impairment of intangible assets |  | 16.3 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses |  | 1,305.0 |  |  | 1,258.0 |  |  | 1,189.8 |
Operating income |  | 569.8 |  |  | 661.9 |  |  | 480.5 |
Interest expense |  | 211.5 |  |  | 250.0 |  |  | 271.9 |
Other non-operating expense, net |  | 5.7 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 8.9 |
Income from operations before income taxes |  | 352.6 |  |  | 403.3 |  |  | 199.7 |
Income tax expense |  | 51.4 |  |  | 51.0 |  |  | 43.9 |
Net income |  | 301.2 |  |  | 352.3 |  |  | 155.8 |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |
Net income attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 299.9 |  |  | $ | 351.9 |  |  | $ | 155.4 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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Table of Contents
SB/RH Holdings, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(in millions)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income |  | $ | 301.2 |  |  | $ | 352.3 |  |  | $ | 155.8 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation gain (loss), net tax of $2.9, $2.3, and $0.0, respectively |  | 29.1 |  |  | (8.5 | ) |  | (113.0 | )
Unrealized (loss) gain on hedging activity, net tax of $(13.3), $2.9 and $(3.0), respectively |  | (29.1 | ) |  | 7.1 |  |  | (13.2 | )
Defined benefit pension gain (loss), net tax of $8.5, $(10.8) and $(0.5), respectively |  | 19.6 |  |  | (28.2 | ) |  | (11.0 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 19.6 |  |  | (29.6 | ) |  | (137.2 | )
Comprehensive income |  | 320.8 |  |  | 322.7 |  |  | 18.6 |
Comprehensive (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 321.0 |  |  | $ | 323.0 |  |  | $ | 18.8 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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Table of Contents
SB/RH Holdings, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Shareholder’s Equity
Years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(in millions)

|  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Accumulated |  | Other |  | Total |  | Non- |  |
|  | Other |  | Earnings |  | Comprehensive |  | Shareholder's |  | controlling |  |
|  | Capital |  | (Deficit) |  | (Loss) |  | Equity |  | Interest |  | Total Equity
Balances at September 30, 2014 |  | $ | 1,413.8 |  |  | $ | (330.0 | ) |  | $ | (63.1 | ) |  | $ | 1,020.7 |  |  | $ | 49.5 |  |  | $ | 1,070.2 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | 155.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 155.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 155.8 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (137.0 | ) |  | (137.0 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (137.2 | )
Contribution from parent |  | 570.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 570.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 570.6 |
Restricted stock issued and related tax withholdings |  | (38.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (38.4 | )
Share based compensation |  | 23.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 23.9 |
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | (72.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (72.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (72.1 | )
Balances at September 30, 2015 |  | 1,969.9 |  |  | (246.7 | ) |  | (200.1 | ) |  | 1,523.1 |  |  | 49.7 |  |  | 1,572.8 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | 351.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 351.9 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 352.3 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29.3 | ) |  | (29.3 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (29.6 | )
Contribution from parent |  | 5.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.6 |
Restricted stock issued and related tax withholdings |  | (9.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9.1 | )
Share based compensation |  | 34.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 34.5 |
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | (97.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (97.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (97.1 | )
Balances as of September 30, 2016 |  | 2,000.9 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | (229.4 | ) |  | 1,779.6 |  |  | 49.8 |  |  | 1,829.4 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | 299.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 299.9 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 301.2 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 19.6 |
Purchase of non-controlling interest |  | 29.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29.6 |  |  | (42.1 | ) |  | (12.5 | )
Restricted stock issued and related tax withholdings |  | 12.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.2 |
Share based compensation |  | 36.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.3 |
Dividends paid to parent |  | — |  |  | (350.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (350.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (350.8 | )
Balances as of September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 2,079.0 |  |  | $ | (42.8 | ) |  | $ | (209.6 | ) |  | $ | 1,826.6 |  |  | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 1,835.4 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
SB/RH Holdings, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(in millions)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 301.2 |  |  | $ | 352.3 |  |  | $ | 155.8 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 198.7 |  |  | 183.0 |  |  | 170.0 |
Share based compensation |  | 54.4 |  |  | 59.3 |  |  | 41.8 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 7.3 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | 12.6 |
Purchase accounting inventory adjustment |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.7 |
Write-off of unamortized discount on retired debt |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Write-off for impairment of intangible assets |  | 16.3 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |
Pet safety recall inventory write-off |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |
Write-off of debt issuance costs |  | 2.3 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 11.2 |
Non-cash debt accretion |  | 0.7 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 3.0 |
Deferred tax benefit |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (14.5 | ) |  | (4.6 | )
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  | (10.4 | ) |  | 48.5 |  |  | 93.4 |
Inventories |  | (28.4 | ) |  | 40.2 |  |  | (54.5 | )
Prepaid expenses and other |  | (7.8 | ) |  | (7.5 | ) |  | (3.1 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | 177.9 |  |  | (34.9 | ) |  | 67.8 |
Other |  | (82.1 | ) |  | (49.2 | ) |  | (75.0 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 647.6 |  |  | 601.6 |  |  | 441.8 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  | (115.0 | ) |  | (95.2 | ) |  | (89.1 | )
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (304.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,191.1 | )
Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment |  | 4.6 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 1.4 |
Other investing activities |  | (1.5 | ) |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (0.9 | )
Net cash used by investing activities |  | (416.6 | ) |  | (98.4 | ) |  | (1,279.7 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 265.6 |  |  | 498.9 |  |  | 3,320.3 |
Payment of debt |  | (232.6 | ) |  | (868.1 | ) |  | (2,813.2 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (9.3 | ) |  | (38.1 | )
Payment of cash dividends to parent |  | (350.8 | ) |  | (97.2 | ) |  | (72.1 | )
Purchase of non-controlling interest |  | (12.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Payment of contingent consideration |  | — |  |  | (3.2 | ) |  | — |
Share based tax withholding payments, net of proceeds upon vesting |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.6 | )
Capital contribution from parent |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 528.3 |
Net cash (used) provided by financing activities |  | (336.3 | ) |  | (478.9 | ) |  | 922.6 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents due to Venezuela devaluation |  | (0.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2.5 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | 3.1 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (27.2 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (102.6 | ) |  | 22.9 |  |  | 55.0 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 270.8 |  |  | 247.9 |  |  | 192.9 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 168.2 |  |  | $ | 270.8 |  |  | $ | 247.9 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 184.9 |  |  | $ | 238.3 |  |  | $ | 250.3 |
Cash paid for taxes |  | $ | 37.5 |  |  | $ | 35.4 |  |  | $ | 54.4 |
Non cash investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment through capital leases |  | $ | 151.7 |  |  | $ | 37.6 |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Assumption of AAG Debt |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 540.0 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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This report is a combined report of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. (“SBH”) and SB/RH Holdings, LLC (“SB/RH”) (collectively, the “Company”). The notes to the consolidated financial statements that follow include both consolidated SBH and SB/RH Notes, unless otherwise indicated below.
NOTE 1 - DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, is a diversified global branded consumer products company. SBH’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “SPB.” SB/RH Holdings, LLC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SBH. SB/RH along with its wholly-owned subsidiary Spectrum Brands, Inc. (“SBI”) issued certain debt guaranteed by domestic subsidiaries of the Company. See Note 10 - Debt for more information pertaining to debt. The Company manufactures, markets and/or distributes its products in approximately 160 countries in the North America (“NA”), Europe, Middle East & Africa (“EMEA”), Latin America (“LATAM”) and Asia-Pacific (“APAC”) regions through a variety of trade channels, including retailers, wholesalers and distributors, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), construction companies and hearing aid professionals. We enjoy strong name recognition in our regions under our various brands and patented technologies. Our diversified global branded consumer products have positions in several product categories and types. We manage the businesses in five vertically integrated, product-focused segments: (i) Global Batteries & Appliances (“GBA”), (ii) Global Pet Supplies (“PET”), (iii) Home and Garden (“H&G”), (iv) Hardware & Home Improvement (“HHI”) and (v) Global Auto Care (“GAC”). Global and geographic strategic initiatives and financial objectives are determined at the corporate level. Each segment is responsible for implementing defined strategic initiatives and achieving certain financial objectives and has a president responsible for sales and marketing initiatives and the financial results for all product lines within that segment. See Note 19 - Segment Information for more information pertaining to segments. The following summarizes the respective product types, brands, and regions for each of the reporting segments:

Segment |  | Products |  | Brands |  | Regions
GBA |  | Consumer batteries: Alkaline, zinc carbon, and NiMH rechargeable batteries; hearing aid and other specialty battery products; battery powered portable lighting products. Small appliances: Small kitchen and home appliances. Personal care: Electric shaving and grooming products, hair care appliances and accessories. |  | Consumer batteries: Rayovac® , VARTA®. Small appliances: Black & Decker®, George Foreman®, Russell Hobbs®, Juiceman®, Breadman®, Farberware® and Toastmaster®. Personal care: Remington®. |  | NA EMEA LATAM APAC
HHI |  | Hardware: Hinges, security hardware, screen and storm door products, garage door hardware, window hardware and floor protection. Security: Residential locksets and door hardware including knobs, levers, deadbolts, handlesets and electronics. Commercial doors, locks, and hardware. Plumbing: Kitchen, bath and shower faucets and plumbing products. |  | Hardware: National Hardware®, Stanley® and FANAL®. Security: Kwikset®, Weiser®, Baldwin®, EZSET® and Tell®. Plumbing: Pfister®. |  | NA EMEA LATAM APAC
PET |  | Companion Animal: Dog, cat and small animal food and treats; clean-up and training aid products and accessories; pet health and grooming products. Aquatics: Aquariums and aquatic health supplies. |  | Companion Animal: 8-in-1®, Dingo®, Nature's Miracle®, Wild Harvest®, Littermaid®, Jungle®, Excel®, FURminator®, IAMS®, Eukanuba®, Healthy-Hide®, DreamBone®, SmartBones®, GloFish®, ProSense®, Perfect Coat®, eCOTRITION®, Birdola® and Digest-eeze®. Aquatics: Tetra®, Marineland®, Whisper® and Instant Ocean®. |  | NA EMEA LATAM APAC
H&G |  | Controls: Outdoor insect and weed control solutions, animal repellents. Household: Household insecticides and pest controls. Repellents: Personal use pesticides and insect repellent products. |  | Controls: Spectracide®, Garden Safe®, Liquid Fence®, and EcoLogic®. Household: Hot Shot®, Black Flag®, Real Kill®, Ultra Kill®, The Ant Trap® (TAT), and Rid-a-Bug®. Repellents: Cutter® and Repel®. |  | NA LATAM
GAC |  | Appearance: Protectants, wipes, tire and wheel care products, glass cleaners, leather care products, air fresheners and washes. Performance: Automotive fuel and oil additives, and functional fluids. A/C Recharge: Do-it-yourself air conditioner recharge products, refrigerant and oil recharge kits, sealants and accessories. |  | Appearance: Armor All®. Performance: STP®. A/C Recharge: A/C PRO®. |  | NA EMEA LATAM APAC

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Practices
Principles of Consolidation and Fiscal Year End
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its majority owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). All intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
The Company’s fiscal year ends on September 30. Throughout the year, the Company reports its results using fiscal quarters whereby each three month quarterly reporting period is approximately thirteen weeks in length and ends on a Sunday. The exceptions are the first quarter, which begins on October 1, and the fourth quarter, which ends on September 30. For the year ended September 30, 2017, the fiscal quarters were comprised of the three months ended January 1, 2017, April 2, 2017, July 2, 2017 and September 30, 2017.
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Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid temporary instruments purchased with original maturities of three months or less from date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
Receivables
Trade accounts receivable are carried at net realizable value. The Company extends credit to its customers based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition and credit history, but generally does not require collateral. The Company monitors its customers’ credit and financial condition based on changing economic conditions and will make adjustments to credit policies as required. Provisions for losses on uncollectible trade receivables are determined based on ongoing evaluations of the Company’s receivables, principally on the basis of historical collection experience and evaluations of the risks of nonpayment or return for a given customer. See Note 6 - Receivables for further detail.
Inventories
The Company’s inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost of inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. See Note 7 - Inventory for further detail.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Property, plant and equipment held under capital leases are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset; such amortization is included in depreciation expense. The Company uses accelerated depreciation methods for income tax purposes. Useful lives for property, plant and equipment are as follows:

Asset Type |  | Range
Buildings and improvements |  | 20 - 40 years
Machinery and equipment |  | 2 - 15 years

Expenditures which substantially increase value or extend useful lives are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. The Company records gains and losses on the disposition or retirement of property, plant and equipment based on the net book value and any proceeds received.
Long-lived fixed assets held and used are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Circumstances such as the discontinuation of a product or product line, a sudden or consistent decline in the sales forecast for a product, changes in technology or in the way an asset is being used, a history of operating or cash flow losses or an adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, among others, may trigger an impairment review. If such indicators are present, the Company performs undiscounted cash flow analyses to determine if impairment exists. The asset value would be deemed impaired if the undiscounted cash flows generated did not exceed the carrying value of the asset. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. There were no triggering events identified during the year that necessitated an impairment test over property, plant and equipment. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. See Note 8 - Property, plant and equipment for further detail.
Goodwill
Goodwill reflects the excess of acquisition cost over the aggregate fair value assigned to identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is assessed for impairment at least annually and as triggering events or indicators of potential impairment are identified. Goodwill has been assigned to reporting units for purposes of impairment testing based upon the relative fair value of the asset to each reporting unit. Our reporting units are consistent with our segments. See Note 19 - Segment Information for further discussion.
The Company performs its annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year. The fair value of each reporting unit is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. In estimating the fair value of our reporting units, we use a discounted cash flow methodology,
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which requires us to estimate future revenues, expenses, and capital expenditures and make assumptions about our weighted average cost of capital and perpetuity growth rate, among other variables. We test the aggregate estimated fair value of our reporting units by comparison to our total market capitalization, including both equity and debt capital. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss would be recognized equal to that excess; however the loss recognized cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. See Note 9 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further detail.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are recorded at cost or at estimated fair value if acquired in a business combination. Customer lists, proprietary technology and certain trade name intangibles are amortized, using the straight-line method, over their estimated useful lives. The range and weighted average useful lives for definite-lived intangibles assets are as follows:

Asset Type |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
Customer relationships |  | 2 - 20 years |  | 18.4 years
Technology assets |  | 5 - 18 years |  | 12.2 years
Tradenames |  | 5 - 13 years |  | 11.4 years

Definite-lived intangible assets held and used are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. If indicators of potential impairment are identified, the Company performs an undiscounted cash flow analysis to determine if impairment exists. The asset value would be deemed impaired if the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset did not exceed its carrying value. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. There were no triggering events identified during the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 that necessitated an impairment test of definite-lived intangible assets.
Certain trade name intangible assets have an indefinite life and are not amortized; but instead are assessed for impairment at least annually and as triggering events or indicators of potential impairment are identified. The Company performs its annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year. Impairment of indefinite lived intangible assets is assessed by comparing the estimated fair value of the identified trade names to their carrying value to determine if potential impairment exists. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recorded for the excess. The fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is determined using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty methodology, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future revenues, royalty rates, and the discount rate, among others. See Note 9 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further detail.
Debt Issuance Costs
Debt issuance costs are deferred and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the lives of the related debt agreements. Debt issuance costs were $53.1 million and $56.9 million as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and are included in Long Term Debt, Net of Current Portion in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Amortization of debt issuance costs is recognized as Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 10 - Debt for further detail.
Financial Instruments
Derivative financial instruments are used by the Company principally in the management of its interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate and raw material price exposures. The Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Derivative assets and liabilities are reported at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. When hedge accounting is elected at inception, the Company formally designates the financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure and documents both the risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge. Depending on the nature of derivatives designated as hedging instruments, changes in fair value are either offset against the change in fair value of the hedged assets or liability through earnings, or recognized in equity through other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized. Any ineffective portion of a financial instrument’s change in fair value is recognized in earnings. For derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, the change in the fair value is recognized in earnings. See Note 12 - Derivatives for further detail.
Treasury Stock
Treasury stock purchases are stated at cost and presented as a separate reduction of equity.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue from product sales generally upon delivery to the customer, or at the shipping point in situations where the customer picks up the product or where delivery terms so stipulate. This represents the point at which title and risks and rewards of
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ownership of the product are passed, provided that there are no uncertainties regarding customer acceptance, there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable and ability to collect is deemed reasonably assured. The provision for customer returns is based on historical sales and returns and other relevant information. The Company estimates and accrues the cost of returns, which are treated as a reduction of Net Sales.
The Company enters into promotional arrangements, primarily with retail customers, that entitle such retailers to earn rebates from the Company. These arrangements require the Company to estimate and accrue the costs of these programs, which are treated as a reduction of Net Sales.
The Company enters into promotional arrangements that target the ultimate consumer. The costs associated with such arrangements are treated as either a reduction in Net Sales or an increase in Cost of Goods Sold, based on the type of promotional program. The Company monitors its commitments under all promotion arrangements and uses various measures, including past experience, to estimate the earned, but unpaid, promotional costs. The terms of the Company’s customer-related promotional arrangements and programs are tailored to each customer and documented through written contracts, correspondence or other communications with the individual customers.
The Company also enters into various arrangements, primarily with retail customers, which require the Company to make upfront cash payments in order to secure the right to distribute through such customers. The Company capitalizes these payments provided the payments are supported by a time or volume based arrangement with the retailer, and amortizes the associated payment over the appropriate time or volume-based term of the arrangement. Capitalized payments are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as Deferred Charges and Other Assets and related amortization is treated as a reduction in Net Sales.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs include costs incurred with third-party carriers to transport products to customers and salaries and overhead costs related to activities to prepare the Company’s products for shipment at the Company’s distribution facilities. Shipping and handling costs were $293.8 million, $294.7 million and $272.9 million during the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Shipping and handling costs are included in Selling Expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs include agency fees and other costs to create advertisements, as well as costs paid to third parties to print or broadcast the Company’s advertisements and are expensed as incurred. The Company incurred advertising costs of $39.9 million, $39.8 million and $35.0 million during the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Advertising costs are included in Selling Expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are charged to expense in the period they are incurred.
Environmental Expenditures
Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations or to conditions caused by past operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. The Company determines its liability for environmental matters on a site-by-site basis and records a liability at the time when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and such liability can be reasonably estimated. The estimated liability is not reduced for possible recoveries from insurance carriers. Estimated environmental remediation expenditures are included in the determination of the net realizable value recorded for assets held for sale. See Note 18 - Commitments and Contingencies for further detail.
Restructuring and Related Charges
Restructuring charges include, but are not limited to, the costs of one-time termination benefits such as severance costs and retention bonuses, and contract termination costs consisting primarily of lease termination costs. Related charges, as defined by the Company, include, but are not limited to, other costs directly associated with exit and relocation activities, including impairment of property and other assets, departmental costs of full-time incremental employees, and any other items related to the exit or relocation activities. Costs for such activities are estimated by management after evaluating detailed analyses of the costs to be incurred.
Liabilities from restructuring and related charges are recorded for estimated costs of facility closures, significant organizational adjustments and measures undertaken by management to exit certain activities. Costs for such activities are estimated by management after evaluating detailed analyses of the costs to be incurred. Such liabilities or asset reductions could include amounts for items such as severance costs and related benefits, lease termination payments and any other items directly related to the exit activities. Impairment of property and equipment and other current or long-term assets as a result of restructuring related initiatives are recognized as a reduction of the appropriate
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asset.
Restructuring and related charges associated with manufacturing and related initiatives are recorded in Cost of Goods Sold. Restructuring and related charges reflected in Cost of Goods Sold include, but are not limited to, termination and related costs associated with manufacturing employees, asset impairments relating to manufacturing initiatives and other costs directly related to the manufacturing component of a restructuring initiative. Restructuring and related charges associated with administrative functions are recorded in operating expenses, such as initiatives impacting sales, marketing, distribution or other non-manufacturing related functions. Restructuring and related charges reflected in operating expenses include, but are not limited to, termination and related costs, any asset impairments relating to the administrative functions and other costs directly related to the administrative components of the restructuring initiatives implemented. See Note 4 - Restructuring and Related Charges for further detail.
Acquisition and Integration Related Charges
Acquisition and integration related charges include, but are not limited to, transaction costs such as banking, legal, accounting and other professional fees directly related to both consummated acquisitions and acquisition targets, termination and related costs for transitional and certain other employees, integration related professional fees and other post business combination expenses associated with integration activity. See Note 3- Acquisitions for further detail.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in income tax expense in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. Accrued interest expense and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recorded in Income Tax Expense. See Note 14 - Income Taxes for further detail.
Foreign Currency Translation
Local currencies are considered the functional currencies for most of the Company’s operations outside the United States. Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated at the rate of exchange existing at year-end, with revenues, expenses and cash flows translated at the average of the monthly exchange rates. Adjustments resulting from translation of the financial statements are recorded as a component of equity in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”), including the effects of exchange rate changes on intercompany balances of a long-term investment nature. See Note 17 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income for further detail.
Foreign currency transaction gains and losses for transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are reported in Other Non-Operating Expense, Net in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the period they occur. Exchange losses on foreign currency transactions were $6.3 million, $10.2 million, and $9.6 million for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Newly Adopted Accounting Standards
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. If goodwill impairment is realized, the amount recognized will be the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however the loss recognized cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The ASU must be applied on a prospective basis and will become effective for us beginning in the first quarter of the year ended September 30, 2021, with early adoption available. We chose to adopt the standard immediately, with no impact to the consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. This ASU requires revenue recognition to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new revenue recognition model requires identifying
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the contract and performance obligations, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to performance obligations and recognizing the revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations. This ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. This ASU can be applied either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the updates recognized at the date of the initial application along with additional disclosures. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) Deferral of the Effective Date, which amends the previously issued ASU to provide for a one year deferral from the original effective date. As a result, the ASU will become effective for us beginning in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending September 30, 2019. We have performed a preliminary assessment over the impact of the pronouncement to the Company and are currently performing detailed assessments over the contracts with our customers and the impact to our processes and control environment. We have not measured the impact of adoption at this point in our assessment and have not concluded on the overall materiality of the impact of adoption to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, or the method of adoption, but have not identified any matters that are considered significant for further disclosure.
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes the lease requirements in ASC 840, Leases. This ASU requires lessees to recognize lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet, as well as disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. Although the new ASU requires both operating and finance leases to be disclosed on the balance sheet, a distinction between the two types still exists as the economics of leases can vary. The ASU can be applied using a modified retrospective approach, with a number of optional practical expedients relating to the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the effective date, along with the ability to use hindsight in the evaluation of lease decisions, that entities may elect to apply. As a result, the ASU will become effective for us beginning in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending September 30, 2020, with early adoption applicable. We have not measured the impact of adoption at this point in our assessment and have not concluded on the overall materiality of the impact of adoption to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, or determined the method and timing of adoption.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, which requires an employer to disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net periodic pension costs within the statement of income. The amendment provides guidance requiring the service cost component to be recognized consistent with other compensation costs arising from service rendered by employees during the period, and all other components to be recognized separately outside of the subtotal of income from operations. The net periodic benefit costs for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $8.1 million, $4.5 million and $4.6 million, respectively; of which the service cost component was $3.8 million, $2.8 million and $3.0 million, respectively; and other components were $4.3 million, $1.7 million, and $1.6 million, respectively. The ASU is applied on a retrospective basis, and will become effective for us in the first quarter of the year ending September 30, 2019; with early adoption available. We are currently assessing the impact this pronouncement will have on the consolidated financial statements of the Company and have not yet concluded on the materiality or timing of the adoption.
In August 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (Topic 815), which changes the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and presentation of hedge results. The amendments in this update make certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP, better aligning the entity’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships. The ASU can only be applied prospectively, and will become effective for us beginning in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending September 30, 2020, with early adoption available. We are currently assessing the impact this pronouncement will have on the consolidated financial statements of the Company and have not yet concluded on the materiality or timing of the adoption.
NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS
The Company accounts for acquisitions by applying the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method of accounting requires, among other things, that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination be measured at their fair values as of the closing date of the acquisition.
PetMatrix
On June 1, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of PetMatrix LLC, a manufacturer and marketer of rawhide-free dog chews consisting primarily of the DreamBone® and SmartBones® brands. The results of PetMatrix’s operations since June 1, 2017 are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income, and reported within the PET reporting segment for the year ended September 30, 2017.
The Company has recorded an allocation of the purchase price to the Company’s tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and
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liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the June 1, 2017 acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets was recorded as goodwill, which includes value associated with the assembled workforce. The calculation of purchase price and purchase price allocation is as follows:

(in millions) |  | Purchase Price
Cash consideration |  | $ | 255.2 |
(in millions) |  | Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 0.2 |
Trade receivables |  | 7.8 |
Inventories |  | 16.0 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 0.9 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 0.8 |
Goodwill |  | 123.8 |
Intangible assets |  | 110.4 |
Accounts payable |  | (4.1 | )
Accrued wages and salaries |  | (0.1 | )
Other current liabilities |  | (0.5 | )
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 255.2 |

The purchase price allocation resulted in goodwill of $123.8 million, allocated to the PET segment; of which $123.8 million is deductible for tax purposes. The values allocated to intangible assets and the weighted average useful lives are as follows:

(in millions) |  | Carrying Amount |  | Weighted Average Useful Life (Years)
Tradenames |  | $ | 75.0 |  |  | Indefinite
Technology |  | 21.0 |  |  | 14 years
Customer relationships |  | 12.0 |  |  | 16 years
Non-compete agreement |  | 2.4 |  |  | 5 years
Total intangibles acquired |  | $ | 110.4 |  |  |

The Company performed a valuation of the acquired inventories; tradenames; technologies; customer relationships and non-compete agreements. The following is a summary of significant inputs to the valuation:

• | Inventory - Acquired inventory consists of branded finished goods that were valued based on the comparative sales method, which estimates the expected sales price of the finished goods inventory, reduced for all costs expected to be incurred in its completion or disposition and a profit on those costs.

• | Tradenames - The Company valued indefinite-lived trade names, DreamBone® and SmartBones®, using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the asset value was determined by estimating the hypothetical royalties that would have to be paid if the trade names were not owned. Royalty rates were selected based on consideration of several factors, including prior transactions, related trademarks and trade names, other similar trademark licensing and transaction agreements and the relative profitability and perceived contribution of the trade names.

• | Technology - The Company valued technology using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the asset value was determined by estimating the hypothetical royalties that would have to be paid if the technology was not owned. Royalty rates were selected based on consideration of several factors, including prior transactions, related licensing agreements and the importance of the technology and profit levels, among other considerations. The Company anticipates using these technologies through the legal life of the underlying patents; therefore, the expected useful life of these technologies is based on the remaining life of the underlying patents.

• | Customer relationships - The Company valued customer relationships using an income approach, the multi-period excess earnings method. In determining the fair value of the customer relationships, the multi-period excess earnings approach values the intangible asset at the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows attributable only to the customer relationship after deducting contributory asset charges. The incremental after-tax cash flows attributable to the subject intangible asset are then discounted to their present value. Only expected sales from current customers were used, which are estimated using annual expected growth rates of 2%

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to 20%. The Company assumed a customer retention rate of up to 98%, which is supported by historical retention rates. Income taxes were estimated at 35% and amounts were discounted using a rate of 12%.

• | Non-compete agreements - The Company valued the non-compete agreement using the income approach that compares the prospective cash flows with and without the non-compete agreement in place. The value of the non-compete agreement is the difference between the discounted cash flows of the business under each of these two alternative scenarios, considering both tax expenditure and tax amortization benefits.

Pro forma results have not been presented as the PetMatrix acquisition is not considered individually significant to the consolidated results of the Company.
GloFish
On May 12, 2017, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement with Yorktown Technologies LP, for the acquisition of assets consisting of the GloFish branded operations, including transfer of the GloFish® brand, related intellectual property and operating agreements. The GloFish operations primarily consist of the development and licensing of fluorescent fish for sale through mass retail and online channels. The results of GloFish’s operations since May 12, 2017 are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income, and reported within the PET reporting segment for the year ended September 30, 2017.
The Company has recorded an allocation of the purchase price to the Company’s tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the May 12, 2017 acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets was recorded as goodwill, which includes value associated with the assembled workforce, including an experienced research team. The calculation of purchase price and purchase price allocation is as follows:

(in millions) |  | Purchase Price
Cash consideration |  | $ | 49.7 |
(in millions) |  | Allocation
Trade receivables |  | $ | 0.4 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 0.6 |
Goodwill |  | 11.2 |
Intangible assets |  | 37.8 |
Other current liabilities |  | (0.3) |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 49.7 |

The purchase price allocation resulted in goodwill of $11.2 million, allocated to the PET segment; of which $11.2 million is deductible for tax purposes. The values allocated to intangible assets and the weighted average useful lives are as follows:

(in millions) |  | Carrying Amount |  | Weighted Average Useful Life (Years)
Tradenames |  | $ | 6.1 |  |  | Indefinite
Technology |  | 30.2 |  |  | 13 years
Customer relationships |  | 1.5 |  |  | 10 years
Total intangibles acquired |  | $ | 37.8 |  |  |

The Company performed a valuation of the acquired tradenames; technologies; customer relationships and contingent consideration. The following is a summary of significant inputs to the valuation:

• | Tradenames - The Company valued indefinite-lived trade names using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the asset value was determined by estimating the hypothetical royalties that would have to be paid if the trade names were not owned. Royalty rates were selected based on consideration of several factors, including prior transactions, related trademarks and trade names, other similar trademark licensing and transaction agreements and the relative profitability and perceived contribution of the trade names.

• | Technology - The Company valued technology using an income approach, the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the asset value was determined by estimating the hypothetical royalties that would have to be paid if the technology was not owned. Royalty rates were selected based on consideration of several factors, including prior transactions, related licensing agreements and

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the importance of the technology and profit levels, among other considerations. The Company anticipates using these technologies through the legal life of the underlying patents; therefore, the expected useful life of these technologies is based on the remaining life of the underlying patents.

• | Customer relationships - The Company valued customer relationships using a replacement cost. The replacement cost approach values the intangible asset at the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows attributable only to the customer relationships after deducting the cost to recreate key customer relationships. The incremental after-tax cash flows attributable to the subject intangible asset are then discounted to their present value. Income taxes were estimated at 35% and amounts were discounted using a rate of 12%.

Pro forma results have not been presented as the GloFish acquisition is not considered individually significant to the consolidated results of the Company.
Shaser
On May 18, 2017, the Company completed the purchase of the remaining 44% non-controlling interest of Shaser, Inc. with a purchase price of $12.6 million. Effective May 18, 2017, Shaser, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and all recognized non-controlled interest associated with Shaser, Inc. is part of the Company’s equity. As a result of the acquisition the Company recognized an increase of $24.1 million to additional paid-in capital.
Acquisition and Integration Costs
Acquisition and integration costs include costs directly associated with the completion of the purchase of net assets or equity interest of a business such as a business combination, equity investment, joint venture or purchase of non-controlling interest. Included costs include transactions costs; advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional fees; and integration of acquired operations onto the Company’s shared service platform and termination of redundant positions and locations. The following table summarizes acquisition and integration related charges incurred by the Company during the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
HHI Business |  | $ | 5.9 |  |  | $ | 13.3 |  |  | $ | 12.0 |
PetMatrix |  | 4.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Armored AutoGroup |  | 3.2 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 21.8 |
Shaser |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
GloFish |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Salix |  | 0.7 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 10.7 |
European IAMS and Eukanuba |  | 0.2 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 9.3 |
Other |  | 4.2 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 5.0 |
Total acquisition and integration related charges |  | $ | 20.9 |  |  | $ | 36.7 |  |  | $ | 58.8 |

NOTE 4 - RESTRUCTURING AND RELATED CHARGES
Pet Rightsizing Initiative - During the second quarter of the year ending September 30, 2017, the Company implemented a rightsizing initiative within the PET segment to streamline certain operations and reduce operating costs. The initiative includes headcount reductions and the rightsizing of certain facilities. Total costs associated with this initiative are expected to be approximately $11 million, of which $8.2 million has been incurred to date. The balance is anticipated to be incurred through September 30, 2018.
HHI Distribution Center Consolidation - During the second quarter of the year ending September 30, 2017, the Company implemented an initiative within the HHI segment to consolidate certain operations and reduce operating costs. The initiative includes headcount reductions and the exit of certain facilities. Total costs associated with the initiative are expected to be approximately $50 million, of which $27.4 million has been incurred to date. The balance is anticipated to be incurred through September 30, 2018.
GAC Business Rationalization Initiatives - During the third quarter of the year ended September 30, 2016, the Company implemented a series of initiatives in the GAC segment to consolidate certain operations and reduce operating costs. These initiatives included headcount reductions and the exit of certain facilities. Total costs associated with these initiatives are expected to be approximately $32 million, of which $29.5 million has been incurred to date. The balance is anticipated to be incurred through December 31, 2017.
HHI Business Rationalization Initiatives - During the fourth quarter of the year ended September 30, 2014, the Company implemented a series of initiatives throughout the HHI segment to reduce operating costs and exit low margin business outside the U.S. These initiatives
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included headcount reductions, the exit of certain facilities and the sale of a portion of the global HHI operations. Total costs associated with these initiatives of $16.6 million has been incurred and completed as of September 30, 2016.
Global Expense Rationalization Initiatives - During the third quarter of the year ended September 30, 2013, the Company implemented a series of initiatives throughout the Company to reduce operating costs. These initiatives consisted of headcount reductions in the GBA and PET, and within Corporate. Total costs associated with these initiatives of $47.0 million has been incurred and completed as of September 30, 2016.
Other Restructuring Activities - The Company has entered or may enter into small, less significant initiatives and restructuring activities to reduce costs and improve margins throughout the organization. Individually these activities are not substantial, and occur over a shorter time period (less than 12 months).
The following summarizes restructuring and related charges for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016, and 2015:

(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
HHI distribution center consolidation |  | $ | 27.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
GAC business rationalization initiative |  | 24.2 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | — |
PET rightsizing initiative |  | 8.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Global expense rationalization initiative |  | — |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 17.1 |
HHI business rationalization initiative |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 10.3 |
Other restructuring activities |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 1.3 |
Total restructuring and related charges |  | $ | 62.5 |  |  | $ | 15.2 |  |  | $ | 28.7 |
Reported as: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 18.3 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |
Operating expense |  | 44.2 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 26.6 |

The following summarizes restructuring and related charges for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016, and 2015, and cumulative costs of restructuring initiatives as of September 30, 2017, by cost type. Termination costs consist of involuntary employee termination benefits and severance pursuant to a one-time benefit arrangement recognized as part of a restructuring initiative. Other costs consist of non-termination type costs related to restructuring initiatives such as incremental costs to consolidate or close facilities, relocate employees, cost to retrain employees to use newly deployed assets or systems, lease termination costs, and redundant or incremental transitional operating costs and customer fines and penalties during transition, among others:

(in millions) |  | Termination Benefits |  | Other Costs |  | Total
For the year ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 12.8 |  |  | $ | 49.7 |  |  | $ | 62.5 |
For the year ended September 30, 2016 |  | 4.3 |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | 15.2 |
For the year ended September 30, 2015 |  | 7.0 |  |  | 21.7 |  |  | 28.7 |
Cumulative costs through September 30, 2017 |  | 13.1 |  |  | 54.7 |  |  | 67.8 |
Future costs to be incurred |  | 6.0 |  |  | 25.0 |  |  | 31.0 |

The following is a rollforward of the accrual related to all restructuring and related activities, included within Other Current Liabilities, by cost type, for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016, and 2015:

(in millions) |  | Termination Benefits |  | Other Costs |  | Total
Accrual balance at September 30, 2015 |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | $ | 8.2 |
Provisions |  | 4.3 |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | 15.2 |
Cash expenditures |  | (6.9 | ) |  | (13.6 | ) |  | (20.5 | )
Non Cash Items |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Accrual balance at September 30, 2016 |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 2.6 |
Provisions |  | 9.5 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 19.5 |
Cash expenditures |  | (3.4 | ) |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (4.4 | )
Non-cash items |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.7 | )
Accrual balance at September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 7.2 |  |  | $ | 9.8 |  |  | $ | 17.0 |

The following summarizes restructuring and related charges by segment for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016, and 2015, cumulative costs of restructuring initiatives as of September 30, 2017 and future expected costs to be incurred by segment:
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(in millions) |  | GBA |  | PET |  | HHI |  | GAC |  | Corporate |  | Total
For the year ended September 30, 2017 |  | 2.1 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 26.6 |  |  | 24.2 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 62.5 |
For the year ended September 30, 2016 |  | 0.8 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.2 |
For the year ended September 30, 2015 |  | 8.5 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 28.7 |
Cumulative costs through September 30, 2017 |  | 2.1 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 26.6 |  |  | 29.5 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 67.8 |
Future costs to be incurred |  | 0.9 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 22.9 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 31.0 |

NOTE 5 - FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The fair values of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities are defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are classified using a fair value hierarchy that is based upon the observability of inputs used in measuring fair value. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed assumptions about hypothetical transactions in the absence of market data. Fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

• | Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

• | Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.

• | Level 3 - Significant inputs to the valuation model are unobservable.

The Company utilizes valuation techniques that attempt to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company’s derivatives are valued on a recurring basis using internal models, which are based on market observable inputs including interest rate curves and both forward and spot prices for currencies and commodities, which are generally based on quoted or observed market prices (Level 2). The fair value of certain derivative financial instruments is estimated using pricing models based on contracts with similar terms and risks. Modeling techniques assume market correlation and volatility, such as using prices of one delivery point to calculate the price of the contract’s different delivery point. The nominal value of interest rate transactions is discounted using applicable forward interest rate curves. In addition, by applying a credit reserve which is calculated based on credit default swaps or published default probabilities for the actual and potential asset value, the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instrument assets reflects the risk that the counterparties to these contracts may default on the obligations. Likewise, by assessing the requirements of a reserve for non-performance which is calculated based on the probability of default by the Company, the Company adjusts its derivative contract liabilities to reflect the price at which a potential market participant would be willing to assume the Company’s liabilities. The Company has not changed the valuation techniques used in measuring the fair value of any financial assets and liabilities during the year.
The fair values of derivative instruments as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 are as follows. See Note 12 - Derivatives for additional detail:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | Carrying |  |  |  | Carrying |  |
(in millions) |  | Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Amount |  | Fair Value
Derivative Assets |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |
Derivative Liabilities |  | $ | 17.6 |  |  | $ | 17.6 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |

The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and short term debt approximate fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities. The carrying values of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets are tested annually or more frequently if an event occurs that indicates an impairment loss may have been incurred, using fair value measurements with unobservable inputs (Level 3).
The carrying values and estimated fair values for debt as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | Carrying |  |  |  | Carrying |  |
(in millions) |  | Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Amount |  | Fair Value
Total debt - SBH |  | $ | 3,840.7 |  |  | $ | 4,041.8 |  |  | $ | 3,620.2 |  |  | $ | 3,865.1 |
Total debt - SB/RH |  | $ | 3,840.7 |  |  | $ | 4,041.8 |  |  | $ | 3,620.2 |  |  | $ | 3,865.1 |

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The fair value measurements of the Company’s debt represent non-active market exchange-traded securities which are valued at quoted input prices that are directly observable or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data (Level 2).
NOTE 6 - RECEIVABLES
The allowance for uncollectible receivables as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 was $45.4 million and $46.8 million, respectively. The following is a rollforward of the allowance for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Beginning |  | Charged to |  |  |  | Other |  | Ending
(in millions) |  | Balance |  | Profit & Loss |  | Deductions |  | Adjustments |  | Balance
September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 46.8 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | (4.1 | ) |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 45.4 |
September 30, 2016 |  | $ | 44.0 |  |  | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | (12.0 | ) |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | 46.8 |
September 30, 2015 |  | $ | 48.6 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | (6.3 | ) |  | $ | (4.3 | ) |  | $ | 44.0 |

The Company has a broad range of customers including many large retail outlet chains, one of which accounts for a significant percentage of its sales volume. This major customer represented 15% of the Company’s Net Sales during years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015. This major customer also represented 14% and 15% of the Company’s Trade Receivables as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
We have entered into various factoring agreements and early pay programs with our customers to sell our trade receivables under non-recourse agreements in exchange for cash proceeds. A loss on sales is recognized for any discount and factoring fees associated with the transfer. We utilize factoring arrangements as an integral part of our financing for working capital. These transactions are treated as a sale and are accounted for as a reduction in trade receivables because the agreements transfer effective control over and risk related to the receivables to buyers. In some instances, we may continue to service the transferred receivable after the factoring has occurred, but in most cases we do not service any factored accounts. Any servicing of the trade receivable does not constitute significant continuing involvement or preclude the recognition of a sale. We do not carry any material servicing assets or liabilities. Cash proceeds from these arrangements are reflected as operating activities. The aggregate gross amount factored under these facilities was $2,141.0 million, $2,055.0 million and $1,938.0 million for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The cost of factoring such trade receivables was $11.9 million, $10.1 million and $6.5 million for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income as General and Administrative Expense.
NOTE 7 - INVENTORY
Inventories as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 consist of the following:

(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Raw materials |  | $ | 123.8 |  |  | $ | 127.5 |
Work-in-process |  | 54.3 |  |  | 43.6 |
Finished goods |  | 597.4 |  |  | 569.5 |
|  | $ | 775.5 |  |  | $ | 740.6 |

NOTE 8 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 consist of the following:

(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Land, buildings and improvements |  | $ | 200.2 |  |  | $ | 195.8 |
Machinery, equipment and other |  | 636.2 |  |  | 550.6 |
Capital leases |  | 282.3 |  |  | 130.0 |
Construction in progress |  | 66.1 |  |  | 57.7 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 1,184.8 |  |  | $ | 934.1 |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (484.9 | ) |  | (392.0 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 699.9 |  |  | $ | 542.1 |

Depreciation expense from property, plant and equipment for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $103.5 million, $89.1 million, and $82.2 million, respectively.
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NOTE 9 - GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill, by segment, consists of the following:

(in millions) |  | GBA |  | HHI |  | PET |  | H&G |  | GAC |  | Total
As of September 30, 2015 |  | $ | 348.5 |  |  | $ | 699.5 |  |  | $ | 299.6 |  |  | $ | 196.5 |  |  | $ | 932.6 |  |  | $ | 2,476.7 |
Adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.3 |
Foreign currency impact |  | (3.4 | ) |  | 3.3 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
As of September 30, 2016 |  | 345.1 |  |  | 702.8 |  |  | 299.8 |  |  | 196.5 |  |  | 934.2 |  |  | 2,478.4 |
PetMatrix acquisition |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 123.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 123.8 |
GloFish acquisition |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11.2 |
Foreign currency impact |  | 3.8 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 12.6 |
As of September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 348.9 |  |  | $ | 708.7 |  |  | $ | 437.1 |  |  | $ | 196.5 |  |  | $ | 934.8 |  |  | $ | 2,626.0 |

The fair values of the GBA, HHI, PET, H&G and GAC reporting units exceeded their carrying values by 152.1%, 93.2%, 38.6%, 352.3%, and 12.4%, respectively. As a result, no impairment was recognized and there were no reporting units that were deemed at risk of impairment.
The carrying value and accumulated amortization for intangible assets subject to amortization are as follows:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
(in millions) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Customer relationships |  | $ | 1,007.6 |  |  | $ | (360.7 | ) |  | $ | 646.9 |  |  | $ | 984.8 |  |  | $ | (302.9 | ) |  | $ | 681.9 |
Technology assets |  | 250.5 |  |  | (83.4 | ) |  | 167.1 |  |  | 237.2 |  |  | (96.7 | ) |  | 140.5 |
Tradenames |  | 165.8 |  |  | (104.6 | ) |  | 61.2 |  |  | 165.7 |  |  | (89.1 | ) |  | 76.6 |
Total |  | $ | 1,423.9 |  |  | $ | (548.7 | ) |  | $ | 875.2 |  |  | $ | 1,387.7 |  |  | $ | (488.7 | ) |  | $ | 899.0 |

Certain trade names intangible assets have an indefinite life and are not amortized. The balance of trade names not subject to amortization was $1,548.8 million and $1,473.5 million as of September 30, 2017 and 2016. During the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized $16.3 million impairment on indefinite life intangible assets due to the reduction in value over certain tradenames in response to changes in management’s strategy. During the year ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized $4.7 million impairment on indefinite life intangible assets. There was no impairment loss on indefinite-lived trade names for the year ended September 30, 2015.
Amortization expense from intangible assets for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $95.2 million, $93.9 million and $87.8 million, respectively. Excluding the impact of any future acquisitions or changes in foreign currency, the Company anticipates the annual amortization expense of intangible assets for the next five fiscal years will be as follows:

(in millions) |  | Amortization
2018 |  | $ | 91.0 |
2019 |  | 90.9 |
2020 |  | 88.5 |
2021 |  | 79.7 |
2022 |  | 69.2 |

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NOTE 10 - DEBT
Debt for SBH and SB/RH as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 consists of the following:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
(in millions) |  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate
Term Loan, variable rate, due June 23, 2022 |  | $ | 1,244.2 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | $ | 1,005.5 |  |  | 3.6 | %
CAD Term Loan, variable rate, due June 23, 2022 |  | 59.0 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 54.9 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Euro Term Loan, variable rate, due June 23, 2022 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 63.0 |  |  | 3.5 | %
4.00% Notes, due October 1, 2026 |  | 501.0 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 477.0 |  |  | 4.0 | %
5.75% Notes, due July 15, 2025 |  | 1,000.0 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  | 1,000.0 |  |  | 5.8 | %
6.125% Notes, due December 15, 2024 |  | 250.0 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 250.0 |  |  | 6.1 | %
6.375% Notes, due November 15, 2020 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 129.7 |  |  | 6.4 | %
6.625% Notes, due November 15, 2022 |  | 570.0 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 570.0 |  |  | 6.6 | %
Revolver Facility, variable rate, expiring March 6, 2022 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Other notes and obligations |  | 14.7 |  |  | 10.7 | % |  | 16.8 |  |  | 9.8 | %
Obligations under capital leases |  | 258.6 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 114.7 |  |  | 5.5 | %
Total debt |  | 3,897.5 |  |  |  |  | 3,681.6 |  |  |
Unamortized discount on debt |  | (3.7 | ) |  |  |  | (4.5 | ) |  |
Debt issuance costs |  | (53.1 | ) |  |  |  | (56.9 | ) |  |
Less current portion |  | (36.7 | ) |  |  |  | (164.0 | ) |  |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | $ | 3,804.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,456.2 |  |  |

The Company’s aggregate scheduled maturities of debt and capital lease obligations are as follows:

(in millions) |  | Capital Lease Obligations |  | Debt |  | Total
2018 |  | $ | 14.0 |  |  | $ | 22.7 |  |  | $ | 36.7 |
2019 |  | 14.4 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | 32.6 |
2020 |  | 14.3 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | 27.4 |
2021 |  | 15.9 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | 29.0 |
2022 |  | 13.4 |  |  | 1,250.8 |  |  | 1,264.2 |
Thereafter |  | 186.6 |  |  | 2,321.0 |  |  | 2,507.6 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 258.6 |  |  | $ | 3,638.9 |  |  | $ | 3,897.5 |

There was no intercompany debt owed by SB/RH as of September 30, 2017 and 2016.
Term Loans and Revolver Facility
On June 23, 2015, SBI entered into term loan facilities pursuant to a Senior Credit Agreement consisting of (i) a $1,450 million USD Term Loan due June 23, 2022, (ii) a $75 million CAD Term Loan due June 23, 2022 and (iii) a €300 million Euro Term Loan due June 23, 2022, (collectively, “Term Loans”) and (iv) entered into a $500 million Revolver Facility due June 23, 2020 (the “Revolver”). The proceeds from the Term Loans and draws on the Revolver were used to repay SBI’s then-existing senior term credit facility, repay SBI’s outstanding 6.75% senior unsecured notes due 2020, repay and replace SBI’s then-existing asset based revolving loan facility, and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the refinancing and for general corporate purposes.
On October 6, 2016, the Company entered into the first amendment to the Credit Agreement under its Term Loans and Revolver Facility (the “Credit Agreement”) reducing the interest rate margins applicable to the USD Term Loans to either adjusted LIBOR (International Exchange London Interbank Offered Rate), subject to a 0.75% floor plus margin of 2.50% per annum, or base rate with a 1.75% floor plus margin of 1.50% per annum. The Company recognized $1.0 million of costs in connection with amending the Credit Agreement that has been recognized as interest expense.
On March 6, 2017, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Credit Agreement expanding the overall capacity of the Revolver Facility to $700 million, reducing the interest rate margin to either adjusted LIBOR plus margin ranging from 1.75% to 2.25%, or base rate plus margin ranging from 0.75% to 1.25%, reducing the commitment fee to 35bps, and extending the maturity to March 2022. The Company recognized $2.6 million of costs in connection with amending the cash revolver that has been deferred as debt issuance costs.
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On April 7, 2017, the Company entered into a third amendment to the Credit Agreement reducing the interest rate margins applicable to the USD Term Loans to either adjusted LIBOR plus margin of 2.00% per annum, or base rate plus margin of 1.00%. The Company recognized $0.6 million of costs in connection with amending the Credit Agreement that has been recognized as interest expense.
On May 16, 2017, the Company entered into a fourth amendment to the Credit Agreement increasing its USD Term Loan by $250.0 million of incremental borrowings and removing the floor which both LIBOR and base rates were subject to. The Company recognized $2.7 million as costs in connection with the increased borrowing that has been deferred as debt issuance costs.
On May 24, 2017, the Company extinguished its Euro Term Loan and recognized non-cash interest expense of $0.6 million for previously deferred debt issuance costs in connection with the extinguishment.
Subsequent to the amendments to the Credit Agreement discussed above, the Term Loans and Revolver Facility are subject to variable interest rates, (i) the USD Term Loan is subject to either adjusted LIBOR, plus margin of 2.00% per annum, or base rate plus margin of 1.00% per annum; (ii) the CAD Term Loan is subject to either CDOR (Canadian Dollar Offered Rate), subject to a 0.75% floor plus 3.50% per annum, or base rate with a 1.75% floor plus 2.50% per annum; (iii) the Euro Term Loan was subject to either EURIBOR (Euro Interbank Offered Rate), subject to a 0.75% floor plus 2.75% per annum; and (iv) the Revolver Facility is subject to either adjusted LIBOR plus margin ranging from 1.75% to 2.25% per annum, or base rate plus margin ranging from 0.75% to 1.25% per annum.
Subject to certain mandatory prepayment events, the Term Loans are subject to repayment according to scheduled amortizations, with the final payments of all amounts outstanding, plus accrued and unpaid interest, due at maturity. The Senior Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on SBI and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to incur indebtedness, create liens, make investments, pay dividends or make certain other distributions, and merge or consolidate or sell assets, in each case subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Senior Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement, solely with respect to the Revolver Facility, contains a financial covenant test on the last day of each fiscal quarter on the maximum total leverage ratio. This is calculated as the ratio of (i) the principal amount of third party debt for borrowed money (including unreimbursed letter of credit drawings), capital leases and purchase money debt, at period-end, less cash and cash equivalents, to (ii) adjusted EBITDA for the trailing twelve months. The maximum total leverage ratio should be no greater than 6.0 to 1.0. As of September 30, 2017, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement
Pursuant to a guarantee agreement, SB/RH and the material wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries of SBI have guaranteed SBI’s obligations under the Senior Credit Agreement and related loan documents. Pursuant to a security agreement, SBI and such subsidiary guarantors have pledged substantially all of their respective assets to secure such obligations and, in addition, SB/RH has pledged the capital stock of SBI to secure such obligations. The Senior Credit Agreement also provides for customary events of default including payment defaults and cross-defaults to other material indebtedness.
In connection with the new Revolver Facility, the Company incurred $5.7 million of fees that were capitalized as debt issuance costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Revolver Facility. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had aggregate borrowing availability of $680.5 million, net of outstanding letters of credit of $18.0 million and a $1.5 million amount allocated to a foreign subsidiary.
4.00% Notes
On September 20, 2016, SBI issued €425 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% Notes at par value, due October 1, 2026. The 4.00% Notes are guaranteed by SB/RH as well as by SBI’s existing and future domestic subsidiaries.
SBI may redeem all or a part of the 4.00% Notes, at any time on or after October 1, 2021 at specified redemption prices. In addition, prior to October 1, 2021, SBI may redeem the notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amounts plus a “make-whole” premium. SBI is also entitled to redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes before October 1, 2019 with an amount of cash equal to the net proceeds that SBI raises in equity offerings at specified redemption prices. Further, the indenture governing the 4.00% Notes (the “2026 Indenture”) requires SBI to make an offer, in cash, to repurchase all or a portion of the applicable outstanding notes for a specified redemption price, including a redemption premium, upon the occurrence of a change of control of SBI, as defined in the 2026 Indenture.
The 2026 Indenture contains customary covenants that limit, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends on or redemption or repurchase of equity interests, the making of certain investments, expansion into unrelated businesses, creation of liens on assets, merger or consolidation with another company, transfer or sale of all or substantially all assets, and transactions with affiliates.
In addition, the 2026 Indenture provides for customary events of default, including failure to make required payments, failure to comply with certain agreements or covenants, failure to make payments when due or on acceleration of certain other indebtedness, and certain
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events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Events of default under the 2026 Indenture arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the 4.00% Notes. If any other event of default under the 2026 Indenture occurs and is continuing, the trustee for the 2026 Indenture or the registered holders of at least 25% in the then aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 4.00% Notes, may declare the acceleration of the amounts due under those notes.
The Company recorded $7.7 million of fees in connection with the offering of the 4.00% Notes, which have been capitalized as debt issuance costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the 4.00% Notes.
5.75% Notes
On May 20, 2015, in connection with the acquisition of the AAG Business, SBI issued $1,000 million aggregate principal amount of 5.75% Notes at par value, due July 15, 2025 (the “5.75% Notes”). The 5.75% Notes are guaranteed by SB/RH as well as by SBI’s existing and future domestic subsidiaries.
SBI may redeem all or a part of the 5.75% Notes, at any time on or after July 15, 2020, at specified redemption prices. In addition, prior to July 15, 2020, SBI may redeem the notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a “make-whole” premium. SBI is also entitled to redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes before July 15, 2018 with an amount of cash equal to the net proceeds that SBI raises in equity offerings at specified redemption prices. Further, the indenture governing the 5.75% Notes (the “2025 Indenture”) requires SBI to make an offer, in cash, to repurchase all or a portion of the applicable outstanding notes for a specified redemption price, including a redemption premium, upon the occurrence of a change of control of SBI, as defined in the 2025 Indenture.
The 2025 Indenture contains customary covenants that limit, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends on or redemption or repurchase of equity interests, the making of certain investments, expansion into unrelated businesses, creation of liens on assets, merger or consolidation with another company, transfer or sale of all or substantially all assets, and transactions with affiliates.
In addition, the 2025 Indenture provides for customary events of default, including failure to make required payments, failure to comply with certain agreements or covenants, failure to make payments when due or on acceleration of certain other indebtedness, and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Events of default under the 2025 Indenture arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the 5.75% Notes. If any other event of default under the 2025 Indenture occurs and is continuing, the trustee for the 2025 Indenture or the registered holders of at least 25% in the then aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 5.75% Notes, may declare the acceleration of the amounts due under those notes.
The Company recorded $19.7 million of fees in connection with the offering of the 5.75% Notes, which have been capitalized as debt issuance costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the 5.75% Notes.
6.125% Notes
On December 4, 2014, SBI issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% Notes at par value, due December 15, 2024 (the”6.125% Notes”). The 6.125% Notes are guaranteed by SB/RH, as well as by SBI’s existing and future domestic subsidiaries.
SBI may redeem all or a part of the 6.125% Notes, at any time on or after December 15, 2019, at specified redemption prices. Prior to December 15, 2019, SBI may redeem the notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a “make-whole” premium. SBI is also entitled to redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes before December 15, 2017 with an amount of cash equal to the net proceeds that SBI raises in equity offerings at specified redemption prices. Further, the indenture governing the 6.125% Notes (the “2024 Indenture”) requires SBI to make an offer, in cash, to repurchase all or a portion of the applicable outstanding notes for a specified redemption price, including a redemption premium, upon the occurrence of a change of control of SBI, as defined in the 2024 Indenture.
The 2024 Indenture contains customary covenants that limit, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends on or redemption or repurchase of equity interests, the making of certain investments, expansion into unrelated businesses, creation of liens on assets, merger or consolidation with another company, transfer or sale of all or substantially all assets, and transactions with affiliates.
In addition, the 2024 Indenture provides for customary events of default, including failure to make required payments, failure to comply with certain agreements or covenants, failure to make payments when due or on acceleration of certain other indebtedness, and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Events of default under the 2024 Indenture arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the 6.125% Notes. If any other event of default under the 2024
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Indenture occurs and is continuing, the trustee for the 2024 Indenture or the registered holders of at least 25% in the then aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 6.125% Notes, may declare the acceleration of the amounts due under those notes.
The Company recorded $4.6 million of fees in connection with the offering of the 6.125% Notes, which have been capitalized as debt issuance costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the 6.125% Notes.
6.375% Notes and 6.625% Notes
On December 17, 2012, in connection with the acquisition of HHI Business, the Company assumed $520 million aggregate principal amount of 6.375% Notes at par value, due November 15, 2020 (the “6.375% Notes”), and $570 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Notes at par value, due November 15, 2022 (the “6.625% Notes”). During the year ended September 30, 2016, in connection with the issuance of the 4.00% Notes previously discussed, the Company repurchased $390.3 million aggregate principal amount of the 6.375% Notes in a cash tender offer. In connection with the tender, the Company recognized $6.5 million of fees and expenses and a $15.6 million tender premium as interest expense and wrote off $5.8 million of previously capitalized debt issuance costs as a non-cash charge to interest expense during the year ended September 30, 2016. On October 20, 2016, the Company redeemed the remaining outstanding aggregate principal on the 6.375% Notes of $129.7 million, with a make whole premium of $4.6 million recognized as interest expense and $1.9 million in non-cash interest expense for previously deferred debt issuance costs for the year ended September 30, 2017. The 6.625% Notes are unsecured and guaranteed by SB/RH, as well as by existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries.
The Company may redeem all or a part of the 6.625% Notes, upon not less than 30 or more than 60 days notice, at specified redemption prices. Further, the indenture governing the 6.625% Notes (the “2020/22 Indenture”) requires the Company to make an offer, in cash, to repurchase all or a portion of the applicable outstanding notes for a specified redemption price, including a redemption premium, upon the occurrence of a change of control of the Company, as defined in such indenture. Subsequent to the year ended September 30, 2017 and effective November 15, 2017, the 6.625% Notes became callable by the Company.
The 2020/22 Indenture contains customary covenants that limit, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends on or redemption or repurchase of equity interests, the making of certain investments, expansion into unrelated businesses, creation of liens on assets, merger or consolidation with another company, transfer or sale of all or substantially all assets, and transactions with affiliates.
In addition, the 2020/22 Indenture provides for customary events of default, including failure to make required payments, failure to comply with certain agreements or covenants, failure to make payments when due or on acceleration of certain other indebtedness, and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Events of default under the 2020/22 Indenture arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the 6.625% Notes. If any other event of default under the 2020/22 Indenture occurs and is continuing, the trustee for the 2020/22 Indenture or the registered holders of at least 25% in the then aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 6.625% Notes, may declare the acceleration of the amounts due under those notes.
The Company recorded $14.1 million of fees in connection with the offering of the 6.625% Notes, which were capitalized as debt issuance costs and amortized over the remaining lives of the 6.625% Notes, respectively.
NOTE 11 - LEASES
The Company has leases primarily pertaining to land, buildings and equipment that expire at various times through February 2034. The Company’s minimum rent payments under operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases. Future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows:

(in millions) |  | Amount
2018 |  | $ | 32.0 |
2019 |  | 27.4 |
2020 |  | 20.5 |
2021 |  | 15.7 |
2022 |  | 12.2 |
Thereafter |  | 32.3 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 140.1 |

Rent expense was $40.0 million, $46.8 million and $36.3 million for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
NOTE 12 - DERIVATIVES
Derivative financial instruments are used by the Company principally in the management of its interest rate, foreign currency exchange
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rate and raw material price exposures. The Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the effective portion of the derivative is reported as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”) and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on derivatives representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings.
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest Rate Swaps. The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate risk. The swaps are designated as cash flow hedges with the changes in fair value recorded in AOCI and as a derivative asset or liability, as applicable. The swaps settle periodically in arrears with the related amounts for the current settlement period payable to, or receivable from, the counter-parties included in accrued liabilities or receivables, respectively, and recognized in earnings as an adjustment to Interest Expense from the underlying debt to which the swap is designated. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had a series of U.S. dollar denominated interest rate swaps outstanding which effectively fix the interest on variable rate debt, exclusive of lender spreads, at 1.76% for a notional principal amount of $300.0 million through May 2020. As of September 30, 2016, the Company has a series of U.S. dollar denominated interest rate swaps outstanding which effectively fix the interest on variable rate debt, exclusive of lender spreads at 1.36% for a notional principal amount of $300.0 million through April 2017. The derivative net losses estimated to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months is $0.5 million, net of tax. The Company’s interest rate swap derivative financial instruments at September 30, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
(in millions) |  | Notional Amount |  | Remaining Years |  | Notional Amount |  | Remaining Years
Interest rate swaps - fixed |  | $ | 300.0 |  |  | 2.6 |  | $ | 300.0 |  |  | 0.5

Commodity Swaps. The Company is exposed to risk from fluctuating prices for raw materials, specifically zinc and brass used in its manufacturing processes. The Company hedges a portion of the risk associated with the purchase of these materials through the use of commodity swaps. The hedge contracts are designated as cash flow hedges with the fair value changes recorded in AOCI and as a hedge asset or liability, as applicable. The unrecognized changes in fair value of the hedge contracts are reclassified from AOCI into earnings when the hedged purchase of raw materials also affects earnings. The swaps effectively fix the floating price on a specified quantity of raw materials through a specified date. At September 30, 2017, the Company had a series of zinc and brass swap contracts outstanding through March 2019. The derivative net gains estimated to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months is $2.2 million, net of tax. The Company had the following commodity swap contracts outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
(in millions, except notional) |  | Notional |  | Contract Value |  | Notional |  | Contract Value
Zinc swap contracts |  | 7.6 Tons |  | $ | 20.7 |  |  | 6.7 Tons |  | $ | 12.8 |
Brass swap contracts |  | 1.3 Tons |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | 1.0 Tons |  | $ | 4.0 |

Foreign exchange contracts. The Company periodically enters into forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge the risk from forecasted foreign currency denominated third party and intercompany sales or payments. These obligations generally require the Company to exchange foreign currencies for U.S. Dollars, Euros, Pounds Sterling, Australian Dollars, Canadian Dollars or Japanese Yen. These foreign exchange contracts are cash flow hedges of fluctuating foreign exchange rates related to sales of product or raw material purchases. Until the sale or purchase is recognized, the fair value of the related hedge is recorded in AOCI and as a hedge asset or liability, as applicable. At the time the sale or purchase is recognized, the fair value of the related hedge is reclassified as an adjustment to Net Sales or purchase price variance in Cost of Goods Sold on the Consolidated Statements of Income. At September 30, 2017, the Company had a series of foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding through June 2019. The derivative net losses estimated to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months is $10.6 million, net of tax. At September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company had foreign exchange derivative contracts designated as cash flow hedges with a notional value of $360.8 million and $224.8 million, respectively.
Net Investment Hedge
On September 20, 2016, SBI issued €425 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% Notes. See Note 10 - Debt for further detail. The 4.00% Notes are denominated in Euros and have been designated as a net investment hedge of the translation of the Company’s net investments in Euro denominated subsidiaries at the time of issuance. As a result, the translation of the Euro denominated debt is recognized as AOCI with any ineffective portion recognized as foreign currency translation gains or losses on the statement of income when the aggregate principal exceeds the net investment in its Euro denominated subsidiaries. Net gains or losses from the net investment hedge are reclassified from AOCI into earnings upon a liquidation event or deconsolidation of Euro denominated subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2017, the hedge was fully effective and no ineffective portion was recognized in earnings.
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Derivative Contracts Not Designated As Hedges for Accounting Purposes
Foreign exchange contracts. The Company periodically enters into forward and swap foreign exchange contracts to economically hedge the risk from third party and intercompany payments resulting from existing obligations. These obligations generally require the Company to exchange foreign currencies for U.S. Dollars, Canadian Dollars, Euros, Pounds Sterling, Taiwanese Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars or Australian Dollars. These foreign exchange contracts are economic hedges of a related liability or asset recorded in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The gain or loss on the derivative hedge contracts is recorded in earnings as an offset to the change in value of the related liability or asset at each period end. At September 30, 2017, the Company had a series of forward exchange contracts outstanding through October 2017. At September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company had $205.7 million and $131.4 million, respectively, of notional value for such foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding.
Commodity Swaps. The Company periodically enters into commodity swap contracts to economically hedge the risk from fluctuating prices for raw materials, specifically the pass-through of market prices for silver used in manufacturing purchased watch batteries. The Company hedges a portion of the risk associated with these materials through the use of commodity swaps. The swap contracts are designated as economic hedges with the unrealized gain or loss recorded in earnings and as an asset or liability at each period end. The unrecognized changes in fair value of the hedge contracts are adjusted through earnings when the realized gains or losses affect earnings upon settlement of the hedges. The swaps effectively fix the floating price on a specified quantity of silver through a specified date. At September 30, 2017, the Company had a series of commodity swaps outstanding through December 2019. The Company had the following outstanding commodity swap contracts outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
(in millions, except notional) |  | Notional |  | Contract Value |  | Notional |  | Contract Value
Silver |  | 20.9 troy oz |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | 31.0 troy oz. |  | $ | 0.6 |

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments
The fair value of the Company’s outstanding derivative instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position are as follows:

(in millions) |  | Line Item |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity swaps - designated as hedge |  | Receivables-Other |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |
Commodity swaps - designated as hedge |  | Deferred charges and other |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps - designated as hedge |  | Deferred charges and other |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts - designated as hedge |  | Receivables-Other |  | 0.2 |  |  | 5.5 |
Foreign exchange contracts - designated as hedge |  | Deferred charges and other |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Foreign exchange contracts - not designated as hedge |  | Receivables-Other |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total Derivative Assets |  |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |
Derivative Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps - designated as hedge |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
Interest rate swaps - designated as hedge |  | Accrued interest |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.4 |
Commodity swaps - designated as hedge |  | Accounts payable |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Foreign exchange contracts - designated as hedge |  | Accounts payable |  | 14.5 |  |  | 1.7 |
Foreign exchange contracts - designated as hedge |  | Other long-term liabilities |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.1 |
Foreign exchange contracts - not designated as hedge |  | Accounts payable |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total Derivative Liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 17.6 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |

The Company is exposed to the risk of default by the counterparties with which it transacts and generally does not require collateral or other security to support financial instruments subject to credit risk. The Company monitors counterparty credit risk on an individual basis by periodically assessing each such counterparty’s credit rating exposure. The maximum loss due to credit risk equals the fair value of the gross asset derivatives that are concentrated with certain domestic and foreign financial institution counterparties. The Company considers these exposures when measuring its credit reserve on its derivative assets, which was approximately $0.1 million for the years ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
The Company’s standard contracts do not contain credit risk related contingent features whereby the Company would be required to post additional cash collateral as a result of a credit event. However, the Company is typically required to post collateral in the normal course of business to offset its liability positions. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, there was no cash collateral outstanding. In addition, as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no posted standby letters of credit related to such liability positions.
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The following table summarizes the impact of the effective and ineffective portions of designated hedges and the gain (loss) recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Effective Portion |  |  |  |
|  | Gain (Loss) |  | Reclassified to Earnings |  | Ineffective portion
For the year ended September 30, 2017 (in millions) |  | in OCI |  | Line Item |  | Gain (Loss) |  | Line Item |  | Gain (Loss)
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | (0.7 | ) |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (1.3 | ) |  | Interest expense |  | $ | — |
Commodity swaps |  | 6.2 |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | 5.4 |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | — |
Net investment hedge |  | (24.0 | ) |  | Other non-operating expense |  | — |  |  | Other non-operating expense |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 0.4 |  |  | Net sales |  | — |  |  | Net sales |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | (13.5 | ) |  | Cost of goods sold |  | 6.7 |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (31.6 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 10.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
|  | Effective Portion |  |  |  |
|  | Gain (Loss) |  | Reclassified to Earnings |  | Ineffective portion
For the year ended September 30, 2016 (in millions) |  | in OCI |  | Line Item |  | Gain (Loss) |  | Line Item |  | Gain (Loss)
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (1.9 | ) |  | Interest expense |  | $ | — |
Commodity swaps |  | 4.5 |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | (3.7 | ) |  | Cost of goods sold |  | — |
Net investment hedge |  | 0.6 |  |  | Other non-operating |  | — |  |  | Other non-operating |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | (0.4 | ) |  | Net sales |  | (0.2 | ) |  | Net sales |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 6.8 |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | 6.9 |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
|  | Effective Portion |  |
For the year ended September 30, 2015 (in millions) |  | Gain (Loss) |  | Reclassified to Earnings |  | Ineffective portion |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | (3.4 | ) |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (1.9 | ) |  | Interest expense |  | $ | — |
Commodity swaps |  | (7.2 | ) |  | Cost of goods sold |  | (0.7 | ) |  | Cost of goods sold |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 0.1 |  |  | Net sales |  | 0.1 |  |  | Net sales |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 21.8 |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | 30.0 |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 27.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |

The unrealized loss on derivative contracts in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss expected to be recognized during the year ended September 30, 2018 is $8.9 million.
The following table summarizes the gain (loss) associated with derivative contracts not designated as hedges in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

(in millions) |  | Line Item |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Commodity swaps |  | Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Other non-operating expenses, net |  | (4.2 | ) |  | 3.1 |  |  | (2.5 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | (4.1 | ) |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | (2.6 | )

NOTE 13 - EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Pension Benefits
The Company has various defined benefit pension plans covering some of its employees in the United States and certain employees in other countries. Plans generally provide benefits of stated amounts for each year of service. The Company funds its U.S. pension plans in accordance with the requirements of the defined benefit pension plans and, where applicable, in amounts sufficient to satisfy the minimum funding requirements of applicable laws. Additionally, in compliance with the Company’s funding policy, annual contributions to non-U.S. defined benefit plans are equal to the actuarial recommendations or statutory requirements in the respective countries. The Company also sponsors or participates in a number of other non-U.S. pension arrangements, including various retirement and termination benefit plans, some of which are covered by local law or coordinated with government-sponsored plans, which are not significant in the aggregate. The Company also has various nonqualified deferred compensation agreements with certain of its employees. Under certain of these agreements, the Company has agreed to pay certain amounts annually for the first 15 years subsequent to retirement or to a designated beneficiary upon death. It is management’s intent that life insurance contracts owned by the Company will fund these agreements. Under the remaining agreements, the Company has agreed to pay such deferred amounts in up to 15 annual installments beginning on a date specified by the employee, subsequent to retirement or disability, or to a designated beneficiary upon death. The following tables provide additional information on the Company’s pension plans as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:
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|  | U.S. Plans |  | Non U.S. Plans
(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Changes in benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation, beginning of year |  | $ | 79.5 |  |  | $ | 73.9 |  |  | $ | 210.6 |  |  | $ | 184.4 |
Service cost |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 2.6 |
Interest cost |  | 2.7 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 5.7 |
Actuarial (gain) loss |  | (3.4 | ) |  | 6.2 |  |  | (22.4 | ) |  | 36.0 |
Curtailments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |
Benefits paid |  | (3.9 | ) |  | (3.8 | ) |  | (8.6 | ) |  | (6.1 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | (12.0 | )
Benefit obligation, end of year |  | $ | 75.3 |  |  | $ | 79.5 |  |  | $ | 195.9 |  |  | $ | 210.6 |
Changes in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year |  | $ | 63.8 |  |  | $ | 58.2 |  |  | $ | 115.0 |  |  | $ | 116.9 |
Actual return on plan assets |  | 7.4 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | 8.9 |
Employer contributions |  | 1.6 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 6.6 |
Benefits paid |  | (3.9 | ) |  | (3.8 | ) |  | (8.6 | ) |  | (6.1 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | (11.3 | )
Fair value of plan assets, end of year |  | $ | 68.9 |  |  | $ | 63.8 |  |  | $ | 118.4 |  |  | $ | 115.0 |
Funded Status |  | $ | (6.4 | ) |  | $ | (15.7 | ) |  | $ | (77.5 | ) |  | $ | (95.6 | )
Amounts recognized in statement of financial position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other accrued expenses |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 6.0 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | 75.4 |  |  | 93.3 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | 12.0 |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | 44.6 |  |  | 64.2 |
Weighted average assumptions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  | 3.7% |  | 3.5% |  | 1.13 - 13.40% |  | 1.00 - 13.50%
Expected return on plan assets |  | 7.0% |  | 7.0% |  | 1.13 - 4.13% |  | 1.00 - 3.70%
Rate of compensation increase |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 1.37 - 7.00% |  | 2.25 - 7.00%

Amounts reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss associated with employee benefit plan costs and recognized on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |
Selling expenses |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 1.5 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.5 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 2.4 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |

The net loss in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss expected to be recognized during the year ended September 30, 2018 is $3.3 million.
The following table contains the components of net periodic benefit cost for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | U.S Plans |  | Non U.S. Plans
(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Service cost |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |
Interest cost |  | 2.7 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 6.2 |
Expected return on assets |  | (4.4 | ) |  | (4.3 | ) |  | (4.5 | ) |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (5.2 | )
Curtailment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.7 |
Recognized net actuarial loss |  | 1.6 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.3 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | 7.8 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |
Weighted average assumptions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  | 3.50% |  | 4.25% |  | 4.15% |  | 1.00 - 13.50% |  | 1.75 - 13.81% |  | 2.00 - 13.50%
Expected return on plan assets |  | 7.00% |  | 7.25% |  | 7.50% |  | 1.00 - 3.70% |  | 1.75 - 4.53% |  | 2.00 - 5.26%
Rate of compensation increase |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 2.25 - 7.00% |  | 2.25 - 5.50% |  | 2.25 - 5.50%

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The discount rate is used to calculate the projected benefit obligation. The discount rate used is based on the rate of return on government bonds as well as current market conditions of the respective countries where the plans are established. The expected return on plan assets is based on the Company’s expectation of the long-term average rate of return of the capital market in which the plans invest. The expected return reflects the target asset allocations and considers the historical returns earned for each asset category.
The Company has established formal investment policies for the assets associated with these plans. Policy objectives include maximizing long-term return at acceptable risk levels, diversifying among asset classes, if appropriate, and among investment managers, as well as establishing relevant risk parameters within each asset class. Specific asset class targets are based on the results of periodic asset/liability studies. The investment policies permit variances from the targets within certain parameters. The plan assets currently do not include holdings of the Company’s common stock.
Below is a summary allocation of all pension plan assets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | U.S. Plans |  | Non U.S. Plans
Asset Type |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Equity Securities |  | 63 | % |  | 62 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Fixed Income Securities |  | 34 | % |  | 35 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 23 | %
Other |  | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 81 | % |  | 77 | %
Total |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

The fair value of pension plan assets by asset category as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

As of September 30, 2017 (in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equity securities |  | $ | 24.1 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31.1 |
Foreign equity securities |  | 11.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11.3 |
Fixed income securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. fixed income securities |  | 21.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21.0 |
Foreign fixed income securities |  | 2.1 |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 23.7 |
Real estate |  | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Life insurance contracts |  | — |  |  | 40.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 40.2 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 49.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 49.2 |
Foreign cash & cash equivalents |  | 9.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.0 |
Total plan assets |  | $ | 69.3 |  |  | $ | 118.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 187.3 |
As of September 30, 2016 (in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equity securities |  | $ | 22.2 |  |  | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28.5 |
Foreign equity securities |  | 10.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10.4 |
Fixed income securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. fixed income securities |  | 19.6 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.3 |
Foreign fixed income securities |  | 1.9 |  |  | 24.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 26.0 |
Real estate |  | 1.7 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.5 |
Life insurance contracts |  | — |  |  | 37.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 37.0 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 34.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 34.4 |
Foreign cash & cash equivalents |  | 13.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13.7 |
Total plan assets |  | $ | 69.5 |  |  | $ | 109.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 178.8 |

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The following benefit payments are expected to be paid:

(in millions) |  | U.S. Plans |  | Non U.S. Plans
2018 |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |
2019 |  | 4.0 |  |  | 6.5 |
2020 |  | 4.1 |  |  | 7.0 |
2021 |  | 4.2 |  |  | 7.3 |
2022 |  | 4.1 |  |  | 7.5 |
2023-2027 |  | 21.3 |  |  | 44.6 |

Defined Contribution Plans
The Company sponsors a defined contribution pension plan for its domestic salaried employees, which allows participants to make contributions by salary reduction pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company also sponsors defined contribution pension plans for employees of certain foreign subsidiaries. Company contributions charged to operations, including discretionary amounts, for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $12.3 million, $11.8 million, and $11.2 million.
NOTE 14 - INCOME TAXES
Income tax expense was calculated based upon the following components of income from operations before income taxes for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016, and 2015:

|  | SBH |  | SB/RH
(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
United States |  | $ | 131.1 |  |  | $ | 197.8 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 139.1 |  |  | $ | 203.5 |  |  | $ | 9.8 |
Outside the United States |  | 213.5 |  |  | 199.8 |  |  | 189.9 |  |  | 213.5 |  |  | 199.8 |  |  | 189.9 |
Income from operations before income taxes |  | $ | 344.6 |  |  | $ | 397.6 |  |  | $ | 193.3 |  |  | $ | 352.6 |  |  | $ | 403.3 |  |  | $ | 199.7 |

The components of income tax expense for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

|  | SBH |  | SB/RH
(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Current tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |
Foreign |  | 47.4 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | 40.4 |  |  | 47.4 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | 40.4 |
State and local |  | 0.8 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.5 |
Total current tax expense |  | 52.4 |  |  | 65.5 |  |  | 48.5 |  |  | 52.4 |  |  | 65.5 |  |  | 48.5 |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal |  | 10.7 |  |  | (27.2 | ) |  | (12.3 | ) |  | 14.5 |  |  | (16.7 | ) |  | (12.3 | )
Foreign |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | 11.2 |  |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | 11.2 |
State and local |  | (9.7 | ) |  | 2.8 |  |  | (3.5 | ) |  | (9.6 | ) |  | 3.3 |  |  | (3.5 | )
Total deferred tax expense |  | (4.9 | ) |  | (25.5 | ) |  | (4.6 | ) |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (14.5 | ) |  | (4.6 | )
Income tax expense |  | $ | 47.5 |  |  | $ | 40.0 |  |  | $ | 43.9 |  |  | $ | 51.4 |  |  | $ | 51.0 |  |  | $ | 43.9 |

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The following reconciles the total income tax expense, based on the U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate of 35%, with the Company’s recognized income tax expense:

|  | SBH |  | SB/RH
(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
U.S. Statutory federal income tax expense |  | $ | 120.6 |  |  | $ | 139.2 |  |  | $ | 67.6 |  |  | $ | 123.4 |  |  | $ | 141.2 |  |  | $ | 69.9 |
Permanent items |  | 0.5 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 5.2 |
Foreign statutory rate vs. U.S. statutory rate |  | (38.7 | ) |  | (38.9 | ) |  | (33.8 | ) |  | (38.7 | ) |  | (38.9 | ) |  | (33.8 | )
State income taxes, net of federal effect |  | 2.4 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 1.7 |
Residual tax on foreign earnings |  | (35.8 | ) |  | 19.7 |  |  | 24.8 |  |  | (35.8 | ) |  | 19.7 |  |  | 24.8 |
Investment in foreign subsidiary |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23.3 | )
Purchase accounting benefit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22.8 | )
Benefit from adjustment to tax basis in assets |  | — |  |  | (8.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8.4 | ) |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance |  | 20.6 |  |  | (91.3 | ) |  | 2.6 |  |  | 20.6 |  |  | (82.7 | ) |  | 0.5 |
Unrecognized tax expense (benefit) |  | 9.1 |  |  | 34.6 |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 9.1 |  |  | 34.6 |  |  | (1.2 | )
Foreign tax law changes |  | — |  |  | (3.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.7 | ) |  | — |
Share based compensation adjustments |  | (2.6 | ) |  | (2.8 | ) |  | 2.3 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (2.8 | ) |  | 2.3 |
Impact of IRC Section 9100 relief |  | — |  |  | (16.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16.4 | ) |  | — |
Adjustment to prior year NOLs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14.4 |
Research and development tax credits |  | (13.1 | ) |  | (2.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13.1 | ) |  | (2.1 | ) |  | — |
Return to provision adjustments and other, net |  | (15.5 | ) |  | (3.6 | ) |  | 6.4 |  |  | (15.7 | ) |  | (3.3 | ) |  | 6.2 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 47.5 |  |  | $ | 40.0 |  |  | $ | 43.9 |  |  | $ | 51.4 |  |  | $ | 51.0 |  |  | $ | 43.9 |

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

|  | SBH |  | SB/RH
(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee benefits |  | $ | 58.0 |  |  | $ | 86.3 |  |  | $ | 56.0 |  |  | $ | 83.5 |
Restructuring |  | 0.3 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 2.2 |
Inventories and receivables |  | 34.5 |  |  | 32.6 |  |  | 34.5 |  |  | 32.6 |
Marketing and promotional accruals |  | 15.8 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 15.8 |  |  | 17.6 |
Prepaid royalty |  | — |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.0 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 30.9 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 30.9 |  |  | 8.4 |
Unrealized losses |  | 16.7 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 16.7 |  |  | 4.2 |
Intangibles |  | 8.5 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 3.7 |
Investment in subsidiaries |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Net operating loss and credit carry forwards |  | 410.1 |  |  | 402.8 |  |  | 397.2 |  |  | 394.9 |
Other |  | 24.5 |  |  | 24.1 |  |  | 24.4 |  |  | 23.8 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 599.7 |  |  | 587.9 |  |  | 584.7 |  |  | 576.9 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 34.4 |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | 34.4 |  |  | 20.1 |
Unrealized gains |  | 5.7 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 5.1 |
Intangibles |  | 708.7 |  |  | 813.4 |  |  | 708.7 |  |  | 813.4 |
Investment in partnership |  | 91.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 91.5 |  |  | — |
Taxes on unremitted foreign earnings |  | 2.8 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 2.7 |
Other |  | 1.6 |  |  | 15.3 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 15.3 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 844.7 |  |  | 856.6 |  |  | 844.7 |  |  | 856.6 |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | (245.0 | ) |  | (268.7 | ) |  | (260.0 | ) |  | (279.7 | )
Valuation allowance |  | (266.2 | ) |  | (245.7 | ) |  | (266.2 | ) |  | (245.7 | )
Net deferred tax liabilities, net valuation allowance |  | $ | (511.2 | ) |  | $ | (514.4 | ) |  | $ | (526.2 | ) |  | $ | (525.4 | )
Reported as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred charges and other |  | $ | 20.2 |  |  | $ | 18.3 |  |  | $ | 5.2 |  |  | $ | 7.3 |
Deferred taxes (noncurrent liability) |  | (531.4 | ) |  | (532.7 | ) |  | (531.4 | ) |  | (532.7 | )

During the fourth quarter of the year ended September 30, 2015, the Company recognized $23.3 million of deferred tax assets related to its investment in one of its foreign subsidiaries because it was expected to reverse in the foreseeable future. The deferred tax asset reversed
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during the year ended September 30, 2016. The Company also recorded a $14.4 million reduction in its net operating loss deferred tax assets, with a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance, to reflect losses used as a result of prior year adjustments.
To the extent necessary, the Company intends to utilize earnings of foreign subsidiaries in order to support management's plans to voluntarily accelerate pay down of U.S. debt, fund distributions to shareholders, fund U.S. acquisitions and satisfy ongoing U.S. operational cash flow requirements. The Company annually estimates the available earnings, permanent reinvestment classification and the availability of and management’s intent to use alternative mechanisms for repatriation for each jurisdiction in which the Company does business. Accordingly, the Company is providing residual U.S. and foreign deferred taxes on these earnings to the extent they cannot be repatriated in a tax-free manner.
During the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company concluded that sufficient evidence existed that substantially all of its non-US subsidiaries had invested or would invest their respective undistributed earnings indefinitely or that the earnings would be remitted in a tax-free manner. As a result, the Company recognized approximately $33.4 million in tax benefit for reducing the deferred tax liability on those earnings that had been established in prior years. The Company provided residual tax expense of $5.7 million on earnings deemed to be repatriated under US tax law for the year ended September 30, 2017. The tax benefit was recognized as an addition to net operating loss and credit carryforwards deferred tax assets.
During the year ended September 30, 2016, the Company provided $33.7 million of residual taxes on undistributed foreign earnings and $3.0 million in tax expense on earnings deemed to be repatriated under subpart F of the US tax law. The residual domestic taxes from foreign earnings were recognized as a reduction to net operating loss and credit carryforwards deferred tax assets.
Remaining undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign operations are $302.5 million at September 30, 2017, and are intended to remain permanently invested. Accordingly, no residual income taxes have been provided on those earnings. If at some future date these earnings cease to be permanently invested, the Company may be subject to U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding and other taxes on such amounts, which cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
As of September 30, 2017, the Company has U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of $703.5 million with a federal tax benefit of $246.2 million, tax benefits related to state NOLs of $70.8 million and capital loss carryforwards of $19.8 million with a federal and state tax benefit of $7.5 million. The Company has an additional $4.3 million of federal and state NOLs for which benefits will be recorded to Additional Paid-in Capital when these carryforwards are used. These NOLs expire through years ending in 2037. As of September 30, 2017, the Company has foreign NOLs of $169.2 million and tax benefits of $47.4 million, which will expire beginning in the Company's fiscal year ending September 30, 2018. Certain of the foreign NOLs have indefinite carryforward periods. The Company is subject to an annual limitation on the use of its NOLs that arose prior to its emergence from bankruptcy in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2009. The Company has had multiple changes of ownership, as defined under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, that subject the Company’s U.S. federal and state NOLs and other tax attributes to certain limitations. The annual limitation is based on a number of factors including the value of the Company’s stock (as defined for tax purposes) on the date of the ownership change, its net unrealized gain position on that date, the occurrence of realized gains in years subsequent to the ownership change and the effects of subsequent ownership changes (as defined for tax purposes), if any. In addition, separate return year limitations apply to limit the Company’s utilization of the acquired Russell Hobbs U.S. federal and state NOLs to future income of the Russell Hobbs subgroup. Due to these limitations, the Company estimates, as of September 30, 2017, that $468.9 million of the total U.S. federal NOLs with a federal tax benefit of $164.1 million and $16.7 million of the tax benefit related to state NOLs will expire unused even if the Company generates sufficient income to otherwise use all of its NOLs. The Company also projects, as of September 30, 2017, that $45.7 million of tax benefits related to foreign NOLs will not be used. The Company has provided a full valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets.
A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets depends on the ability of the Company to generate sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character in the future and in the appropriate taxing jurisdictions.
The Company has earned pretax profits in the US each of the last three years. Large, profitable US businesses were acquired in years ended September 30, 2015 and 2013, and the Company’s debt levels and blended interest rates have decreased over time. The combination of US operating results and the changes in the Company’s US operating profile led the Company to conclude during the year ended September 30, 2016 that it is more likely than not its U.S. deferred tax assets will be used to reduce taxable income, except for tax attributes subject to ownership change limitations, capital losses, and certain state operating losses and credits that will expire unused.
The Company released $111.1 million of domestic valuation allowance during the year ended September 30, 2016. Approximately $25.1 million of the domestic valuation allowance release resulted from additional deferred tax assets created by the adoption of ASU No. 2016-09, effective as of October 1, 2015. In December 2015, the Company received a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) which resulted in $87.8 million of U.S. net operating losses being restored and a release of $16.2 million of domestic valuation allowance
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from additional deferred tax assets created by the IRS ruling. The Company recorded tax expense of $14.7 million related to additional valuation allowance on state NOLs during the year ended September 30, 2017.
As of September 30, 2017, the valuation allowance was $266.2 million, of which $217.1 million is related to U.S. net deferred tax assets and $49.1 million is related to foreign net deferred tax assets. As of September 30, 2016, the valuation allowance was $245.7 million, of which $203.7 million is related to U.S. net deferred tax assets and $42.0 million is related to foreign net deferred tax assets. As of September 30, 2015, the valuation allowance was $305.4 million, of which $268.7 million is related to U.S. net deferred tax assets and $36.7 million is related to foreign net deferred tax assets. During the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company increased its valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $20.5 million of which $13.4 million is related to an increase in valuation allowance against U.S. net deferred tax assets and $7.1 million related to an increase in the valuation allowance against foreign net deferred tax assets. During the year ended September 30, 2016, the Company decreased its valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $59.7 million, of which $65.0 million is related to a decrease in valuation allowance against U.S. net deferred tax assets and $5.3 million related to an increase in the valuation allowance against foreign net deferred tax assets.
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2017 and 2016 are $34.6 million and $47.4 million, respectively. If recognized in the future, $34.6 million of the unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2017 will impact the effective tax rate. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016 the Company had $3.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively, of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The impact on income tax expense related to interest and penalties for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was a net increase of $0.1 million, $0.4 million and $0.9 million, respectively. The following table summarizes the changes to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year |  | $ | 47.4 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |
Gross increase - tax positions in prior period |  | 6.7 |  |  | 29.9 |  |  | 4.1 |
Gross decrease - tax positions in prior period |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (1.9 | )
Gross increase - tax positions in current period |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 1.8 |
Settlements |  | (22.9 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (0.9 | )
Lapse of statutes of limitations |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | )
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year |  | $ | 34.6 |  |  | $ | 47.4 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |

The decrease in unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended September 30, 2017 includes a reduction of $22.9 million from an unfavorable court ruling regarding the German tax treatment of certain assets as amortizable. The reduction did not impact income tax expense in the year ended September 30, 2017 since the Company also reduced the corresponding income tax receivable. The Company is continuing to maintain tax contingency reserves for certain portions of this case that are still under review.
The increase in unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended September 30, 2016 includes a $25.5 million expense to record a tax contingency reserve for the tax exposure subject to the German Federal Court ruling received in the year ended September 30, 2017. During the year ended September 30, 2016, a local court had ruled against the Company’s characterization of certain assets as amortizable under Germany tax law.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state, local and foreign jurisdictions and is subject to ongoing examination by the various taxing authorities. The Company’s major taxing jurisdictions are the U.S., United Kingdom and Germany. In the U.S., federal tax filings for years prior to and including the Company’s fiscal year ended September 30, 2013 are closed. However, the federal NOLs from the Company’s fiscal years ended September 30, 2013 and prior are subject to Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) examination until the year that such net operating loss carryforwards are utilized and those years are closed for audit. Filings in various U.S. state and local jurisdictions are also subject to audit and to date no significant audit matters have arisen. As of September 30, 2017, certain of the Company’s legal entities are undergoing income tax audits. The Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of the examinations; however, it is reasonably possible that during the next twelve months some portion of previously unrecognized tax benefits could be recognized.
NOTE 15 - RELATED PARTIES
The Company is subject to a stockholder agreement, dated February 9, 2010 (“Stockholder Agreement”), with its majority shareholder, HRG Group, Inc. (“HRG”), which provides certain protective provisions in favor of minority stockholders and provides certain rights and imposes certain obligations on HRG and its affiliates, including:

• | for so long as the HRG and their affiliates beneficially own 40% or more of the outstanding voting securities of the Company, HRG and the Company will cooperate to ensure, to the greatest extent possible, the continuation of the structure of the Company’s board of directors as described in the Stockholder Agreement;

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• | HRG will not effect any transfer of equity securities of the Company to any person that would result in such person and its affiliates owning 40% or more of the outstanding voting securities of the Company, unless specified conditions are met; and

• | HRG will be granted certain access and informational rights with respect to the Company and its subsidiaries.

Certain provisions of the Stockholder Agreement terminate on the date on which the HRG no longer constitutes a Significant Stockholder (as defined in the Stockholder Agreement). The Stockholder Agreement terminates when any person, including HRG, acquires 90% or more of the outstanding voting securities of the Company.
HRG and the Company also entered into a registration rights agreement, dated as of February 9, 2010 (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which HRG and its affiliates have, among other things and subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, certain demand and so-called “piggy back” registration rights with respect to their shares of the Company’s common stock.
Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Leucadia National Corporation, which through subsidiaries beneficially owns more than 10% of the outstanding common stock of HRG, which in turn owns 58% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. For the year ended September 30, 2016, Jefferies acted as one of the initial purchasers for SBI’s offering of €425 million of its 4.00% Notes due 2026, for which Jefferies received $0.3 million in discounts, commissions and reimbursements of expenses. For the year ended September 30, 2015, Jefferies acted as (i) one of the initial purchasers for SBI’s offering of $1.0 billion of its 5.75% Notes due 2025, for which Jefferies received $2.6 million in discounts, commissions and reimbursements of expenses, (ii) one of the underwriters for the Company’s $575 million offering of common stock in May 2015, for which Jefferies received $1.5 million in discounts, commissions and reimbursements of expenses, and (iii) one of the financing institutions that committed to provide “back stop” bridge facilities in an aggregate amount of $1.5 billion in connection with the financing of the AAG acquisition, for which Jefferies received $2.1 million in fees and reimbursements of expenses
NOTE 16 - SHARE BASED COMPENSATION
On October 21, 2010, the Board adopted the Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (the “Equity Plan”). The Equity Plan has been subsequently amended to increase the number of shares issuable under the Equity Plan to 7,126,676 shares of common stock of the Company, net of cancellations.
The Company measures the compensation expense of its Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”), based on the fair value of the awards, as determined based on the market price of the Company’s shares of common stock on the grant date and recognizes these costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite period of the awards. Certain RSUs are performance-based awards that are dependent upon achieving specified financial metrics over a designated period of time. In addition to RSUs, the Company also provides for a portion of its annual management incentive compensation plan to be paid in common stock of the Company, in lieu of cash payment, and is considered a liability plan. Share based compensation expense is recognized as General and Administrative Expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The following is a summary of share based compensation expense for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

Share Based Compensation Expense (in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
SBH |  | $ | 57.2 |  |  | $ | 64.4 |  |  | $ | 47.6 |
SB/RH |  | 54.4 |  |  | 59.3 |  |  | 41.8 |

Total share based compensation expense associated with the annual management incentive compensation plan was $17.0 million, $10.0 million and $10.0 million for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The remaining unamortized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs at September 30, 2017 is $20.9 million and $20.7 million for the SBH and SB/RH, respectively. The following is a summary of activity of the RSUs granted in the year ended September 30, 2017:

|  | SBH |  | SB/RH
|  |  |  | Weighted |  | Fair |  |  |  | Weighted |  | Fair
|  |  |  | Average |  | Value |  |  |  | Average |  | Value
|  |  |  | Grant Date |  | at Grant |  |  |  | Grant Date |  | at Grant
(in millions, except per share data) |  | Shares |  | Fair Value |  | Date |  | Shares |  | Fair Value |  | Date
Time-based grants |  | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 133.05 |  |  | $ | 39.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 132.93 |  |  | $ | 37.8 |
Performance-based grants |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vesting in less than 12 months |  | — |  |  | $ | 137.54 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 137.54 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Vesting in 12 to 24 months |  | 0.1 |  |  | 122.65 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 122.65 |  |  | 13.0 |
Vesting in more than 24 months |  | 0.3 |  |  | 122.43 |  |  | 36.0 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 122.43 |  |  | $ | 36 |
Total performance-based grants |  | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 122.39 |  |  | $ | 49.1 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 122.53 |  |  | $ | 49.1 |
Total grants |  | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 127.00 |  |  | $ | 88.4 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 126.85 |  |  | $ | 86.9 |

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The following is a summary of the RSU activity for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | SBH |  | SB/RH
|  |  |  | Weighted |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |
|  |  |  | Average |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |
|  |  |  | Grant Date |  | Fair Value |  |  |  | Grant Date |  | Fair Value
(in millions, except per share data) |  | Shares |  | Fair Value |  | at Grant Date |  | Shares |  | Fair Value |  | at Grant Date
At September 30, 2014 |  | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 67.66 |  |  | $ | 56.0 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 67.90 |  |  | $ | 54.6 |
Granted |  | 0.6 |  |  | 92.51 |  |  | 52.9 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 93.12 |  |  | 42.3 |
Forfeited |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 85.16 |  |  | (5.3 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 85.16 |  |  | (5.3 | )
Vested |  | (0.7 | ) |  | 69.00 |  |  | (50.4 | ) |  | (0.7 | ) |  | 68.98 |  |  | (49.5 | )
At September 30, 2015 |  | 0.6 |  |  | 87.50 |  |  | $ | 53.2 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 87.71 |  |  | $ | 42.1 |
Granted |  | 0.6 |  |  | 94.88 |  |  | 56.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 95.00 |  |  | 54.1 |
Forfeited |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 92.26 |  |  | (6.6 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 92.26 |  |  | (6.6 | )
Vested |  | (0.5 | ) |  | 86.97 |  |  | (47.8 | ) |  | (0.5 | ) |  | 86.78 |  |  | (44.3 | )
At September 30, 2016 |  | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 94.97 |  |  | $ | 54.8 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 96.92 |  |  | $ | 45.3 |
Granted |  | 0.7 |  |  | 127.00 |  |  | 88.4 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 126.85 |  |  | 86.9 |
Forfeited |  | — |  |  | 118.89 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | 118.89 |  |  | (1.4 | )
Vested |  | (0.5 | ) |  | 109.03 |  |  | (54.6 | ) |  | (0.5 | ) |  | 111.98 |  |  | (48.4 | )
At September 30, 2017 |  | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 114.67 |  |  | $ | 87.2 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 116.32 |  |  | $ | 82.4 |

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NOTE 17 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, was as follows:

|  | Foreign |  |  |  | Employee |  |
|  | Currency |  | Hedging |  | Benefit |  |
(in millions) |  | Translation |  | Activity |  | Plans |  | Total
Year Ended September 30, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, as of September 30, 2014 |  | (39.5 | ) |  | 9.2 |  |  | (32.8 | ) |  | (63.1 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassification |  | (113.0 | ) |  | 11.3 |  |  | (12.9 | ) |  | (114.6 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | (27.5 | ) |  | 1.4 |  |  | (26.1 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  | (113.0 | ) |  | (16.2 | ) |  | (11.5 | ) |  | (140.7 | )
Deferred tax effect |  | — |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 9.1 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | — |  |  | (2.2 | ) |  | (3.4 | ) |  | (5.6 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | (113.0 | ) |  | (13.2 | ) |  | (11.0 | ) |  | (137.2 | )
Other comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (0.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | )
Other comprehensive loss attributable to controlling interest |  | (112.8 | ) |  | (13.2 | ) |  | (11.0 | ) |  | (137.0 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, as of September 30, 2015 |  | (152.3 | ) |  | (4.0 | ) |  | (43.8 | ) |  | (200.1 | )
Year Ended September 30, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassification |  | (6.2 | ) |  | 11.1 |  |  | (41.4 | ) |  | (36.5 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  | 2.4 |  |  | 1.3 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (6.2 | ) |  | 10.0 |  |  | (39.0 | ) |  | (35.2 | )
Deferred tax effect |  | (2.3 | ) |  | (2.8 | ) |  | 10.9 |  |  | 5.8 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  | (8.5 | ) |  | 7.1 |  |  | (28.2 | ) |  | (29.6 | )
Other comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income attributable to controlling interest |  | (8.2 | ) |  | 7.1 |  |  | (28.2 | ) |  | (29.3 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, as of September 30, 2016 |  | (160.5 | ) |  | 3.1 |  |  | (72.0 | ) |  | (229.4 | )
Year Ended September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification |  | 32.0 |  |  | (31.6 | ) |  | 22.6 |  |  | 23.0 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | (10.8 | ) |  | 5.5 |  |  | (5.3 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 32.0 |  |  | (42.4 | ) |  | 28.1 |  |  | 17.7 |
Deferred tax effect |  | (3.1 | ) |  | 13.3 |  |  | (8.5 | ) |  | 1.7 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 29.1 |  |  | (29.1 | ) |  | 19.6 |  |  | 19.6 |
Other comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (0.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | 29.3 |  |  | (29.1 | ) |  | 19.6 |  |  | 19.8 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, as of September 30, 2017 |  | $ | (131.2 | ) |  | $ | (26.0 | ) |  | $ | (52.4 | ) |  | $ | (209.6 | )

See Note 12 - Derivatives for further detail on the Company’s derivative hedging activity. See Note 13 - Employee Benefit Plans for further detail over the Company’s defined benefit plans.
NOTE 18 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The Company is a defendant in various litigation matters generally arising out of the ordinary course of business. The Company does not believe that any of the matters or proceedings presently pending will have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition, liquidity or cash flows.
Environmental. The Company has provided for the estimated costs of $4.4 million, as of September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, associated with environmental remediation activities at some of its current and former manufacturing sites. The Company believes that any additional liability in excess of the amounts provided that may result from resolution of these matters, will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.
Product Liability. The Company may be named as a defendant in lawsuits involving product liability claims. The Company has recorded and maintains an estimated liability in the amount of management’s estimate for aggregate exposure for such liabilities based upon probable loss from loss reports, individual cases, and losses incurred but not reported. As of September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, the Company recognized $7.1 million and $8.0 million in product liability accruals, respectively, included in Other Current Liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The Company believes that any additional liability in excess of the amounts provided
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that may result from resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.
Product Warranty. The Company recognizes an estimated liability for standard warranty on certain products when we recognize revenue on the sale of the warranted products. Estimated warranty costs incorporate replacement parts, products and delivery, and are recorded as a cost of goods sold at the time of product shipment based on historical and projected warranty claim rates, claims experience and any additional anticipated future costs on previously sold products. The Company recognized $6.8 million and $7.5 million of warranty accruals as of September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively, included in Other Current Liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Statement.
Product Safety Recall. On June 10, 2017, the Company initiated a voluntary safety recall of various rawhide chew products for dogs sold by the Company’s PET segment due to possible chemical contamination. As a result, the Company recognized a loss related to the recall of $35.8 million for the year ended September 30, 2017, which comprised of inventory write-offs of $15.0 million for inventory at our distribution centers and production facilities that were either disposed or to be disposed, customer losses of $7.1 million for returned or disposed product held by our customers, and $13.7 million of incremental costs to dispose of product and operational expenses incurred during a temporary shutdown of production facilities. The Company suspended production at facilities impacted by the product safety recall, completed a comprehensive manufacturing review and subsequently recommenced production during the fourth quarter ended September 30, 2017. The amounts for customer losses reflect the cost of the affected products returned to or replaced by the Company and the expected cost to reimburse customers for costs incurred by them related to the recall. The incremental costs incurred directly by the company do not include lost earnings associated with interruption of production at the Company’s facilities, or the costs to put into place corrective and preventative actions at those facilities. As of September 30, 2017, the Company has an outstanding accrual of $5.8 million associated with expected customer losses and disposal costs. The Company’s estimates for losses related to the recall are provisional and were determined based on an assessment of information currently available and may be revised in subsequent periods as the Company continues to work with its customers to substantiate claims received to date and any additional claims that may be received. There have been no lawsuits or claims filed against the Company related to the recalled product.
NOTE 19 - SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company identifies its segments based upon the internal organization that is used by management for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s reportable segments. The Company manufactures, markets and/or distributes multiple product lines through various distribution networks, and in multiple geographic regions. The Company manages its business in five vertically integrated, product-focused reporting segments: (i) Global Batteries & Appliances, which consists of the Company’s worldwide battery, electric personal care and small appliances businesses; (ii) Hardware & Home Improvement, which consists of the Company’s worldwide hardware, home improvement and plumbing businesses; (iii) Global Pet Supplies, which consists of the Company’s worldwide pet supplies business; (iv) Home and Garden, which consists of the Company’s home and garden and insect control businesses; and (v) Global Auto Care, and consists of the Company’s automotive appearance and performance products. Global strategic initiatives and financial objectives for each reportable segment are determined at the corporate level. Each segment is responsible for implementing defined strategic initiatives and achieving certain financial objectives, and has a president responsible for the sales and marketing initiatives and financial results for product lines within the segment. Net sales attributable to foreign countries are determined based on the domiciled country of the customer.
Net sales relating to the segments of the Company for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

|  | SBH
Net sales to external customers (in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Consumer batteries |  | $ | 865.6 |  |  | $ | 840.7 |  |  | $ | 829.5 |
Small appliances |  | 626.9 |  |  | 656.0 |  |  | 734.6 |
Personal care |  | 505.4 |  |  | 513.6 |  |  | 528.1 |
Global Batteries & Appliances |  | 1,997.9 |  |  | 2,010.3 |  |  | 2,092.2 |
Hardware & Home Improvement |  | 1,276.1 |  |  | 1,241.0 |  |  | 1,205.5 |
Global Pet Supplies |  | 793.2 |  |  | 825.7 |  |  | 758.2 |
Home and Garden |  | 493.3 |  |  | 509.0 |  |  | 474.0 |
Global Auto Care |  | 446.9 |  |  | 453.7 |  |  | 160.5 |
Net sales |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |

The Chief Operating Decision Maker uses Adjusted EBITDA as the primary operating metric in evaluating the business and making operating decisions. EBITDA is calculated by excluding the Company’s income tax expense, interest expense, depreciation expense and amortization expense (from intangible assets) from net income. Adjusted EBITDA further excludes (i) share based compensation expense as it is a non-cash based compensation cost; (ii) acquisition and integration costs that consist of transaction costs from acquisition transactions during the period, or subsequent integration related project costs directly associated with the acquired business; (iii)
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restructuring and related costs, which consist of project costs associated with restructuring initiatives across the segments; (iv) non-cash purchase accounting inventory adjustments recognized in earnings subsequent to an acquisition; (v) non-cash asset impairments or write-offs realized; (vi) and other. During the year ended September 30, 2017, other adjustments consisted of estimated costs for a non-recurring voluntary recall of rawhide product by the PET segment (see Note 18 - Commitments and Contingencies in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included elsewhere within this annual report for further details), professional fees associated with non-acquisition based strategic initiatives of the Company (SBH only) and the devaluation of cash and cash equivalents denominated in Venezuelan currency. During the year ended September 30, 2016, other adjustments consisted of costs associated with the onboarding of a key executive and the involuntary transfer of inventory. During the year ended September 30, 2015, other consisted of costs associated with the exiting of a key executive, coupled with onboarding a key executive, plus a devaluation of cash and cash equivalents denominated in Venezuelan currency.
Segment Adjusted EBITDA in relation to the Company’s reportable segments for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, is as follows:

|  | SBH |  | SB/RH
Segment Adjusted EBITDA (in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Global Batteries & Appliances |  | $ | 316.5 |  |  | $ | 311.4 |  |  | $ | 306.9 |  |  | $ | 316.5 |  |  | $ | 311.4 |  |  | $ | 306.9 |
Hardware & Home Improvement |  | 254.4 |  |  | 241.6 |  |  | 225.5 |  |  | 254.4 |  |  | 241.6 |  |  | 225.5 |
Global Pet Supplies |  | 142.7 |  |  | 140.1 |  |  | 124.5 |  |  | 142.7 |  |  | 140.1 |  |  | 124.5 |
Home and Garden |  | 133.0 |  |  | 138.3 |  |  | 124.5 |  |  | 133.0 |  |  | 138.3 |  |  | 124.5 |
Global Auto Care |  | 148.4 |  |  | 153.4 |  |  | 47.3 |  |  | 148.4 |  |  | 153.4 |  |  | 47.3 |
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA |  | 995.0 |  |  | 984.8 |  |  | 828.7 |  |  | 995.0 |  |  | 984.8 |  |  | 828.7 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 198.7 |  |  | 183.0 |  |  | 170.0 |  |  | 198.7 |  |  | 183.0 |  |  | 170.0 |
Share-based compensation |  | 57.2 |  |  | 64.4 |  |  | 47.6 |  |  | 54.4 |  |  | 59.3 |  |  | 41.8 |
Corporate expenses |  | 39.3 |  |  | 32.0 |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | 38.6 |  |  | 31.4 |  |  | 27.5 |
Acquisition and integration related charges |  | 20.9 |  |  | 36.7 |  |  | 58.8 |  |  | 20.9 |  |  | 36.7 |  |  | 58.8 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 62.5 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | 28.7 |  |  | 62.5 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | 28.7 |
Interest expense |  | 211.1 |  |  | 250.0 |  |  | 271.9 |  |  | 211.5 |  |  | 250.0 |  |  | 271.9 |
Write-off from impairment of intangible assets |  | 16.3 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |
Inventory acquisition step-up |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.7 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.7 |
Venezuela devaluation |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.5 |
Pet safety recall |  | 35.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other |  | 4.9 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 6.1 |
Income from operations before income taxes |  | $ | 344.6 |  |  | $ | 397.6 |  |  | $ | 193.3 |  |  | $ | 352.6 |  |  | $ | 403.3 |  |  | $ | 199.7 |

Other financial information relating to the segments of SBH and SB/RH is as follows for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

Depreciation and amortization (in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Global Batteries & Appliances |  | $ | 78.6 |  |  | $ | 72.2 |  |  | $ | 71.0 |
Hardware & Home Improvement |  | 38.3 |  |  | 35.4 |  |  | 39.4 |
Global Pet Supplies |  | 43.1 |  |  | 42.7 |  |  | 39.7 |
Home and Garden |  | 17.6 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | 13.3 |
Global Auto Care |  | 21.1 |  |  | 17.5 |  |  | 6.6 |
Total segments |  | 198.7 |  |  | 183.0 |  |  | 170.0 |
Corporate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 198.7 |  |  | $ | 183.0 |  |  | $ | 170.0 |

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|  | SBH
Capital expenditures (in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Global Batteries & Appliances |  | $ | 48.8 |  |  | $ | 49.6 |  |  | $ | 48.9 |
Hardware & Home Improvement |  | 25.4 |  |  | 22.3 |  |  | 16.3 |
Global Pet Supplies |  | 20.2 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 10.4 |
Home and Garden Business |  | 6.5 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 12.3 |
Global Auto Care |  | 14.1 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 1.2 |
Total segment capital expenditures |  | 115.0 |  |  | 95.2 |  |  | 89.1 |
Corporate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total capital expenditures |  | $ | 115.0 |  |  | $ | 95.2 |  |  | $ | 89.1 |

|  | SBH |  | SB/RH
Segment total assets (in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Global Batteries & Appliances |  | $ | 2,059.2 |  |  | $ | 2,045.0 |  |  | $ | 2,059.2 |  |  | $ | 2,045.0 |
Hardware & Home Improvement |  | 1,698.3 |  |  | 1,594.7 |  |  | 1,698.3 |  |  | 1,594.7 |
Global Pet Supplies |  | 1,397.1 |  |  | 1,074.1 |  |  | 1,397.1 |  |  | 1,074.1 |
Home and Garden |  | 546.1 |  |  | 556.8 |  |  | 546.1 |  |  | 556.8 |
Global Auto Care |  | 1,520.9 |  |  | 1,494.3 |  |  | 1,520.9 |  |  | 1,494.3 |
Total segment assets |  | 7,221.6 |  |  | 6,764.9 |  |  | 7,221.6 |  |  | 6,764.9 |
Corporate |  | 198.1 |  |  | 304.2 |  |  | 182.3 |  |  | 288.6 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,419.7 |  |  | $ | 7,069.1 |  |  | $ | 7,403.9 |  |  | $ | 7,053.5 |

Net sales SBH and SB/RH for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and long-lived asset information as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 by geographic area are as follows:

Net sales to external parties - Geographic Disclosure (in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
United States |  | $ | 3,215.2 |  |  | $ | 3,217.9 |  |  | $ | 2,907.9 |
Europe/MEA |  | 1,064.1 |  |  | 1,090.7 |  |  | 1,049.8 |
Latin America |  | 351.6 |  |  | 372.7 |  |  | 381.5 |
North America - Other |  | 201.8 |  |  | 192.4 |  |  | 164.0 |
Asia-Pacific |  | 174.7 |  |  | 166.0 |  |  | 187.2 |
Net sales |  | $ | 5,007.4 |  |  | $ | 5,039.7 |  |  | $ | 4,690.4 |

|  | SBH
Long-lived assets - Geographic Disclosure (in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016
United States |  | $ | 487.5 |  |  | $ | 322.1 |
Europe/MEA |  | 125.9 |  |  | 141.4 |
Latin America |  | 39.0 |  |  | 33.6 |
North America - Other |  | 1.9 |  |  | 3.5 |
Asia-Pacific |  | 45.6 |  |  | 41.5 |
Total long-lived assets |  | $ | 699.9 |  |  | $ | 542.1 |

NOTE 20 - EARNINGS PER SHARE - SBH
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to controlling interest by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the dilution that would occur if restricted stock units were converted into common shares that then shared in the net income of the entity available to common shareholders, as long as their effect is not antidilutive. In computing diluted earnings per share, basic earnings per share is adjusted for the assumed issuance of potentially diluted share-based awards, including restricted stock units. The Company uses the treasury stock method to reflect dilution of restricted stock units.
The reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic and diluted earnings per share calculation and the anti-dilutive shares for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, are as follows:
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(in millions, except per share amounts) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 295.8 |  |  | $ | 357.1 |  |  | $ | 148.9 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic |  | 58.6 |  |  | 59.3 |  |  | 55.6 |
Dilutive shares |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted |  | 59.0 |  |  | 59.6 |  |  | 55.9 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 5.04 |  |  | $ | 6.02 |  |  | $ | 2.68 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 5.02 |  |  | $ | 5.99 |  |  | $ | 2.66 |
Weighted average number of anti-dilutive shares excluded from denominator |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock units |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |

Performance based restricted stock units are considered anti-dilutive if the performance targets upon which the issuance of the shares is contingent have not been achieved and the respective performance period has not been completed as of the end of the current period.
NOTE 21 - GUARANTOR STATEMENTS - SB/RH
Spectrum Brands, Inc. (“SBI”) with SB/RH as a parent guarantor (collectively, the “Parent”), with SBI’s domestic subsidiaries as subsidiary guarantors, has issued the 6.625% Notes under the 2020/22 Indenture, 6.125% Notes under the 2024 Indenture, the 5.75% Notes under the 2025 Indenture and the 4.00% Notes under the 2026 Indenture.
The following consolidating financial statements illustrate the components of the consolidated financial statements of SB/RH Holdings, LLC. The ‘Parent’ consists of the financial statements of Spectrum Brands, Inc. as the debt issuer, with SB/.RH Holdings, LLC as a parent guarantor, without consolidated entities. SB/RH Holdings, LLC financial information is not presented separately as there are no independent assets or operations and is therefore determined not to be material. Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for using the equity method for purposes of illustrating the consolidating presentation. The elimination entries presented herein eliminate investments in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions.
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Statement of Financial Position |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
As of September 30, 2017 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Assets
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 157.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 168.2 |
Trade receivables, net |  | 174.1 |  |  | 102.4 |  |  | 249.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 526.1 |
Intercompany receivables |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1,288.1 |  |  | 335.4 |  |  | (1,624.2 | ) |  | — |
Other receivables |  | 9.2 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 29.8 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | 42.7 |
Inventories |  | 305.8 |  |  | 205.6 |  |  | 288.8 |  |  | (24.7 | ) |  | 775.5 |
Prepaid expenses and other |  | 45.0 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 93.9 |
Total current assets |  | 540.8 |  |  | 1,614.4 |  |  | 1,101.0 |  |  | (1,649.8 | ) |  | 1,606.4 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 270.4 |  |  | 179.0 |  |  | 250.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 699.9 |
Long-term intercompany receivables |  | 317.2 |  |  | 96.6 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | (426.3 | ) |  | — |
Deferred charges and other |  | 248.0 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 51.0 |  |  | (254.4 | ) |  | 47.6 |
Goodwill |  | 699.4 |  |  | 1,569.4 |  |  | 357.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,626.0 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 992.9 |  |  | 1,046.0 |  |  | 385.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,424.0 |
Investments in subsidiaries |  | 4,730.1 |  |  | 1,290.3 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,020.4 | ) |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,798.8 |  |  | $ | 5,798.7 |  |  | $ | 2,157.3 |  |  | $ | (8,350.9 | ) |  | $ | 7,403.9 |
Liabilities and Shareholder's Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | $ | 14.8 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 21.5 |  |  | $ | (3.9 | ) |  | $ | 36.7 |
Accounts payable |  | 273.5 |  |  | 108.5 |  |  | 345.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 727.6 |
Intercompany accounts payable |  | 1,629.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,629.6 | ) |  | — |
Accrued wages and salaries |  | 31.7 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 53.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 87.5 |
Accrued interest |  | 48.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 48.6 |
Other current liabilities |  | 70.9 |  |  | 26.2 |  |  | 112.4 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | 208.5 |
Total current liabilities |  | 2,069.0 |  |  | 141.4 |  |  | 533.0 |  |  | (1,634.5 | ) |  | 1,108.9 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | 3,666.7 |  |  | 92.1 |  |  | 45.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,804.0 |
Long-term intercompany debt |  | 12.6 |  |  | 302.1 |  |  | 102.4 |  |  | (417.1 | ) |  | — |
Deferred income taxes |  | 177.9 |  |  | 526.9 |  |  | 86.8 |  |  | (260.2 | ) |  | 531.4 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 18.4 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 99.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 124.2 |
Total liabilities |  | 5,944.6 |  |  | 1,068.6 |  |  | 867.1 |  |  | (2,311.8 | ) |  | 5,568.5 |
Shareholder's equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other capital |  | 2,107.1 |  |  | 1,089.9 |  |  | (1,075.0 | ) |  | (43.0 | ) |  | 2,079.0 |
Accumulated (deficit) earnings |  | (42.8 | ) |  | 3,814.1 |  |  | 2,521.6 |  |  | (6,335.7 | ) |  | (42.8 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (210.1 | ) |  | (173.9 | ) |  | (165.2 | ) |  | 339.6 |  |  | (209.6 | )
Total shareholder's equity |  | 1,854.2 |  |  | 4,730.1 |  |  | 1,281.4 |  |  | (6,039.1 | ) |  | 1,826.6 |
Non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |
Total equity |  | 1,854.2 |  |  | 4,730.1 |  |  | 1,290.2 |  |  | (6,039.1 | ) |  | 1,835.4 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,798.8 |  |  | $ | 5,798.7 |  |  | $ | 2,157.3 |  |  | $ | (8,350.9 | ) |  | $ | 7,403.9 |

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Statement of Financial Position |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
As of September 30, 2016 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 98.6 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 169.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 270.8 |
Trade receivables, net |  | 179.5 |  |  | 68.7 |  |  | 234.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 482.6 |
Intercompany receivables |  | — |  |  | 909.1 |  |  | 233.4 |  |  | (1,142.5 | ) |  | — |
Other receivables |  | — |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 56.3 |  |  | (6.2 | ) |  | 55.6 |
Inventories |  | 372.8 |  |  | 104.3 |  |  | 281.1 |  |  | (17.6 | ) |  | 740.6 |
Prepaid expenses and other |  | 42.8 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 32.1 |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | 78.8 |
Total current assets |  | 693.7 |  |  | 1,095.1 |  |  | 1,006.4 |  |  | (1,166.8 | ) |  | 1,628.4 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 241.1 |  |  | 77.6 |  |  | 223.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 542.1 |
Long-term intercompany receivables |  | 365.4 |  |  | 187.3 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | (566.4 | ) |  | — |
Deferred charges and other |  | 180.5 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 41.5 |  |  | (190.8 | ) |  | 32.1 |
Goodwill |  | 912.1 |  |  | 1,154.5 |  |  | 411.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,478.4 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 1,341.5 |  |  | 628.5 |  |  | 402.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,372.5 |
Investments in subsidiaries |  | 3,497.8 |  |  | 1,258.1 |  |  | (2.9 | ) |  | (4,753.0 | ) |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,232.1 |  |  | $ | 4,402.0 |  |  | $ | 2,096.4 |  |  | $ | (6,677.0 | ) |  | $ | 7,053.5 |
Liabilities and Shareholder's Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | $ | 143.6 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 19.9 |  |  | $ | (0.9 | ) |  | $ | 164.0 |
Accounts payable |  | 257.5 |  |  | 58.4 |  |  | 264.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 580.1 |
Intercompany accounts payable |  | 1,157.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,157.0 | ) |  | — |
Accrued wages and salaries |  | 63.9 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 52.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 122.9 |
Accrued interest |  | 39.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39.3 |
Other current liabilities |  | 88.0 |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 95.5 |  |  | (6.2 | ) |  | 188.3 |
Total current liabilities |  | 1,749.3 |  |  | 77.4 |  |  | 432.0 |  |  | (1,164.1 | ) |  | 1,094.6 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | 3,402.5 |  |  | 20.5 |  |  | 33.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,456.2 |
Long-term intercompany debt |  | 12.8 |  |  | 346.1 |  |  | 192.6 |  |  | (551.5 | ) |  | — |
Deferred income taxes |  | 189.0 |  |  | 459.2 |  |  | 80.3 |  |  | (195.8 | ) |  | 532.7 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 39.5 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 100.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 140.6 |
Total liabilities |  | 5,393.1 |  |  | 904.2 |  |  | 838.2 |  |  | (1,911.4 | ) |  | 5,224.1 |
Shareholder's equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other capital |  | 2,060.9 |  |  | 152.3 |  |  | (954.0 | ) |  | 741.7 |  |  | 2,000.9 |
Accumulated earnings (deficit) |  | 8.0 |  |  | 3,551.6 |  |  | 2,362.1 |  |  | (5,913.6 | ) |  | 8.1 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (229.9 | ) |  | (206.1 | ) |  | (199.7 | ) |  | 406.3 |  |  | (229.4 | )
Total shareholder's equity |  | 1,839.0 |  |  | 3,497.8 |  |  | 1,208.4 |  |  | (4,765.6 | ) |  | 1,779.6 |
Non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 49.8 |
Total equity |  | 1,839.0 |  |  | 3,497.8 |  |  | 1,258.2 |  |  | (4,765.6 | ) |  | 1,829.4 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,232.1 |  |  | $ | 4,402.0 |  |  | $ | 2,096.4 |  |  | $ | (6,677.0 | ) |  | $ | 7,053.5 |

S-50

Statement of Income |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2017 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net sales |  | $ | 1,999.6 |  |  | $ | 1,963.8 |  |  | $ | 2,636.6 |  |  | $ | (1,592.6 | ) |  | $ | 5,007.4 |
Cost of goods sold |  | 1,344.9 |  |  | 1,393.0 |  |  | 1,959.9 |  |  | (1,583.5 | ) |  | 3,114.3 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | — |  |  | 18.0 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 18.3 |
Gross profit |  | 654.7 |  |  | 552.8 |  |  | 676.4 |  |  | (9.1 | ) |  | 1,874.8 |
Selling |  | 269.0 |  |  | 176.6 |  |  | 337.6 |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  | 781.2 |
General and administrative |  | 231.6 |  |  | 85.4 |  |  | 65.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 382.9 |
Research and development |  | 34.2 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 59.5 |
Acquisition and integration related charges |  | 15.7 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 20.9 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 28.4 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 44.2 |
Write-off from impairment of intangible assets |  | — |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16.3 |
Total operating expense |  | 578.9 |  |  | 302.0 |  |  | 426.1 |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  | 1,305.0 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 75.8 |  |  | 250.8 |  |  | 250.3 |  |  | (7.1 | ) |  | 569.8 |
Interest expense |  | 184.6 |  |  | 18.7 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 211.5 |
Other non-operating (income) expense, net |  | (357.1 | ) |  | (192.3 | ) |  | 1.1 |  |  | 554.0 |  |  | 5.7 |
Income from operations before income taxes |  | 248.3 |  |  | 424.4 |  |  | 241.0 |  |  | (561.1 | ) |  | 352.6 |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | (52.9 | ) |  | 59.9 |  |  | 45.2 |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  | 51.4 |
Net income (loss) |  | 301.2 |  |  | 364.5 |  |  | 195.8 |  |  | (560.3 | ) |  | 301.2 |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 301.2 |  |  | $ | 364.5 |  |  | $ | 194.5 |  |  | $ | (560.3 | ) |  | $ | 299.9 |

Statement of Income |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2016 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net sales |  | $ | 2,466.2 |  |  | $ | 1,461.2 |  |  | $ | 2,621.0 |  |  | $ | (1,508.7 | ) |  | $ | 5,039.7 |
Cost of goods sold |  | 1,671.2 |  |  | 1,011.6 |  |  | 1,943.1 |  |  | (1,506.6 | ) |  | 3,119.3 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |
Gross profit |  | 795.0 |  |  | 449.6 |  |  | 677.4 |  |  | (2.1 | ) |  | 1,919.9 |
Selling |  | 317.9 |  |  | 119.9 |  |  | 340.3 |  |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 776.6 |
General and administrative |  | 229.8 |  |  | 76.0 |  |  | 60.9 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 366.6 |
Research and development |  | 37.2 |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 15.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 58.7 |
Acquisition and integration related charges |  | 21.5 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.7 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 4.9 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 14.7 |
Write-off from impairment of intangible assets |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.7 |
Total operating expense |  | 616.0 |  |  | 211.2 |  |  | 432.4 |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  | 1,258.0 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 179.0 |  |  | 238.4 |  |  | 245.0 |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | 661.9 |
Interest expense |  | 214.0 |  |  | 19.9 |  |  | 16.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 250.0 |
Other non-operating (income) expense, net |  | (381.1 | ) |  | (196.4 | ) |  | 9.0 |  |  | 577.1 |  |  | 8.6 |
Income from operations before income taxes |  | 346.1 |  |  | 414.9 |  |  | 219.9 |  |  | (577.6 | ) |  | 403.3 |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | (6.2 | ) |  | 36.6 |  |  | 23.4 |  |  | (2.8 | ) |  | 51.0 |
Net income (loss) |  | 352.3 |  |  | 378.3 |  |  | 196.5 |  |  | (574.8 | ) |  | 352.3 |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 352.3 |  |  | $ | 378.3 |  |  | $ | 196.1 |  |  | $ | (574.8 | ) |  | $ | 351.9 |

S-51

Statement of Income |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2015 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net sales |  | $ | 2,385.1 |  |  | $ | 759.6 |  |  | $ | 2,534.0 |  |  | $ | (988.3 | ) |  | $ | 4,690.4 |
Cost of goods sold |  | 1,657.0 |  |  | 492.4 |  |  | 1,845.5 |  |  | (976.9 | ) |  | 3,018.0 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |
Gross profit |  | 728.1 |  |  | 267.2 |  |  | 686.4 |  |  | (11.4 | ) |  | 1,670.3 |
Selling |  | 291.4 |  |  | 89.5 |  |  | 340.8 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | 720.7 |
General and administrative |  | 218.8 |  |  | 40.4 |  |  | 73.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 332.4 |
Research and development |  | 33.4 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 51.3 |
Acquisition and integration related charges |  | 40.8 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 58.8 |
Restructuring and related charges |  | 34.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (8.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | 26.6 |
Total operating expense |  | 618.4 |  |  | 139.5 |  |  | 432.9 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | 1,189.8 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 109.7 |  |  | 127.7 |  |  | 253.5 |  |  | (10.4 | ) |  | 480.5 |
Interest expense |  | 235.4 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 29.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 271.9 |
Other non-operating (income) expense, net |  | (207.1 | ) |  | (151.5 | ) |  | 4.8 |  |  | 362.7 |  |  | 8.9 |
Income from operations before income taxes |  | 81.4 |  |  | 272.3 |  |  | 219.1 |  |  | (373.1 | ) |  | 199.7 |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | (74.4 | ) |  | 66.3 |  |  | 52.9 |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 43.9 |
Net income (loss) |  | 155.8 |  |  | 206.0 |  |  | 166.2 |  |  | (372.2 | ) |  | 155.8 |
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | 0.4 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 155.4 |  |  | $ | 205.1 |  |  | $ | 165.3 |  |  | $ | (370.4 | ) |  | $ | 155.4 |

Statement of Comprehensive Income |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2017 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 301.2 |  |  | $ | 364.5 |  |  | $ | 195.8 |  |  | $ | (560.3 | ) |  | $ | 301.2 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) |  | 29.1 |  |  | 31.9 |  |  | 34.3 |  |  | (66.2 | ) |  | 29.1 |
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments |  | (29.1 | ) |  | (15.1 | ) |  | (15.0 | ) |  | 30.1 |  |  | (29.1 | )
Defined benefit pension gain (loss) |  | 19.6 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | (29.3 | ) |  | 19.6 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | 19.6 |  |  | 31.5 |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | (65.4 | ) |  | 19.6 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | 320.8 |  |  | 396.0 |  |  | 229.7 |  |  | (625.7 | ) |  | 320.8 |
Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 320.8 |  |  | $ | 396.0 |  |  | $ | 229.9 |  |  | $ | (625.7 | ) |  | $ | 321.0 |

Statement of Comprehensive Income |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2016 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 352.3 |  |  | $ | 378.3 |  |  | $ | 196.5 |  |  | $ | (574.8 | ) |  | $ | 352.3 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation (loss) gain |  | (8.5 | ) |  | (8.4 | ) |  | (6.0 | ) |  | 14.4 |  |  | (8.5 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments |  | 7.1 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | (6.4 | ) |  | 7.1 |
Defined benefit pension (loss) gain |  | (28.2 | ) |  | (25.4 | ) |  | (25.3 | ) |  | 50.7 |  |  | (28.2 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (29.6 | ) |  | (30.6 | ) |  | (28.1 | ) |  | 58.7 |  |  | (29.6 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | 322.7 |  |  | 347.7 |  |  | 168.4 |  |  | (516.1 | ) |  | 322.7 |
Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 322.7 |  |  | $ | 347.7 |  |  | $ | 168.7 |  |  | $ | (516.1 | ) |  | $ | 323.0 |

S-52

Statement of Comprehensive Income |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2015 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 155.8 |  |  | $ | 206.0 |  |  | $ | 166.2 |  |  | $ | (372.2 | ) |  | $ | 155.8 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation (loss) gain |  | (112.8 | ) |  | (113.7 | ) |  | (113.7 | ) |  | 227.2 |  |  | (113.0 | )
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments |  | (13.2 | ) |  | (7.9 | ) |  | (7.9 | ) |  | 15.8 |  |  | (13.2 | )
Defined benefit pension (loss) gain |  | (11.0 | ) |  | (2.2 | ) |  | (2.2 | ) |  | 4.4 |  |  | (11.0 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (137.0 | ) |  | (123.8 | ) |  | (123.8 | ) |  | 247.4 |  |  | (137.2 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | 18.8 |  |  | 82.2 |  |  | 42.4 |  |  | (124.8 | ) |  | 18.6 |
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | (0.2 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | $ | 82.4 |  |  | $ | 42.6 |  |  | $ | (125.2 | ) |  | $ | 18.8 |

Statement of Cash Flows |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2017 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities |  | $ | 647.8 |  |  | $ | 163.9 |  |  | $ | (129.8 | ) |  | $ | (34.3 | ) |  | $ | 647.6 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  | . |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  | (47.4 | ) |  | (25.4 | ) |  | (42.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (115.0 | )
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (304.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (304.7 | )
Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.6 |
Other investing activities |  | — |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1.5 | )
Net cash used by investing activities |  | (351.9 | ) |  | (26.3 | ) |  | (38.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (416.6 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 250.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 265.6 |
Payment of debt |  | (214.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (232.6 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (5.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5.9 | )
Payment of cash dividends to parent |  | (350.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (350.8 | )
Purchase of non-controlling interest |  | (12.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12.6 | )
Advances related to intercompany transactions |  | (54.3 | ) |  | (135.9 | ) |  | 155.9 |  |  | 34.3 |  |  | — |
Net cash (used) provided by financing activities |  | (388.5 | ) |  | (135.9 | ) |  | 153.8 |  |  | 34.3 |  |  | (336.3 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents due to Venezuela devaluation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.4 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  | (92.6 | ) |  | 1.7 |  |  | (11.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (102.6 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 98.6 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 169.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 270.8 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 168.2 |

S-53

Statement of Cash Flows |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2016 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net cash (used) provided by operating activities |  | $ | (374.4 | ) |  | $ | 408.9 |  |  | $ | (107.7 | ) |  | $ | 674.8 |  |  | $ | 601.6 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  | (49.7 | ) |  | (8.3 | ) |  | (37.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (95.2 | )
Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |
Other investing activities |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (3.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.2 | )
Net cash used by investing activities |  | (50.6 | ) |  | (11.5 | ) |  | (36.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (98.4 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 498.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 498.9 |
Payment of debt |  | (863.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (868.1 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (9.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9.3 | )
Payment of cash dividends to parent |  | (97.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (97.2 | )
Payment of contingent consideration |  | (3.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3.2 | )
Advances related to intercompany transactions |  | 985.1 |  |  | (402.9 | ) |  | 92.6 |  |  | (674.8 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities |  | 510.6 |  |  | (402.9 | ) |  | 88.2 |  |  | (674.8 | ) |  | (478.9 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1.4 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  | 85.6 |  |  | (5.5 | ) |  | (57.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | 22.9 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 13.0 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 226.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 247.9 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 98.6 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 169.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 270.8 |

Statement of Cash Flows |  |  |  | Guarantor |  | Nonguarantor |  |  |  |
Year ended September 30, 2015 (in millions) |  | Parent |  | Subsidiaries |  | Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net cash (used) provided by operating activities |  | $ | (143.5 | ) |  | $ | (770.8 | ) |  | $ | (1,418.8 | ) |  | $ | 2,774.9 |  |  | $ | 441.8 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  | (45.7 | ) |  | (13.5 | ) |  | (29.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (89.1 | )
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (1,026.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (165.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,191.1 | )
Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |
Other investing activities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.9 | )
Net cash used by investing activities |  | (1,071.6 | ) |  | (13.5 | ) |  | (194.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,279.7 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 3,320.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,320.3 |
Payment of debt |  | (2,521.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (292.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,813.2 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (38.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38.1 | )
Payment of cash dividends to parent |  | (72.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (72.1 | )
Share based tax withholding payments, net of proceeds upon vesting |  | (2.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.6 | )
Advances related to intercompany transactions |  | 8.7 |  |  | 781.7 |  |  | 1,984.5 |  |  | (2,774.9 | ) |  | — |
Capital contribution from parent |  | 528.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 528.3 |
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities |  | 1,223.3 |  |  | 781.7 |  |  | 1,692.5 |  |  | (2,774.9 | ) |  | 922.6 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents due to Venezuela devaluation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2.5 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (27.2 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  | 8.2 |  |  | (2.6 | ) |  | 49.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 55.0 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 4.8 |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | 176.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 192.9 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 13.0 |  |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | 226.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 247.9 |

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NOTE 22 - QUARTERLY RESULTS (UNAUDITED)

|  | Quarter Ended
SBH 2017 (in millions, except per share) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | July 2, 2017 |  | April 2, 2017 |  | January 1, 2017
Net sales |  | $ | 1,321.7 |  |  | $ | 1,303.9 |  |  | $ | 1,169.9 |  |  | $ | 1,211.8 |
Gross profit |  | 496.2 |  |  | 473.4 |  |  | 455.2 |  |  | 450.0 |
Net income attributable to controlling interest |  | 94.9 |  |  | 76.9 |  |  | 58.8 |  |  | 65.2 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 1.64 |  |  | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 1.10 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 1.63 |  |  | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 1.10 |

|  | Quarter Ended
SBH 2016 (in millions, except per share) |  | September 30, 2016 |  | July 3, 2016 |  | April 3, 2016 |  | January 3, 2016
Net sales |  | $ | 1,249.8 |  |  | $ | 1,361.5 |  |  | $ | 1,209.6 |  |  | $ | 1,218.8 |
Gross profit |  | 485.8 |  |  | 530.6 |  |  | 462.8 |  |  | 440.7 |
Net income attributable to controlling interest |  | 89.0 |  |  | 101.9 |  |  | 92.6 |  |  | 73.6 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  | $ | 1.24 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |  |  | $ | 1.24 |

|  | Quarter Ended
SB/RH 2017 (in millions) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | July 2, 2017 |  | April 2, 2017 |  | January , 2017
Net sales |  | $ | 1,321.7 |  |  | $ | 1,303.9 |  |  | $ | 1,169.9 |  |  | $ | 1,211.8 |
Gross profit |  | 496.2 |  |  | 473.4 |  |  | 455.2 |  |  | 450.0 |
Net income attributable to controlling interest |  | 96.2 |  |  | 77.7 |  |  | 61.0 |  |  | 65.0 |

|  | Quarter Ended
SB/RH 2016 (in millions) |  | September 30, 2016 |  | July 3, 2016 |  | April 3, 2016 |  | January 3, 2016
Net sales |  | $ | 1,249.8 |  |  | $ | 1,361.5 |  |  | $ | 1,209.6 |  |  | $ | 1,218.8 |
Gross profit |  | 485.8 |  |  | 530.6 |  |  | 462.8 |  |  | 440.7 |
Net income attributable to controlling interest |  | 89.0 |  |  | 105.1 |  |  | 82.5 |  |  | 75.4 |

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Table of Contents
INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FS HOLDCO II LTD.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
Independent Auditors' Report | S-57
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 | S-58
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | S-59
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | S-60
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder’s Equity for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | S-61
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | S-62
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | S-63
Schedule II—Condensed Financial Information of Parent Only | S-78

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Table of Contents
Independent Auditors’ Report
The Board of Directors
FS Holdco II Ltd.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of FS Holdco II Ltd., which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholder’s equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2017, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
Auditors’ Responsibility
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement.
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors’ judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.
Opinion
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly in all material respects, the financial position of FS Holdco II Ltd., as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2017 in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Other Matter
Our audits were conducted for the purpose of forming an opinion on the consolidated financial statements as a whole. The supplementary information included in the Supplemental Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Parent Only is presented for purposes of additional analysis and is not a required part of the consolidated financial statements. Such information is the responsibility of management and was derived from and relates directly to the underlying accounting and other records used to prepare the consolidated financial statements. The information has been subjected to the auditing procedures applied in the audits of the consolidated financial statements and certain additional procedures, including comparing and reconciling such information directly to the underlying accounting and other records used to prepare the consolidated financial statements or to the consolidated financial statements themselves, and other additional procedures in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. In our opinion, the information is fairly stated in all material respects in relation to the consolidated financial statements as a whole.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
November 20, 2017
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FS HOLDCO II LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except share and per share amounts)

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 17.2 |
Other assets |  | 0.3 |  |  | 34.7 |
Assets of businesses held for sale (Note 3) |  | 28,326.2 |  |  | 26,284.3 |
Total assets |  | $ | 28,334.5 |  |  | $ | 26,336.2 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY |  |  |  |
Debt (Note 6) |  | $ | 73.1 |  |  | $ | 102.4 |
Deferred tax liabilities (Note 8) |  | — |  |  | 364.4 |
Other liabilities |  | 2.5 |  |  | 9.7 |
Liabilities of businesses held for sale (Note 3) |  | 26,350.7 |  |  | 24,553.8 |
Total liabilities |  | 26,426.3 |  |  | 25,030.3 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |  |
FS Holdco II Ltd. shareholder’s equity (Note 7): |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.01 par value, 1,000 shares authorized, 100 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and 2016) |  | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 499.5 |  |  | 498.4 |
Retained earnings |  | 534.9 |  |  | 220.4 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | 436.2 |  |  | 211.6 |
Total FS Holdco II Ltd. shareholder’s equity |  | 1,470.6 |  |  | 930.4 |
Noncontrolling interest |  | 437.6 |  |  | 375.5 |
Total shareholder’s equity |  | 1,908.2 |  |  | 1,305.9 |
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity |  | $ | 28,334.5 |  |  | $ | 26,336.2 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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FS HOLDCO II LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In millions)

|  | Year ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 8.9 |  |  | $ | 22.3 |
Total revenues |  | 1.1 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 22.3 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
General and operating expenses |  | 4.0 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | 34.6 |
Impairments and bad debt expense |  | 1.8 |  |  | 23.5 |  |  | 88.0 |
Total expenses |  | 5.8 |  |  | 39.5 |  |  | 122.6 |
Operating loss |  | (4.7 | ) |  | (30.6 | ) |  | (100.3 | )
Interest expense |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (2.7 | )
Other income (expense), net |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | (12.7 | )
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (31.0 | ) |  | (115.7 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 1.1 |  |  | (6.7 | ) |  | 10.4 |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | (7.0 | ) |  | (24.3 | ) |  | (126.1 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | 379.2 |  |  | (425.1 | ) |  | 75.9 |
Net income (loss) |  | 372.2 |  |  | (449.4 | ) |  | (50.2 | )
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 43.6 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 3.8 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 328.6 |  |  | $ | (463.1 | ) |  | $ | (54.0 | )
Amounts attributable to controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (6.9 | ) |  | $ | (19.0 | ) |  | $ | (106.8 | )
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | 335.5 |  |  | (444.1 | ) |  | 52.8 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 328.6 |  |  | $ | (463.1 | ) |  | $ | (54.0 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FS HOLDCO II LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In millions)

|  | Year ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 372.2 |  |  | $ | (449.4 | ) |  | $ | (50.2 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized investment gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in unrealized investment gains (losses) before reclassification adjustment |  | 176.5 |  |  | 784.5 |  |  | (643.8 | )
Net reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income |  | 17.9 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 28.8 |
Changes in unrealized investment gains (losses) after reclassification adjustment |  | 194.4 |  |  | 793.3 |  |  | (615.0 | )
Adjustments to intangible assets |  | (40.3 | ) |  | (258.3 | ) |  | 219.7 |
Changes in deferred income tax asset/liability |  | 90.8 |  |  | (331.0 | ) |  | 138.7 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | 244.9 |  |  | 204.0 |  |  | (256.6 | )
Changes in non-credit related other-than-temporary impairment |  | — |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | — |
Net change to derive comprehensive income (loss) for the period |  | 244.9 |  |  | 202.6 |  |  | (256.6 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | 617.1 |  |  | (246.8 | ) |  | (306.8 | )
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | 43.6 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 3.8 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 20.6 |  |  | 68.6 |  |  | (50.6 | )
|  | 64.2 |  |  | 82.3 |  |  | (46.8 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the controlling interest |  | $ | 552.9 |  |  | $ | (329.1 | ) |  | $ | (260.0 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FS HOLDCO II LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY
(In millions)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Total Shareholder's Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
Balances at September 30, 2014 |  | — |  |  | $ | 478.3 |  |  | $ | 764.6 |  |  | $ | 283.2 |  |  | $ | 1,526.1 |  |  | $ | 336.5 |  |  | $ | 1,862.6 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (54.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (54.0 | ) |  | 3.8 |  |  | (50.2 | )
Unrealized investment losses, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (206.0 | ) |  | (206.0 | ) |  | (50.6 | ) |  | (256.6 | )
Comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (260.0 | ) |  | (46.8 | ) |  | (306.8 | )
Stock compensation |  | — |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 12.5 |
Purchases of subsidiary stock |  | — |  |  | (24.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (23.8 | ) |  | 7.0 |  |  | (16.8 | )
Capital contributions from HRG Group, Inc. |  | — |  |  | 36.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.0 |
Dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14.6 | )
Dividend paid by subsidiary to noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  | (4.0 | )
Balance at September 30, 2015 |  | — |  |  | 500.0 |  |  | 696.0 |  |  | 77.8 |  |  | 1,273.8 |  |  | 295.1 |  |  | 1,568.9 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (463.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (463.1 | ) |  | 13.7 |  |  | (449.4 | )
Unrealized investment gains, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134.0 |  |  | 134.0 |  |  | 68.6 |  |  | 202.6 |
Comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (329.1 | ) |  | 82.3 |  |  | (246.8 | )
Stock compensation |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.6 | )
Purchases of subsidiary stock |  | — |  |  | (3.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (3.5 | ) |  | 1.6 |  |  | (1.9 | )
Capital contributions from HRG Group, Inc. |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |
Dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12.6 | )
Dividend paid by subsidiary to noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.4 | ) |  | (3.4 | )
Balance at September 30, 2016 |  | — |  |  | 498.4 |  |  | 220.3 |  |  | 211.6 |  |  | 930.3 |  |  | 375.5 |  |  | 1,305.8 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 328.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 328.6 |  |  | 43.6 |  |  | 372.2 |
Unrealized investment gains, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 224.3 |  |  | 224.3 |  |  | 20.6 |  |  | 244.9 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 552.9 |  |  | 64.2 |  |  | 617.1 |
Stock compensation |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1.9 |
Purchases of subsidiary stock |  | — |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | (1.1 | )
Capital contributions from HRG Group, Inc. |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |
Dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14.1 | )
Dividend paid by subsidiary to noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.9 | ) |  | (2.9 | )
Balance at September 30, 2017 |  | — |  |  | $ | 499.5 |  |  | $ | 534.8 |  |  | $ | 436.2 |  |  | $ | 1,470.5 |  |  | $ | 437.6 |  |  | $ | 1,908.1 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FS HOLDCO II LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 372.2 |  |  | $ | (449.4 | ) |  | $ | (50.2 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | 379.2 |  |  | (425.1 | ) |  | 75.9 |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | (7.0 | ) |  | (24.3 | ) |  | (126.1 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to operating cash flows from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of properties |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.4 |
Impairment of goodwill |  | — |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | — |
Loan provision and bad debt expense |  | 1.8 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 88.0 |
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.2 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 1.1 |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 16.2 |
Net recognized gains on investments and derivatives |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 14.1 |
Dividends from subsidiaries classified as discontinued operations |  | 12.2 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 12.2 |
Non-cash restructuring and related charges |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  | (8.3 | ) |  | (32.5 | ) |  | 2.6 |
Net change in cash due to continuing operating activities |  | 1.1 |  |  | (15.9 | ) |  | 8.6 |
Net change in cash due to discontinued operating activities |  | 360.6 |  |  | 473.3 |  |  | (10.7 | )
Net change in cash due to operating activities |  | 361.7 |  |  | 457.4 |  |  | (2.1 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of investments acquired |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.9 | )
Net asset-based loan repayments |  | 30.9 |  |  | 171.9 |  |  | 263.4 |
Related party loans and investments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18.7 |
Capital expenditures |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | )
Capital contributions to subsidiary classified as discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24.0 | )
Proceeds from sales of assets, net of cash surrendered |  | — |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | — |
Net change in cash due to continuing investing activities |  | 30.9 |  |  | 170.9 |  |  | 255.0 |
Net change in cash due to discontinued investing activities |  | (1,216.9 | ) |  | (1,156.6 | ) |  | (961.7 | )
Net change in cash due to investing activities |  | (1,186.0 | ) |  | (985.7 | ) |  | (706.7 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of debt |  | (28.5 | ) |  | (225.3 | ) |  | (243.1 | )
Purchases of subsidiary stock, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5.2 | )
Capital contributions from HRG Group, Inc. |  | 1.4 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 36.0 |
Dividends paid to HRG Group, Inc. |  | (14.1 | ) |  | (13.0 | ) |  | (15.7 | )
Other financing activities, net |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 5.3 |
Net change in cash due to continuing financing activities |  | (41.2 | ) |  | (234.4 | ) |  | (222.7 | )
Net change in cash due to discontinued financing activities |  | 874.8 |  |  | 1,059.4 |  |  | 860.2 |
Net change in cash due to financing activities |  | 833.6 |  |  | 825.0 |  |  | 637.5 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | 9.3 |  |  | 296.7 |  |  | (71.3 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents in discontinued operations |  | 18.5 |  |  | 376.1 |  |  | (112.2 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents in continuing operations |  | (9.2 | ) |  | (79.4 | ) |  | 40.9 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 17.2 |  |  | 96.6 |  |  | 55.7 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 96.6 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 36.0 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FS HOLDCO II LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except per share and unit figures)
(1) Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations
FS Holdco II Ltd. (“FS Holdco” and, collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company”) is a Delaware-domesticated direct, wholly owned subsidiary of HRG Group, Inc. (“HRG”). HRG is a holding company that conducts its operations principally through its operating subsidiaries. HRG’s shares of common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “HRG.”
FS Holdco is a holding company with holdings in primarily financial services related industries: (i) life insurance and reinsurance through Fidelity & Guaranty Life (“FGL”) and Front Street Re (Delaware) Ltd. (“Front Street”), collectively (the “Insurance Operations”); and (ii) financial and asset management through Salus Capital Partners, LLC (“Salus”).
As described further below, as of September 30, 2017, the Company’s Insurance Operations were classified as held for sale in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and reported separately for all periods presented. Any intercompany transactions between FGL and Front Street have been eliminated in the Company’s financial statements. See Note 3, Divestitures.
Through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company (“FGL Insurance”) and Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company of New York (“FGL NY Insurance”), FGL is a provider of various types of fixed annuities and life insurance products in the U.S.
Through Bermuda and Cayman-based subsidiaries, Front Street Re Ltd. (“Front Street Bermuda”) and Front Street Re (Cayman) Ltd. (“Front Street Cayman”), Front Street engages in the business of life, annuity and long-term care reinsurance.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company included herein have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The financial statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of such information. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Although the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote disclosures, including a description of significant accounting policies normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified or combined to conform to the current year presentation.
On November 8, 2015, Anbang Insurance Group Co., Ltd. and its affiliates (collectively, “Anbang”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement”) to acquire FGL for $26.80 per share. On April 17, 2017, FGL terminated the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement. Prior to its termination, the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement was amended on November 3, 2016 and on February 9, 2017, each time to extend the outside termination date. As a result of the termination of the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement, FGL had no remaining obligations thereunder.
On May 24, 2017, FGL entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “FGL Merger Agreement”) with CF Corporation (“CF Corp”), FGL U.S. Holdings Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CF Corp (“CF/FGL US”), and FGL Merger Sub Inc., a direct wholly owned subsidiary of CF/FGL US, pursuant to which CF Corp has agreed to acquire FGL for $31.10 per share (the “FGL Merger”).
Pursuant to the FGL Merger Agreement, the consummation of the FGL Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the following closing conditions, which have been satisfied: (i) on June 16, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission granted early termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended; (ii) on August 8, 2017, CF Corp held an extraordinary general meeting in lieu of an annual general meeting of shareholders, at which CF Corp’s shareholders approved, among other items, all of the proposals relating to the FGL Merger Agreement and the FGL Merger; (iii) on August 14, 2017, FGL filed with the SEC and mailed to its stockholders a definitive information statement in connection with the FGL Merger; (iv) on August 24, 2017, the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation granted its required regulatory approval relating to the FGL Merger; and (v) on November 8, 2017, the New York Department of Financial Services granted its required regulatory approval relating to the FGL Merger. In addition, the consummation of the FGL Merger is also subject to satisfaction or waiver of other closing conditions, including the receipt of regulatory approvals from the Iowa Insurance Division (“IID”) and the absence of any law or order enacted, issued or enforced that is in effect and that prevents or prohibits the consummation of the FGL Merger. With respect to the regulatory approvals from the IID, on November 7, 2017, the IID held a public hearing to consider whether the proposed acquisition of control of Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company complies with the standards set forth under applicable Iowa insurance laws.
FGL expects to be in a position to close the FGL Merger before the end of calendar year 2017; however, the closing of the FGL Merger and the timing thereof is subject to the IID’s regulatory review and approval process, the results of which cannot be assured. In the event the FGL Merger Agreement is terminated, under certain circumstances, FGL may be required to pay a termination fee to CF Corp in an aggregate amount of $50.0.
In a separate transaction, on May 24, 2017, Front Street entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Front Street Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Front Street has agreed to sell (the “Front
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Street Sale”) to CF/FGL US all of the issued and outstanding shares of (i) Front Street Cayman and (ii) Front Street Bermuda (collectively, the “Acquired Companies”). The purchase price is $65.0, subject to customary adjustments for transaction expenses. The definitive documentation contains customary representations, warranties and indemnification obligations. In addition, at the closing of the Front Street Sale, $6.5 of the purchase price will be deposited in escrow for a period of 15 months (as extended to satisfy pending claims at such time) to support certain indemnification obligations of Front Street to CF/FGL US. The required regulatory approvals in connection with the transaction have been received and the closing of the transaction is expected to take place before the end of calendar year 2017, subject to the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions, including the consummation of the FGL Merger. The closing of the FGL Merger is not conditioned upon the closing of the Front Street Sale. Prior to the execution of the Front Street Purchase Agreement, the operations of Front Street were reported in the Company’s Insurance segment.
In addition, on May 24, 2017, HRG, FS Holdco II Ltd. (“FS Holdco”), CF Corp and CF/FGL US entered into an agreement (the “338 Agreement”) pursuant to which CF/FGL US agreed that FS Holdco may, at its option, cause CF/FGL US and FS Holdco to make a joint election under Section 338(h)(10) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, with respect to the FGL Merger and the deemed share purchases of FGL’s subsidiaries (the “338 Tax Election”). Pursuant to the 338 Agreement, if FS Holdco elects to make the 338 Tax Election, it will be required to pay CF/FGL US $30.0, plus additional specified amounts, in excess of $6.0, determined by reference to FGL’s incremental current tax costs attributable to the 338 Tax Election, if any, and CF/FGL US will be required to pay FS Holdco additional specified amounts, in excess of $6.0, determined by reference to FGL’s incremental current tax savings attributable to the 338 Tax Election, if any. As of the date hereof, the Company expects to exercise the 338 Tax Election. As of September 30, 2017, HRG had approximately $1,840.2 of gross U.S. net operating loss (“NOL”) and capital loss carryforwards - also see Note 8, Income Taxes. If the 338 Tax Election is made, HRG expects to retain such federal NOL and capital loss carryforwards following the sale of its stock in the FGL Merger. If the Company exercises the 338 Tax Election, at September 30, 2017, the Company estimated to receive a $9.6 net payment from CF Corp to HRG, which was reflected in the estimated fair value, less cost to sell of FGL as of September 30, 2017. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the Company will receive the expected benefits of such election. In addition, the estimated payment described herein is preliminary and subject to change, and will not be definitively determined until the FGL Merger is closed and the 338 Tax Election is made and the parties to the 338 Agreement complete their review of the election in accordance with the terms of the 338 Agreement. Also, see Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, “Use of Estimates” section.
(2) Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FS Holdco and all other entities in which FS Holdco has a controlling financial interest and those variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where the Company is the primary beneficiary. At September 30, 2017, the non-controlling interest component of total equity represented the 19.6% of FGL not owned by FS Holdco. Intercompany accounts and transactions between businesses held for use have been eliminated. Results of operations of acquired companies are included from the dates of acquisition and for VIEs, from the dates that the Company became the primary beneficiary.
VIE is an entity that lacks equity investors or whose equity investors do not have a controlling financial interest in the entity through their equity investments. The entity that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is referred to as the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE. A corporation is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and is the primary beneficiary of a VIE if it has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
The Company, through its subsidiary, Salus, primarily uses VIEs for its securitization activities, in which Salus transfers whole loans into a trust or other vehicle such that the assets are legally isolated from the creditors of Salus. Assets held in a trust can only be used to settle obligations of the trust. The creditors of these trusts typically have no recourse to Salus except in accordance with the obligations under standard representations and warranties. When Salus is the servicer of whole loans held in a securitization trust, Salus has the power to direct the most significant activities of the trust. Salus consolidates a whole-loan securitization trust if it has the power to direct the most significant activities and also holds securities issued by the trust or has other contractual arrangements, other than standard representations and warranties, that could potentially be significant to the trust. See Note 4, Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities for additional information on the Company’s investment in consolidated VIEs.
Fiscal Year End
The Company’s fiscal year ends on September 30 and the quarters end on the last calendar day of the months of December, March and June. References herein to Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 refer to the fiscal years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
The Company reports a business as held for sale when the criteria of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”) are met. A business classified as held for sale is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less cost to sell. If the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value less cost to sell, a loss is recognized. Assets and liabilities related to a business classified as held for sale are segregated in the current and prior balance sheets in the period in which the business is classified as held for sale. Transactions between the business held for sale and businesses held for use that are expected to continue to exist after the disposal are not eliminated to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale. If a business is classified as held for sale after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued, the business continues to be classified as held and used in those financial statements when issued or when available to be issued.
The Company reports the results of operations of a business as discontinued operations if a disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results when the business is sold or classified as held for sale, in accordance with ASC 360 and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 2015) and Property, Plant and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity (“ASU 2014-08”). The results of discontinued operations are reported in “Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for current and prior periods commencing in the period in which the business meets the criteria of a discontinued operation, and include any gain or loss recognized on closing or adjustment of the carrying amount to fair value less cost to sell. Transactions between the businesses held for sale and businesses held for use that are expected to continue to exist after the disposal are not eliminated to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid temporary instruments purchased with original maturities of three months or less from date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
Goodwill
Goodwill reflects the excess of acquisition cost over the aggregate fair value assigned to identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is assessed for impairment at least annually and as triggering events or indicators of potential impairment are identified. Goodwill has been assigned to reporting units for purposes of impairment testing based upon the relative fair value of the asset to each reporting unit. The Company performs its annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year.
During Fiscal 2016, the Company determined that sufficient indicators of potential impairment existed to require an interim goodwill impairment analysis for the CorAmerica Capital, LLC (“CorAmerica”) reporting unit. The Company estimated the fair value of the CorAmerica reporting unit using the income approach. Under the income approach, the Company calculated the fair value of the CorAmerica reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Management’s estimate of implied fair value of goodwill was zero and, consequently, resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $10.7 which was reflected in “Impairments and bad debt expense” on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2016.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax laws or rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company has the ability and intent to recover in a tax-free manner assets (or liabilities) with book/tax basis differences for which no deferred taxes have been provided, in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes.
The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more-likely-than-not to be sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. Accrued interest expense and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recorded in “Income tax expense (benefit)” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Refer to Note 8, Income Taxes, for further detail.
Revenue Recognition
Net Investment Income
Interest income recorded in “Net investment income,” is recognized when earned, net of related expenses.
Legal Matters and Contingencies
The Company records legal fees and accruals in accordance with ASC Topic 450, “Contingencies”. Contingencies arising from environmental remediation costs, regulatory judgments, claims, assessments, guarantees, litigation, recourse reserves, fines, penalties and other sources are recorded when deemed probable and reasonably estimable.
Interest Expense
Interest expense on the Company’s debt is recognized as due and any associated premiums, discounts, and costs are amortized (accreted) over the term of the related borrowing utilizing the effective interest method.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains (losses) and non-credit related to other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on investment securities classified as available for sale (“AFS”) of businesses held for sale. Net unrealized gains and losses on investment securities classified as AFS by the businesses held for sale are reduced by deferred income taxes and adjustments to intangible assets that would have resulted had such gains and losses been realized. Refer to Note 7, Shareholder’s Equity, for further detail.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset or non-performance risk, which may include the Company’s own credit risk. The Company’s estimate of an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (“exit price”) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market, for that asset or liability, as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or receive a liability (“entry price”). The Company categorizes financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:
Level 1 — Values are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 — Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices from those willing to trade in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by market data for the term of the instrument. Such inputs include market interest rates and volatilities, spreads and yield curves.
Level 3 — Certain inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s best estimate of what hypothetical market participants would use to determine a transaction price for the asset or liability at the reporting date based on the best information available in the circumstances.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lower level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment.
When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. Because certain securities trade in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, the determination of fair value for these securities is inherently more difficult. However, Level 3 fair value investments may include, in addition to the unobservable or Level 3 inputs, observable components, which are components that are actively quoted or can be validated to market-based sources.
Refer to Note 5, Fair Value of Financial Instruments, for further detail.
Reclassifications
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified or combined to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications and combinations had no effect on previously reported results of operations or accumulated deficit.
Subsequent Events
ASC Topic 855, “Subsequent Events” (“ASC 855”), establishes general standards of accounting and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued. ASC 855 requires the
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Company to evaluate events that occur after the balance sheet date through the date the Company’s financial statements are issued and to determine whether adjustments to or additional disclosures in the financial statements are necessary. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date these financial statements were issued. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations, for updates regarding the regulatory approvals related to the FGL Merger and the Front Street Sale. No other significant events occurred subsequent to September 30, 2017.
Newly Adopted Accounting Standards
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. This ASU makes changes to the VIE model and voting interest (“VOE”) model consolidation guidance. The Company adopted this ASU using a modified retrospective approach during Fiscal 2017. The adoption of this ASU had no effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which intends to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-15 will become effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of its fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this update on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”), which removes the prohibition against the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. ASU 2016-16 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-16 will become effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this update on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Interest Held through Related Parties That Are under Common Control (“ASU 2016-17”), which alters how a decision maker needs to consider indirect interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”) held through an entity under common control. ASU 2016-17 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-17 will become effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this update on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
(3) Divestitures
As previously discussed in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Nature of Operations, the Insurance Operations were classified as held for sale in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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The following table summarizes the major categories of assets and liabilities of the Insurance Operations classified as held for sale in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017 and 2016:

| September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Assets |  |  |
Investments, including loans and receivables from affiliates | $ | 23,211.1 |  |  | $ | 21,160.6 |
Funds withheld receivables | 742.7 |  |  | 671.6 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 914.5 |  |  | 896.0 |
Accrued investment income | 231.3 |  |  | 213.7 |
Reinsurance recoverable | 2,358.8 |  |  | 2,344.4 |
Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired, net | 1,163.6 |  |  | 1,065.5 |
Other assets | 125.4 |  |  | 295.3 |
Write-down of assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell | (421.2 | ) |  | (362.8 | )
Total assets of businesses held for sale | $ | 28,326.2 |  |  | $ | 26,284.3 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Insurance reserves | $ | 24,989.6 |  |  | $ | 23,404.6 |
Debt | 405.0 |  |  | 398.8 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities | 56.2 |  |  | 63.1 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 68.0 |  |  | 9.9 |
Other liabilities | 831.9 |  |  | 677.4 |
Total liabilities of businesses held for sale | $ | 26,350.7 |  |  | $ | 24,553.8 |

In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, long-lived assets classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less cost to sell at the balance sheet date. At September 30, 2017, the carrying value of the Company’s interest in FGL was $402.2 higher than FGL’s estimated fair value less cost to sell of $1,471.3 and as a result, during Fiscal 2017, the Company recorded a $39.4 write-down of assets of business held for sale in addition to the $362.8 write-down previously recorded at September 30, 2016. At September 30, 2017, the carrying value of the Company’s interest in Front Street was $19.0 higher than Front Street’s estimated fair value less cost to sell of $65.0 and as a result, during Fiscal 2017, the Company recorded a $19.0 write-down of assets of business held for sale.
The following table summarizes the components of “Net income (loss) from discontinued operations” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance premiums |  | $ | 43.9 |  |  | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | 59.9 |
Net investment income |  | 1,050.7 |  |  | 985.9 |  |  | 923.0 |
Net investment gains (losses) |  | 377.4 |  |  | 131.6 |  |  | (128.8 | )
Insurance and investment product fees and other |  | 169.5 |  |  | 130.5 |  |  | 93.1 |
Total revenues |  | 1,641.5 |  |  | 1,320.5 |  |  | 947.2 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefits and other changes in policy reserves |  | 925.9 |  |  | 893.9 |  |  | 649.0 |
Selling, acquisition, operating and general expenses |  | 148.2 |  |  | 127.9 |  |  | 124.9 |
Amortization of intangibles |  | 197.5 |  |  | 78.6 |  |  | 41.8 |
Total operating costs and expenses |  | 1,271.6 |  |  | 1,100.4 |  |  | 815.7 |
Operating income |  | 369.9 |  |  | 220.1 |  |  | 131.5 |
Interest expense |  | (24.4 | ) |  | (22.0 | ) |  | (23.6 | )
Write-down of assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell |  | (58.4 | ) |  | (362.8 | ) |  | — |
Net income (loss) before income taxes |  | 287.1 |  |  | (164.7 | ) |  | 107.9 |
Income tax (benefit) expense (a) |  | (92.1 | ) |  | 260.4 |  |  | 32.0 |
Net income (loss) |  | 379.2 |  |  | (425.1 | ) |  | 75.9 |
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 43.7 |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | 23.1 |
Net income (loss) - attributable to controlling interest |  | $ | 335.5 |  |  | $ | (444.1 | ) |  | $ | 52.8 |

(a) The Company recognized a deferred tax liability of $367.9 at September 30, 2016 as a result of classifying the Company’s ownership interest in FGL as held for sale. Of this amount, $222.9 was recognized to income tax expense and $145.0 was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. Based on the Company’s current intent to exercise the 338 Tax Election related to the FGL Merger, the Company reversed the previously recorded deferred tax liability
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which resulted in the recognition of a $367.9 income tax benefit in Fiscal 2017. Of this amount, $222.9 was recognized in income tax expense and $145.0 was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income.
(4) Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities
Collateralized Loan Obligations
In February 2013, September 2013 and February 2015, Salus completed a collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) securitization of up to $578.5 notional aggregate principal amount. At September 30, 2017 and 2016, the outstanding notional aggregate principal amount of $28.9 and $39.7, respectively, was taken up by unaffiliated entities, $48.1 and $65.9, respectively, was taken up by FGL and also included in “Assets of businesses held for sale” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, and $22.2 and $30.3, respectively, was taken up by Salus and is eliminated upon consolidation. The CLO’s subordinated debt is non-recourse to the Company. As of September 30, 2017, the CLO’s assets consisted of $2.0 of cash that is being held back to cover wind-down and legal expenses. The subordinated tranches carry residual interest subject to maintenance of certain covenants. Due to losses incurred in the CLO, at September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, the CLO was not accruing interest on the subordinated debt.
Included within “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2016 were asset-based loans of $29.3 that served as collateral to the obligations of the CLO. At September 30, 2017, there were no asset-based loans that served as collateral to the obligations of the CLO.
The table below summarizes select information related to the CLO vehicle in which Salus held a variable interest at September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Maximum loss exposure |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29.3 |
Asset-based loans receivable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29.3 |
Cash and other assets |  | 2.0 |  |  | 13.7 |
Total assets of consolidated VIE |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 43.0 |
Subordinated long-term debt |  | $ | 99.2 |  |  | $ | 135.2 |
Total liabilities of consolidated VIE |  | $ | 99.2 |  |  | $ | 135.2 |

(5) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value
The carrying amount, estimated fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instrument assets and liabilities which are not measured at fair value in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets are summarized as follows:

| September 30, 2017
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Total debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73.1 |

| September 30, 2016
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Asset-based loans, included in other assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33.3 |  |  | $ | 33.3 |  |  | $ | 33.3 |
Total debt | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 29.9 |  |  | 31.9 |  |  | 102.4 |

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables approximate fair value due to their short duration and, accordingly, they are not presented in the tables above.
As further discussed in Note 4, Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities, at September 30, 2017, there were no asset-based loans that served as collateral to the obligations of the CLO. As a result, the estimated fair value of the CLO debt was zero at September 30, 2017.
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Valuation Methodology
Asset-based loans
The fair value of the asset-based loans originated by Salus approximate their net carrying value. Such loans carry a variable rate that are typically revolving in nature and can be settled at the demand of either party. Nonaccrual loans are considered impaired for reporting purposes and are measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis. As the loans are collateral dependent, Salus measures such impairment based on the estimated fair value of eligible proceeds. This is generally based on estimated market prices, which may be obtained from a variety of sources, including in certain instances from appraisals prepared by third parties. The impaired loan balance represents those nonaccrual loans for which impairment was recognized during the year.
(6) Debt
The Company’s consolidated debt consists of the following:

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
|  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate
Salus |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unaffiliated long-term debt of consolidated variable-interest entity |  | $ | 28.9 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 39.7 |  |  | — | %
Long-term debt of consolidated variable-interest entity with FGL* |  | 48.1 |  |  | — | % |  | 65.9 |  |  | — | %
Unaffiliated secured borrowings under non-qualifying loan participations |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2.0 |  |  | — | %
Total |  | 77.0 |  |  |  |  | 107.6 |  |  |
Original issuance discounts on debt, net of premiums |  | (0.6 | ) |  |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  |
Unamortized debt issue costs |  | (3.3 | ) |  |  |  | (4.4 | ) |  |
Total debt |  | 73.1 |  |  |  |  | 102.4 |  |  |
Less current maturities |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |
Non-current portion of debt |  | $ | 73.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 100.4 |  |  |

* The debt balances included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and in the table above reflect transactions between the businesses held for sale and businesses held for use that are expected to continue to exist after the completion of any disposition resulting from the FGL Merger and Front Street Sale. Such transactions are not eliminated in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements in order to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale.
Aggregate scheduled maturities of debt as of September 30, 2017 are as follows:

Fiscal Year |  | Scheduled maturities
2018 |  | $ | — |
2019 |  | — |
2020 |  | — |
2021 |  | 77.0 |
2022 |  | — |
Thereafter |  | — |
|  | $ | 77.0 |

Salus
Salus acted as co-lender under some of the asset-based loans that it originated, and such loans were structured to meet the definition of a “participating interest” as defined under ASC 860-10, Transfers and Servicing. Salus is no longer originating new loans. For loans originated with co-lenders that have terms that result in such a co-lender not having a qualifying “participating interest,” Salus recognizes the whole, undivided loan. Salus also reflects a secured borrowing owing to the co-lender representing their share in the undivided whole loan. As of September 30, 2016, Salus had $2.0 of such secured borrowings to unaffiliated co-lenders outstanding related to non-qualifying “participating interests.” As of September 30, 2017, Salus had no secured borrowings to unaffiliated co-lenders outstanding related to non-qualifying “participating interests.”
For additional information related to the reduction in senior secured and subordinated CLO debt, see Note 4, Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities.
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(7) Shareholder’s Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The cumulative amounts of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder’s Equity, as of September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, were as follows:

|  | Unrealized Investment Gains, net |  | Non-credit Related Other-than-temporary Impairments |  | Total
Cumulative components at September 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross amounts (after reclassification adjustments) |  | $ | 1,134.9 |  |  | $ | (2.4 | ) |  | $ | 1,132.5 |
Intangible assets adjustments |  | (298.9 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | (298.5 | )
Tax effects |  | (291.6 | ) |  | 0.3 |  |  | (291.3 | )
Noncontrolling interest |  | (106.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (106.5 | )
|  | $ | 437.9 |  |  | $ | (1.7 | ) |  | $ | 436.2 |
Cumulative components at September 30, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross amounts (after reclassification adjustments) |  | $ | 940.5 |  |  | $ | (2.4 | ) |  | $ | 938.1 |
Intangible assets adjustments |  | (258.6 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | (258.2 | )
Tax effects |  | (382.6 | ) |  | 0.3 |  |  | (382.3 | )
Noncontrolling interest |  | (86.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (86.0 | )
|  | $ | 213.3 |  |  | $ | (1.7 | ) |  | $ | 211.6 |
Cumulative components at September 30, 2015: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross amounts (after reclassification adjustments) |  | $ | 147.2 |  |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | 146.2 |
Intangible assets adjustments |  | (0.3 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.1 |
Tax effects |  | (51.4 | ) |  | 0.3 |  |  | (51.1 | )
Noncontrolling interest |  | (17.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17.4 | )
|  | $ | 78.1 |  |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | 77.8 |

Restricted Net Assets of Subsidiaries
The Company considered the guidance in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Regulation S-X related to restricted net assets of subsidiaries. In accordance with Rule 4-08(e) of Regulation S-X, the Company has determined that certain net assets of its subsidiaries are considered restricted under this guidance and exceed 25 percent of FS Holdco’s consolidated net assets. FS Holdco’s interest in net assets of its subsidiaries that were considered to be restricted at September 30, 2017 was approximately $1,904.4 and consisted of net assets of FGL and Front Street (classified as of businesses held for sale), which were restricted as to transfer to FS Holdco in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances under regulatory restrictions.
(8) Income Taxes
FS Holdco and its non-life subsidiaries’ operating results have historically been included in the HRG U.S. consolidated federal and state tax returns. Tax payments to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and state tax authorities are made by HRG on FS Holdco’s behalf. The provision for income taxes and current and deferred tax balances are computed under the separate return method and presented in these financial statements as if FS Holdco and its non-life insurance subsidiaries filed their own U.S. Federal and state income tax returns. These financial statements include tax losses and tax credits that may not reflect the tax positions taken by HRG. HRG does not maintain a tax sharing agreement with FS Holdco, and generally does not charge FS Holdco for any tax payments it makes; in addition, HRG does not reimburse FS Holdco for utilization of tax attributes. Because FS Holdco’s tax liabilities computed under the separate return method are not settled with HRG, the difference between any settled amounts and the computed liability under the separate return method is treated as either a deemed distribution or capital contribution.
Income tax expense (benefit) was calculated based upon the following components of loss from continuing operations before income taxes:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | (5.9 | ) |  | $ | (31.5 | ) |  | $ | (115.7 | )
Outside the United States |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total loss from continuing operations before income taxes |  | $ | (5.9 | ) |  | $ | (31.0 | ) |  | $ | (115.6 | )

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The components of income tax expense (benefit) were as follows:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.4 | )
State |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total current |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | 0.7 |  |  | (6.9 | ) |  | 9.7 |
Foreign |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |
State |  | 0.4 |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 1.0 |
Total deferred |  | 1.1 |  |  | (6.6 | ) |  | 10.7 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | (6.7 | ) |  | $ | 10.4 |

The differences between income taxes expected at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 35.0% and reported income tax expense (benefit) are summarized as follows:

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Expected income tax benefit at the Federal statutory rate |  | $ | (2.1 | ) |  | $ | (10.9 | ) |  | $ | (40.5 | )
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |  | 0.5 |  |  | (3.6 | ) |  | 36.5 |
Outside basis differences |  | 2.4 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 18.2 |
Other |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | (3.8 | )
Reported income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | (6.7 | ) |  | $ | 10.4 |
Effective tax rate |  | (18.6 | )% |  | 21.6 | % |  | (9.0 | )%

For Fiscal 2017, the Company’s effective tax rate of (18.6)% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate of 35.0% and was primarily driven by the Company changing its judgement on the realizability of the beginning of the year deferred tax assets and recorded a valuation allowance.
For Fiscal 2016, the Company’s effective tax rate of 21.6% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate of 35.0% and was primarily driven by current year losses related to the Company in the U.S. for which tax benefits are not more-likely-than-not to be realizable, resulting in the recording of valuation allowances.
For Fiscal 2015, the Company’s effective tax rate of (9.0)% differed from the expected U.S. statutory tax rate of 35.0% and was primarily driven by the book revaluation and impairments and bad debt expense at Salus for which tax benefits are not more-likely-than-not to be realizable, resulting in the recording of valuation allowances.
The following table summarizes the components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities:

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards |  | $ | 62.7 |  |  | $ | 51.7 |
Outside basis differences on investments |  | 43.2 |  |  | 45.2 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 105.9 |  |  | 96.9 |
Less: Valuation allowance |  | 105.9 |  |  | 59.8 |
Net deferred tax assets |  | — |  |  | 37.1 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Outside basis difference on held for sale assets |  | — |  |  | (368.4 | )
Investments |  | — |  |  | (39.2 | )
Other |  | — |  |  | 6.1 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | — |  |  | (401.5 | )
Net deferred tax liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (364.4 | )

At September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company had gross U.S. Federal operating loss carryforwards of $156.4 and $137.2, respectively (inclusive of $151.1 and $133.6, attributable to FGL’s non-life subsidiaries), which if unused, will expire in tax years ending December 31, 2028 through 2037.
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In accordance with ASC Topic 740, the Company establishes valuation allowance for deferred tax assets that, in its judgment, are not more-likely-than-not to be realized. These judgments are based on projections of future income, including tax-planning strategies, by individual tax jurisdiction. Changes in industry and economic conditions and the competitive environment may impact the accuracy of these projections. In accordance with ASC Topic 740, during each reporting period, the Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and determines if adjustments to its valuation allowances are appropriate. As a result of this assessment, for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company established a net increase (decrease) in the valuation allowance to earnings totaling $0.5, $(3.6) and $36.5, respectively, as more fully described below.
FS Holdco Tax Group
The deferred tax assets for each of the reporting periods were evaluated including an assessment of future sources of taxable income to support realizability. At September 30, 2017, the Company established a valuation allowance against the net amount of its deferred tax assets as the Company has determined that it is not more-likely-than-not that these net deferred tax assets will be realized. FS Holdco had a valuation allowance totaling $105.9 and $59.8 at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
FS Holdco and its non-life insurance subsidiaries’ operating results have historically been included in HRG’s U.S. Federal and state and local combined and separate income tax returns.
The IRS completed an audit of HRG’s 2013 federal consolidated tax return in February 2017 and agreed to a $37.0 adjustment to increase the net operating loss carryforwards. HRG received the final closing letter in February 2017.
Additionally, HRG also finalized its New York State audit with the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance for tax years ended December 31, 2011 through 2013. The New York City tax return for years ended December 31, 2011 through 2013 are currently under audit and are awaiting resolution from the State.
(9) Commitments and Contingencies
The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in litigation and claims arising out of their prior businesses and arising in the ordinary course out of their current businesses, which include, among other things, indemnification and other claims and litigations involving FS Holdco’s and its subsidiaries’ business practices, transactions, workers compensation matters, environmental matters, and personal injury claims. However, based on currently available information, including legal defenses available to the Company, and given the Company’s existing accruals and related insurance coverage, the Company does not believe that the outcome of these legal, environmental and regulatory matters will have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
FGL (Business Held for Sale)
FGL is involved in various pending or threatened legal proceedings, including purported class actions, arising in the ordinary course of business. In some instances, these proceedings include claims for unspecified or substantial punitive damages and similar types of relief in addition to amounts for alleged contractual liability or requests for equitable relief. In the opinion of FGL’s management and in light of existing insurance and other potential indemnification, reinsurance and established accruals, such litigation is not expected to have a material adverse effect on FGL’s financial position, although it is possible that the results of operations and cash flows could be materially affected by an unfavorable outcome in any one period.
FGL has assessed amounts by the state guaranty funds to cover losses to policyholders of insolvent or rehabilitated insurance companies. Those mandatory assessments may be partially recovered through a reduction in future premium taxes in certain states. At September 30, 2017, FGL had accrued $2.1 for guaranty fund assessments that is expected to be offset by estimated future premium tax deductions of $2.0.
FGL has received inquiries from a number of state regulatory authorities regarding its use of the U.S. Social Security Administration’s Death Master File (the “Death Master File”)and compliance with state claims practices regulation. Legislation requiring insurance companies to use the Death Master File to identify potential claims has been enacted in a number of states. As a result of these legislative and regulatory developments, in May 2012, FGL undertook an initiative to use the Death Master File and other publicly available databases to identify persons potentially entitled to benefits under life insurance policies, annuities and retained asset accounts. In addition, FGL has received audit and examination notices from several state agencies responsible for escheatment and unclaimed property regulation in those states and in some cases has challenged the audits including litigation against the Controller for the State of California which is subject to a stay and separate litigation against the Treasurer for the State of Illinois. FGL believes its current accrual will cover the reasonably estimated liability arising out of these developments, however costs that cannot be reasonably estimated as of the date of this filing are possible as a result of ongoing regulatory developments and other future requirements related to these matters.
On June 30, 2017, a putative class action complaint was filed against FGL in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, captioned Brokerage Insurance Partners v. Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company, Fidelity & Guaranty Life, FS Holdco II Ltd, and John Doe, No.17-cv-1815. The complaint alleges that FGL breached the terms of its agency agreement with Brokerage Insurance Partners (“BIP”) and other agents by changing certain compensation terms. The complaint asserts, among other causes of action, breach of contract, defamation, tortious interference with contract, negligent misrepresentation,
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and violating of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”). The complaint seeks to certify a class composed of all persons who entered into an agreement with FGL to sell life insurance and who sold at least one life insurance policy between January 1, 2015 and January 1, 2017. The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory, consequential, and punitive damages in an amount not presently determinable, among other forms of relief. On September 1, 2017, FGL filed a counterclaim against BIP and John and Jane Does 1-10, asserting, among other causes of action, breach of contract, fraud, civil conspiracy and violations of RICO. As of the date of this report, FGL does not have sufficient information to determine whether it has exposure to any losses that would be either probable or reasonably estimable with respect to this matter.
On July 5, 2013, Plaintiff Eddie L. Cressy filed a putative class complaint captioned Cressy v. Fidelity Guaranty [sic] Life Insurance Company, et. al. (“Cressy”) in the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles (the “LA Court”), Case No. BC-514340. The complaint was filed after the Plaintiff was unable to maintain an action in federal court. The complaint asserted, inter alia, that the Plaintiff and members of the putative class relied on defendants’ advice in purchasing allegedly unsuitable equity-indexed insurance policies.
On January 2, 2015, the Court entered Final Judgment in Cressy, certifying the class for settlement purposes, and approving the class settlement reached on April 4, 2014. On August 10, 2015, FGL tendered $1.3 to the Settlement Administrator for a claim review fund. FGL implemented an interest enhancement feature for certain policies as part of the class settlement, which enhancement began on October 12, 2015. On October 24, 2016, the parties filed a joint motion to amend the January 2, 2015 final order and judgment, to extend the deadline for settlement completion from October 24, 2016 to December 5, 2016. On December 5, 2016, Plaintiff Cressy filed a Notice of Filing Declaration of Settlement Administrator and Status of Completion of Settlement; the Declaration of Settlement Administrator included a certification by the Settlement Administrator that FGL had complied in all respects with the class settlement and that all eligible claims had been paid and the interest enhancement had been implemented pursuant to the terms of the class settlement. On March 24, 2017, the Court entered a Minute Order indicating that it was satisfied that the parties had fully and finally performed all of the terms of the settlement and recorded the matter as complete without the need for any further hearings.
On January 7, 2015, a putative class action complaint (“Ludwick Litigation”) was filed in the United States District Court, Western District of Missouri (the “District Court”), captioned Dale R. Ludwick, on behalf of Herself and All Others Similarly Situated (the “Plaintiff”) v. HRG, FGL Insurance, Raven Re, and Front Street Cayman (together, the “Defendants”). The complaint alleged violations of the RICO, requested injunctive and declaratory relief and sought unspecified compensatory damages for the putative class in an amount not presently determinable, treble damages, and other relief, and claims the Plaintiff overpaid for her annuity. On February 12, 2016, the District Court granted the Defendants’ joint motion to dismiss the Plaintiff’s claims. On March 3, 2016, the Plaintiff filed a Notice of Appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (the “Court of Appeals”). On April 13, 2017, the Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court’s decision to dismiss the Plaintiff’s claims. The Plaintiff’s time to seek discretionary review of this matter expired on July 12, 2017. As of the date of this report, FGL does not have sufficient information to determine whether FGL has exposure to any losses that would be either probable or reasonably estimable beyond the $1.8 expense incurred by FGL to date.
Guarantees
Throughout its history, the Company has entered into indemnifications in the ordinary course of business with customers, suppliers, service providers, business partners and, in certain instances, when it sold businesses. Additionally, the Company has indemnified its directors and officers who are, or were, serving at the request of the Company in such capacities. Although the specific terms or number of such arrangements is not precisely known due to the extensive history of past operations, costs incurred to settle claims related to these indemnifications have not been material to the Company’s financial statements. The Company has no reason to believe that future costs to settle claims related to its former operations will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Unfunded Investment Commitments
FGL has unfunded investment commitments of $196.6 as of September 30, 2017 based upon the timing of when investments are executed compared to when the actual investments are funded, as some investments require that funding occur over a period of months or years.
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Lease Commitments
The Company’s minimum rent payments under operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Future annual minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows:

Fiscal Year |  | Operating Leases of Businesses Held for Sale
2018 |  | $ | 2.0 |
2019 |  | 2.0 |
2020 |  | 2.0 |
2021 |  | 1.2 |
2022 |  | — |
Thereafter |  | — |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 7.2 |

The Company’s total rent expense was $0.2, $1.0 and $0.9 during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(10) Related Party Transactions
In February 2013, in connection with the acquisition of interest in Compass Production Partners (“Compass”), HGI Energy Holdings, LLC (“HGI Energy”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of HRG, entered into note purchase agreements with FGL and Front Street for $100.0 notional aggregate principal amount due February 14, 2021 (the “Old HGI Energy Notes”). The Old HGI Energy Notes to FGL earned interest at 9.0% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 1 and July 1. Following the sale of Compass, a majority-owned subsidiary of HGI Energy, in Fiscal 2016, the Old HGI Energy Notes were canceled and replaced with $92.0 notional aggregate amount of new notes of HGI Energy (the “HGI Energy Notes”) which were then transferred from FGL to a reinsurance funds withheld account, for which Front Street bears the economic risk. As a result of the transaction, HGI Energy recognized $8.0 gain on the extinguishment of debt, while FGL and Front Street recognized $8.0 of net investment losses included in “Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
On May 8, 2017, the HGI Energy Notes were amended to (i) extend the stated maturity date to the earlier of (x) June 30, 2018 and (y) five business days following the date of any occurrence of acquisition of ownership, directly or indirectly, beneficially or of record, by any person or group, other than HRG or its subsidiaries, of common stock representing more than 50.0% of FGL’s issued an outstanding common stock; and (ii) increase the rate of interest paid by the HGI Energy Notes from 0.7% to 1.5%, effective August 22, 2017.
In relation to the HGI Energy Notes, for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized $0.7, $8.1 and $9.0, respectively, of income from discontinued operations.
On September 25, 2015, CorAmerica assigned its interests under certain purchase agreements regarding outlet center developments to entities and accounts related to Fortress Investment Group LLC (“Fortress”), which, through affiliates, had acquired interests greater than 10% ownership in the Company as of September 30, 2017. The aggregate consideration for such assignment included a $0.4 fee.
On October 7, 2015, FGL entered into an Engagement Letter with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Leucadia National Corporation (“Leucadia”), which through subsidiaries beneficially owns more than 10% of HRG’s outstanding shares of Common Stock, pursuant to which Jefferies agreed (on a non-exclusive basis) to provide financial advisory services to FGL in connection with a transaction involving a merger or other similar transaction with respect to at least a majority of the capital stock of FGL. HRG was also a party to the Engagement Letter. Under the Engagement Letter, Jefferies is entitled to receive a fee which represents a percentage of the value of the transaction, plus reimbursement for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Jefferies in connection with their engagement. FGL has also agreed to indemnify Jefferies for certain liabilities in connection with their engagement. HRG is required to reimburse FGL for compensation paid by FGL to Jefferies under certain circumstances. Specifically, if compensation to Jefferies becomes payable in respect of a transaction that involves a disposition of shares of FGL held by HRG (and not other stockholders of FGL), HRG will reimburse FGL for the full amount of such compensation. If compensation to Jefferies becomes payable in respect of a transaction that involves a disposition of shares of FGL held by HRG and a disposition of not more than 50% of the shares of FGL held by stockholders of FGL other than HRG, HRG will reimburse FGL for its pro rata portion of such compensation (based on its relative number of shares compared to those held by stockholders of FGL other than HRG). On May 8, 2017, the parties executed an amendment to extend the term of the Engagement Letter.
On October 23, 2015, Front Street Cayman sold bonds issued by Phoenix Life Insurance Company and received approximately $14.0 in aggregate proceeds from the sale. Jefferies acted as the principal in the transaction.
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FGL has invested in CLO securities issued by Fortress Credit Opportunities III CLO LP (“FCO III”) and also invested in securities issued by Fortress Credit BSL Limited (“Fortress BSL”). The parent of both FCO III and Fortress BSL is Fortress, which had acquired interests greater than 10% ownership in HRG as of September 30, 2016. Such CLOs had an aggregate total carrying value of $176.3 and $227.5 as of September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company’s net investment income from such securities was $11.6, $11.0 and $9.5 for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and was included in “Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
In May 2012, Salus closed a credit facility with Frederick’s of Hollywood Inc. (“FOH”). In May 2014, the Company, through its subsidiaries completed the acquisition of a 62.0% interest in FOH, a retailer of women’s apparel and related products. The Company’s net investment income from the credit facilities was $2.9 for Fiscal 2015.
On April 19, 2015, FOHG Holdings, LLC, FOH and their subsidiaries (together, “FOHG”) commenced Chapter 11 cases in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. On June 3, 2015, following receipt of court approval, FOHG sold its brand and inventory (the “ABG Sale”) to Authentic Brands Group Inc. (“ABG”), a third party licensing company, with the majority of the proceeds used to repay a portion of the loans with the Company. The Company also recorded $16.2 of impairments, included in discontinued operations, related to their outstanding loans with FOHG.
(11) Insurance Subsidiary Financial Information
FGL’s insurance subsidiaries file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) that are prepared in accordance with Statutory Accounting Principles (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by such authorities, which may vary materially from U.S. GAAP. Prescribed SAP includes the Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual of the NAIC as well as state laws, regulations and administrative rules. Permitted SAP encompasses all accounting practices not so prescribed. The principal differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are that statutory financial statements do not reflect value of business acquired and deferred acquisition cost, some bond portfolios may be carried at amortized cost, assets and liabilities are presented net of reinsurance, contractholder liabilities are generally valued using more conservative assumptions and certain assets are non-admitted. Accordingly, statutory operating results and statutory capital and surplus may differ substantially from amounts reported in the U.S. GAAP basis financial statements for comparable items.
FGL’s principal insurance subsidiaries’ statutory financial statements are based on a December 31 year end. Statutory net income and statutory capital and surplus of FGL’s wholly owned insurance subsidiaries were as follows:

|  | Subsidiary (state of domicile)(a)
|  | FGL Insurance (IA) |  | FGL NY Insurance (NY)
Statutory Net Income (Loss): |  |  |  |
Year ended December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 20.9 |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Year ended December 31, 2015 |  | (52.9 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Year ended December 31, 2014 |  | 104.6 |  |  | 1.9 |
Statutory Capital and Surplus: |  |  |  |
December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 1,323.0 |  |  | $ | 64.2 |
December 31, 2015 |  | 1,239.0 |  |  | 59.5 |

(a) FGL NY Insurance is a subsidiary of FGL Insurance, and the columns should not be added together.
The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy the applicable regulatory requirements is less than FGL Insurance’s and FGL NY Insurance’s respective statutory capital and surplus.
Life insurance companies are subject to certain Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”) requirements as specified by the NAIC. The RBC is used to evaluate the adequacy of capital and surplus maintained by an insurance company in relation to risks associated with: (i) asset risk, (ii) insurance risk, (iii) interest rate risk and (iv) business risk. FGL monitors the RBC of its insurance subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, each of FGL’s insurance subsidiaries had exceeded the minimum RBC requirements.
FGL’s insurance subsidiaries are restricted by state laws and regulations as to the amount of dividends they may pay to their parent without regulatory approval in any year, the purpose of which is to protect affected insurance policyholders, depositors or investors. Any dividends in excess of limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require approval. Based on statutory results as of December 31, 2016, in accordance with applicable dividend restrictions, FGL Insurance could pay “ordinary” dividends of $132.3 to Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. (“FGH”) in calendar year 2017 less any dividends paid during the immediately preceding 12 month period. In September 2017, FGL Insurance declared and paid an ordinary dividend of $25.0 to FGH. FGL Insurance did not declare or pay any other dividends to FGH during Fiscal 2016. Therefore, for the period of October 1 to December 31, 2017, FGL Insurance is able to declare ordinary dividends up to $107.3 with respect to its 2016 statutory results, subject to management’s discretion.
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On November 1, 2013, FGL Insurance re-domesticated from Maryland to Iowa. After re-domestication, FGL Insurance elected to apply Iowa-prescribed accounting practices that permit Iowa-domiciled insurers to report equity call options used to economically hedge fixed index annuity (“FIA”) index credits at amortized cost for statutory accounting purposes and to calculate FIA statutory reserves such that index credit returns will be included in the reserve only after crediting to the annuity contract. This resulted in a $0.1 and $46.8 increase to statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Also, the Iowa Insurance Division granted FGL Insurance a permitted statutory accounting practice to reclassify its negative unassigned surplus balance of $805.8 to additional paid in capital as of April 6, 2011, the date the Company acquired FGL Insurance, which had the effect of setting FGL Insurance’s statutory unassigned surplus to zero as of this date. The prescribed and permitted statutory accounting practices have no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements which are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
FGL Insurance’s statutory carrying value of Raven Re reflects the effect of permitted practices Raven Re received to treat the available amount of a letter of credit as an admitted asset which increased Raven Re’s statutory capital and surplus by $195.0 and $220.0 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Raven Re is also permitted to follow Iowa prescribed statutory accounting practice for its reserves on reinsurance assumed from FGL Insurance which increased Raven Re’s statutory capital and surplus by $4.0 and $4.1 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Without such permitted statutory accounting practices Raven Re’s statutory capital and surplus (deficit) would be $8.3 and $(13.7) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and its risk-based capital would fall below the minimum regulatory requirements. The letter of credit facility was collateralized by NAIC 1 rated fixed maturity securities. If the permitted practice was revoked, the letter of credit could be replaced by the collateral assets with the issuer’s consent. FGL Insurance’s statutory carrying value of Raven Re at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $207.3 and $210.3, respectively.
As of December 31, 2016, FGL NY Insurance did not follow any prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices that differ from the NAIC’s statutory accounting practices.
Securities held on deposit with various state regulatory authorities had a fair value of $19,765.4 and $18,074.6 at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. FGL Insurance is domesticated in Iowa and under Iowa regulations, insurance companies are required to hold securities on deposit in an amount no less than the FGL Insurance’s legal reserve as prescribed by Iowa regulations.
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Schedule II
FS HOLDCO II LTD. (Parent Only)
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions)

| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |
Receivables, net | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Investments in consolidated subsidiaries (a) | 1,470.5 |  |  | 1,292.5 |
Total assets | $ | 1,470.6 |  |  | $ | 1,294.8 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 364.4 |
Total liabilities | — |  |  | 364.4 |
Shareholder’s equity |  |  |
Common Stock | — |  |  | — |
Contributed capital | 499.5 |  |  | 498.4 |
Retained earnings | 534.9 |  |  | 220.4 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 436.2 |  |  | 211.6 |
Total shareholder’s equity | 1,470.6 |  |  | 930.4 |
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity | $ | 1,470.6 |  |  | $ | 1,294.8 |

(a) Includes $1,536.3 and $1,351.6 at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to the Company’s investment in the Insurance Operations which were classified as businesses held for sale.
See accompanying Independent Auditors’ Report.
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Schedule II
(continued)
FS HOLDCO II LTD. (Parent Only)
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In millions)

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cost of revenues |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total operating expenses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Operating loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | )
Other income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries (a) |  | 167.8 |  |  | 118.7 |  |  | (52.4 | )
Write-down of assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell |  | (58.4 | ) |  | (362.8 | ) |  | — |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 109.4 |  |  | (244.1 | ) |  | (52.5 | )
Income tax (benefit) expense (b) |  | (219.2 | ) |  | 219.0 |  |  | 1.4 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 328.6 |  |  | $ | (463.1 | ) |  | $ | (53.9 | )

(a) Includes $168.0, $117.4, and $58.4 for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to the Company’s investments in the Insurance Operations, which were classified as discontinued operations.
(b) Fiscal 2016 includes income tax expense of $198.7 related to classifying the Company’s ownership interest in FGL as held for sale following the Anbang/FGL Merger Agreement. Fiscal 2017 includes income tax benefit of $(222.2) related the Company’s current intent to exercise the 338 Tax Election related to the FGL Merger which resulted in the reversal of the income tax expense recorded in Fiscal 2016, as discussed above.
See accompanying Independent Auditors’ Report.
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Schedule II
(continued)
FS HOLDCO II LTD. (Parent Only)
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 328.6 |  |  | $ | (463.1 | ) |  | $ | (53.9 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in net (loss) income of subsidiaries |  | (167.8 | ) |  | (118.7 | ) |  | 52.4 |
Dividends received |  | 12.2 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 14.6 |
Write-down of assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell |  | 58.4 |  |  | 362.8 |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes |  | (219.1 | ) |  | 220.9 |  |  | (0.9 | )
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivables |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (1.9 | ) |  | 2.2 |
Net change in cash due to operating activities |  | 12.2 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 14.4 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital contributions to subsidiaries |  | (1.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (36.0 | )
Net change in cash due to investing activities |  | (1.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (36.0 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash contributions from parent |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.0 |
Dividends paid to HRG Group, Inc. |  | (14.1 | ) |  | (12.6 | ) |  | (14.6 | )
Net change in cash due to financing activities |  | (12.7 | ) |  | (12.6 | ) |  | 21.4 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (1.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.2 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |

See accompanying Independent Auditors’ Report.
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HGI FUNDING, LLC CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Independent Auditors’ Report | S-82
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 | S-83
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the Years Ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | S-84
Consolidated Statements of Member’s Equity for the Years Ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | S-85
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | S-86
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | S-87

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Independent Auditors’ Report
The Member
HGI Funding, LLC:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of HGI Funding, LLC, which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, member’s equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2017, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
Auditors’ Responsibility
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement.
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors’ judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.
Opinion
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly in all material respects, the financial position of HGI Funding, LLC as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2017 in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
November 20, 2017
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HGI FUNDING, LLC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Investments in affiliate, at fair value (Note 4): |  | $ | 608,038 |  |  | $ | 790,415 |
Cash |  | 76 |  |  | 76 |
Restricted cash |  | 235 |  |  | 235 |
Other assets |  | 140 |  |  | 221 |
Total assets |  | $ | 608,489 |  |  | $ | 790,947 |
LIABILITIES AND MEMBER’S EQUITY |  |  |  |
Debt (Note 6) |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | 641 |  |  | 192 |
Total liabilities |  | 50,641 |  |  | 192 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |  |
Member’s equity: |  |  |  |
Contributed capital |  | 312,499 |  |  | 369,067 |
Retained earnings |  | 245,349 |  |  | 421,688 |
Total member’s equity |  | 557,848 |  |  | 790,755 |
Total liabilities and member’s equity |  | $ | 608,489 |  |  | $ | 790,947 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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HGI FUNDING, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(In thousands)

|  | Year ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Investment income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend and interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-affiliates |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 60 |
Affiliate |  | 9,414 |  |  | 9,644 |  |  | 5,382 |
Net investment income |  | 9,414 |  |  | 9,644 |  |  | 5,442 |
Realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized gains (losses) on sale of investments |  | — |  |  | 101,892 |  |  | (44,509 | )
Net change in unrealized (losses) gains on investment in affiliate |  | (182,377 | ) |  | 212,131 |  |  | (65 | )
Net change in unrealized (losses) gains on investment in non-affiliates |  | — |  |  | (14,082 | ) |  | 54,407 |
Net recognized (losses) gains on investments |  | (182,377 | ) |  | 299,941 |  |  | 9,833 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 425 |  |  | 615 |  |  | 1,116 |
Interest expense |  | 2,951 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
(Loss) income before income taxes |  | (176,339 | ) |  | 308,970 |  |  | 14,159 |
Income tax expense (Note 7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (loss) income |  | (176,339 | ) |  | 308,970 |  |  | 14,159 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (176,339 | ) |  | $ | 308,970 |  |  | $ | 14,159 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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HGI FUNDING, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF MEMBER’S EQUITY
(In thousands)

|  | Contributed capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Total member’s equity
Balances at September 30, 2014 |  | $ | 297,229 |  |  | $ | 98,559 |  |  | $ | 395,788 |
Return of capital to HRG Group, Inc. |  | (82,762 | ) |  | — |  |  | (82,762 | )
Deemed distribution to HRG Group, Inc. |  | (10,307 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,307 | )
Deemed contributed capital from HRG Group, Inc. for unreimbursed management services |  | 423 |  |  | — |  |  | 423 |
Contributed capital from HRG Group, Inc. |  | 309,551 |  |  | — |  |  | 309,551 |
Comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | 14,159 |  |  | 14,159 |
Balances at September 30, 2015 |  | 514,134 |  |  | 112,718 |  |  | 626,852 |
Return of capital to HRG Group, Inc. |  | (189,731 | ) |  | — |  |  | (189,731 | )
Deemed contributed capital from HRG Group, Inc. for unreimbursed management services |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Contributed capital from HRG Group, Inc. |  | 44,622 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,622 |
Comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | 308,970 |  |  | 308,970 |
Balances at September 30, 2016 |  | 369,067 |  |  | 421,688 |  |  | 790,755 |
Return of capital to HRG Group, Inc. |  | (57,914 | ) |  | — |  |  | (57,914 | )
Deemed contributed capital from HRG Group, Inc. for unreimbursed management services |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Contributed capital from HRG Group, Inc. |  | 1,332 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,332 |
Comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | (176,339 | ) |  | (176,339 | )
Balances at September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 312,499 |  |  | $ | 245,349 |  |  | $ | 557,848 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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HGI FUNDING, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)

|  | Year ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (176,339 | ) |  | $ | 308,970 |  |  | $ | 14,159 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to operating cash flows: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments |  | 182,377 |  |  | (299,941 | ) |  | (9,833 | )
Amortization of debt issuance cost |  | 1,144 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deemed contributed capital from HRG Group, Inc. for unreimbursed management services |  | 14 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 423 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  | 530 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (75 | )
Net change in cash due to operating activities |  | 7,726 |  |  | 9,095 |  |  | 4,674 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of common stock of an affiliate |  | — |  |  | (9,417 | ) |  | (304,960 | )
Proceeds from sales of investments |  | — |  |  | 145,088 |  |  | 70,786 |
Net change in cash due to investing activities |  | — |  |  | 135,671 |  |  | (234,174 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of new debt |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt issuance cost |  | (1,144 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Return of capital to HRG Group, Inc. |  | (57,914 | ) |  | (189,731 | ) |  | (82,762 | )
Change in restricted cash |  | — |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 1,275 |
Contributed capital from HRG Group, Inc. |  | 1,332 |  |  | 44,622 |  |  | 309,551 |
Net change in cash due to financing activities |  | (7,726 | ) |  | (145,128 | ) |  | 228,064 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | — |  |  | (362 | ) |  | (1,436 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 76 |  |  | 438 |  |  | 1,874 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 438 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-cash transaction: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deemed distribution to HRG Group, Inc. |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,307 |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 864 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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HGI FUNDING, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except per share figures)
(1) Basis of Presentation and Nature of Business
HGI Funding, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company (“HGI Funding” and, collectively with its subsidiary, HGI Funding SPV, LLC, the “Company”) is a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of HRG Group, Inc. (“HRG”). HGI Funding owns 100% of the equity interests in HGI Funding SPV, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company that was established and organized during Fiscal 2017. HRG is a holding company that conducts its operations principally through its operating subsidiaries. HRG’s shares of common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “HRG.”
HGI Funding manages a portion of HRG’s available cash and engages in other activities from time to time. The Company operates in one segment and has a fiscal year-end of September 30. References herein to Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 refer to the fiscal years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
(2) Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
The following is a summary of significant accounting policies followed by the Company.
Investments
The Company’s investments consist of marketable equity securities classified as trading and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recognized in earnings, including certain securities for which the Company has elected the fair value option under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 825, “Financial Instruments,” which would otherwise have been classified as an equity method investment. Investment transactions are accounted for as of the trade date and any realized gains or losses from such transactions are calculated on a first in, first out basis and are included in the appropriate caption in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.
The Company’s investments in marketable equity securities classified as trading and carried at fair value include common stock of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. (“Spectrum Brands”), an affiliated company under common control of the Company’s parent, HRG. The Company held 9.96% and 9.66% of Spectrum Brands’ outstanding common stock and HRG had two and three common directors on Spectrum Brands’ board of directors as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. HRG also had a named executive officer that is also a director on Spectrum Brands’ board of directors as of September 30, 2017. As a result, the Company had significant influence over the financial and operating decisions of Spectrum Brands. As a consequence of having significant influence, the Company’s interest in Spectrum Brands is considered an equity method investment under ASC Topic 323, “Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures,” for which the Company has elected the fair value option under ASC Topic 825.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset or non-performance risk, which may include the Company’s own credit risk. The Company’s estimate of an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (“exit price”) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market, for that asset or liability, as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or receive a liability (“entry price”). The Company categorizes financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:
Level 1 — Values are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 — Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices from those willing to trade in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by market data for the term of the instrument. Such inputs include market interest rates and volatilities, spreads and yield curves.
Level 3 — Certain inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s best estimate of what hypothetical market participants would use to determine a transaction price for the asset or liability at the reporting date based on the best information available in the circumstances.
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Revenue Recognition
Dividends and interest income are recorded in “Dividend and interest income” and are recognized when earned. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on investments in fixed maturity securities are reflected in “Dividend and interest income” over the contractual terms of the investments in a manner that produces a constant effective yield.
Reclassifications
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported results of operations or accumulated deficit.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. ASU 2014-09 requires revenue recognition to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new revenue recognition model requires identifying the contract and performance obligations, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to performance obligations and recognizing the revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 can be applied either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the updates recognized at the date of the initial application along with additional disclosures. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date (“ASU 2015-14”), which amends the previously issued ASU 2014-09 to provide for a one year deferral from the original effective date. As a result, the ASU 2014-09 will become effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of its fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption beginning in the first quarter of its fiscal year ending September 30, 2018. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) (“ASU 2016-08”), which clarifies gross versus net revenue reporting when another party is involved in the transaction. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”), which amends the revenue guidance on identifying performance obligations and accounting for licenses of intellectual property. There are two transition methods available under the new standard, either cumulative effect or retrospective. The Company does not expect any material financial impact related the new standard.
Amendments to Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), which changes how entities measure certain equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities measured under the fair value option that are attributable to their own credit. Under the new guidance, entities will be required to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income unless the investments qualify for the new practicability exception. For financial liabilities measured using the fair value option, entities will be required to record changes in fair value caused by a change in instrument-specific credit risk (own credit risk) separately in other comprehensive income. The accounting for other financial instruments, such as loans and investments in debt securities is largely unchanged. The classification and measurement guidance is effective for public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. This update will be effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019.The Company does not expect any material financial impact related the new standard.
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which supersedes the lease requirements in ASC 840, Leases. ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet, as well as disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. Although the new ASU 2016-02 requires both operating and finance leases to be disclosed on the balance sheet, a distinction between the two types still exists as the economics of leases can vary. ASU 2016-02 can be applied using a modified retrospective approach, with a number of optional practical expedients relating to the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the effective date, along with the ability to use hindsight in the evaluation of lease decisions, that entities may elect to apply. As a result, the ASU 2016-02 will become effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of its fiscal year ending September 30, 2020, with early adoption applicable. The Company does not expect any material financial impact related the new standard.
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Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which intends to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-15 will become effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of its fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company does not expect any material financial impact related the new standard.
Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”), which removes the prohibition against the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. ASU 2016-16 is effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result, the ASU 2016-16 will become effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, with early adoption applicable. The Company does not expect any material financial impact related the new standard.
(3) Significant Risks and Uncertainties
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results in future periods could differ from those estimates.
Market Risk
Market risk is the risk of loss of fair value resulting from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity prices. Market risk is directly influenced by the volatility and liquidity in the markets in which the related underlying financial instruments are traded.
The Company is exposed to equity price risk since it invests in marketable equity securities. The Company follows an investment policy approved by the board of directors of HRG which sets certain restrictions on the amounts and types of investments it may make.
Investment Concentration Risk
As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company’s only investment was in the consumer products segment and was represented by the investment in Spectrum Brands with a fair value of $608,038 and $790,415, respectively.
(4) Investments
The Company’s investments are summarized as follows:

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Marketable equity securities |  | $ | 608,038 |  |  | $ | 790,415 |
Total |  | $ | 608,038 |  |  | $ | 790,415 |

There were $186,603 and $368,980 of net unrealized gains recognized in “Investments in affiliate, at fair value” that relate to the Company’s investment in Spectrum Brands held at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Spectrum Brands
Included in marketable equity securities as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 were 5.7 million shares of Spectrum Brands, an equity method investee carried at fair market value ($608,038 and $790,415 as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively) using the fair value option under ASC Topic 825. The unrealized (losses) gains in the fair market value of the Company’s investment in Spectrum Brands for Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 of $(182,377), $212,131 and $(65), respectively, are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income in “Net change in unrealized (losses) gains on investment in affiliate.”
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The following table presents summarized financial information derived from Spectrum Brands’ consolidated financial statements:

|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance sheet data: |  |  |  |
Current assets |  | $ | 1,607,137 |  |  | $ | 1,632,890 |
Non-current assets |  | 5,812,542 |  |  | 5,436,182 |
Current liabilities |  | 1,113,472 |  |  | 1,095,565 |
Non-current liabilities |  | 4,459,541 |  |  | 4,129,498 |
Stockholders' equity |  | 1,846,666 |  |  | 1,844,010 |

|  | Fiscal
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Operating data: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 5,007,369 |  |  | $ | 5,039,710 |  |  | $ | 4,690,357 |
Gross profit |  | 1,874,743 |  |  | 1,919,906 |  |  | 1,670,349 |
Operating income |  | 561,364 |  |  | 656,267 |  |  | 474,089 |
Net income |  | 297,158 |  |  | 357,632 |  |  | 149,411 |
Basic net income per common share |  | 5.04 |  |  | 6.02 |  |  | 2.68 |
Diluted net income per common share |  | 5.02 |  |  | 5.99 |  |  | 2.66 |
Dividends declared per common share |  | 1.64 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 1.27 |

(5) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments for which the disclosure of fair values is required, including financial assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis, are summarized according to the hierarchy previously described as follows:

|  | September 30, 2017
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  | $ | 608,038 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 608,038 |  |  | $ | 608,038 |
Cash |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | 76 |
Restricted cash |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 235 |  |  | 235 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 608,349 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 608,349 |  |  | $ | 608,349 |

|  | September 30, 2016
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  | $ | 790,415 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 790,415 |  |  | $ | 790,415 |
Cash |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | 76 |
Restricted cash |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 235 |  |  | 235 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 790,726 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 790,726 |  |  | $ | 790,726 |

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value
The carrying amount, estimated fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments which are not measured at fair value in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets are summarized as follows:

| September 30, 2017
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Debt (a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |

(a) The carrying value of debt approximates fair value due to its short duration and floating interest rate.
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(6) Debt
The Company’s consolidated debt consists of the following:

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016 |  |
|  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Interest Rate
2017 Loan, due July 13, 2018 |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | Variable rate, see below

Aggregate scheduled maturities of debt obligations as of September 30, 2017 are as follows:

Fiscal Year |  | Debt obligations
2018 |  | $ | 50,000 |
2019 |  | — |
2020 |  | — |
2021 |  | — |
2022 |  | — |
Thereafter |  | — |
Debt |  | $ | 50,000 |

2017 Loan
On January 13, 2017, HGI Funding SPV, LLC entered into the 2017 loan agreement, pursuant to which it may borrow up to an aggregate amount of $150,000 (the “2017 Loan”). The 2017 Loan bears interest at an adjusted International Exchange London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), plus 2.35% per annum, payable quarterly and a commitment fee of 75 bps. The 2017 Loan matures on July 13, 2018, with an option for early termination by the borrower. At September 30, 2017, the 2017 Loan was secured by 4.2 million shares in Spectrum Brands owned by HGI Funding SPV, LLC. HGI Funding SPV, LLC incurred $1,144 of financing costs in connection with the 2017 Loan which are amortized and recognized as “Interest expense” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. As of September 30, 2017, HGI Funding SPV, LLC had drawn $50,000 under the 2017 Loan. The Company used net proceeds from the 2017 Loan to pay a return of capital dividend to HRG. The 2017 Loan contains a customary mandatory prepayment clause, which requires the borrower to pay back any amounts borrowed under the 2017 Loan if certain events occur, including, but not limited to, a breach of the terms of the agreement by the borrower, a change of control of the borrower or the issuer of the pledged securities or a delisting of the pledged securities.
(7) Income Taxes
HGI Funding is a single-member limited liability company wholly owned by HRG. For income tax purposes, the Company is a disregarded entity. Accordingly, the results of its operations are taxed as if the Company was part of HRG. As a result, income tax expense (benefit) is not recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
If the Company was a separate taxable entity, its income tax benefit would be computed in accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes.” On a pro forma basis, the Company’s income tax expense (benefit) would have been the following: (i) for Fiscal 2017, income tax benefit would have been $64,768 of which, $184 would have been current tax benefit and $64,584 would have been deferred benefit related to the tax effect of the unrealized loss of Spectrum trading securities; (ii) for Fiscal 2016, income tax expense would have been $84,209, of which $8,296 would have been current tax expense and $75,913 would have been deferred tax expense, which included a tax benefit of $21,867 as a result of the Company’s change in judgement on realization of certain deferred tax assets; (iii) for Fiscal 2015, income tax benefit would have been $2,379, of which $209 would have been current tax expense and $2,588 would have been deferred tax benefit.
(8) Commitments and Contingencies
Operat i ng Lease
The Company’s minimum rent payments under operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. All of the leases expire between November 2018 and December 2022. The Company subleases certain of its lease commitments to affiliated and non-affiliated entities partially offsetting rent expense.
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Future annual minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases pertaining to buildings, net of contractual third-party sublease, are as follows:

Fiscal Year |  | Operating Leases |  | Sublease |  | Net
2018 |  | $ | 2,392 |  |  | $ | 744 |  |  | $ | 1,648 |
2019 |  | 1,654 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 1,530 |
2020 |  | 1,507 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,507 |
2021 |  | 1,507 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,507 |
2022 |  | 1,507 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,507 |
Thereafter |  | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | 250 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 8,817 |  |  | $ | 868 |  |  | $ | 7,949 |

During Fiscal 2017 and 2016, the Company received sublease income from affiliated entities of $1,507. During Fiscal 2017 and 2016, the Company received sublease income from third-parties of $744 and $575, respectively.
Letters of Credit
As of September 30, 2017, the Company issued unused letters of credit totaling $1,700, related to property leases of the Company and its affiliates.
(9) Related Party Transactions
During Fiscal 2015, Spectrum Brands completed its acquisition of Armored AutoGroup Parent Inc. (the “AAG Acquisition”), a consumer products company. Spectrum Brands funded the AAG Acquisition with the proceeds of its offering of debt and a registered offering of 6.2 million of shares of Spectrum Brands’ common stock (the “Equity Offering”). In the Equity Offering, the Company acquired 3.0 million shares of the common stock offered thereby.
On October 9, 2015, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with HC2 Holdings, Inc. (“HC2”) and the purchasers party thereto, whereby HGI Funding sold its remaining equity interest in HC2 for an aggregate purchase price of $35,088. Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), one of the participating underwriters, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Leucadia, which through subsidiaries beneficially owns more than 10% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock, agreed to purchase 1.2 million shares in the transaction at a purchase price of $7.50 per share. In addition, Mr. Philip Falcone, who was at that time through Harbinger Capital Partners LLC and certain of its affiliated funds (“HCP”) the beneficial owner of more than 10% of the outstanding shares of common stock of HRG, purchased through an HCP fund 0.5 million shares of HC2 in the transaction at a purchase price of $7.50 per share. The market value of the investment in HC2 at September 30, 2015 was $32,796. The total proceeds were used to return capital to HRG.
On August 23, 2016, the Company sold 0.8 million shares of marketable equity securities, at a purchase price of $130.59 per share to HGI Energy Holdings, LLC (“HGI Energy”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of HRG. The purchase price was determined based on the closing market price of such securities out of a certain number of days. The Company recognized a gain of $85,518 and the total proceeds of $110,000 were used to return capital to HRG.
The Company received $9,414, $9,644 and $5,382 dividends from Spectrum Brands during Fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively and the total proceeds were used to pay a return of capital dividend to HRG.
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