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Segment Reporting - Segment Results and Reconciliations to GAAP (Detail) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2013
Sep. 30, 2013
Jun. 30, 2013
Mar. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2012
Sep. 30, 2012
Jun. 30, 2012
Mar. 31, 2012
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2012
Dec. 31, 2011
Interest income:                      
Student loans                 $ 5,349 $ 5,732 $ 5,890
Other loans                 11 16 21
Cash and investments                 17 21 19
Total interest income                 5,377 5,769 5,930
Total interest expense                 2,210 2,561 2,401
Net interest income (loss) 789 799 784 795 832 819 746 811 3,167 3,208 3,529
Less: provisions for loan losses 190 207 201 241 314 270 243 253 839 1,080 1,295
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses 599 592 583 554 518 549 503 558 2,328 2,128 2,234
Other income (loss):                      
Gain (losses) on sales of loans and investments                 302   (35)
Servicing revenue                 290 279 283
Contingency revenue                 420 356 333
Gains on debt repurchases                 42 145 38
Other income (loss)                 (168) (536) (890)
Total other income (loss)                 886 244 (271)
Expenses:                      
Direct operating expenses                 806 673 736
Overhead expenses                 236 224 269
Total operating expenses 305 257 244 235 226 220 216 236 1,042 897 1,005
Goodwill and acquired intangible asset impairment and amortization expense 3 4 3 3 14 5 5 5 13 27 21
Restructuring and other reorganization expenses 26 12 23 10 1 2 3 4 72 11 12
Total expenses                 1,127 935 1,038
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income tax expense (benefit)                 2,087 1,437 925
Income tax expense (benefit) 129 136 299 211 157 104 169 68 776 498 328
Net income (loss) from continuing operations 211 252 504 345 348 187 292 111 1,311 939 597
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit) 59 8 38 1     (1)   106 (2) 35
Net income (loss) 270 260 542 346 348 187 291 111 1,417 937 632
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest     (1)     (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (1)
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation 270 260 543 346 348 188 292 112 1,418 939 633
Reclassifications [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Student loans                 816 858 902
Total interest income                 816 858 902
Total interest expense                 55 115 71
Net interest income (loss)                 761 743 831
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses                 761 743 831
Other income (loss):                      
Gains on debt repurchases                 (6)   (26)
Other income (loss)                 (755) (743) (805)
Total other income (loss)                 (761) (743) (831)
Additions/ (Subtractions) [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Student loans                 (307) (351) (355)
Total interest income                 (307) (351) (355)
Total interest expense                 (1) 2 11
Net interest income (loss)                 (306) (353) (366)
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses                 (306) (353) (366)
Other income (loss):                      
Other income (loss)                 549 159 (174)
Total other income (loss)                 549 159 (174)
Expenses:                      
Goodwill and acquired intangible asset impairment and amortization expense                 13 27 21
Total expenses                 13 27 21
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income tax expense (benefit)                 230 (221) (561)
Income tax expense (benefit)                 96 (99) (219)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations                 134 (122) (342)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit)                 (6) (1) (2)
Net income (loss)                 128 (123) (344)
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation                 128 (123) (344)
Total Adjustments [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Student loans                 509 507 547
Total interest income                 509 507 547
Total interest expense                 54 117 82
Net interest income (loss)                 455 390 465
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses                 455 390 465
Other income (loss):                      
Gains on debt repurchases                 (6)   (26)
Other income (loss)                 (206) (584) (979)
Total other income (loss)                 (212) (584) (1,005)
Expenses:                      
Goodwill and acquired intangible asset impairment and amortization expense                 13 27 21
Total expenses                 13 27 21
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income tax expense (benefit)                 230 (221) (561)
Income tax expense (benefit)                 96 (99) (219)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations                 134 (122) (342)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit)                 (6) (1) (2)
Net income (loss)                 128 (123) (344)
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation                 128 (123) (344)
Business Services [Member]
                      
Other income (loss):                      
Total other income (loss)                 1,160 1,200  
Total Core Earnings [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Student loans                 4,840 5,225 5,343
Other loans                 11 16 21
Cash and investments                 17 21 19
Total interest income                 4,868 5,262 5,383
Total interest expense                 2,156 2,444 2,319
Net interest income (loss)                 2,712 2,818 3,064
Less: provisions for loan losses                 839 1,080 1,295
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses                 1,873 1,738 1,769
Other income (loss):                      
Gain (losses) on sales of loans and investments                 302   (35)
Servicing revenue                 290 279 283
Contingency revenue                 420 356 333
Gains on debt repurchases                 48 145 64
Other income (loss)                 38 48 89
Total other income (loss)                 1,098 828 734
Expenses:                      
Direct operating expenses                 806 673 736
Overhead expenses                 236 224 269
Total operating expenses                 1,042 897 1,005
Restructuring and other reorganization expenses                 72 11 12
Total expenses                 1,114 908 1,017
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income tax expense (benefit)                 1,857 1,658 1,486
Income tax expense (benefit)                 680 597 547
Net income (loss) from continuing operations                 1,177 1,061 939
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit)                 112 (1) 37
Net income (loss)                 1,289 1,060 976
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest                 (1) (2) (1)
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation                 1,290 1,062 977
Operating Segments [Member] | Consumer Lending [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Student loans                 2,527 2,481 2,429
Cash and investments                 7 7 9
Total interest income                 2,534 2,488 2,438
Total interest expense                 825 822 801
Net interest income (loss)                 1,709 1,666 1,637
Less: provisions for loan losses                 787 1,008 1,179
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses                 922 658 458
Other income (loss):                      
Gain (losses) on sales of loans and investments                     (9)
Servicing revenue                 34 46 64
Total other income (loss)                 34 46 55
Expenses:                      
Direct operating expenses                 299 265 291
Overhead expenses                 (1)    
Total operating expenses                 298 265 291
Restructuring and other reorganization expenses                 6 3 3
Total expenses                 304 268 294
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income tax expense (benefit)                 652 436 219
Income tax expense (benefit)                 239 157 81
Net income (loss) from continuing operations                 413 279 138
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit)                 (1) (2) (2)
Net income (loss)                 412 277 136
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation                 412 277 136
Operating Segments [Member] | Business Services [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Cash and investments                 5 7 8
Total interest income                 5 7 8
Net interest income (loss)                 5 7 8
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses                 5 7 8
Other income (loss):                      
Servicing revenue                 710 813 872
Contingency revenue                 420 356 333
Other income (loss)                 34 33 69
Total other income (loss)                 1,164 1,202 1,274
Expenses:                      
Direct operating expenses                 400 364 393
Total operating expenses                 400 364 393
Restructuring and other reorganization expenses                 2 3 5
Total expenses                 402 367 398
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income tax expense (benefit)                 767 842 884
Income tax expense (benefit)                 281 303 325
Net income (loss) from continuing operations                 486 539 559
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit)                 112   5
Net income (loss)                 598 539 564
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest                 (1) (2) (1)
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation                 599 541 565
Operating Segments [Member] | FFELP Loans [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Student loans                 2,313 2,744 2,914
Cash and investments                 6 11 5
Total interest income                 2,319 2,755 2,919
Total interest expense                 1,285 1,591 1,472
Net interest income (loss)                 1,034 1,164 1,447
Less: provisions for loan losses                 52 72 86
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses                 982 1,092 1,361
Other income (loss):                      
Gain (losses) on sales of loans and investments                 312    
Servicing revenue                 76 90 86
Total other income (loss)                 388 90 86
Expenses:                      
Direct operating expenses                 557 702 772
Total operating expenses                 557 702 772
Restructuring and other reorganization expenses                     1
Total expenses                 557 702 773
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income tax expense (benefit)                 813 480 674
Income tax expense (benefit)                 298 173 248
Net income (loss) from continuing operations                 515 307 426
Net income (loss)                 515 307 426
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation                 515 307 426
Operating Segments [Member] | Other Segment [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Other loans                 11 16 21
Cash and investments                 4 2 5
Total interest income                 15 18 26
Total interest expense                 51 37 54
Net interest income (loss)                 (36) (19) (28)
Less: provisions for loan losses                     30
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses                 (36) (19) (58)
Other income (loss):                      
Gain (losses) on sales of loans and investments                 (10)   (26)
Gains on debt repurchases                 48 145 64
Other income (loss)                 4 15 20
Total other income (loss)                 42 160 58
Expenses:                      
Direct operating expenses                 80 12 19
Overhead expenses                 237 224 269
Total operating expenses                 317 236 288
Restructuring and other reorganization expenses                 64 5 3
Total expenses                 381 241 291
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income tax expense (benefit)                 (375) (100) (291)
Income tax expense (benefit)                 (138) (36) (107)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations                 (237) (64) (184)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit)                 1 1 34
Net income (loss)                 (236) (63) (150)
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation                 (236) (63) (150)
Eliminations [Member]
                      
Interest income:                      
Cash and investments                 (5) (6) (8)
Total interest income                 (5) (6) (8)
Total interest expense                 (5) (6) (8)
Other income (loss):                      
Servicing revenue                 (530) (670) (739)
Total other income (loss)                 (530) (670) (739)
Expenses:                      
Direct operating expenses                 (530) (670) (739)
Total operating expenses                 (530) (670) (739)
Total expenses                 $ (530) $ (670) $ (739)