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Segment Reporting - Segment Result and Reconciliations to GAAP - Core Earnings Adjustments (Detail) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2013
Sep. 30, 2013
Jun. 30, 2013
Mar. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2012
Sep. 30, 2012
Jun. 30, 2012
Mar. 31, 2012
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2012
Dec. 31, 2011
Segment Results And Reconciliations [Line Items]                      
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan losses $ 599 $ 592 $ 583 $ 554 $ 518 $ 549 $ 503 $ 558 $ 2,328 $ 2,128 $ 2,234
Total other income (loss)                 886 244 (271)
Goodwill and acquired intangible asset impairment and amortization expense 3 4 3 3 14 5 5 5 13 27 21
Income tax expense (benefit) 129 136 299 211 157 104 169 68 776 498 328
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit) 59 8 38 1     (1)   106 (2) 35
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation 270 260 543 346 348 188 292 112 1,418 939 633
Total Adjustments [Member]
                      
Segment Results And Reconciliations [Line Items]                      
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan losses                 455 390 465
Total other income (loss)                 (212) (584) (1,005)
Goodwill and acquired intangible asset impairment and amortization expense                 13 27 21
Total "Core Earnings" adjustments to GAAP                 230 (221) (561)
Income tax expense (benefit)                 96 (99) (219)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax expense (benefit)                 (6) (1) (2)
Net income (loss) attributable to SLM Corporation                 128 (123) (344)
Net Impact of Derivative Accounting [Member] | Total Adjustments [Member]
                      
Segment Results And Reconciliations [Line Items]                      
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan losses                 455 390 465
Total other income (loss)                 (212) (584) (1,005)
Total "Core Earnings" adjustments to GAAP                 243 (194) (540)
Net Impact of Goodwill and Acquired Intangibles [Member] | Total Adjustments [Member]
                      
Segment Results And Reconciliations [Line Items]                      
Goodwill and acquired intangible asset impairment and amortization expense                 13 27 21
Total "Core Earnings" adjustments to GAAP                 $ (13) $ (27) $ (21)