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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates Our financial reporting and accounting policies conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Uncertain and volatile market and economic conditions increase the risk and complexity of the judgments in these estimates and actual results could differ from estimates. Accounting policies that include the most significant judgments, estimates and assumptions include the allowance for loan losses, goodwill and intangible asset impairment assessment and the amortization of loan premiums and discounts using the effective interest rate method.
Consolidation | Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Navient Corporation and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries and those Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) for which we are the primary beneficiary, after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions. We consolidate any VIEs where we have determined we are the primary beneficiary. A VIE is a legal entity that does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its own operations, or whose equity holders do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the entity, or whose equity holders do not share proportionately in the losses or benefits of the entity. The primary beneficiary of the VIE is the entity which has both: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As it relates to our securitizations and other secured borrowing facilities that are VIEs as of December 31, 2023 that we consolidate, we are the primary beneficiary as we are the servicer of the related education loan assets and own the Residual Interest of the securitization trusts and secured borrowing facilities.
Fair Value Measurement | Fair Value Measurement We use estimates of fair value in applying various accounting standards for our financial statements. Fair value measurements are used in one of four ways: • In the balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in the statement of income; • In the balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in the accumulated other comprehensive income section of the statement of changes in stockholders’ equity; • In the balance sheet for instruments carried at lower of cost or fair value with impairment charges recorded in the statement of income; and • In the notes to the financial statements. Fair value is defined as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing and able market participants. In general, our policy in estimating fair value is to first look at observable market prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets, where available. When these are not available, other inputs are used to model fair value such as prices of similar instruments, yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, default rates and credit spreads, relying first on observable data from active markets. Depending on current market conditions, additional adjustments to fair value may be based on factors such as liquidity and credit spreads. Transaction costs are not included in the determination of fair value. When possible, we seek to validate the model’s output to market transactions. Depending on the availability of observable inputs and prices, different valuation models could produce materially different fair value estimates. The values presented may not represent future fair values and may not be realizable. We categorize our fair value estimates based on a hierarchical framework associated with three levels of price transparency utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. Classification is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value of the instrument. The three levels are as follows: • Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date. The types of financial instruments included in level 1 are highly liquid instruments with quoted prices. • Level 2 — Inputs from active markets, other than quoted prices for identical instruments, are used to determine fair value. Significant inputs are directly observable from active markets for substantially the full term of the asset or liability being valued. • Level 3 — Pricing inputs significant to the valuation are unobservable. Inputs are developed based on the best information available. However, significant judgment is required by us in developing the inputs.
Loans | Loans Loans, consisting of federally insured education loans and Private Education Loans, that we have the ability and intent to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held-for-investment and are carried at amortized cost. Amortized cost includes the unamortized premiums, discounts, and capitalized origination costs and fees, all of which are amortized to interest income as further discussed below. Loans which are held-for-investment also have an allowance for loan loss. Any loans we have not classified as held-for-investment are classified as held-for-sale and carried at the lower of cost or fair value. Loans are classified as held-for-sale when we have the intent and ability to sell such loans. Loans which are held-for-sale do not have the associated premium, discount, and capitalized origination costs and fees amortized into interest income. In addition, once a loan is classified as held-for-sale, any allowance for loan losses that existed immediately prior to the reclassification to held-for-sale is reversed through provision.
Allowance for Loan Losses | Allowance for Loan Losses We account for our FFELP and Private Education Loans' allowance for loan losses under ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses,” which requires measurement and recognition of an allowance for loan loss that estimates the remaining current expected credit losses (CECL) for financial assets measured at amortized cost held at the reporting date. We have determined that, for modeling current expected credit losses, we can reasonably estimate expected losses that incorporate current and forecasted economic conditions over a “reasonable and supportable” period. For Private Education Loans, we incorporate a reasonable and supportable forecast of various macro-economic variables over the remaining life of the loans. The development of the reasonable and supportable forecast incorporates an assumption that each macro-economic variable will revert to a long-term expectation starting in years 2-4 of the forecast and largely completing within the first five years of the forecast. For FFELP Loans, after a three-year reasonable and supportable period, there is an immediate reversion to a long-term expectation. The models used to project losses utilize key credit quality indicators of the loan portfolio and predict how those attributes are expected to perform in connection with the forecasted economic conditions. These losses are calculated on an undiscounted basis. For Private Education Loans, we utilize a transition rate model that estimates the probability of prepayment and default and apply the loss given default. For FFELP Loans, we use historical transition rates to determine prepayments and defaults. The forecasted economic conditions used in our modeling of expected losses are provided by a third party. The primary economic metrics we use in the economic forecast are unemployment, GDP, interest rates, consumer loan delinquency rates and consumer income. Several forecast scenarios are provided which represent the baseline economic expectations as well as favorable and adverse scenarios. We analyze and evaluate the alternative scenarios for reasonableness and determine the appropriate weighting of these alternative scenarios based upon the current economic conditions and our view of the likelihood and risks of the alternative scenarios. We project losses at the loan level and make estimates regarding prepayments and recoveries on defaults. Charge-offs include the discount or premium related to such defaulted loan. Once our loss model calculations are performed, we determine if qualitative adjustments are needed for factors not reflected in the quantitative model. These adjustments may include, but are not limited to, changes in lending and servicing and collection policies and practices, as well as the effect of other external factors such as the economy and changes in legal or regulatory requirements that impact the amount of future credit losses. At the end of each month, for Private Education Loans that are 212 days past due, we charge off the estimated loss of a defaulted loan balance by charging off the entire loan balance and estimating recoveries on a pool basis. These estimated recoveries are referred to as “expected future recoveries on previously fully charged-off loans.” If actual periodic recoveries are less than expected, the difference is immediately reflected as a reduction to expected future recoveries on previously fully charged-off loans. If actual periodic recoveries are greater than expected, they will be reflected as a recovery through the allowance for Private Education Loan losses once the cumulative recovery amount exceeds the cumulative amount originally expected to be recovered. FFELP Loans are insured as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default subject to a Risk Sharing level based on the date of loan disbursement. These insurance obligations are supported by contractual rights against the United States. For loans disbursed after October 1, 1993, and before July 1, 2006, we receive 98% reimbursement on all qualifying default claims. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2006, we receive 97% reimbursement. For loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993, we receive 100% reimbursement. We charge off the amount for which we do not receive reimbursement on the defaulted loan balance.
Investments | Investments Investments are primarily receivables for cash collateral posted to derivative counterparties.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents can include term federal funds, Eurodollar deposits, commercial paper, asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP), CDs, treasuries and money market funds with original terms to maturity of less than three months.
Restricted Cash and Investments | Restricted Cash and Investments Restricted cash primarily includes amounts held in education loan securitization trusts and other secured borrowings. This cash must be used to make payments related to trust obligations. Amounts on deposit in these accounts are primarily the result of timing differences between when principal and interest is collected on the trust assets and when principal and interest is paid on trust liabilities. Securities pledged as collateral related to our derivative portfolio, where the counterparty has rights to replace the securities, are classified as restricted. When the counterparty does not have these rights, the security is recorded in investments and disclosed as pledged collateral in the notes. Additionally, certain counterparties require cash collateral pledged to us to be segregated and held in restricted cash accounts.
Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets Acquisitions are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting which results in the Company allocating the purchase price to the fair value of the acquired assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests, if any, with the remaining purchase price allocated to goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested periodically for impairment. We test goodwill for impairment annually as of October 1 at the reporting unit level, which is the same as or one level below a business segment. Goodwill is also tested at interim periods if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. We complete a goodwill impairment analysis which may be a qualitative or a quantitative analysis depending on the facts and circumstances associated with the reporting unit. In conjunction with a qualitative impairment analysis, we assess relevant qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more-likely-than-not” that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The “more-likely-than-not” threshold is defined as having a likelihood of more than 50%. If, based on first assessing impairment utilizing a qualitative approach, we determine it is “more-likely-than-not” that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we will also complete a quantitative impairment analysis. In conjunction with a quantitative impairment analysis, we compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the reporting unit’s carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, goodwill is impaired in an amount equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit not to exceed the goodwill amount attributed to the reporting unit. Acquired intangible assets include, but are not limited to, trade names, customer and other relationships, and non-compete agreements. Acquired intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives in proportion to their estimated economic benefit. Finite-lived acquired intangible assets are reviewed for impairment using an undiscounted cash flow analysis when an event occurs or circumstances change indicating the carrying amount of a finite-lived asset or asset group may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, the fair value of the asset or asset group is determined using an acceptable valuation technique. An impairment loss would be recognized if the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group. The impairment loss recognized would be the difference between the carrying amount and fair value.
Securitization Accounting | Securitization Accounting Our securitizations use a two-step structure with a special purpose entity that legally isolates the transferred assets from us, even in the event of bankruptcy. Transactions receiving sale treatment are also structured to ensure that the holders of the beneficial interests issued are not constrained from pledging or exchanging their interests, and that we do not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. If these criteria are not met, then the transaction is accounted for as an on-balance sheet secured borrowing. In all cases, irrespective of whether they qualify as accounting sales our securitizations are legally structured to be sales of assets that isolate the transferred assets from us. If a securitization qualifies as a sale, we then assess whether we are the primary beneficiary of the securitization trust (VIE) and are required to consolidate such trust. If we are the primary beneficiary, then no gain or loss is recognized. See “Consolidation” of this Note 2 for additional information regarding the accounting rules for consolidation when we are the primary beneficiary of these trusts. Irrespective of whether a securitization receives sale or on-balance sheet treatment, our continuing involvement with our securitization trusts is generally limited to: • Owning equity certificates or other certificates of certain trusts and, in certain cases, securities retained for the purpose of complying with risk retention requirements under securities laws. • Lending to certain trusts, under a revolving credit, amounts necessary to cover temporary cash flow needs of the trust. These amounts are repaid to us on subordinated basis with interest at a market rate. • The servicing of the education loan assets within the securitization trusts, on both a pre- and post-default basis. • Our acting as administrator for the securitization transactions we sponsored, which includes remarketing certain bonds at future dates. • Our responsibilities relative to representation and warranty violations. • Temporarily advancing to the trust certain borrower benefits afforded the borrowers of education loans that have been securitized. These advances subsequently are returned to us in the next quarter. • Certain back-to-back derivatives entered into by us contemporaneously with the execution of derivatives by certain Private Education Loan securitization trusts. • The option held by us to buy certain delinquent loans from certain Private Education Loan securitization trusts. • The option to exercise the clean-up call and purchase the education loans from the trust when the asset balance is 10% or less of the original loan balance. • The option, on some trusts, to purchase education loans aggregating up to 10% of the trust’s initial pool balance. • The option (in certain trusts) to call rate reset notes in instances where the remarketing process has failed. The investors of the securitization trusts have no recourse to our other assets should there be a failure of the trusts to pay when due. Generally, the only arrangements under which we have to provide financial support to the trusts are representation and warranty violations requiring the buyback of loans. Under the terms of the transaction documents of certain trusts, we have, from time to time, exercised our options to purchase delinquent loans from Private Education Loan trusts, to purchase the remaining loans from trusts once the loan balance falls below 10% of the original amount, to purchase education loans up to 10% of the trust’s initial balance, or to call rate reset notes. Certain trusts maintain financial arrangements with third parties also typical of securitization transactions, such as derivative contracts (swaps). We do not record servicing assets or servicing liabilities when our securitization trusts are consolidated. As of December 31, 2023, we had $11 million of servicing assets on our balance sheet, recorded in connection with asset sales where we retained the servicing.
Education Loan Interest Income | Education Loan Interest Income For loans classified as held-for-investment, we recognize education loan interest income as earned, adjusted for the amortization of premiums (which includes premiums from loan purchases and capitalized direct origination costs), discounts and Repayment Borrower Benefits. These adjustments result in income being recognized based upon the expected yield of the loan over its life after giving effect to expected prepayments (i.e., the effective interest rate method). We amortize premium and discount on education loans using a Constant Prepayment Rate (CPR) which measures the rate at which loans in the portfolio pay down principal compared to their stated terms. In determining the CPR, we only consider payments made in excess of contractually required payments. This would include loan refinancing and consolidations and other early payoff activity. For Repayment Borrower Benefits, the estimates of their effect on education loan yield are based on analyses of historical payment behavior of customers who are eligible for the incentives and its effect on the ultimate qualification rate for these incentives. We regularly evaluate the assumptions used to estimate the prepayment speeds and the qualification rates used for Repayment Borrower Benefits. In instances where there are changes to the assumptions, amortization is adjusted on a cumulative basis to reflect the change since the acquisition of the loan. We do not amortize any premiums, discounts or other adjustments to the basis of education loans when they are classified as held-for-sale.
Interest Expense | Interest Expense Interest expense is based upon contractual interest rates adjusted for the amortization of debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts. Our interest expense is also adjusted for net payments/receipts related to interest rate and foreign currency swap agreements that qualify and are designated as hedges, as well as the mark-to-market impact of derivatives and debt in fair value hedge relationships. Interest expense also includes the amortization of deferred gains and losses on closed hedge transactions that qualified as hedges. Amortization of debt issuance costs, premiums, discounts and terminated hedge-basis adjustments are recognized using the effective interest rate method.
Servicing Revenue | Servicing Revenue We perform loan servicing functions for third parties in return for a servicing fee. Our compensation is typically based on a per-unit fee arrangement or a percentage of the loans outstanding. We recognize servicing revenues associated with these activities based upon the contractual arrangements as the services are rendered. We recognize late fees on third-party serviced loans as well as on loans in our portfolio according to the contractual provisions of the promissory notes, as well as our expectation of collectability.
Asset Recovery And Business Processing Revenue Policy Text Block | Asset Recovery and Business Processing Revenue We account for certain asset recovery and business processing contract revenue (herein referred to as revenue from contracts with customers) in accordance with ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” (All Business Processing segment and the majority of the Federal Education Loan segment asset recovery and business processing revenue is accounted for under ASC 606.) Revenue earned by our Federal Education Loans segment is derived from asset recovery activities related to the collection of delinquent education loans on behalf of third parties. Revenue earned by our Business Processing segment is derived from government services, which includes receivables management services and account processing solutions, and healthcare services, which includes revenue cycle management services. 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Most of our revenue from contracts with customers is derived from long-term contracts, the duration of which is expected to span more than one year. These contracts are billable monthly, as services are rendered, based on a percentage of the balance collected or the transaction processed, a flat fee per transaction or a stated rate per the service performed. In accordance with ASC 606, the unit of account is a contractual performance obligation, a promise to provide a distinct good or service to a customer. The transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation when or as the good or service is transferred to the customer and the obligation is satisfied. Distinct performance obligations are identified based on the services specified in the contract that are capable of being distinct such that the customer can benefit from the service on its own or together with other resources that are available from the Company or a third party, and are also distinct in the context of the contract such that the transfer of the services is separately identifiable from other services promised in the contract. Most of our contracts include integrated service offerings that include obligations that are not separately identifiable and distinct in the context of our contracts. Accordingly, our contracts generally have a single performance obligation. A limited number of full-service offerings include multiple performance obligations. Substantially all our revenue is variable revenue which is recognized over time as our customers receive and consume the benefit of our services in an amount consistent with monthly billings. Accordingly, we do not disclose variable consideration associated with the remaining performance obligation as we have recognized revenue in the amount we have the right to invoice for services performed. Our fees correspond to the value the customer has realized from our performance of each increment of the service (for example, an individual transaction processed or collection of a past due balance).
Transfer of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities | Transfer of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities Our securitizations and other secured borrowings are generally accounted for as on-balance sheet secured borrowings. See “Securitization Accounting” of this Note 2 for further discussion on the criteria assessed to determine whether a transfer of financial assets is a sale or a secured borrowing. If a transfer of loans qualifies as a sale, we derecognize the loan and recognize a gain or loss as the difference between the carrying basis of the loan sold and liabilities retained and the compensation received. We periodically repurchase our outstanding debt in the open market or through public tender offers. We record a gain or loss on the early extinguishment of debt based upon the difference between the carrying cost of the debt and the amount paid to the third party and net of hedging gains and losses when the debt is in a qualifying hedge relationship. We recognize the results of a transfer of loans and the extinguishment of debt based upon the settlement date of the transaction.
Derivative Accounting | Derivative Accounting Derivative instruments that are used as part of our interest rate and foreign currency risk management strategy include interest rate swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps, and interest rate floor contracts. The accounting for derivative instruments requires that every derivative instrument, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts, be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. As more fully described below, if certain criteria are met, derivative instruments are classified and accounted for by us as either fair value or cash flow hedges. If these criteria are not met, the derivative financial instruments are accounted for as trading. Derivative positions are recorded as net positions by counterparty based on master netting arrangements exclusive of accrued interest and cash collateral held or pledged. Many of our derivatives, mainly fixed to variable or variable to fixed interest rate swaps and cross-currency interest rate swaps, qualify as effective hedges. For these derivatives, at the inception of the hedge relationship, the following is documented: the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged items (including the hedged risk, the method for assessing effectiveness, and the results of the upfront effectiveness testing), and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. Each derivative is designated to either a specific (or pool of) asset(s) or liability(ies) on the balance sheet or expected future cash flows and designated as either a “fair value” or a “cash flow” hedge. The assessment of the hedge’s effectiveness is performed at inception and on an ongoing basis, generally using regression testing. For hedges of a pool of assets or liabilities, tests are performed to demonstrate the similarity of individual instruments of the pool. When it is determined that a derivative is not currently an effective hedge, ineffectiveness is recognized for the full change in value of the derivative with no offsetting mark-to-market of the hedged item for the current period. If it is also determined the hedge will not be effective in the future, we discontinue the hedge accounting prospectively, cease recording changes in the fair value of the hedged item, and begin amortization of any basis adjustments that exist related to the hedged item. 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Fair Value Hedges Fair value hedges are generally used by us to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized fixed rate asset or liability. We enter into interest rate swaps to economically convert fixed rate assets into variable rate assets and fixed rate debt into variable rate debt. We also enter into cross-currency interest rate swaps to economically convert foreign currency denominated fixed and floating debt to U.S. dollar denominated variable debt. For fair value hedges, we generally consider all components of the derivative’s gain and/or loss when assessing hedge effectiveness and generally hedge changes in fair values due to interest rates or interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. For fair value hedges, both the derivative and the hedged item (for the risk being hedged) are marked-to-market through net interest income with any difference reflecting ineffectiveness. Cash Flow Hedges We use cash flow hedges to hedge the exposure to variability in cash flows for a forecasted debt issuance and for exposure to variability in cash flows of floating rate debt or assets. This strategy is used primarily to minimize the exposure to volatility from future changes in interest rates. For cash flow hedges, the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax, and recognized in earnings in the same period as the earnings effects of the hedged item. In the case of a forecasted debt issuance, gains and losses are reclassified to earnings over the period which the stated hedged transaction affects earnings. If we determine it is not probable that the anticipated transaction will occur, gains and losses are reclassified immediately to earnings. In assessing hedge effectiveness, generally all components of each derivative’s gains or losses are included in the assessment. We generally hedge exposure to changes in cash flows due to changes in interest rates or total changes in cash flow. Trading Activities When derivative instruments do not qualify as hedges, they are accounted for as trading instruments where all changes in fair value are recorded through earnings with no consideration for the corresponding change in fair value of the economically hedged item. Some of our derivatives, primarily Floor Income Contracts, basis swaps and certain other interest rate swaps do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Regardless of the accounting treatment, we consider these derivatives to be economic hedges for risk management purposes. We use this strategy to minimize our exposure to changes in interest rates. The “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line item in the consolidated statements of income includes the mark-to-market gains and losses of our derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting, as well as the realized changes in fair value related to derivative net settlements and dispositions that do not qualify for hedge accounting.
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation | Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation We recognize stock-based compensation cost in our statements of income using the fair value-based method. Under this method we determine the fair value of the stock-based compensation at the time of the grant and recognize the resulting compensation expense over the grant’s vesting period. We record stock-based compensation expense net of estimated forfeitures and as such, only those stock-based awards that we expect to vest are recorded. We estimate the forfeiture rate based on historical forfeitures of equity awards and adjust the rate to reflect changes in facts and circumstances, if any. Ultimately, the total expense recognized over the vesting period will equal the fair value of awards that actually vest.
Restructuring and Other Reorganization Expenses | Restructuring and Other Reorganization Expenses From time to time we implement plans to restructure our business. In conjunction with these restructuring plans, involuntary benefit arrangements, disposal costs (including contract termination costs and other exit costs), as well as certain other costs that are incremental and incurred as a direct result of our restructuring plans, are classified as restructuring expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The Company administers the Navient Corporation Employee Severance Plan and the Navient Corporation Executive Severance Plan for Senior Officers (collectively, the Severance Plan). The Severance Plan provides severance benefits in the event of termination of the Company’s full-time employees and part-time employees who work at least 24 hours per week. The Severance Plan establishes specified benefits based on base salary, job level immediately preceding termination and years of service upon involuntary termination of employment. The benefits payable under the Severance Plan relate to past service, and they accumulate and vest. Accordingly, we recognize severance expenses to be paid pursuant to the Severance Plan when payment of such benefits is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Such benefits include severance pay calculated based on the Severance Plan, medical and dental benefits, and outplacement services expenses. Contract termination costs are expensed at the earlier of (1) the contract termination date or (2) the cease use date under the contract. Other exit costs are expensed as incurred and classified as restructuring expenses if (1) the cost is incremental to and incurred as a direct result of planned restructuring activities and (2) the cost is not associated with or incurred to generate revenues subsequent to our consummation of the related restructuring activities. Other reorganization expenses include certain internal costs and third-party costs incurred in connection with our cost reduction initiatives. During 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred $25 million and $36 million, respectively, of restructuring/other reorganization expenses. In 2023, these expenses relate primarily to severance costs incurred in connection with the CEO transition as well as a facility lease termination and impairment of a facility held for sale in conjunction with the implementation of certain efficiency initiatives. Expense in 2022 primarily relates to costs for severance and facility lease terminations in connection with the Company's decision to exit the FFELP asset recovery business and consolidate certain business lines.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes under the asset and liability approach which requires the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of our assets and liabilities. To the extent tax laws change, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted in the period that the tax change is enacted. “Income tax expense/(benefit)” includes (i) deferred tax expense/(benefit), which represents the net change in the deferred tax asset or liability balance during the year plus any change in a valuation allowance and (ii) current tax expense/(benefit), which represents the amount of tax currently payable to or receivable from a tax authority plus amounts accrued for unrecognized tax benefits. Income tax expense/(benefit) excludes the tax effects related to adjustments recorded in equity. If we have an uncertain tax position, then that tax position is recognized only if it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The amount of tax benefit recognized in the financial statements is the largest amount of benefit that is more than 50% likely of being sustained upon ultimate settlement of the uncertain tax position. We recognize interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense/(benefit) and penalties, if any, in operating expenses.
Earnings (Loss) per Common Share | Earnings (Loss) per Common Share We compute earnings (loss) per common share (EPS) by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share is computed by dividing income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of stock options outstanding, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan. See “Note 10 — Earnings (Loss) per Common Share” for further discussion.
Reclassifications | Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to the balances as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, to be consistent with classifications adopted for 2023, which had no effect on net income, total assets or total liabilities.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements | Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Effective in 2023 and Forward Rate Reform In March 2020 (and as amended in December 2022), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting,” which provides optional temporary relief for companies who were preparing for the discontinuation of interest rates indexed to the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). The ASU provides companies with guidance in the form of expedients and exceptions related to contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the burden of and simplify the accounting associated with transitioning away from LIBOR. Modifications of qualifying contracts are accounted for as the continuation of an existing contract rather than as a new contract. Modifications of qualifying hedging relationships will not require discontinuation of the existing hedge accounting relationships. One-month and three-month LIBOR were discontinued as of June 30, 2023. Our hedging instruments that were indexed to one-month and three-month LIBOR are now indexed to SOFR. There was $12 billion of debt as of June 30, 2023, that was in either a fair value or cash flow hedge relationship using LIBOR swaps. We used the hedge accounting expedients in this ASU when those swaps transitioned to SOFR on July 1, 2023. As a result, the indexing to SOFR did not result in the discontinuation of the existing hedge accounting relationships. Troubled Debt Restructurings In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures,” which eliminates the troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) recognition and measurement guidance and instead requires an entity to evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The ASU also enhances the disclosure requirements for certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. This guidance was effective on January 1, 2023. Prior to adopting this new guidance on January 1, 2023, as it relates to interest rate concessions granted as part of our Private Education Loan modification program, a discounted cash flow model was used to calculate the amount of interest forgiven for loans that were in the program and the present value of that interest rate concession was included as a part of the allowance for loan loss. This new guidance no longer allows the measurement and recognition of this element of our allowance for loan loss for modifications that occur subsequent to January 1, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the allowance for loan loss included $77 million related to this interest rate concession component of the allowance for loan loss. We elected to adopt this amendment using a prospective transition method which has resulted and will continue to result in the $77 million releasing between 2023 and 2024 as the borrowers exit their current modification programs. $67 million of the $77 million was released in 2023, and we expect that the remaining $10 million will release in 2024. Segment Reporting In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which requires expanded disclosures regarding significant segment expenses for each reportable segment. Significant segment expenses include expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and included in each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The ASU also requires disclosure of the CODM’s title and position and permits companies to disclose multiple segment profit or loss measures if the CODM uses these measures to allocate resources and assess segment performance. Companies must reconcile each measure of profit or loss quarterly to the consolidated income statement. This guidance became effective beginning after January 1, 2024, for fiscal years, and beginning after January 1, 2025, for interim periods. The Company continues to assess the impact of the reportable segment disclosure requirements.

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