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Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Nature of Business | Nature of Business U.S. Physical Therapy, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) operates its business through two reportable business segments. The Company’s reportable segments include the physical therapy operations segment and the industrial injury prevention services (“IIP”) segment. The Company’s physical therapy operations consist of physical therapy and occupational therapy clinics that provide pre-and post-operative care and treatment for orthopedic-related disorders, sports-related injuries, preventive care, rehabilitation of injured workers and neurological injuries. Services provided by the IIP segment include onsite injury prevention and rehabilitation, performance optimization and ergonomic assessments. As of March 31, 2024, the Company operated 679 clinics in 42 states. In addition to the 679 clinics, the Company also managed 41 physical therapy practices for unrelated physician groups and hospitals as of March 31, 2024. D uring the three months ended March 31, 2024, and for the year-ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed the acquisitions of the following clinic practices and IIP businesses:
Acquisition |  | Date |  | % Interest Acquired |  | Number of Clinics |
March 2024 Acquisition |  | March 29, 2024 |  |  | 50% |  |  | 9 |
October 2023 Acquisition |  | October 31, 2023 |  |  | ** |  |  | * |
September 2023 Acquisition 1 |  | September 29, 2023 |  |  | 70% |  |  | 4 |
September 2023 Acquisition 2 |  | September 29, 2023 |  |  | 70% |  |  | 1 |
July 2023 Acquisition |  | July 31, 2023 |  |  | 70% |  |  | 7 |
May 2023 Acquisition |  | May 31, 2023 |  |  | 45% |  |  | 4 |
February 2023 Acquisition |  | February 28, 2023 |  |  | 80% |  |  | 1 |
* | IIP business.
** | On October 31, 2023, the Company concurrently acquired 100% of an IIP business and a 55% equity interest in an ergonomics software business.
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions for Form 10-Q. However, the statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for complete financial statements. Management believes this report contains all necessary adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) to present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2024. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results the Company expects for the entire year.
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by chief operating decision makers in determining the allocation of resources and in assessing performance. The Company currently operates through two segments: physical therapy operations and IIP.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates In preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, management makes certain estimates and assumptions, especially in relation to, but not limited to, goodwill impairment, tradenames and other intangible assets, allocations of purchase price, allowance for receivables, tax provision and contractual allowances, that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Goodwill and Other Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Other Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the amount paid and fair value of the non-controlling interests over the fair value of the acquired business assets, which include certain identifiable intangible assets. Historically, goodwill has been derived from acquisitions and, prior to 2009, from the purchase of some or all of a particular local management’s equity interest in an existing clinic. Effective January 1, 2009, if the purchase price of a non-controlling interest, permanent equity by the Company exceeds or is less than the book value at the time of purchase, any excess or shortfall is recognized as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are instead subject to periodic impairment evaluations. The fair value of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets with indefinite lives are evaluated for impairment at least annually and upon the occurrence of certain triggering events or conditions and are written down to fair value, if considered impaired. These events or conditions include but are not limited to a significant adverse change in the business environment, regulatory environment, or legal factors; a current period operating, or cash flow, loss combined with a history of such losses or a projection of continuing losses; or a sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. The occurrence of one of these triggering events or conditions could significantly impact an impairment assessment, necessitating an impairment charge. The Company evaluates indefinite-lived tradenames in conjunction with its annual goodwill impairment test. The Company operates its business through two segments consisting of physical therapy operations and IIP. The reporting units within the Company’s physical therapy business are comprised of six regions primarily based on each clinic’s location. The IIP business consists of two reporting units. As part of the impairment analysis, the Company is first required to assess qualitatively if it can conclude whether goodwill is more likely than not impaired. If goodwill is more likely than not impaired, it is then required to complete a quantitative analysis of whether a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company considers relevant events or circumstances that affect the fair value or carrying amount of a reporting unit. The Company considers both the income and market approach in determining the fair value of its reporting units when performing a quantitative analysis. An impairment loss generally would be recognized when the carrying amount of the net assets of a reporting unit, inclusive of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, exceeds the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, no triggering events or indicators were identified that would require impairment assessments for such period. During the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a charge of $15.8 million for goodwill impairment and a charge of $1.7 million for impairment of a tradename. The charges for impairment were related to one reporting unit in the IIP business. The impairment is related to a change in the reporting unit’s current and projected operating income as well as various market inputs based on current market conditions. The Company did not recognize any impairment as a result of the Company’s annual assessment of goodwill and tradename for the other seven reporting units. The Company also noted no impairment to long-lived assets for all reporting units. The Company will continue to monitor for any triggering events or other indicators of impairment.
Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate | Investment in unconsolidated affiliate Investments in unconsolidated affiliates, in which the Company has less than a controlling interest, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and, accordingly, are adjusted for capital contributions, distributions and the Company’s equity in net earnings or loss of the respective joint venture.
Non-Controlling Interest | Non-Controlling Interest The Company recognizes non-controlling interest, in which the Company has no obligation but the right to purchase the non-controlling interest, as permanent equity in the unaudited consolidated financial statements separate from the parent entity’s equity. The amount of net income attributable to non-controlling interest is included in the consolidated net income on the face of the unaudited consolidated statements of net income. Changes in a parent entity’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in deconsolidation are treated as equity transactions if the parent entity retains its controlling financial interest. The Company recognizes a gain or loss in net income when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. Such gain or loss is measured using the fair value of the non-controlling equity investment on the deconsolidation date. When the purchase price of a non-controlling interest by the Company exceeds the book value at the time of purchase, any excess or shortfall is recognized as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital. Additionally, operating losses are allocated to non-controlling interests even when such allocation creates a deficit balance for the non-controlling interest partner.
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest | Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest The non-controlling interest that is reflected as redeemable non-controlling interest in the unaudited consolidated financial statements consist of those in which the owners and the Company have certain redemption rights, whether currently exercisable or not, and which currently, or in the future, require that the Company purchase or the owner sell the non-controlling interest held by the owner, if certain conditions are met. The purchase price is derived at a predetermined formula based on a multiple of trailing twelve months earnings performance as defined in the respective limited partnership agreements. The redemption rights can be triggered by the owner or the Company at such time as both of the following events have occurred: 1) termination of the owner’s employment, regardless of the reason for such termination, and 2) the passage of specified number of years after the closing of the transaction, typically three to five years, as defined in the limited partnership agreement. The redemption rights are not automatic or mandatory (even upon death) and require either the owner or the Company to exercise its rights when the conditions triggering the redemption rights have been satisfied. On the date the Company acquires a controlling interest in a partnership, and the limited partnership agreement for such partnership contains redemption rights not under the control of the Company, the fair value of the non-controlling interest is recorded in the consolidated balance sheet under the caption – Redeemable non-controlling interest – temporary equity. Then, in each reporting period thereafter until it is purchased by the Company, the redeemable non-controlling interest is adjusted to the greater of its then current redemption value or initial carrying value, based on the predetermined formula defined in the respective limited partnership agreement. As a result, the value of the non-controlling interest is not adjusted below its initial carrying value. The Company records any adjustments in the redemption value, net of tax, directly to retained earnings and the adjustments are not reflected in the unaudited consolidated statements of net income. Although the adjustments are not reflected in the unaudited consolidated statements of net income, current accounting rules require that the Company reflects the adjustments, net of tax, in the earnings per share calculation. The amount of net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest owners is included in consolidated net income on the face of the unaudited consolidated statements of net income. Management believes the redemption value (i.e., the carrying amount) and fair value are the same.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606. For ASC 606, there is an implied contract between the Company and the patient upon each patient visit. Separate contractual arrangements exist between the Company and third-party payors (e.g. insurers, managed care programs, government programs, workers’ compensation) which establish the amounts the third parties pay on behalf of the patients for covered services rendered. While these agreements are not considered contracts with the customer, they are used for determining the transaction price for services provided to the patients covered by the third-party payors. The payor contracts do not indicate performance obligations for the Company but indicate reimbursement rates for patients who are covered by those payors when the services are provided. At that time, the Company is obligated to provide services for the reimbursement rates stipulated in the payor contracts. The execution of the contract alone does not indicate a performance obligation. For self-paying customers, the performance obligation exists when the Company provides the services at established rates. The difference between the Company’s established rate and the anticipated reimbursement rate is accounted for as an offset to revenue—contractual allowance. Payments for services rendered are typically due 30 to 120 days after receipt of the invoice. Patient Revenue Net patient revenue consists of revenues for physical therapy and occupational therapy clinics that provide pre- and post-operative care and treatment for orthopedic related disorders, sports-related injuries, preventative care, rehabilitation of injured workers and neurological-related injuries. Net patient revenue (patient revenue less estimated contractual adjustments – as described below) is recognized at the estimated net realizable amounts from third-party payors, patients and others in exchange for services rendered when obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied. There is an implied contract between us and the patient upon each patient visit. Generally, this occurs as the Company provides physical and occupational therapy services, as each service provided is distinct and future services rendered are not dependent on previously rendered services. The Company has agreements with third-party payors that provide payments to the Company at amounts different from its established rates. Other Revenue Revenue from the IIP business, which is included in other revenue in the consolidated statements of net income, is derived from onsite services the Company provides to clients’ employees including injury prevention, rehabilitation, ergonomic assessments, post-offer employment testing and performance optimization. Revenue from the Company’s IIP business is recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied. Revenues are recognized at an amount equal to the consideration the company expects to receive in exchange for providing injury prevention services to its clients. The revenue is determined and recognized based on the number of hours and respective rate for services provided in a given period. Management contract revenue, which is also included in other revenue, is derived from contractual arrangements whereby the Company manages a clinic for third party owners. The Company does not have any ownership interest in these clinics. Typically, revenue is determined based on the number of visits conducted at the clinic and recognized at a point in time when services are performed. Costs, typically salaries for the Company’s employees, are recorded when incurred. Management contract revenue was $2.4 million and $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and March 31, 2023, respectively. Additionally, other revenue from physical therapy operations includes services the Company provides on-site at locations such as schools and industrial worksites for physical or occupational therapy services, athletic trainers for schools and gym membership fees. Contract terms and rates are agreed to in advance between the Company and the third parties. Services are typically performed over the contract period and revenue is recorded at the point of service. If the services are paid in advance, revenue is recorded as a contract liability over the period of the agreement and recognized at the point in time when the services are performed.
Contractual Allowances | Contractual Allowances The allowance for estimated contractual adjustments is based on terms of payor contracts and historical collection and write-off experience. Contractual allowances result from the differences between the rates charged for services performed and expected reimbursements by both insurance companies and government sponsored healthcare programs for such services. Medicare regulations and the various third-party payors and managed care contracts are often complex and may include multiple reimbursement mechanisms payable for the services provided in Company clinics. The Company estimates contractual allowances based on its interpretation of the applicable regulations, payor contracts and historical calculations. Each month the Company estimates its contractual allowance for each clinic based on payor contracts and the historical collection experience of the clinic and applies an appropriate contractual allowance reserve percentage to the gross accounts receivable balances for each payor of the clinic. Based on the Company’s historical experience, calculating the contractual allowance reserve percentage at the payor level is sufficient to allow the Company to provide the necessary detail and accuracy with its collectability estimates. However, the services authorized, provided and related reimbursement are subject to interpretation that could result in payments that differ from the Company’s estimates. Payor terms are periodically revised necessitating continual review and assessment of the estimates made by management. The Company’s billing system does not capture the exact change in its contractual allowance reserve estimate from period to period in order to assess the accuracy of its revenues and hence its contractual allowance reserves. Management regularly compares its cash collections to corresponding net revenues measured both in the aggregate and on a clinic-by-clinic basis. In the aggregate, historically the difference between net revenues and corresponding cash collections for any fiscal year has generally reflected a difference within approximately 1.0% to 1.5% of net revenues. Additionally, analysis of subsequent periods’ contractual write-offs on a payor basis reflects a difference within approximately 1.0% to 1.5% between the actual aggregate contractual reserve percentage as compared to the estimated contractual allowance reserve percentage associated with the same period end balance. As a result, the Company believes that a change in the contractual allowance reserve estimate would not likely be more than 1.0% to 1.5% on each balance sheet date.
Allowance for Credit Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses The Company determines allowances for credit losses based on the specific agings and payor classifications at each clinic. The provision for credit losses is included in operating costs in the consolidated statements of net income. Patient accounts receivable, which are stated at the historical carrying amount net of contractual allowances, write-offs, and allowance for credit losses, includes only those amounts the Company estimates to be collectible.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount to be recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company did not have any accrued interest or penalties associated with any unrecognized tax benefits nor was any interest expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024, and March 31, 2023. The Company records any interest or penalties, if required, in interest and other expense, as appropriate.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified using the following hierarchy, which is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation at the measurement date. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
● | Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
● | Level 2 – Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly.
● | Level 3 – Unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions.
The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, certain contingent earn-out payments, accounts receivable, accounts payable and notes payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The carrying amount of the debt under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (defined as “Credit Agreement” in Note 8) approximates the fair value due to the proximity of the debt issue date and the balance sheet date and the variable component of interest on debt. The interest rate on the Credit Agreement is tied to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). The put right associated with the potential future purchase of the separate company in an IIP acquisition in 2027 is marked to fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs. The put right associated with the potential future purchase of the separate company is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model utilizing unobservable inputs such as asset volatility and discount rates. The unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the put right as of March 31, 2024, include asset volatility of 25.0% and a discount rate of 11.6%. The value of this put right increased $80.0 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The put right was valued at approximately $1.0 million on March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023. The valuations of the Company’s interest rate derivative is measured as the present value of all expected future cash flows based on SOFR-based yield curves. The present value calculation uses discount rates that have been adjusted to reflect the credit quality of the Company and its counterparty, which is a Level 2 fair value measurement. The fair value of the interest rate swap on March 31, 2024, was $5.5 million, of which $3.0 million has been included within Other current assets and $2.5 million has been included in Other assets in the accompanying unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheet. The impact of the interest rate swap on the accompanying unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income was an unrealized gain of $1.3 million, net of tax, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. See Note 9 for more information on the Company’s interest rate derivative. The redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests approximates the fair value. See Note 4 for the changes in the fair value of Redeemable non-controlling interest. The consideration for some of the Company’s acquisitions includes future payments that are contingent upon the occurrence of future operational objectives being met. The Company estimates the fair value of contingent consideration obligations through valuation models designed to estimate the probability of such contingent payments based on various assumptions and incorporating estimated success rates. These fair value measurements are based on significant inputs not observable in the market. Substantial judgment is employed in determining the appropriateness of these assumptions as of the acquisition date and for each subsequent period. Accordingly, changes in assumptions could have a material impact on the amount of contingent consideration expense the Company records in any given period. The Company determined the fair value of its contingent consideration obligations to be $10.8 million on March 31, 2024, and $12.5 million on December 31, 2023.
Restricted Stock | Restricted Stock Restricted stock issued to employees and directors is subject to continued employment or continued service on the board, respectively. Generally, restrictions on the stock granted to employees lapse in equal annual installments on the following four anniversaries of the date of grant. For those shares granted to directors, the restrictions will lapse in equal quarterly installments during the first year after the date of grant. For those granted to officers, the restriction will lapse in equal quarterly installments during the four years following the date of grant. Compensation expense for grants of restricted stock is recognized based on the fair value per share on the date of grant amortized over the vesting period. The Company recognizes any forfeitures as they occur. The restricted stock issued is included in basic and diluted shares for the earnings per share computation.
New Accounting Pronouncements | New Accounting Pronouncements In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements, which requires companies to amortize leasehold improvements associated with related party leases under common control over the useful life of the leasehold improvement to the common control group. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2023; however, early adoption is permitted. The ASU can either be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The adoption of ASU 2023-01 did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure on an annual and interim basis, of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within the reported measure of segment profit or loss. In addition, the ASU requires disclosure of other segment expenses by reportable segment and a description of their composition to permit the reconciliation between segment revenue, significant segment expenses and the reported segment measure of profit or loss. The ASU also requires disclosure of the name and title of the chief operating decision maker. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on its consolidated financial statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure on an annual basis, a tabular reconciliation, including both amount and percentage of specific categories of the effective tax rate reconciliation, including state and local income taxes (net of Federal taxes), foreign taxes, effects of changes in tax laws and regulations, effects of cross-border tax laws, tax credits, changes in valuation allowances, nontaxable and nondeductible items and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. Additional disclosures are required for certain items exceeding five percent of income from continuing operations multiplied by the statutory income tax rate. The standard also requires disclosure of income taxes paid between Federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, including further disaggregation of those payments exceeding five percent of the total income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on its consolidated financial statements.

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