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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the operations of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Revenue Recognition The Company generates collaboration and licensing revenue through the execution of agreements with collaborators (known as exclusive channel collaborations, "ECC" or "ECCs") and licensing agreements whereby the collaborators or the licensee obtain exclusive access to the Company's proprietary technologies for use in the research, development and commercialization of products and/or treatments in a contractually specified field of use. Generally, the terms of these agreements provide that the Company receives some or all of the following: (i) upfront payments upon consummation of the agreement, (ii) reimbursements for costs incurred by the Company for research and development and/or manufacturing efforts related to specific applications provided for in the agreement, (iii) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial activities, and (iv) royalties on sales of products arising from the collaboration or licensing agreement. The Company's collaboration and licensing agreements typically contain multiple elements, or deliverables, including technology licenses, research and development services, and in certain cases manufacturing services. The Company identifies the deliverables within the agreements and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. Analyzing the agreements to identify deliverables requires the use of judgment. A deliverable is considered a separate unit of accounting when the deliverable has value to the collaborator or licensee on a standalone basis based on the consideration of the relevant facts and circumstances for each agreement. Consideration received is allocated at the inception of the agreement to all identified units of accounting based on their relative selling price. When available, the relative selling price for each deliverable is determined using vendor specific objective evidence ("VSOE") of the selling price or third-party evidence of the selling price, if VSOE does not exist. If neither VSOE nor third-party evidence of the selling price exists, the Company uses its best estimate of the selling price ("BESP") for the deliverable. The amount of allocable consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. The consideration received is allocated among the separate units of accounting, and the applicable revenue recognition criteria are applied to each of the separate units. The Company recognizes the revenue allocated to each unit of accounting as the Company delivers the related goods or services. If the Company determines that certain deliverables should be treated as a single unit of accounting, then the revenue is recognized using either a proportional performance or straight-line method, depending on whether the Company can reasonably estimate the level of effort required to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement and whether such performance obligations are provided on a best-efforts basis. As the Company cannot reasonably estimate its performance obligations related to its collaborators or licensees, the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis over the period it expects to complete its performance obligations, which is reevaluated each reporting period. The terms of the Company's agreements may provide for milestone payments upon achievement of certain defined events. The Company applies the Milestone Method for recognizing milestone payments. Under the Milestone Method, the Company recognizes consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of a milestone in its entirety as revenue in the period in which the milestone is achieved only if the milestone is substantive in its entirety. A milestone is considered substantive when it meets all of the following criteria:
(1) | The consideration is commensurate with either the entity's performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item or items as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the entity's performance to achieve the milestone;
(2) | The consideration relates solely to past performance; and
(3) | The consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement.
In the event that a milestone is not considered substantive, the Company recognizes the milestone consideration as revenue using the same method applied to upfront payments. Research and development services are a deliverable satisfied by the Company in accordance with the terms of the collaboration and licensing agreements and the Company considers these services to be inseparable from the license to the core technology; therefore, reimbursements of services performed are recognized as revenue. Because reimbursement (i) is contingent upon performance of the services by the Company, (ii) does not include a profit component, and (iii) does not relate to any future deliverable, the revenue is recognized during the period in which the related services are performed and collection of such amounts is reasonably assured. Payments received for manufacturing services will be recognized when the earnings process related to the manufactured materials has been completed. Royalties to be received under the agreements will be recognized as earned. From time to time, the Company and certain collaborators may cancel their agreements, relieving the Company of any further performance obligations under the agreement. When no further performance obligations are required of the Company under an agreement, the Company recognizes any remaining deferred revenue. The Company generates product and service revenues primarily through sales of products and services which are created from technologies developed or owned by the Company. The Company's current offerings include sales of advanced reproductive technologies, including the Company's bovine embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization processes and from genetic preservation and sexed semen processes and applications of such processes to other livestock, as well as sales of livestock and embryos produced using these processes and used in production. Revenue is recognized when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) services have been rendered or delivery has occurred such that risk of loss has passed to the customer, (iii) the price is fixed or determinable, and (iv) collection from the customer is reasonably assured. Research and Development The Company considers that regulatory and other uncertainties inherent in the research and development of new products preclude it from capitalizing such costs. Research and development expenses include salaries and related costs of research and development personnel, including stock-based compensation expense, and the costs of consultants, certain in-licensed technology rights, facilities, materials and supplies associated with research and development projects as well as various laboratory studies. Indirect research and development costs include depreciation, amortization and other indirect overhead expenses. The Company has research and development arrangements with third parties that include upfront and milestone payments. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had research and development commitments with third parties that had not yet been incurred totaling $10,631 and $4,138, respectively. The commitments are generally cancellable by the Company at any time upon written notice. Cash and Cash Equivalents All highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents. Cash balances at a limited number of banks may periodically exceed insurable amounts. The Company believes that it mitigates its risk by investing in or through major financial institutions with high quality credit ratings. Recoverability of investments is dependent upon the performance of the issuer. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had cash equivalent investments in highly liquid money market accounts at major financial institutions of $43,808 and $112,776, respectively. Restricted Cash Restricted cash represents funds deposited with the U.S. Treasury, as required by a court decision resulting from litigation against Trans Ova (Note 17). Short-term and Long-term Investments As of December 31, 2016, short-term and long-term investments include U.S. government debt securities and certificates of deposit. The Company determines the appropriate classification as short-term or long-term at the time of purchase based on original maturities and management's reasonable expectation of sales and redemption. The Company reevaluates such classification at each balance sheet date. The Company's written investment policy requires investments to be explicitly rated by two of the three following rating services: Standard & Poor's, Moody's and/or Fitch and to have a minimum rating of A1, P1 and/or F-1, respectively, from those agencies. In addition, the investment policy limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. Equity Securities The Company holds equity securities received and/or purchased from certain collaborators. Other than investments accounted for using the equity method, the Company elected the fair value option to account for its equity securities held in these collaborators. These equity securities are recorded at fair value at each reporting date and are subject to market price volatility. Unrealized gains and losses resulting from fair value adjustments are reported in the consolidated statement of operations. The fair value of these equity securities is subject to fluctuation in the future due to the volatility of the stock market, changes in general economic conditions and changes in the financial conditions of these collaborators. These equity securities are classified as noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheet since the Company does not intend to sell these equity securities within one year. The Company records the fair value of securities received on the date the collaboration is consummated or the milestone is achieved using the closing, quoted price of the collaborator's security on that date, assuming the transfer of consideration is considered perfunctory. If the transfer of the consideration is not considered perfunctory, the Company considers the specific facts and circumstances to determine the appropriate date on which to evaluate fair value. The Company also evaluates whether any discounts for trading restrictions or other basis for lack of marketability should be applied to the fair value of the securities at inception of the collaboration. In the event the Company concludes that a discount should be applied, the fair value of the securities is adjusted at inception of the collaboration and re-evaluated at each reporting period thereafter. Investment in Preferred Stock The Company holds preferred stock received from one of its collaborators, ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc. ("ZIOPHARM"), which may be converted to common stock upon the occurrence of certain events in the future (Note 7). The Company elected the fair value option to account for its investment in preferred stock whereby the value of preferred stock is adjusted to fair value as of each reporting date and unrealized gains and losses are reported in the consolidated statement of operations. This investment is subject to fluctuation in the future due to, among other things, the likelihood and timing of conversion of the preferred stock into common stock, the volatility of ZIOPHARM's common stock, and changes in general economic and financial conditions of ZIOPHARM. The investment is classified as noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheet since the Company does not intend to sell the investment nor expect it to be converted into shares of common stock within one year. Until such time as the Company converts the preferred stock into common stock, the Company is entitled to a monthly dividend payable in additional shares of preferred stock and records dividend income based on the fair value of the preferred shares received. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset and liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the Company uses a three-tier fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in its fair value measurements. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1: | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
Level 2: | Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3: | Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.
Concentrations of Risk Due to the Company's mix of fixed and variable rate securities holdings, the Company's investment portfolio is susceptible to changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2016, gross unrealized losses on the Company's short-term and long-term investments were not material. From time to time, the Company may liquidate some or all of its investments to fund operational needs or other activities, such as capital expenditures or business acquisitions, or distribute its equity securities to shareholders as a stock dividend. Depending on which investments the Company liquidates to fund these activities, the Company could recognize a portion, or all, of the gross unrealized losses. Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of trade receivables. The Company controls credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and monitoring procedures. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers but generally does not require collateral to support accounts receivable. Equity Method Investments The Company accounts for its investments in each of its joint ventures and for its investments in start-up entities backed by the Harvest Intrexon Enterprise Fund I, LP ("Harvest"), a related party, (Note 18) using the equity method of accounting based upon relative ownership interest. The Company's investments in these entities are included in investments in affiliates in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company accounts for its investment in Oragenics, Inc. ("Oragenics"), one of its collaborators, using the fair value option. The fair value of the Company's investment in Oragenics was $7,244 and $16,601 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and is included as equity securities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company's ownership percentage of Oragenics was 29.5% and 30.7% as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) in the fair value of these securities was $(10,523), $4,863, and $(14,969) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. The Company determined it had significant influence over ZIOPHARM until the Company distributed its investment in ZIOPHARM to shareholders in the form of a special stock dividend (Note 14). Upon disposition, the Company realized a gain of $81,401 during the year ended December 31, 2015. Unrealized appreciation in the fair value of the Company's equity securities held in ZIOPHARM was $11,965 for the year ended December 31, 2014. In 2015 and 2014, the Company determined that ZIOPHARM met the criteria of SEC Regulation S-X Article 3-09 for inclusion of separate financial statements of an equity method investment. Summarized financial data as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, for the Company's equity method investments for which separate financial statements are not included, pursuant to SEC Regulation S-X Article 3-09, are shown in the following tables.
| December 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Current assets | $ | 77,761 |  |  | $ | 28,123 |
Non-current assets | 11,040 |  |  | 1,539 |
Total assets | 88,801 |  |  | 29,662 |
Current liabilities | 11,588 |  |  | 6,274 |
Net assets | $ | 77,213 |  |  | $ | 23,388 |
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Revenues, net | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |  |  | $ | 940 |
Operating expenses | 62,373 |  |  | 32,513 |  |  | 17,289 |
Operating loss | (61,956 | ) |  | (31,337 | ) |  | (16,349 | )
Other, net | 1,535 |  |  | (64 | ) |  | 35 |
Net loss | $ | (60,421 | ) |  | $ | (31,401 | ) |  | $ | (16,314 | )
Variable Interest Entities The Company identifies entities that (i) do not have sufficient equity investment at risk to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) in which the equity investors lack an essential characteristic of a controlling financial interest as variable interest entities ("VIE" or "VIEs"). The Company performs an initial and on-going evaluation of the entities with which the Company has variable interests to determine if any of these entities are VIEs. If an entity is identified as a VIE, the Company performs an assessment to determine whether the Company has both (i) the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and (ii) have the obligation to absorb losses from or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If both of these criteria are satisfied, the Company is identified as the primary beneficiary of the VIE. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company determined that certain of its collaborators and joint ventures as well as Harvest were VIEs. The Company was not the primary beneficiary for these entities since it did not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIEs. The Company's aggregate investment balances of these VIEs as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, were $159,115 and $3,598, respectively, which represents the Company's maximum risk of loss related to the identified VIEs. Trade Receivables Trade receivables consist of credit extended to the Company's customers in the normal course of business and are reported net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company reviews its customer accounts on a periodic basis and records bad debt expense for specific amounts the Company evaluates as uncollectible. Past due status is determined based upon contractual terms. Amounts are written off at the point when collection attempts have been exhausted. Management estimates uncollectible amounts considering such factors as current economic conditions and historic and anticipated customer performance. This estimate can fluctuate due to changes in economic, industry or specific customer conditions which may require adjustment to the allowance recorded by the Company. Management has included amounts believed to be uncollectible in the allowance for doubtful accounts. The following table shows the activity in the allowance for doubtful receivable accounts for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
| 2016 |  | 2015
Beginning balance | $ | 2,081 |  |  | $ | 565 |
Charged to operating expenses | 1,963 |  |  | 1,757 |
Write offs of accounts receivable | (341 | ) |  | (241 | )
Ending balance | $ | 3,703 |  |  | $ | 2,081 |
Inventory The Company's inventory primarily includes adult female cows which are used in certain production processes and are recorded at acquisition cost using the first-in, first-out method or at market, whichever is lower. Work-in-process inventory includes allocations of production costs and facility costs for products currently in production and is recorded at the lower of cost or market. Significant declines in the price of cows could result in unfavorable adjustments to inventory balances. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Major additions or betterments are capitalized and repairs and maintenance are generally expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of these assets are as follows:
| Years
Land improvements | 4–20
Buildings and building improvements | 3–25
Furniture and fixtures | 1–10
Equipment | 1–10
Breeding stock | 1–4
Computer hardware and software | 1–7
Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the asset or the applicable lease term, generally one to twenty years. Goodwill Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually. The Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount prior to performing the two-step goodwill impairment test. If this is the case, the two-step goodwill impairment test is required. If it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than the carrying amount, the two-step goodwill impairment test is not required. If the two-step goodwill impairment test is required, first, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying amount (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, an indication of goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit and the entity must perform step two of the impairment test. Under step two, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation and the residual fair value after this allocation is the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, step two does not need to be performed. The Company performs its annual impairment review of goodwill in the fourth quarter, or sooner if a triggering event occurs prior to the annual impairment review. Intangible Assets Intangible assets subject to amortization consist of patents, developed technologies and know-how; customer relationships; trademarks; and a covenant not to compete acquired as a result of mergers or acquisitions. These intangible assets are subject to amortization, were recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition and are stated net of accumulated amortization. Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of in-process research and development technologies acquired in mergers or acquisitions and were recorded at fair value at the dates of the respective acquisitions. The Company amortizes long-lived intangible assets to reflect the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset are expected to be realized. The intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives, ranging from two to twenty-one years for the patents, developed technologies and know-how; customer relationships; trademarks; and the covenant not to compete. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets to be held and used, including property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable. Indefinite-lived intangible assets, including in-process research and development, are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances between annual tests indicate that the asset may be impaired. Impairment losses on indefinite-lived intangible assets are recognized based solely on a comparison of their fair value to carrying value, without consideration of any recoverability test. The Company monitors the progression of its in-process research and development, as the likelihood of success is contingent upon commercial development or regulatory approval. Foreign Currency Translation The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries, where the local currency is the functional currency, are translated from their respective functional currencies into United States dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, with resulting foreign currency translation adjustments recorded in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Revenue and expense amounts are translated at average rates during the period. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to both differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases as well as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of the change. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The Company identifies any uncertain income tax positions and recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of interest expense. Penalties, if any, are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. Share-Based Payments Intrexon uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant-date fair value of all stock options. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the use of assumptions for estimated expected volatility, estimated expected term of stock options, risk-free rate, estimated expected dividend yield, and the fair value of the underlying common stock at the date of grant. Since Intrexon does not have sufficient history to estimate the expected volatility of its common stock price, expected volatility is based on a blended approach which utilizes the volatility of Intrexon's common stock and the volatility of peer public entities that are similar in size and industry. Intrexon estimates the expected term of all options based on previous history of exercises. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the expected term of the option. The expected dividend yield is 0% as Intrexon does not expect to declare cash dividends in the near future. The fair value of the underlying common stock is determined based on the quoted market price on the New York Stock Exchange. Intrexon estimates forfeitures based on its historical analysis of actual stock option forfeitures. Actual forfeitures are recorded when incurred and estimated forfeitures are reviewed and adjusted at least annually. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are set forth in the table below:
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Valuation assumptions |  |  |  |  |
Expected dividend yield | 0% |  | 0% |  | 0%
Expected volatility | 59%—60% |  | 59%—62% |  | 62%—64%
Expected term (years) | 6.25 |  | 6.25 |  | 6.25
Risk-free interest rate | 1.23%—2.17% |  | 1.56%—1.95% |  | 1.82%—2.14%
Net Loss per Share Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by adjusting weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, using the treasury-stock method. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, stock options and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive and, therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share were the same for all periods presented. Segment Information While the Company generates revenues from multiple sources, including collaboration agreements, licensing, and products and services associated with bovine reproduction, management is organized around a singular research and development focus to further the development of the Company's underlying synthetic biology technologies. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates in one segment. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had $13,265 and $3,877, respectively, of long-lived assets in foreign countries. The Company recognized revenues derived in foreign countries totaling $11,969, $5,918, and $2,166 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"). The provisions of ASU 2017-04 simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the implementation of this standard will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805) - Clarifying the Definition of a Business ("ASU 2017-01"). The provisions of ASU 2017-01 clarify the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the implementation of this standard will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash (A Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force) ("ASU 2016-18"). The provisions of ASU 2016-18 require amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents to be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the total beginning and ending balances for the periods presented on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the implementation of this standard will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-17, Consolidation (Topic 810) - Interests Held through Related Parties That Are under Common Control ("ASU 2016-17"). The provisions of ASU 2016-17 amend the consolidation guidance on how a reporting entity that is the single decision maker of a VIE should treat indirect interests in the entity held through related parties that are under common control with the reporting entity when determining whether it is the primary beneficiary of that VIE. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2017. The Company does not believe the implementation of this standard will result in a material impact to its consolidated financial statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15"). The provisions of ASU 2016-15 address eight specific cash flow issues and how those certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows under Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows, and other Topics. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the implementation of this standard will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"). The provisions of ASU 2016-09 simplify various aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2017. Upon adoption in the first quarter of 2017, the Company expects to elect to recognize forfeitures as they occur and anticipates making an opening adjustment to additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit for previously unrecognized stock-based compensation costs due to estimating forfeitures on unvested shares. The adoption is on a prospective basis and therefore has no impact on prior periods. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-07, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323) - Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting ("ASU 2016-07"). The provisions of ASU 2016-07 eliminate the requirement that when an investment qualifies for use of the equity method as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence, an adjustment must be made to the investment, results of operations, and retained earnings retroactively on a step-by-step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2017. The Company does not believe the implementation of this standard will result in a material impact to its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"). The provisions of ASU 2016-02 set out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for in a similar manner as under existing guidance for operating leases today. ASU 2016-02 supersedes the previous lease standard, Topic 840, Leases. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the implementation of this standard will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10) - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities ("ASU 2016-01"). The provisions of ASU 2016-01 make targeted improvements to enhance the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information, including certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the implementation of this standard will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes ("ASU 2015-17"). The provisions of ASU 2015-17 simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring an entity to classify deferred tax liabilities and assets as noncurrent on a classified balance sheet. The Company elected to early adopt this guidance during the first quarter of 2016 and applied it prospectively, and there was no significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330) - Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory ("ASU 2015-11"). The provisions of ASU 2015-11 provide guidance for simplifying the calculation for subsequent measurement of inventory measured using the first-in-first-out or average cost methods. The guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2017. The Company does not believe the implementation of this standard will result in a material impact to its consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09"). The FASB issued ASU 2014-09 to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue and to develop a common revenue standard for U.S. GAAP. The standard outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes the most current revenue recognition guidance. This guidance was originally effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption was not permitted. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) - Deferral of the Effective Date ("ASU 2015-14"), which deferred the effective date of the guidance in ASU 2014-09 by one year to December 15, 2017 for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after that date and permitted early adoption of the standard, but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016, and is effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2018. In 2016, the FASB clarified the implementation guidance on principal versus agent, identifying performance obligations, licensing, narrow-scope improvements, practical expedients, and to expedite improvements to 2014-09 by issuing ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) - Principal versus Agent Considerations ("ASU 2016-08"), ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) - Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing ("ASU 2016-10"), ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) - Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients ("ASU 2016-12"), and ASU 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contacts with Customers ("ASU 2016-20"). The Company does not intend to early adopt this standard. The Company is currently evaluating its collaborations and licensing agreements to determine the impact, if any, that the implementation of this standard will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements as it relates to the recognition of upfront and milestone payments that have been deferred under the current revenue guidance, reimbursements for costs incurred by the Company for research and development services provided pursuant to collaborations, and royalties on sales of products arising from collaborations.

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