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PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Major classes of property, plant and equipment were as follows:
 December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
 (U.S. Dollars in thousands)
Land and land improvements
$515,622 $548,847 
Buildings and leasehold improvements
305,814 300,258 
Machinery and equipment
334,849 328,006 
Computer software
76,697 76,997 
Vessels and containers
206,174 195,218 
Machinery and equipment and vessel containers under finance leases
100,116 47,209 
Construction in progress
41,679 50,474 
 Property, plant and equipment, gross1,580,951 1,547,009 
Accumulated depreciation
(498,895)(444,775)
Property, plant and equipment, net$1,082,056 $1,102,234 
Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
 
Years
Land improvements
1 to 30
Buildings and leasehold improvements*
2 to 50
Machinery and equipment
1 to 25
Computer software
2 to 10
Vessels and containers
1 to 30
Machinery and equipment and vessel containers under finance leases
Shorter of lease term or useful life
*Leasehold improvements are depreciated using the shorter of the useful life or life of the lease.
Depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment totaled $91.3 million, $94.0 million and $98.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, excluding pineapple bearer plants. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Dole incurred an incremental depreciation $41.1 million, related to pineapple bearer plants that were brought to fair value in conjunction with acquisitions, that was recognized in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest expense capitalized into property, plant and equipment was not material for the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.