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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Components of Loss Before Income Taxes
Loss before income taxes included in the consolidated statements of operations was as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
 (in thousands)
United States$(72,846)$(41,111)$(39,754)
Foreign(24,017)(12,692)(15,325)
Loss before income taxes$(96,863)$(53,803)$(55,079)
Summary of Income Tax (Benefit) Expense
Income tax expense included in the consolidated statements of operations was as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
 (in thousands)
Current:
Federal$$260 $124 
State and local122 109 126 
Foreign1,149 255 228 
Total current tax expense1,279 624 478 
Deferred:
Federal(285)
State and local16 
Foreign696 (593)257 
Total deferred tax expense (benefit)707 (582)(12)
Income tax expense$1,986 $42 $466 
Reconciliation of Income Taxes Computed at Federal Statutory Rate and Provision for Income Taxes
The reconciliation of the federal statutory rate of 21% to the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State taxes, net of federal benefit(0.1)(0.2)(0.2)
Permanent differences(4.0)(2.8)0.2 
Stock-based compensation12.1 22.3 9.3 
Federal research and development credit1.1 1.3 1.2 
Foreign rate differential(1.4)(1.4)(1.1)
Change in valuation allowance(30.0)(41.0)(32.8)
Other(0.8)0.7 1.5 
Effective income tax rate(2.1)%(0.1)%(0.9)%
Components of Net Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Net deferred tax assets and liabilities, as set forth in the table below, reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities recorded for financial statement purposes and such amounts measured in accordance with tax laws:
 As of December 31,
 20202019
 (in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Accruals and reserves$1,272 $323 
Net operating loss carryforwards117,478 85,969 
Deferred revenue7,951 14,401 
Depreciation3,330 2,335 
Research and development credits6,201 4,665 
Operating lease liabilities20,967 19,657 
Stock-based compensation4,755 3,806 
Tax credits1,148 1,181 
Other2,105 61 
Gross deferred tax assets165,207 132,398 
Valuation allowance(110,350)(94,581)
Total deferred tax assets54,857 37,817 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangible assets(5,717)(2,249)
Operating lease ROU assets(16,233)(14,792)
Convertible senior notes(17,961)(9,959)
Deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs(15,908)(11,565)
Other(543)(20)
Total deferred tax liabilities(56,362)(38,585)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(1,505)$(768)