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Derivatives, Hedging Programs and Other Financial Instruments | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2017
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] |
Derivative Financial Instruments and Related Hedging Programs | Derivatives, Hedging Programs and Other Financial Instruments Overview. In conducting our business, we enter into derivative transactions, including forward contracts and options, to limit our economic (i.e. cash) exposure resulting from: (i) metal price risk related to our sale of fabricated aluminum products and the purchase of metal used as raw material for our fabrication operations; (ii) energy price risk relating to fluctuating prices of natural gas and electricity used in our production processes; and (iii) foreign currency requirements with respect to our foreign subsidiaries and cash commitments for equipment purchases denominated in foreign currency. Our derivative activities are overseen by a hedging committee ("Hedging Committee"), which is composed of our chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, chief accounting officer, treasurer and other officers and employees selected by the chief executive officer. The Hedging Committee meets regularly to review derivative positions and strategy and reports to our Board of Directors on the scope of its activities. We are exposed to counterparty credit risk on all of our derivative instruments, which we manage by monitoring the credit quality of our counterparties and allocating our hedging positions among multiple counterparties to limit exposure to any single entity. Our counterparties are major, investment grade financial institutions or trading companies. Hedging transactions are governed by negotiated reciprocal credit lines, which require collateral to be posted above specified credit thresholds. We believe the risk of loss is remote and contained due to counterparty credit quality, our diversification practice and collateral requirements. In a majority of our hedging counterparty agreements, our counterparty offers us a credit line that adjusts up or down, depending on our liquidity. Below specified liquidity thresholds, we may have to post collateral if the fair value of our net liability with such counterparty exceeds our reduced credit line. We manage this risk by allocating hedging transactions among multiple counterparties, using options as part of our hedging activities, or both. The aggregate fair value of our derivative instruments that were in a net liability position was zero and $0.1 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and we had no collateral posted as of those dates. Additionally, our firm-price customer sales commitments create incremental customer credit risk related to metal price movements. Under certain circumstances, we mitigate this risk by periodically requiring cash collateral from them, which we classify as deferred revenue and include as a component of Other accrued liabilities. At March 31, 2017, we had no cash collateral posted with any of our customers. For more information about concentration risks concerning customers and suppliers, see Note 10. Notional Amount of Derivative Contracts. The following table summarizes our derivative positions at March 31, 2017:
Aluminum | Maturity Period (month/year) |  | Notional Amount of contracts (mmlbs)
Purchased put option contracts | 7/17 through 12/17 |  | 26.8 |
Fixed price purchase contracts | 4/17 through 12/21 |  | 205.8 |
Fixed price sales contracts | 4/17 through 6/18 |  | 1.4 |
Midwest premium swap contracts 1 | 4/17 through 12/21 |  | 203.5 |
Alloying Metals | Maturity Period (month/year) |  | Notional Amount of contracts (mmlbs)
Fixed price purchase contracts | 4/17 through 12/17 |  | 5.7 |
Natural Gas 2 | Maturity Period (month/year) |  | Notional Amount of contracts (mmbtu)
Fixed price purchase contracts | 4/17 through 12/19 |  | 4,640,000 |
Euro | Maturity Period (month/year) |  | Notional Amount of contracts (euro)
Fixed price purchase contracts | 8/17 |  | 105,600 |
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1 | Regional premiums represent the premium over the London Metal Exchange price for primary aluminum which is incurred on our purchases of primary aluminum.
2 | As of March 31, 2017, we had derivative and/or physical delivery commitments with energy companies in place to cover exposure to fluctuations in prices for approximately 74%, 72% and 61% of the expected natural gas purchases for the remainder of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.
We have physical delivery commitments at firm prices covering approximately 54% of our expected electricity purchases for each of the remainder of 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Non-Designated Hedges of Operational Risks. Our pricing of fabricated aluminum products is generally intended to lock in a conversion margin (representing the value added from the fabrication process(es)) and to pass through metal price fluctuations to our customers. For some of our higher value added products sold on a spot basis, the pass through of metal price movements can sometimes lag by as much as several months, with a favorable impact to us when metal prices decline and an adverse impact to us when metal prices increase. Additionally, in certain instances, we enter into firm-price arrangements with our customers for stipulated volumes to be delivered in the future. Because we generally purchase primary and secondary aluminum on a floating price basis, the lag in passing through metal price movements to customers on some of our higher value added products sold on a spot basis and the volume that we have committed to sell to our customers under a firm-price arrangement create metal price risk for us. We use third-party hedging instruments to limit exposure to metal price risk related to the metal pass through lag on some of our products and firm-price customer sales contracts. We are also exposed to risk of fluctuating prices for natural gas and electricity. We, from time to time, in the ordinary course of business, enter into hedging transactions and/or physical delivery commitments with third parties to mitigate our risk from fluctuations in natural gas and electricity prices. Designated Foreign Currency Cash Flow Hedges. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk related to firm-price agreements for equipment purchases from foreign manufacturers. Such agreements require that we make payments in foreign currency to the vendor over time based on milestone achievements. We use foreign currency forward contracts in order to mitigate the exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations related to these purchases. The timing and amounts of the forward contract settlements are designed to line up with the timing and amounts of scheduled payments to the foreign equipment manufacturers and are therefore expected to be highly effective hedges. As of March 31, 2017, we had one remaining open foreign currency forward contract with a weighted average exchange rate of 1.12 euro to US dollar. The effective portion of the fair value on our designated foreign currency cash flow hedges is recorded within Other comprehensive income, net of tax and is reclassified into the Statements of Consolidated Income on the same line item and the same period in which the underlying equipment is depreciated. Designated Alloying Metal Hedges. We enter into agreements with suppliers to purchase alloying metals (zinc and copper) used as raw materials in our fabrication operations. Because we are unable to pass along fluctuations in the cost of these alloying metals to our customers, we are exposed to metal price risk. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2016, to limit our economic (i.e., cash) exposure to future price increases of zinc and/or copper, we entered into Alloy Hedges with third-party financial institutions. Under these Alloy Hedges, we are able to purchase the required alloying metals at predetermined/fixed prices at stated delivery dates. Our Alloy Hedges settle monthly and correspond to forecasted purchases of alloying metals by our manufacturing facilities and are therefore expected to be highly effective hedges. The effective portion of the fair value on these Alloy Hedges is recorded within Other comprehensive income, net of tax and is reclassified into the Statements of Consolidated Income during the month of settlement to Cost of products sold (See Note 13). As of March 31, 2017, we estimate the net gain of $0.1 million will be reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss into Net income within the next 12 months. We incurred no ineffectiveness on these hedges during the quarter ended March 31, 2017. Realized and Unrealized Gain and Loss. Realized and unrealized gain (loss) included on the Statements of Consolidated Income associated with all derivative contracts consisted of the following for each period presented (in millions of dollars):
| Quarter Ended
| March 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Realized gain (loss): |  |  |
Aluminum | $ | 4.6 |  |  | $ | (2.7 | )
Natural gas | — |  |  | (1.7 | )
Alloy Hedges | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Total realized gain (loss)1 | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | (4.4 | )
Unrealized gain (loss): |  |  |
Aluminum | $ | 16.3 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |
Natural gas | (1.2 | ) |  | 0.8 |
Total unrealized gain 2 | $ | 15.1 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
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1 | Recorded within Cost of products sold, excluding depreciation, amortization and other items.
2 | Recorded within Unrealized gain on derivative instruments.
Fair Values of Derivative Contracts. The fair values of our derivative contracts are based upon trades in liquid markets. Valuation model inputs can be verified, and valuation techniques do not involve significant judgment. The fair values of such financial instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The following table presents our financial instruments, classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy, as of the period presented (in millions of dollars):
| March 31, 2017
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
DERIVATIVE ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Designated Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum – |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Put option purchase contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Fixed price purchase contracts | — |  |  | 18.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 18.4 |
Midwest premium swap contracts | — |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Natural gas – Fixed price purchase contracts | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |
Designated Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alloying metals – Fixed price purchase contracts | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Total derivative assets 1 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.2 |
| March 31, 2017
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
DERIVATIVE LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Designated Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum – |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed price sales contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
Midwest premium swap contracts | — |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.9 | )
Natural gas – Fixed price purchase contracts | — |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.7 | )
Designated Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alloying metals – Fixed price purchase contracts | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | )
Total derivative liabilities 2 | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | )
____________
1 | Of the $21.2 million in total derivative assets, $17.2 million and $4.0 million was recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets, respectively.
2 | Of the $1.8 million in total derivative liabilities, $1.1 million and $0.7 million was recorded within Other accrued liabilities and Long-term liabilities, respectively.
The following table presents our financial instruments, classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy, as of the period presented (in millions of dollars):
| December 31, 2016
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
DERIVATIVE ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Designated Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum – |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed price purchase contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.3 |
Midwest premium swap contracts | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |
Natural gas – Fixed price purchase contracts | — |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.6 |
Total derivative assets 1 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.8 |
DERIVATIVE LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Designated Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum – |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed price purchase contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.1 | )
Midwest premium swap contracts | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | )
Natural gas – Fixed price purchase contracts | — |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.4 | )
Designated Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alloying metals – Fixed price purchase contracts | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | )
Total derivative liabilities 2 | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | )
____________
1 | Of the $5.8 million in total derivative assets, $5.0 million and $0.8 million was recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets, respectively.
2 | Of the $1.8 million in total derivative liabilities, $0.8 million and $1.0 million was recorded within Other accrued liabilities and Long-term liabilities, respectively.
The aggregate fair value of our derivatives at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was a net asset of $19.4 million and a net asset of $4.0 million, respectively. The increase in the net asset position during the first quarter of 2017 was primarily due to changes in the underlying commodity and energy prices, as well as settlement of liability positions during the period. Changes in the fair value of our derivative contracts relating to non-designated hedges of operational activities are reflected in Operating income. Offsetting Information. We enter into derivative contracts with counterparties, some of which are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and some of which are not. We reflect the fair value of our derivative contracts on a gross basis on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We had no cash collateral pledged or received with our counterparties as of both March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The following tables present offsetting information regarding our derivatives by type of counterparty as of March 31, 2017 (in millions of dollars):
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amount
Counterparty (with netting agreements) | $ | 21.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.2 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 19.4 |
Total | $ | 21.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.2 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 19.4 |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amount
Counterparty (with netting agreements) | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | — |
Total | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | — |
The following tables present offsetting information regarding our derivatives by type of counterparty as of December 31, 2016 (in millions of dollars):
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amount
Counterparty (with netting agreements) | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Counterparty (with partial netting agreements) | 2.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.8 |
Total | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amount
Counterparty (with netting agreements) | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | — |
Counterparty (with partial netting agreements) | (0.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.7 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Total | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | (1.7 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | )
Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments Available for Sale Securities. We hold debt investment securities that are accounted for as available for sale securities. The fair value of the debt investment securities, which consist of commercial paper and corporate bonds, is determined based on valuation models that use observable market data. At March 31, 2017, all of our short-term investments had maturity dates within 12 months. We review our debt investment portfolio for other-than-temporary impairment at least quarterly or when there are changes in credit risk or other potential valuation concerns. At March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, the total unrealized loss, net of tax, included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss was immaterial and was not other-than-temporarily impaired. We believe that it is probable that the principal and interest will be collected in accordance with the contractual terms, and that the unrealized loss on these securities were due to changes in normal market fluctuations, and were not due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns. The fair value input of our available for sale securities, which are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, is calculated based on broker quotes. The amortized cost for available for sale securities approximates their fair value. All Other Financial Assets and Liabilities. We believe that the fair value of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their respective carrying values due to their short maturities and nominal credit risk. See Note 2 for components of cash and cash equivalents. The following table presents our other financial assets, classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy, as of March 31, 2017 (in millions of dollars):
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 23.5 |  |  | $ | 10.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34.4 |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | 195.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 195.5 |
Total | $ | 23.5 |  |  | $ | 206.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 229.9 |
The following table presents our other financial assets, classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy, as of December 31, 2016 (in millions of dollars):
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 37.9 |  |  | $ | 17.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55.2 |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | 231.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 231.0 |
Total | $ | 37.9 |  |  | $ | 248.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 286.2 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for derivative instruments and hedging activities including, but not limited to, risk management strategies, non-hedging derivative instruments, assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and methodologies and assumptions used in determining the amounts. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 30 -Section 45 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6441202&loc=d3e80720-113993 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4C -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5624171-113959 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=d3e41620-113959 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4B -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5624163-113959 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5579240-113959 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4D -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5624177-113959 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=35736893&loc=d3e80784-113994 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 5 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=d3e41641-113959 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1A -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5579245-113959 Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4H -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5624258-113959 Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=35736893&loc=d3e80748-113994 Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4K -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5708775-113959 Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4J -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5708773-113959 Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4A -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5618551-113959 Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1B -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5580258-113959 Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4E -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=SL5624181-113959 Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 25 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6886632&loc=d3e76258-113986 Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64837297&loc=d3e41638-113959 Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(n)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=26873400&loc=d3e23780-122690 + Details
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