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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables) | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Goodwill by segment and changes in the carrying amount | Goodwill by reporting unit and changes in the carrying amount are as follows:
| Franchise Group |  | Owned Brokerage Group |  | Title Group |  | Total Company
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 2,392 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 2,523 |
Goodwill acquired (a) | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | $ | 2,392 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 2,524 |
Accumulated impairment losses (b) | $ | 1,561 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 2,973 |
_______________ (a)Goodwill acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 relates to the acquisition of one real estate brokerage operation. (b)Includes impairment charges which reduced goodwill by $394 million during 2022, $540 million during 2020, $253 million during 2019, $1,279 million during 2008 and $507 million during 2007.
Intangible Assets | Intangible assets are as follows:
| As of September 30, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Amortizable—Franchise agreements (a) | $ | 2,010 |  |  | $ | 1,106 |  |  | $ | 904 |  |  | $ | 2,010 |  |  | $ | 1,056 |  |  | $ | 954 |
Indefinite life—Trademarks (b) | $ | 611 |  |  |  |  | $ | 611 |  |  | $ | 611 |  |  |  |  | $ | 611 |
Other Intangibles |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortizable—License agreements (c) | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 30 |
Amortizable—Customer relationships (d) | 456 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 456 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 90 |
Indefinite life—Title plant shares (e) | 29 |  |  |  |  | 29 |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |  | 28 |
Amortizable—Other (f) | 7 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |
Total Other Intangibles | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 540 |  |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | 150 |
_______________ (a)Generally amortized over a period of 30 years. (b)Primarily related to real estate franchise, title and relocation trademarks which are expected to generate future cash flows for an indefinite period of time. (c)Relates to the Sotheby’s International Realty® and Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate agreements which are being amortized over 50 years (the contractual term of the license agreements). (d)Relates to the customer relationships at Franchise Group, Title Group and Owned Brokerage Group. These relationships are being amortized over a period of 7 to 20 years. (e)Ownership in a title plant is required to transact title insurance in certain states. The Company expects to generate future cash flows for an indefinite period of time. (f)Consists of covenants not to compete which are amortized over their contract lives and other intangibles which are generally amortized over periods ranging from 3 to 5 years.
Intangible asset amortization expense | Intangible asset amortization expense is as follows:
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Franchise agreements | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 50 |
License agreements | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Customer relationships | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Other | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |
Total | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 74 |

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