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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of pre-tax income (loss) for domestic and foreign operations | The components of pretax (loss) income for domestic and foreign operations consisted of the following:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Domestic | $ | (119) |  |  | $ | (368) |  |  | $ | 486 |
Foreign | 6 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (3) |
Pretax (loss) income | $ | (113) |  |  | $ | (351) |  |  | $ | 483 |
Schedule of income tax provision | The components of income tax (benefit) expense consisted of the following:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 29 |
State | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
Foreign | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |
Total current | 18 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 61 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (31) |  |  | (78) |  |  | 70 |
State | (2) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 2 |
Foreign | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total deferred | (33) |  |  | (96) |  |  | 72 |
Income tax (benefit) expense | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | (68) |  |  | $ | 133 |
Schedule of effective income tax rate | A reconciliation of the Company’s effective income tax rate at the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% to the actual expense was as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Federal statutory rate | 21 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 21 | %
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |
Non-deductible equity compensation | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Non-deductible executive compensation | (4) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |
Goodwill impairment | (5) |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |
Uncertain tax positions | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Tax credits (a) | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |
Net change in valuation allowance | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other permanent differences | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1) |
Effective tax rate | 13 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 28 | %
_______________ (a)This item in 2022 includes a benefit related to the completion of a research tax credit study for tax years 2016 through 2022.
Schedule of deferred income tax assets and liabilities | Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting and tax purposes. The components of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 39 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 28 |  |  | 27 |
Accrued liabilities and deferred income | 117 |  |  | 86 |
Interest expense limitation carryforward | 5 |  |  | 41 |
Operating leases | 120 |  |  | 133 |
Minimum pension obligations | 13 |  |  | 14 |
Provision for doubtful accounts | 10 |  |  | 9 |
Liability for unrecognized tax benefits | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Other | — |  |  | 1 |
Total deferred tax assets | 331 |  |  | 351 |
Less: valuation allowance | (25) |  |  | (20) |
Total deferred income tax assets after valuation allowance | 306 |  |  | 331 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 384 |  |  | 433 |
Operating leases | 99 |  |  | 111 |
Prepaid expenses | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Basis difference in investment in joint ventures | 21 |  |  | 17 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 513 |  |  | 570 |
Net deferred income tax liabilities | $ | (207) |  |  | $ | (239) |
Schedule of the rollforward of unrecognized tax benefits | The rollforward of unrecognized tax benefits are summarized in the table below:
Unrecognized tax benefits—January 1, 2021 | $ | 19 |
Settlements | (1) |
Reduction due to lapse of statute of limitations | (1) |
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2021 | 17 |
Gross increases - tax positions in prior periods | 3 |
Gross decreases - tax positions in prior periods | (1) |
Gross increases - tax positions in current period | 1 |
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2022 | 20 |
Gross decreases - tax positions in prior periods | (1) |
Gross increases - tax positions in current period | 1 |
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2023 | $ | 20 |

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