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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of pre-tax income (loss) for domestic and foreign operations

The components of pretax (loss) income for domestic and foreign operations consisted of the following:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2023						2022						2021
Domestic			$	(119)					$	(368)					$	486
Foreign			6						17						(3)
Pretax (loss) income			$	(113)					$	(351)					$	483

Schedule of income tax provision

The components of income tax (benefit) expense consisted of the following:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2023						2022						2021
Current:
Federal			$	9					$	24					$	29
State			5						—						30
Foreign			4						4						2
Total current			18						28						61
Deferred:
Federal			(31)						(78)						70
State			(2)						(18)						2
Foreign			—						—						—
Total deferred			(33)						(96)						72
Income tax (benefit) expense			$	(15)					$	(68)					$	133

Schedule of effective income tax rate

A reconciliation of the Company’s effective income tax rate at the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% to the actual expense was as follows:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2023						2022						2021
Federal statutory rate			21		%				21		%				21		%
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits			1						3						6
Non-deductible equity compensation			(1)						—						1
Non-deductible executive compensation			(4)						(1)						1
Goodwill impairment			(5)						(8)						—
Uncertain tax positions			—						(1)						—
Tax credits (a)			6						7						—
Net change in valuation allowance			(5)						—						—
Other permanent differences			—						(2)						(1)
Effective tax rate			13		%				19		%				28		%

_______________

(a)This item in 2022 includes a benefit related to the completion of a research tax credit study for tax years 2016 through 2022.

Schedule of deferred income tax assets and liabilities

Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting and tax purposes. The components of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

			December 31,
			2023						2022
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards			$	36					$	39
Tax credit carryforwards			28						27
Accrued liabilities and deferred income			117						86
Interest expense limitation carryforward			5						41
Operating leases			120						133
Minimum pension obligations			13						14
Provision for doubtful accounts			10						9
Liability for unrecognized tax benefits			2						1
Other			—						1
Total deferred tax assets			331						351
Less: valuation allowance			(25)						(20)
Total deferred income tax assets after valuation allowance			306						331
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization			384						433
Operating leases			99						111
Prepaid expenses			9						9
Basis difference in investment in joint ventures			21						17
Total deferred tax liabilities			513						570
Net deferred income tax liabilities			$	(207)					$	(239)

Schedule of the rollforward of unrecognized tax benefits

The rollforward of unrecognized tax benefits are summarized in the table below:

Unrecognized tax benefits—January 1, 2021			$	19
Settlements			(1)
Reduction due to lapse of statute of limitations			(1)
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2021			17
Gross increases - tax positions in prior periods			3
Gross decreases - tax positions in prior periods			(1)
Gross increases - tax positions in current period			1
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2022			20
Gross decreases - tax positions in prior periods			(1)
Gross increases - tax positions in current period			1
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2023			$	20

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure of income before income tax between domestic and foreign jurisdictions.

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Tabular disclosure of the change in unrecognized tax benefits.

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