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Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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May 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies | Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies The following is a summary of significant accounting and reporting policies not reflected elsewhere in the accompanying financial statements. Principles of Consolidation The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of MillerKnoll, Inc. and its controlled domestic and foreign subsidiaries. The consolidated entities are collectively referred to as “the Company.” All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Description of Business The Company researches, designs, manufactures, sells and distributes interior furnishings for use in various environments including office, healthcare, educational and residential settings and provides related services that support companies all over the world. The Company's products are sold primarily through independent contract furniture dealers, retail studios, the Company's eCommerce platforms, direct-mail catalogs, as well as direct customer sales and independent retailers. MillerKnoll is a collective of dynamic brands that comes together to design the world we live in. A global leader in design, MillerKnoll includes Herman Miller® and Knoll®, as well as Colebrook Bosson Saunders, DatesWeiser, Design Within Reach®, Edelman®, Geiger®, HAY®, Holly Hunt®, KnollTextiles®, Maharam®, Muuto®, NaughtOne®, and Spinneybeck®|FilzFelt®. Combined, MillerKnoll represents over 100 years of design research and exploration in service of humanity. The Company is united by a belief in design as a tool to create positive impact and shape a more sustainable, caring, and beautiful future for all people and the planet. Fiscal Year The Company's fiscal year ends on the Saturday closest to May 31. The fiscal year ended May 31, 2025, and the fiscal year ended June 1, 2024, both contained 52 weeks; and the fiscal year ended June 3, 2023, contained 53 weeks. Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency for most of the foreign subsidiaries is their local currency. The cumulative effects of translating the balance sheet accounts from the functional currency into the United States dollar using fiscal year-end exchange rates and translating revenue and expense accounts using average exchange rates for the period are reflected as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The financial statement impact of gains and losses resulting from remeasuring foreign currency transactions into the appropriate functional currency resulted in a net loss of $6.1 million, $3.0 million, and $4.8 million for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2025, June 1, 2024, and June 3, 2023, respectively. These amounts are included in Other expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Cash and Cash Equivalents Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries participate in a notional cash pooling arrangement to manage global liquidity requirements. As part of a master netting arrangement, the participants combine their cash balances in pooling accounts at the same financial institution with the ability to offset bank overdrafts of one participant against positive cash account balances held by another participant. Under the terms of the master netting arrangement, the financial institution has the right, ability, and intent to offset a positive balance in one account against an overdrawn amount in another account. Amounts in each of the accounts are unencumbered and unrestricted with respect to use. As such, the net cash balance related to this pooling arrangement is included in Cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s net cash pool position consisted of the following:
(In millions) | May 31, 2025 |  | June 1, 2024
Gross cash position | $ | 99.4 |  |  | $ | 26.6 |
Less: cash borrowings | (98.0) |  |  | (23.0) |
Net cash position | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |
The Company holds cash equivalents as part of its cash management function. Cash equivalents include money market funds and time deposit investments with original maturities of less than three months. The carrying value of cash equivalents, which approximates fair value, totaled $34.0 million an d $55.9 million as of May 31, 2025 and June 1, 2024, respectively. All cash equivalents are high-credit quality financial instruments and the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution or instrument is limited. Allowances for Credit Losses Allowances for credit losses related to accounts are managed at a level considered by management to be adequate to absorb an estimate of probable future losses existing at the balance sheet date. In estimating probable losses, we review accounts based on known customer exposures, historical credit experience, and specific identification of other potentially uncollectible accounts. An accounts receivable balance is considered past due when payment is not received within the stated terms. Accounts that are considered to have higher credit risk are reviewed using information available about the debtor, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings. General information regarding industry trends and the economic environment is also used. We arrive at an estimated loss for specific concerns and estimate an additional amount for the remainder of trade balances based on historical trends and other factors previously referenced. Balances are written off against the reserve once the Company determines the probability of collection to be remote. The Company generally does not require collateral or other security on trade accounts receivable. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to bad debt expense when received. Concentrations of Credit Risk The Company's trade receivables are primarily due from independent dealers who, in turn, carry receivables from their customers. The Company monitors and manages the credit risk associated with individual dealers and direct customers where applicable. Dealers are responsible for assessing and assuming credit risk of their customers and may require their customers to provide deposits, letters of credit or other credit enhancement measures. Some sales contracts are structured such that the customer payment or obligation is direct to the Company. In those cases, the Company may assume the credit risk. Whether from dealers or customers, the Company's trade credit exposures are not concentrated with any particular entity. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value and include material, labor and overhead. The Company establishes reserves for excess and obsolete inventory based on prevailing circumstances and judgment for consideration of current events, such as economic conditions, that may affect inventory. The reserve required to record inventory at lower of cost or net realizable value may be adjusted in response to changing conditions, however inventory cannot be subsequently written back up, since the reserve establishes a new (lower) cost basis. Inventory cost is primarily determined using the first in, first out (FIFO) method. Further information on the Company's recorded inventory balances can be found in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by reporting segment, are as follows:
(In millions) |  | North America Contract(1) |  | International Contract |  | Global Retail(2) |  |  | Total
Balance at June 3, 2023 |  | $ | 582.4 |  |  | $ | 153.1 |  |  | $ | 486.2 |  |  |  | $ | 1,221.7 |
Impairment charges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 1.9 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 4.6 |
Balance at June 1, 2024 |  | $ | 584.3 |  |  | $ | 154.0 |  |  | $ | 488.0 |  |  |  | $ | 1,226.3 |
Impairment charges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (92.3) |  |  |  | (92.3) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 6.5 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  | 18.4 |
Balance at May 31, 2025 |  | $ | 590.8 |  |  | $ | 159.1 |  |  | $ | 402.5 |  |  |  | $ | 1,152.4 |
(1) North America Contract segment had accumulated goodwill impairments of $36.7 million as of May 31, 2025, June 1, 2024, and June 3, 2023. (2) Global Retail segment had accumulated goodwill impairments of $181.1 million as of May 31, 2025, and $88.8 million as of June 1, 2024, and June 3, 2023. Other indefinite-lived assets included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of the following:
(In millions) |  | Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
Balance at June 3, 2023 |  | $ | 480.7 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 1.6 |
Impairment Charges |  | (16.8) |
Balance at June 1, 2024 |  | $ | 465.5 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 4.7 |
Impairment charges |  | (37.7) |
Balance at May 31, 2025 |  | $ | 432.5 |
Goodwill Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually, or more frequently, when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit has more likely than not declined below its carrying value. When testing goodwill for impairment, the Company may first assess qualitative factors. If an initial qualitative assessment identifies that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, additional quantitative testing is performed. The Company may also elect to bypass the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. If the quantitative testing indicates that goodwill is impaired, the carrying value of goodwill is written down to fair value. During the third quarter of fiscal year 2025, the Company identified indicators of a triggering event which could indicate the carrying amount of the reporting units may not be supported by the fair value. Although our annual impairment test is performed during the fourth quarter, we perform a qualitative assessment each interim reporting period to determine whether there are indicators of a triggering event in the quarter. Through this assessment management identified an impairment triggering event associated with lower-than-expected operating results. This suggested that the fair value of one or more of our reporting units may have fallen below their carrying amount. Accordingly, we performed a quantitative valuation of each reporting unit during the quarter. The Company used the discounted cash flow method under a weighting of the income and market approach to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. These approaches are based on a discounted cash flow analysis and observable comparable company information that use several inputs, including: •actual and forecasted revenue growth rates and operating margins, •discount rates based on the reporting unit's weighted average cost of capital, and •revenue and EBITDA of comparable companies. The Company selected the assumptions used in the financial forecasts using historical data, supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions, management’s long-term strategic plans, and guideline companies. The test for impairment requires the Company to make several estimates about fair value, most of which are based on projected future cash flows and market valuation multiples. We estimated the fair value of each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow analysis. The discounted cash flow analysis used the present value of projected cash flows and a residual value. The Company employed a market-based approach in selecting the discount rate used in our analysis. The discount rate selected represents the market rate of return equal to what the Company believes a reasonable investor would expect to achieve on investments of similar size to each reporting unit. The Company believes the discount rates selected in the quantitative assessment is appropriate in that it exceeds the estimated weighted average cost of capital for our business as a whole. As a result of the third quarter fiscal year 2025 goodwill impairment test, the Company recognized a total non-cash impairment charge of $30.1 million and $62.2 million in its Global Retail and Holly Hunt reporting units, respectively. The goodwill impairment charges were primarily caused by reduced sales and profitability projections as well as an increase in the discount rate. After these impairment charges and before the changes in reporting units resulting from our third quarter fiscal year 2025 segment re-organization, the Global Retail and Holly Hunt reporting units had remaining goodwill of $357.0 million and $33.0 million, respectively. The quantitative assessment in the third quarter of fiscal year 2025 resulted in the fair values of the Americas Contract, International Contract and Coverings reporting units exceeding their respective carrying values (the "cushion") by 32%, 63% and 10%, respectively. Generally, changes in estimates of expected future cash flows would have a similar effect on the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. For example, a 1.0% decrease in estimated annual future cash flows would decrease the estimated fair value of the reporting unit by approximately 1.0%. The estimated long-term growth rate can have a significant impact on the estimated future cash flows, and therefore, the fair value of each reporting unit. Of the other key assumptions that impact the estimated fair values, most reporting units have the greatest sensitivity to changes in the estimated discount rate. In completing the goodwill impairment test, the respective fair values were estimated using discount rates ranging from 12.0% to 15.0% and long-term growth rates ranging from 2.5% to 3.0%. The Company evaluated the sensitivity of changes in projected growth rates, discount rates and long-term growth rates for the reporting units with goodwill remaining as of March 1, 2025. •A decrease in the forecasted sales by 500 basis points in all years or an increase in the discount rate of 100 basis points, leaving all other assumptions static, would not result in impairment for the Americas Contract, International Contract or Coverings reporting units. •A decrease in the operating margin of 100 basis points in all years, leaving all other assumptions static, would not result in impairment for the Americas Contract or International Contract reporting units. For the Coverings reporting unit it would result in impairment of $3.0 million. •A reduction in the projected sales growth rate, decline in operating margins, an increase in the discount rate or a decline in the long-term sales growth rate for the Holly Hunt or Global Retail reporting units may result in the need to record an additional impairment charge. Additionally, in the third quarter of fiscal year 2025 the Company implemented an organizational change that resulted in a change in the reportable segments and reporting units. As a result, the Company performed the required impairment assessments directly before and immediately after the change in reporting units. As a result of this change, $26.1 million of goodwill was reassigned from the Americas Contract reporting unit to the International Contract reporting unit, based on the relative fair value approach. Additionally, the $33.0 million of remaining goodwill for the Holly Hunt reporting unit was moved to the Global Retail reporting unit. Subsequent to this change the Company has four reporting units, North America Contract, International Contract, Global Retail, and Coverings. Each of the reporting units was reviewed for impairment using a qualitative assessment as of March 31, 2025. The Company elected to test each reporting unit qualitatively, as is permitted under ASU 2011-08, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Goodwill for Impairment. Through the performance of this qualitative assessment we determined that there were no indicators of impairment. Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets The Company evaluates indefinite-lived trade name intangible assets for impairment using a qualitative assessment annually. The Company also tests for impairment using a quantitative assessment if events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is below its carrying amount. An impairment charge is recorded if the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds the estimated fair value on the measurement date. During the third quarter of fiscal year 2025 the Company identified indicators that impairment was more likely than not for certain of the indefinite-lived intangible assets. Accordingly, the Company performed quantitative assessments during the third quarter of fiscal year 2025 to test the indefinite-lived intangible assets which showed indicators that impairment was more likely than not. This quantitative assessment resulted in the recognition of $37.7 million in non-cash impairment charges related to the Knoll and Muuto trade names. The other indefinite-lived intangible assets were determined to have no impairment. In performing this quantitative assessment, we estimate the fair value of these intangible assets using the relief-from-royalty method which requires assumptions related to: •actual and forecasted revenue growth rates, •assumed royalty rates that could be payable if we did not own the trademark, and •a market participant discount rate based on a weighted-average cost of capital. In completing the third quarter fiscal year 2025 assessment of indefinite-lived trade name impairment, the respective fair values were estimated using discount rates ranging from 12.8% to 17.3%, royalty rates ranging from 1.0% to 3.0% and long-term growth rates ranging from 2.5% to 3.0%. The Company’s estimates of the fair value of its indefinite-lived intangible assets are sensitive to changes in the key assumptions above as well as projected financial performance. If the estimated cash flows related to the Company's indefinite-lived intangibles were to decline in future periods, the Company may need to record additional impairment charges. For the Knoll trade name, keeping all other assumptions constant, a 10% decrease in forecasted sales would have resulted in $12.0 million of additional pre-tax impairment charges; a decrease in the royalty rate of 25 basis points would have resulted in an additional $15.0 million of impairment charges; and a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate would have resulted in an additional $11.0 million of impairment charges. For the Muuto trade name, keeping all other assumptions constant, a 10% decrease in forecasted sales would have resulted in $7.0 million of additional pre-tax impairment charges; a decrease in the royalty rate of 25 basis points would have resulted in an additional $4.0 million of impairment charges; and a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate would have resulted in an additional $6.0 million of impairment charges. Each of the indefinite-lived intangible assets was reviewed for impairment using a qualitative assessment as of March 31, 2025. The Company elected to test each asset qualitatively, as is permitted under ASU 2011-08, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350). Through the performance of this qualitative assessment we determined that there were no indicators of impairment. In fiscal 2024, the Company performed quantitative assessments in testing the Knoll product brand and Muuto brand indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, which resulted in the carrying values of the trade names exceeding their fair values by $8.9 million and $7.9 million, respectively. Accordingly, impairment charges of $16.8 million in total were recognized. During fiscal 2023, the Company determined through a qualitative assessment that the Knoll trade name carrying value was more than likely above its fair value. As a result, the Company performed a quantitative assessment to determine the fair value and as a result recognized a $19.7 million non-cash impairment charge to the indefinite-lived trade name. If the estimated cash flows related to the Company's indefinite-lived intangibles were to decline in future periods, the Company may need to record additional impairment charges. Property, Equipment and Depreciation Property and equipment are stated at cost. The cost is depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Estimated useful lives range from 3 to 10 years for machinery and equipment and do not exceed 40 years for buildings. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of the lease term or the useful life of the asset. The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred in connection with the development, testing and installation of software for internal use and cloud computing arrangements. Software for internal use is included in property and equipment and is depreciated over an estimated useful life not exceeding 10 years. Depreciation and amortization expense is included in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income in the Cost of sales, Selling, general and administrative and Design and research line items. The following table summarizes our property as of the dates indicated:
(In millions) | May 31, 2025 |  | June 1, 2024
Land and improvements | $ | 56.3 |  |  | $ | 55.0 |
Buildings and improvements | 407.2 |  |  | 403.0 |
Machinery and equipment | 1,107.3 |  |  | 1,069.6 |
Construction in progress | 68.0 |  |  | 55.1 |
Accumulated depreciation | (1,142.7) |  |  | (1,090.7) |
Property and equipment, net | $ | 496.1 |  |  | $ | 492.0 |
As of the end of fiscal 2025, outstanding commitments for future capital purchases approxim ated $69.2 million. Other Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews the carrying value of long–lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. If such indicators are present, the future undiscounted cash flows attributable to the asset or asset group are compared to the carrying value of the asset or asset group. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment amount to be recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds their fair value. Amortizable intangible assets within Other amortizable intangibles, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist primarily of patents, trademarks and customer relationships. The customer relationships intangible asset is comprised of relationships with customers, specifiers, networks, dealers and distributors. Refer to the following table for the combined gross carrying value and accumulated amortization for these amortizable intangibles.
| May 31, 2025
(In millions) | Patent and Trademarks |  | Customer Relationships |  | Designs and Patterns |  | Backlog |  |  |  | Other |  | Total
Gross carrying value | $ | 65.2 |  |  | $ | 362.8 |  |  | $ | 42.6 |  |  | $ | 28.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 13.8 |  |  | $ | 512.9 |
Accumulated amortization | 52.1 |  |  | 157.8 |  |  | 15.9 |  |  | 28.5 |  |  |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 265.4 |
Net | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 205.0 |  |  | $ | 26.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 247.5 |
| June 1, 2024
| Patent and Trademarks |  | Customer Relationships |  | Designs and Patterns |  | Backlog |  |  |  | Other |  | Total
Gross carrying value | $ | 62.6 |  |  | $ | 356.6 |  |  | $ | 42.1 |  |  | $ | 28.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 502.7 |
Accumulated amortization | 46.9 |  |  | 125.4 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 28.3 |  |  |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 223.4 |
Net | $ | 15.7 |  |  | $ | 231.2 |  |  | $ | 29.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 279.3 |
The Company amortizes these assets over their remaining useful lives using the straight-line method over periods ranging from 3 years to 20 years, or on an accelerated basis, to reflect the expected realization of the economic benefits. It is estimated that the weighted-average remaining useful life of the patents and trademarks is approximately 2.0 years and the weighted-average remaining useful life of the customer relationships is 7.6 years. Estimated amortization expense on existing amortizable intangible assets as of May 31, 2025, for each of the succeeding five fiscal years, is as follows:
(In millions) |
2026 | $ | 38.7 |
2027 | $ | 35.4 |
2028 | $ | 29.2 |
2029 | $ | 24.9 |
2030 | $ | 19.7 |
In the first quarter of fiscal 2025, the decision was made to cease the use of certain leased locations resulting in impairment charges of $17.4 million related to the right of use assets associated with these locations. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, the decision was made to cease the use of certain leased locations resulting in impairment charges of $5.5 million recognized for the right of use assets associated with these locations. Additionally, in the second quarter of fiscal 2024 a manufacturing facility located in Wisconsin met the criteria to be classified as an asset held for sale. The decision to sell this facility was made as a result of facility integration activities performed in connection with the integration of Knoll. As of June 1, 2024, the carrying amount of these assets held for sale was $3.5 million and classified as current assets within "Assets held for sale" in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The sale of the manufacturing facility was completed in the third quarter of fiscal 2025, resulting in a gain of approximately $2.8 million included within Operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In the third quarter of fiscal 2023, the decision was made to cease operating Fully as a stand-alone brand and sales channel and instead sell certain Fully products through other channels of the Global Retail business. As a result of this decision, the Company recorded asset Impairment charges related to Other Long-Lived Assets of $21.5 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2023. Of this amount, $11.6 million of the impairment related to the Fully trade name. The table below provides information related to the impairments recognized in fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024. These charges are included in "Selling, general and administrative" within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
(In millions) | May 31, 2025 |  | June 1, 2024
Property and equipment | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.0 |
Right of use asset | 17.4 |  |  | 5.5 |
Total | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | 6.5 |
Self-Insurance The Company is partially self-insured for general liability, workers' compensation and certain employee health and dental benefits under insurance arrangements that provide for third-party coverage of claims exceeding the Company's loss retention levels. The Company's health benefit and auto liability retention levels do not include an aggregate stop loss policy. The Company's retention levels designated within significant insurance arrangements as of May 31, 2025, ar e as follows:
(In millions) | Retention Level (per occurrence)
General liability | $ | 1.00 |
Auto liability | $ | 1.00 |
Workers' compensation | $ | 0.75 |
Health benefit | $ | 0.70 |
The Company accrues for its self-insurance arrangements related to general liability, workers' compensation, auto liability, and health benefit exposures based on actuarial estimates, which are recorded in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The value of the liability as of May 31, 2025, and June 1, 2024, was $13.1 million and $12.0 million, respectively. The actuarial valuations are based on historical information along with certain assumptions about future events. Changes in assumptions for such matters as legal actions, medical costs, payment lag times and changes in actual experience could cause these estimates to change. Research, Development and Other Related Costs Research, development, pre-production and start-up costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development ("R&D") costs consist of expenditures incurred during the course of planned research and investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge useful in developing new products or processes. R&D costs also include the enhancement of existing products or production processes and the implementation of such through design, testing of product alternatives or construction of prototypes. R&D costs included in Design and research expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income were $60.7 million, $62.0 million and $67.6 million, in fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Royalty payments made to designers of the Company's products as the products are sold are variable costs based on product sales. These expenses totaled $33.1 million, $30.6 million and $38.1 million in fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 respectively. They are included in Design and research expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Customer Payments and Incentives We offer various sales incentive programs to our customers, such as rebates and discounts. Programs such as rebates and discounts are adjustments to the selling price and are therefore characterized as a reduction to net sales. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations, based on the terms of customer contracts, are satisfied. This happens when control of goods and services based on the contract have been conveyed to the customer. Revenue for the sale of products is recognized at the point in time when control transfers, generally upon transfer of title and risk of loss to the customer. Revenue for services is recognized over time as the services are provided. The method of revenue recognition may vary, depending on the type of contract with the customer, as noted in the section "Disaggregated Revenue" in Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company's contracts with customers include master agreements and certain other forms of contracts, which do not reach the level of a performance obligation until a purchase order is received from a customer. At the point in time that a purchase order under a contract is received by the Company, the collective group of documents represent an enforceable contract between the Company and the customer. While certain customer contracts may have a duration of greater than a year, all purchase orders are less than a year in duration. As of May 31, 2025, all unfulfilled performance obligations are expected to be fulfilled in the next twelve months. Variable consideration exists within certain contracts that the Company has with customers. When variable consideration is present in a contract with a customer, the Company estimates the amount that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the expected value method or the most likely amount method, depending on the nature of the variable consideration. These estimates are primarily related to rebate programs which involve estimating future sales amounts and rebate percentages to use in the determination of transaction price. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Adjustments to net sales from changes in variable consideration related to performance obligations completed in previous periods are not material to the Company's financial statements. Also, the Company has no contracts with significant financing components. The Company accounts for shipping and handling activities as fulfillment activities and these costs are accrued within Cost of sales at the same time revenue is recognized. The Company does not record revenue for sales tax, value added tax or other taxes that are collected on behalf of government entities. The Company’s revenue is recorded net of these taxes as they are passed through to the relevant government entities. The Company has recognized incremental costs to obtain a contract as an expense when incurred as the amortization period is less than one year. The Company has not adjusted the amount of consideration to be received for any significant financing components as the Company’s contracts have a duration of one year or less. Leases The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases, (“ASC 842”). For any new or modified lease, the Company, at the inception of the contract, determines whether a contract is or contains a lease. A lease exists when a contract conveys to the customer the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company records right-of use ("ROU") assets and lease obligations for its finance and operating leases, which are initially recognized based on the discounted future lease payments over the term of the lease. Upon implementation, the Company elected to not separate lease and non-lease components, for all leases. As none of the Company’s leases provide an implicit discount rate, the Company uses an estimated incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments. Relevant information used in determining the Company’s incremental borrowing rate includes the duration of the lease, location of the lease, and the Company’s credit risk relative to risk-free market rates. Lease term is defined as the non-cancelable period of the lease plus any options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. Leases, and any leasehold improvements, are depreciated over the expected lease term. The Company’s leases do not contain any residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Variable lease costs associated with the Company’s leases are recognized when the event, activity, or circumstance in the lease agreement on which those payments are assessed occurs. Variable lease costs are presented as Operating expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income in the same line item as the expense arising from fixed lease payments for operating leases. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. Arrangements that are leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. If leased assets have leasehold improvements, the depreciable life of those leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term. ROU assets for operating leases are subject to the long-lived assets impairment guidance in ASC Subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant, and Equipment. The Company monitors for events or changes in circumstances that require a reassessment of a lease. When a reassessment results in the remeasurement of a lease liability, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the corresponding ROU asset unless doing so would reduce the carrying amount of the ROU asset to an amount less than zero. In that case, the amount of the adjustment that would result in a negative ROU asset balance is recorded in profit or loss. Cost of Sales The Company includes material, labor and overhead in cost of sales. Included within these categories are items such as freight charges, warehousing costs, internal transfer costs and other costs of its distribution network. Selling, General and Administrative The Company includes costs not directly related to the manufacturing of its products in the Selling, general and administrative line item within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Included in these expenses are items such as compensation expense, rental expense, warranty expense and travel and entertainment expense. Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. The Company's annual effective tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates and tax planning strategies available in the various jurisdictions the Company operates. Complex tax laws can be subject to different interpretations by the Company and the respective government authorities. Judgment is required in evaluating tax positions and determining our tax expense. Tax positions are reviewed quarterly and tax assets and liabilities are adjusted as new information becomes available. In evaluating the Company's ability to recover deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction from which they arise, the Company considers all positive and negative evidence. These assumptions require judgment about forecasts of future taxable income. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") has issued new regulations in connection with a global minimum tax regime ("Pillar Two") which is part of the OECD’s broader plan to mitigate tax base erosion and profit shifting by large multinational enterprises ("MNE"). The Pillar Two regulations are effective for income tax years commencing after January 1, 2024 and will apply to MNEs with revenues of at least EUR 750 million. Under the provisions, qualifying MNE groups would pay a 15 percent minimum tax in each of the jurisdictions in which they operate. The Pillar Two guidance includes transitional Country-by-Country Reporting safe harbor rules which intends to mitigate the complexity and compliance for MNEs to avoid both completing a full global anti-base erosion model and paying a top-up tax for jurisdictions where they are eligible for one of three safe harbor tests: (1) de minimis; (2) simplified effective tax rate; and (3) routine profits. Based on the safe harbor calculations using both the simplified effective tax rate and de minimis rules, management does not currently expect Pillar Two regulations to have a material impact on the Company’s financial results in fiscal year 2026 and beyond. Stock-Based Compensation The Company has several stock-based compensation plans, which are described in Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our policy is to expense stock-based compensation using the fair-value based method of accounting for all awards granted. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share (EPS) excludes the dilutive effect of common shares that could potentially be issued, due to the exercise of stock options or the vesting of restricted shares and is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net earnings by the sum of the weighted-averag e number of shares outstanding, plus all dilutive shares that could potentially be issued. When in a loss position, basic and diluted EPS use the same weighted-average number of shares outstanding. Refe r to Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the computation of EPS. Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income consists of net earnings, foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized holding gains on securities, unrealized gains on interest rate swap agreement and pension and post-retirement liability adjustments. Refer to Note 14 of the Consolid ated Financial Statements fo r further information regarding comprehensive income. Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Fair Value The Company classifies and discloses its fair value measurements in one of the following three categories: •Level 1 — Financial instruments with unadjusted, quoted prices listed on active market exchanges. •Level 2 — Financial instruments lacking unadjusted, quoted prices from active market exchanges, including over-the-counter traded financial instruments. Financial instrument values are determined using prices for recently traded financial instruments with similar underlying terms and direct or indirect observational inputs, such as interest rates and yield curves at commonly quoted intervals. •Level 3 — Financial instruments not actively traded on a market exchange and there is little, if any, market activity. Values are determined using significant unobservable inputs or valuation techniques. See Note 11 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for the required fair value disclosures. Derivatives and Hedging The Company calculates the fair value of financial instruments using quoted market prices whenever available. The Company utilizes derivatives to manage exposures to foreign currency exchange rates and interest rate risk. The fair values of all derivatives are recognized as assets or liabilities at the balance sheet date. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are reported within Other expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, or Accumulated other comprehensive loss within the Consolidated Balance Sheets, depending on the use of the derivative and whether it qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. Gains and losses on derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedging instruments are recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, to the extent the hedges are effective, until the underlying transactions are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are marked-to-market at the end of each period with the results included in Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. See Note 11 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding derivatives. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued this ASU to update reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and information used to assess segment performance. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025. We adopted this guidance on a retrospective basis, which modified our annual disclosures in fiscal 2025 but did not have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Refer to Note 13 Operating Segments in the accompanying notes to the consolidated statements for further detail. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Tax Disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued this ASU which expands disclosures in an entity’s income tax rate reconciliation table and regarding cash taxes paid both in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. The update will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects the adoption of this guidance will modify our disclosures, but we do not expect it to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. In November 2024, the FASB issued this ASU which requires disclosure on an annual and interim basis, in the notes to the financial statements, of disaggregated information about specific categories underlying certain income statement expense line items. In January 2025, the FASB additionally issued ASU 2025-01, which clarified the effective date of ASU 2024-03 for entities that do not have a calendar year-end. The update will be effective in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects the adoption of this guidance will modify our disclosures, but we do not expect it to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We have assessed all ASUs issued but not yet adopted and concluded that those not disclosed are not relevant to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact.

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