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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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May 31, 2022
Nature of Operations | Nature of Operations Neogen Corporation develops, manufactures and markets a diverse line of products and services dedicated to food and animal safety.
Basis of Consolidation | Basis of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Neogen Corporation and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly-owned as of May 31, 2022. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Share and per share amounts reflect the June 4, 2021 2-for-1 stock split as if it took place at the beginning of the periods presented.
Functional Currency | Functional Currency Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. We translate our non-U.S. operations’ assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date and income and expense items at the average exchange rate for the reporting period. Translation adjustments resulting from exchange rate fluctuations are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Gains or losses from foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense) on our consolidated statement of income.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards | Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Income Tax Simplification On June 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This guidance provides amendments to simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted | Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Reference Rate Reform In March 2020, FASB issued Update 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This update provides temporary optional expedients to applying the reference rate reform guidance to contracts that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. Under this update, contract modifications resulting in a new reference rate may be accounted for as a continuation of the existing contract. This guidance is effective upon issuance of the update and applies to contract modifications made through December 31, 2022. We will adopt this standard when our new credit agreement goes into effect on the date of the 3M Food Safety business merger, currently expected to close in the third quarter of calendar year 2022. We are evaluating the impact the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, but do not anticipate a material impact.
Comprehensive Income | Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income represents net income and any revenues, expenses, gains and losses that, under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, are excluded from net income and recognized directly as a component of stockholders’ equity. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists of foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains and losses on our marketable securities. Changes in our Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (“AOCI”) balances, net of tax, were as follows:
(in thousands) |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Marketable Securities |  |  | Total AOCI |
Balance, May 31, 2020 |  | $ | (20,135 | ) |  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | (19,709 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 8,602 |  |  |  | (268 | ) |  |  | 8,334 |
Balance, May 31, 2021 |  | $ | (11,533 | ) |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | (11,375 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | (13,955 | ) |  |  | (2,439 | ) |  |  | (16,394 | )
Balance, May 31, 2022 |  | $ | (25,488 | ) |  | $ | (2,281 | ) |  | $ | (27,769 | )
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value measurements are determined based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants exclusive of any transaction costs. The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques as follows:
Level 1: |  | Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;
Level 2: |  | Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3: |  | Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.
The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments other than cash equivalents and marketable securities, which include accounts receivable and accounts payable, approximate fair value based on either their short maturity or current terms for similar instruments.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of bank demand accounts, savings deposits, certificates of deposit and commercial paper with original maturities of 90 days or less. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses related to these balances and believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk regarding its cash and cash equivalents. The carrying value of these assets approximates fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments and is classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Cash held by foreign subsidiaries was $17,057,000 and $15,246,000 at May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Marketable Securities | Marketable Securities The Company has marketable securities held by banks or broker-dealers at May 31, 2022, consisting of commercial paper and corporate bonds rated at least A-1/P-1 (short-term) and A/A2 (long-term) with original maturities between 91 days and two years . Changes in market value are monitored and recorded on a monthly basis; in the event of a downgrade in credit quality subsequent to purchase, the marketable security investment is evaluated to determine the appropriate action to take to minimize the overall risk to our marketable security portfolio. As these securities are highly rated and short-term in nature, they have very little credit risk; therefore, the Company does not believe a reserve for expected credit losses on marketable securities is material. These securities are classified as available for sale. The primary objective of management’s short-term investment activity is to preserve capital for the purpose of funding operations, capital expenditures and business acquisitions; short-term investments are not entered into for trading or speculative purposes. These securities are recorded at fair value based on recent trades or pricing models and therefore meet the Level 2 criteria. Interest income on these investments is recorded within other income on our consolidated statements of income. Adjustments in the fair value of these assets are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Marketable Securities as of May 31, 2022 and 2021 are listed below by classification and remaining maturities.
|  |  |  |  | Year ended May 31 |
(in thousands) |  | Maturity |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Commercial Paper & Corporate Bonds |  |  | 0 - 90 days |  |  | $ | 106,497 |  |  | $ | 106,631 |
|  |  | 91 -180 days |  |  |  | 61,373 |  |  |  | 78,727 |
|  |  | 181 days -1 year |  |  |  | 91,706 |  |  |  | 87,590 |
|  |  | 1 - 2 years |  |  |  | 77,002 |  |  |  | 26,752 |
Certificates of Deposit |  |  | 0 - 90 days |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,262 |
|  |  | 91 - 180 days |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,260 |
|  |  | 181 days -1 year |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,263 |
|  |  | 1 - 2 years |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Marketable Securities |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 336,578 |  |  | $ | 305,485 |
The components of marketable securities as of May 31, 2022 are as follows:
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Commercial Paper & Corporate Bonds |  | $ | 339,540 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (2,969 | ) |  | $ | 336,578 |
Certificates of Deposit |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Marketable Securities |  | $ | 339,540 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (2,969 | ) |  | $ | 336,578 |
The components of marketable securities as of May 31, 2021 are as follows:
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Commercial Paper & Corporate Bonds |  | $ | 299,524 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | (33 | ) |  | $ | 299,700 |
Certificates of Deposit |  |  | 5,755 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,785 |
Total Marketable Securities |  | $ | 305,279 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | (33 | ) |  | $ | 305,485 |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires that management make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the estimates, including, but not limited to, variable consideration related to revenue recognition, allowances for doubtful accounts, the market value of, and demand for, inventories, stock-based compensation, provision for income taxes and related balance sheet accounts, accruals, goodwill and other intangible assets. We believe that these estimates have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements, so we consider them to be our critical accounting policies and estimates. These estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Though the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to our business and operating results presents additional uncertainty, we continue to use the best information available to inform our critical accounting estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Accounts Receivable and Concentrations of Credit Risk | Accounts Receivable and Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments which potentially subject Neogen to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of accounts receivable. Management attempts to minimize credit risk by reviewing customers’ credit histories before extending credit and by monitoring credit exposure on a regular basis. Collateral or other security is generally not required for accounts receivable. We maintain an allowance for customer accounts that reduces receivables to amounts that are expected to be collected. In estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts, management considers relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of financial assets. Once a receivable balance has been determined to be uncollectible, generally after all collection efforts have been exhausted, that amount is charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts. No customer accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable May 31, 2022 or 2021, respectively. The activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows:
|  | Year ended May 31 |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | 1,400 |  |  | $ | 1,350 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |
Provision |  |  | 332 |  |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | 393 |
Recoveries |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 49 |
Write-offs |  |  | (180 | ) |  |  | (328 | ) |  |  | (792 | )
Ending Balance |  | $ | 1,650 |  |  | $ | 1,400 |  |  | $ | 1,350 |
Inventories | Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined on the first-in, first-out method. The components of inventories were as follows:
|  | Year ended May 31 |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Raw Materials |  | $ | 58,667 |  |  | $ | 47,588 |
Work-in-process |  |  | 6,388 |  |  |  | 6,412 |
Finished goods |  |  | 57,258 |  |  |  | 46,701 |
|  | $ | 122,313 |  |  | $ | 100,701 |
The Company’s inventories are analyzed for slow moving, expired and obsolete items on a quarterly basis and the valuation allowance is adjusted as required within cost of revenues expense. The valuation allowance for inventory was $4,050,000 and $3,100,000 at May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment is stated at cost. Expenditures for major improvements are capitalized while repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are generally seven to 39 years for buildings and improvements and three to 10 years for furniture, fixtures, machinery and equipment. Depreciation expense was $14,094,000, $13,288,000 and $11,907,000 in fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over fair value of tangible net assets of acquired businesses after amounts are allocated to other identifiable intangible assets. Other intangible assets include customer relationships, trademarks, licenses, trade names, covenants not-to-compete and patents. Amortizable intangible assets are amortized on either an accelerated or a straight-line basis, generally over two to 25 years. The remaining weighted average amortization period for intangibles was eight years and 10 years at May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Management reviews the carrying amounts of goodwill and other non-amortizable intangible assets annually, or when indications of impairment exist, to determine if such assets may be impaired. Events that would indicate impairment and trigger an interim impairment assessment include, but are not limited to, current economic and market conditions, including a decline in the Company’s market capitalization, a significant adverse change in legal factors, business climate or operational performance of the business. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis. If the qualitative assessment leads to a determination that the reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, or if we elect to bypass the qualitative assessment altogether, we are required to perform a quantitative impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value with its associated carrying value. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022 , management performed our annual goodwill impairment analysis qualitatively. In connection with our annual goodwill impairment assessment for 2022, 2021, and 2020, we determined that no impairment adjustments were necessary.
Long-lived Assets | Long-lived Assets Management reviews the carrying values of its long-lived assets to be held and used, including definite-lived intangible assets, for possible impairment whenever events or changes in business conditions warrant such a review. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the anticipated separately identifiable undiscounted cash flows over the remaining useful life of the asset are less than the carrying value of the asset. In such an event, fair value is determined using discounted cash flows, and if lower than the carrying value, impairment is recognized through a charge to operations. No impairments of long-lived assets were identified during the years ended May 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Business Combinations | Business Combinations We utilize the purchase method of accounting for business combinations. This method requires, among other things, that results of operations of acquired companies are included in Neogen’s results of operations beginning on the respective acquisition dates and that assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. Any excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of the net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. Contingent consideration liabilities are recognized at the estimated fair value on the acquisition date; these are recorded in either other accruals within current liabilities (for expected payments in less than a year) or other non-current liabilities (for expected payments in greater than a year), both on our consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent changes to the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities are recognized in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of income. Contingent consideration payments made soon after the acquisition date are classified as investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Contingent consideration payments not made soon after the acquisition date that are related to the acquisition date fair value are reported as financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows, and amounts paid in excess of the original acquisition date fair value are reported as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in certain cases may be subject to revision based on the final determination of fair value during a period of time not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. Legal costs, due diligence costs, business valuation costs and all other business acquisition costs are expensed when incurred.
Reclassifications | Reclassifications Certain immaterial amounts in the fiscal 2021 and 2020 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the fiscal 2022 presentation.
Equity Compensation Plans | Equity Compensation Plans At May 31, 2022, the Company had stock option plans which are described more fully in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements. We measure stock-based compensation at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognize the cost (net of estimated forfeitures) as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Our stock-based compensation expense is reflected in general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of income. The weighted-average fair value per share of stock options granted during fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, was $8.49, $7.71 and $7.78, respectively. The fair value of stock options granted was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:
|  | Year ended May 31 |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 1.9 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Expected stock volatility |  |  | 32.8 | % |  |  | 31.3 | % |  |  | 29.4 | %
Expected option life |  |  | 3.12 years |  |  |  | 3.25 years |  |  |  | 3.5 years |
The risk-free interest rate for periods within the expected life of options granted is based on the United States Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Expected stock price volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The expected option life, representing the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, is based on historical option exercise and employee termination data. We include recent historical experience in estimating our forfeitures. As employees terminate, grant tranches expire or as forfeitures are known, estimated expense is adjusted to actual. For options granted in fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded charges in general and administrative expense based on the fair value of stock options using the straight-line method over the vesting period of three to five years. The Company also issues restricted stock units (RSUs), which are described more fully in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements. The RSUs generally vest over three to five years and have a weighted average value of $37.28 in fiscal 2022 and $34.21 in fiscal 2021.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for tax credit carryforwards and are measured using the enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax expense represents the change in net deferred income tax assets and liabilities during the year. The Company’s policy is to recognize both accrued interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Our wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries are comprised of Neogen Europe, Quat-Chem Ltd, Abbott Analytical Limited, Delf (UK) Limited, Delf-Chem Solutions Limited, Megazyme Ltd, Megazyme IP, Neogen Italia S.r.l., Neogen do Brasil, Rogama Industria e Comercio Ltda, Neogen Latinoamérica, Neogen Guatemala, Neogen Argentina, Neogen Uruguay, Neogen Chile SpA, Neogen Bio-Scientific Technology Co (Shanghai), Neogen Food and Animal Security (India), Neogen Canada and Neogen Australasia Pty Limited. Based on historical experience, as well as management’s future plans, earnings from these subsidiaries are expected to be re-invested indefinitely for future expansion and working capital needs. Furthermore, our domestic operations have historically produced sufficient operating cash flow to mitigate the need to remit foreign earnings. On an annual basis, we evaluate the current business environment and whether any new events or other external changes might require a re-evaluation of the decision to indefinitely re-invest foreign earnings. It is not practicable to determine the income tax liability that would be payable if such earnings were not reinvested indefinitely.
Research and Development Costs | Research and Development Costs Research and development costs, which consist primarily of compensation costs, administrative expenses and new product development, among other items, are expensed as incurred.
Advertising Costs | Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed within sales and marketing as incurred and totaled $2,018,000, $1,687,000 and $1,454,000 in fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Net Income per Share | Net Income per Share Basic net income per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each year. Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding. Our dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the years result from dilutive stock options and restricted stock units. The following table presents the net income per share calculations:
|  | Year ended May 31 |
(in thousands, except per share) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Numerator for basic and diluted net income per share — Net Income |  | $ | 48,307 |  |  | $ | 60,882 |  |  | $ | 59,475 |
Denominator for basic net income per share — Weighted average shares |  |  | 107,684 |  |  |  | 106,499 |  |  |  | 105,100 |
Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock units |  |  | 336 |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 620 |
Denominator for diluted net income per share |  |  | 108,020 |  |  |  | 107,120 |  |  |  | 105,720 |
Net income attributable per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
At May 31, 2022, 383,000 shares from option exercises were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share, as the option exercise prices exceeded the average market price of the common shares. At May 31, 2021, no potential shares were excluded from the computation. At May 31, 2020, 56,000 potential shares were excluded from the computation.
Leases | Leases The Company recognizes in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. We recognized all leases with terms greater than 12 months in duration on our consolidated balance sheets as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities . Right-of-use assets are recorded in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Current and non-current lease liabilities are recorded in other accruals within current liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets. We lease various manufacturing, laboratory, warehousing and distribution facilities, administrative and sales offices, equipment and vehicles under operating leases. We evaluate our contracts to determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception and classify it as a finance or operating lease. Currently, all of our leases are classified as operating leases. Leased assets and corresponding liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. Our lease terms may include options to extend when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. We have made certain assumptions and judgments when accounting for leases, the most significant of which are:
| • |  | We did not elect to use hindsight when considering judgments and estimates such as assessments of lessee options to extend or terminate a lease or purchase the underlying asset.
| • |  | For all asset classes, we elected to not recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for short-term leases (i.e. leases with a term of 12 months or less).
| • |  | For all asset classes, we elected to not separate non-lease components from lease components to which they relate and have accounted for the combined lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.
| • |  | The determination of the discount rate used in a lease is our incremental borrowing rate that is based on our estimate of what we would normally pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases was as follows:
|  | Year ended May 31 |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Rights of use - assets |  | $ | 3,184 |  |  | $ | 2,477 |
Lease liabilities - current |  |  | 1,440 |  |  |  | 1,285 |
Lease liabilities - non-current |  |  | 1,788 |  |  |  | 1,207 |
The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate were as follows:
|  | Year ended May 31 |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted average remaining lease term |  |  | 3 years |  |  |  | 2 years |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  | 1.7 | % |  |  | 2.0 | %
Operating lease expenses are classified as cost of revenues or operating expenses on the consolidated statements of income. The components of lease expense were as follows:
|  | Year ended May 31 |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating leases |  | $ | 438 |  |  | $ | 1,352 |
Short term leases |  |  | 277 |  |  |  | 134 |
Total lease expense |  | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 1,486 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities for operating leases included in cash flows from operations on the statement of cash flows was approximately $1,407,000, $1,397,000 and $1,178,000 for the years ended May 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. There were no non-cash additions to right-of-use assets obtained from new operating lease liabilities for the year ended May 31, 2022. Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of May 31, 2022 are as follows:
(in thousands) |  | Amount |
Years ending May 31, 2023 |  | $ | 1,458 |
2024 |  |  | 887 |
2025 |  |  | 436 |
2026 |  |  | 345 |
2027 and thereafter |  |  | 190 |
Total lease payments |  | $ | 3,316 |
Less: imputed interest |  |  | (88 | )
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 3,228 |
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition We determine the amount of revenue to be recognized through application of the following steps:
| • |  | Identification of the contract with a customer;
| • |  | Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
| • |  | Determination of the transaction price;
| • |  | Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
| • |  | Recognition of revenue when or as the Company satisfies the performance obligations.
Essentially all of Neogen’s revenue is generated through contracts with its customers. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a product or service to a customer. We generally recognized revenue at a point in time when all of our performance obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. The collectability of consideration on the contract is reasonably assured before revenue is recognized. To the extent that customer payment has been received before all recognition criteria are met, these revenues are initially deferred in other accruals on the balance sheet and the revenue is recognized in the period that all recognition criteria have been met. Certain agreements with customers include discounts or rebates on the sale of products and services applied retrospectively, such as volume rebates achieved by purchasing a specified purchase threshold of goods and services. We account for these discounts as variable consideration and estimate the likelihood of a customer meeting the threshold in order to determine the transaction price using the most predictive approach. We typically use the most-likely-amount method, for incentives that are offered to individual customers, and the expected-value method, for programs that are offered to a broad group of customers. Variable consideration reduces the amount of revenue that is recognized. Rebate obligations related to customer incentive programs are recorded in accrued liabilities; the rebate estimates are adjusted at the end of each applicable measurement period based on information currently available. The performance obligations in Neogen’s contracts are generally satisfied well within one year of contract inception. In such cases, management has elected the practical expedient to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component. Management has elected to utilize the practical expedient to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred because the amortization period for the prepaid costs that would otherwise have been deferred and amortized is one year or less. We account for shipping and handling for products as a fulfillment activity when goods are shipped. Shipping and handling costs that are charged to and reimbursed by the customer are recognized as revenues, while the related expenses incurred by Neogen are recorded in sales and marketing expense; these expenses totaled $17,482,000, $15,180,000 and $13,514,000 in fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Revenue is recognized net of any tax collected from customers; the taxes are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Our terms and conditions of sale generally do not provide for returns of product or reperformance of service except in the case of quality or warranty issues. These situations are infrequent; due to immateriality of the amount, warranty claims are recorded in the period incurred. The Company derives revenue from two primary sources — product revenue and service revenue. Product revenue consists primarily of shipments of:
| • |  | Diagnostic test kits, culture media and related products used by food producers and processors to detect harmful natural toxins, foodborne bacteria, allergens and levels of general sanitation;
| • |  | Consumable products marketed to veterinarians, retailers, livestock producers and animal health product distributors; and
| • |  | Rodenticides, disinfectants and insecticides to assist in the control of rodents, insects and disease in and around agricultural, food production and other facilities.
Revenue for Neogen’s products are recognized and invoiced when the product is shipped to the customer. Service revenue consists primarily of:
| • |  | Genomic identification and related interpretive bioinformatic services; and
| • |  | Other commercial laboratory services.
Revenues for Neogen’s genomics and commercial laboratory services are recognized and invoiced when the applicable laboratory service is performed and the results are conveyed to the customer. Payment terms for products and services are generally 30 to 60 days. The Company has no contract assets ; contract liabilities represent deposits made by customers before the satisfaction of performance obligation(s) and recognition of revenue. Upon completion of the performance obligation(s) that the Company has with the customer, the liability for the customer deposit is relieved and revenue is recognized. These customer deposits are listed as Deferred revenue o n the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents disaggregated revenue by major product and service categories for the years ended May 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
|  | Year Ended
(dollars in thousands) |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | May 31, 2021 |  |  | May 31, 2020 |
Food Safety: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural Toxins, Allergens & Drug Residues |  | $ | 79,395 |  |  | $ | 76,614 |  |  | $ | 76,207 |
Bacterial & General Sanitation |  |  | 47,282 |  |  |  | 44,009 |  |  |  | 41,780 |
Culture Media & Other |  |  | 75,278 |  |  |  | 61,245 |  |  |  | 47,847 |
Rodenticides, Insecticides & Disinfectants |  |  | 35,691 |  |  |  | 32,219 |  |  |  | 28,890 |
Genomics Services |  |  | 22,333 |  |  |  | 20,157 |  |  |  | 17,967 |
|  | $ | 259,979 |  |  | $ | 234,244 |  |  | $ | 212,691 |
Animal Safety: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life Sciences |  |  | 5,685 |  |  |  | 5,715 |  |  |  | 6,322 |
Veterinary Instruments & Disposables |  |  | 63,938 |  |  |  | 48,128 |  |  |  | 42,941 |
Animal Care & Other |  |  | 39,805 |  |  |  | 35,897 |  |  |  | 28,389 |
Rodenticides, Insecticides & Disinfectants |  |  | 83,610 |  |  |  | 77,458 |  |  |  | 68,815 |
Genomics Services |  |  | 74,142 |  |  |  | 67,017 |  |  |  | 59,012 |
|  | $ | 267,180 |  |  | $ | 234,215 |  |  | $ | 205,479 |
Total Revenue |  | $ | 527,159 |  |  | $ | 468,459 |  |  | $ | 418,170 |
See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for disaggregated revenues by geographical location.

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