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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q
(Mark One)

| þ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019
OR

| ¨ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 0-12015

HEALTHCARE SERVICES GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania |  | 23-2018365
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3220 Tillman Drive, Suite 300, Bensalem, PA |  | 19020
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(215) 639-4274
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | þ |  | Accelerated filer | o |  |  |
| Non-accelerated filer | o |  | Smaller reporting company | o |  |  |
| Emerging growth company | o |  |  |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ¨ NO þ

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. Common Stock, $.01 par value: 74,074,000 shares outstanding as of May 1, 2019.

Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Period Ended March 31, 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 5 |
| Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 5 |
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 5 |
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 6 |
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 7 |
|  | Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 8 |
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 10 |
| Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 28 |
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 36 |
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 36 |
| PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 38 |
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 38 |
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 38 |
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 39 |
| Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 39 |
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 39 |
| Item 5. | Other Information | 39 |
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 39 |
| Signatures |  | 40 |

3

Table of Contents
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report and documents incorporated by reference into it may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are not historical facts but rather are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our business and industry, and our beliefs and assumptions. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “will,” “goal,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The inclusion of forward-looking statements should not be regarded as a representation by us that any of our plans will be achieved. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Such forward-looking information is also subject to various risks and uncertainties. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, risks arising from our providing services exclusively to the healthcare industry, primarily providers of long-term care; having a significant portion of our consolidated revenues contributed by one customer during the three months ended March 31, 2019; credit and collection risks associated with the healthcare industry; risks associated with the ongoing Securities and Exchange Commission investigation into our earnings per share calculation practices and related litigation; our claims experience related to workers’ compensation and general liability insurance; the effects of changes in, or interpretations of laws and regulations governing the healthcare industry, our workforce and services provided, including state and local regulations pertaining to the taxability of our services and other labor-related matters such as minimum wage increases; the Company's expectations with respect to selling, general, and administrative expense; continued realization of tax benefits arising from our corporate reorganization and self-funded health insurance program; risks associated with the reorganization of our corporate structure; realization of our expectations regarding the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on our tax rates and financial results; and the risk factors described in Part I of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 under “Government Regulation of Clients,” “Competition” and “Service Agreements and Collections,” under Item IA. “Risk Factors” in such Form 10-K and under Item IA. "Risk Factors" in this Form 10-Q.
These factors, in addition to delays in payments from clients and/or clients in bankruptcy or clients with which we are in litigation to collect payment, have resulted in, and could continue to result in, significant additional bad debts in the near future. Additionally, our operating results would be adversely affected if unexpected increases in the costs of labor and labor-related costs, materials, supplies and equipment used in performing services (including the impact of potential tariffs) could not be passed on to our clients.
In addition, we believe that to improve our financial performance we must continue to obtain service agreements with new clients, retain and provide new services to existing clients, achieve modest price increases on current service agreements with existing clients and maintain internal cost reduction strategies at our various operational levels. Furthermore, we believe that our ability to sustain the internal development of managerial personnel is an important factor impacting future operating results and the successful execution of our projected growth strategies.
4

Table of Contents
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
ASSETS: |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 28,362 |  | $ | 26,025
Marketable securities, at fair value | 78,508 |  | 76,362
Accounts and notes receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $58,630 and $47,209 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively | 353,106 |  | 341,838
Inventories and supplies | 40,982 |  | 41,443
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 24,048 |  | 22,468
Total current assets | 525,006 |  | 508,136
Property and equipment, net | 30,077 |  | 12,900
Goodwill | 51,084 |  | 51,084
Other intangible assets, less accumulated amortization of $18,257 and $17,216 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively | 25,477 |  | 26,518
Notes receivable – long–term portion, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $10,000 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 39,291 |  | 43,043
Deferred compensation funding, at fair value | 31,812 |  | 29,113
Deferred income taxes | 20,177 |  | 20,552
Other noncurrent assets | — |  | 1,257
Total assets | $ | 722,924 |  | $ | 692,603
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 60,254 |  | $ | 61,467
Accrued payroll, accrued and withheld payroll taxes | 51,359 |  | 35,198
Other accrued expenses | 10,740 |  | 8,890
Borrowings under line of credit | 30,000 |  | 30,000
Income taxes payable | 1,410 |  | 7,140
Accrued insurance claims | 21,719 |  | 20,696
Total current liabilities | 175,482 |  | 163,391
Accrued insurance claims — long-term portion | 60,680 |  | 58,904
Deferred compensation liability | 31,909 |  | 29,528
Lease liability - long-term portion | 12,304 |  | —
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
Common stock, $.01 par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 75,465 and 75,344 shares issued, and 74,058 and 73,877 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively | 755 |  | 753
Additional paid-in capital | 264,936 |  | 259,440
Retained earnings | 184,592 |  | 190,092
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes | 1,574 |  | 158
Common stock in treasury, at cost, 1,407 and 1,467 shares as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively | (9,308) |  | (9,663)
Total stockholders’ equity | 442,549 |  | 440,780
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 722,924 |  | $ | 692,603

See accompanying notes.
5

Table of Contents
Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues | $ | 476,111 |  | $ | 500,562
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |
Costs of services provided | 427,265 |  | 469,252
Selling, general and administrative expense | 41,101 |  | 33,777
Other income (expense): |  |  |
Investment and other income, net | 5,203 |  | 1,796
Interest expense | (1,056) |  | (724)
Income (loss) before income taxes | 11,892 |  | (1,395)
Income tax provision (benefit) | 2,736 |  | (1,467)
Net income | $ | 9,156 |  | $ | 72
Per share data: |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.12 |  | $ | 0.00
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.12 |  | $ | 0.00
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |
Basic | 74,301 |  | 73,913
Diluted | 74,719 |  | 74,725
Comprehensive income: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 9,156 |  | $ | 72
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of taxes | 1,416 |  | (1,138)
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 10,572 |  | $ | (1,066)

See accompanying notes.
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Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 9,156 |  | $ | 72
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 3,489 |  | 2,410
Bad debt provision | 18,470 |  | 37,137
Stock-based compensation expense | 1,838 |  | 1,569
Amortization of premium on marketable securities | 382 |  | 339
Unrealized gain on deferred compensation fund investments | (3,445) |  | (300)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts and notes receivable | (25,986) |  | (16,769)
Inventories and supplies | 300 |  | 119
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (323) |  | (3,483)
Deferred compensation funding | 744 |  | (259)
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses | (5,322) |  | (5,478)
Accrued payroll, accrued and withheld payroll taxes | 18,465 |  | 18,546
Income taxes payable | (5,730) |  | (14,439)
Accrued insurance claims | 2,622 |  | 3,443
Deferred compensation liability | 2,917 |  | 1,024
Net cash provided by operating activities | 17,577 |  | 23,931
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Disposals of fixed assets | 64 |  | 63
Additions to property and equipment | (1,336) |  | (1,335)
Purchases of marketable securities | (4,277) |  | (5,397)
Sales of marketable securities | 3,539 |  | 2,467
Net cash used in investing activities | (2,010) |  | (4,202)
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Dividends paid | (14,588) |  | (14,149)
Reissuance of treasury stock pursuant to Dividend Reinvestment Plan | 24 |  | 24
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options | 1,913 |  | 5,005
Net repayments from short-term borrowings | — |  | (9,382)
Payments of statutory withholding on net issuance of restricted stock units | (579) |  | (295)
Net cash used in financing activities | (13,230) |  | (18,797)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 2,337 |  | 932
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period | 26,025 |  | 9,557
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period | $ | 28,362 |  | $ | 10,489

See accompanying notes.
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Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| For the three months ended March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  |  |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, net of taxes |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2018 | 75,344 |  | $ | 753 |  | $ | 259,440 |  | $ | 158 |  | $ | 190,092 |  | $ | (9,663) |  | $ | 440,780
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income for the period | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9,156 |  | — |  | 9,156
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of taxes | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,416 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,416
Comprehensive income for the period | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | $ | 10,572
Exercise of stock options and other stock-based compensation, net of shares tendered for payment | 115 |  | 2 |  | 1,911 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,913
Payment of statutory withholding on issuance of restricted stock and restricted stock units | — |  | — |  | (579) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (579)
Share-based compensation expense — stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units | — |  | — |  | 1,656 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,656
Treasury shares issued for Deferred Compensation Plan funding and redemptions | — |  | — |  | 535 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 536
Shares issued pursuant to Employee Stock Plan | — |  | — |  | 1,781 |  | — |  | — |  | 349 |  | 2,130
Dividends paid and accrued | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14,656) |  | — |  | (14,656)
Shares issued pursuant to Dividend Reinvestment Plan | — |  | — |  | 18 |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |  | 23
Other | 6 |  | — |  | 174 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 174
Balance, March 31, 2019 | 75,465 |  | $ | 755 |  | $ | 264,936 |  | $ | 1,574 |  | $ | 184,592 |  | $ | (9,308) |  | $ | 442,549

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| For the three months ended March 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  |  |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of taxes |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2017 | 74,960 |  | $ | 750 |  | $ | 244,363 |  | $ | 837 |  | $ | 163,860 |  | $ | (9,858) |  | $ | 399,952
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income for the period | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 72 |  | — |  | 72
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of taxes | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,138) |  | — |  | — |  | (1,138)
Comprehensive loss for the period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,066)
Exercise of stock options and other stock-based compensation, net of shares tendered for payment | 205 |  | 2 |  | 5,003 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,005
Payment of statutory withholding on issuance of restricted stock and restricted stock units | — |  | — |  | (295) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (295)
Share-based compensation expense — stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units | — |  | — |  | 1,408 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,408
Treasury shares issued for Deferred Compensation Plan funding and redemptions | — |  | — |  | 514 |  | — |  | — |  | (34) |  | 480
Shares issued pursuant to Employee Stock Plan | — |  | — |  | 2,474 |  | — |  | — |  | 346 |  | 2,820
Dividends paid and accrued | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14,189) |  | — |  | (14,189)
Shares issued pursuant to Dividend Reinvestment Plan | — |  | — |  | 20 |  | — |  | — |  | 4 |  | 24
Other | 4 |  | — |  | 205 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 205
Balance, March 31, 2018 | 75,169 |  | $ | 752 |  | $ | 253,692 |  | $ | (301) |  | $ | 149,743 |  | $ | (9,542) |  | $ | 394,344

See accompanying notes.
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Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
Note 1—Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations
Healthcare Services Group, Inc. (the “Company”) provides management, administrative and operating expertise and services to the housekeeping, laundry, linen, facility maintenance and dietary service departments of the healthcare industry, including nursing homes, retirement complexes, rehabilitation centers and hospitals located throughout the United States. Although the Company does not directly participate in any government reimbursement programs, the Company’s clients receive government reimbursements related to Medicare and Medicaid. Therefore, they are directly affected by any legislation relating to Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement programs.
The Company provides services primarily pursuant to full service agreements with its clients. In such agreements, the Company is responsible for the day-to-day management of employees located at the clients’ facilities. The Company also provides services on the basis of management-only agreements for a limited number of clients. The agreements with clients typically provide for renewable one year service terms, cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice after an initial period of 60 to 120 days.
The Company is organized into two reportable segments: housekeeping, laundry, linen and other services (“Housekeeping”), and dietary department services (“Dietary”).
Housekeeping consists of managing the clients’ housekeeping departments, which are principally responsible for the cleaning, disinfecting and sanitizing of resident rooms and common areas of a client’s facility, as well as the laundering and processing of the bed linens, uniforms, resident personal clothing and other assorted linen items utilized at a client facility.
Dietary consists of managing the clients’ dietary departments, which are principally responsible for food purchasing, meal preparation and dietitian professional services, which includes the development of menus that meet residents’ dietary needs.
Unaudited Interim Financial Data
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the requirements of Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, in the Company’s opinion, all adjustments which are of a normal recurring nature and are necessary for a fair presentation have been reflected in these consolidated financial statements. The balance sheet shown in this report as of December 31, 2018 has been derived from, and does not include all of, the disclosures contained in the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.
Use of Estimates in Financial Statements
In preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, estimates and assumptions are made that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates are used in determining, but are not limited to, the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts, accrued insurance claims, valuations, deferred taxes and reviews for potential impairment. The estimates are based upon various factors including current and historical trends, as well as other pertinent industry and regulatory authority information. Management regularly evaluates this information to determine if it is necessary to update the basis for its estimates and to adjust for known changes.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Healthcare Services Group, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents are held in U.S. financial institutions or in custodial accounts with U.S. financial institutions. Cash equivalents are defined as short-term, highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at time of purchase that are readily convertible into cash and have insignificant interest rate risk.
Accounts and Notes Receivable
Accounts and notes receivable consist of Housekeeping and Dietary segment receivables from contracts with customers. Accounts receivable initially are recorded at the transaction amount, and are recorded after the Company has an unconditional right to payment where only the passage of time is required before payment is received. Each reporting period, the Company evaluates the collectability of outstanding receivable balances and records an allowance for doubtful accounts representing an estimate of probable losses. Additions to the allowance for doubtful accounts are made by recording a charge to bad debt expense reported in costs of services provided.
Notes receivable are initially recorded when accounts receivable are transferred into a promissory note. Notes receivable are recorded as an alternative to accounts receivable to memorialize an unqualified promise to pay a specific sum, typically with interest, in accordance with a defined payment schedule.
Refer to Note 3—Accounts and Notes Receivable herein for further information.
Inventories and Supplies
Inventories and supplies include housekeeping, linen and laundry supplies, as well as food provisions and supplies. Non-linen inventories and supplies are stated at cost to approximate a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis. Linen supplies are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life of 24 months.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue from service agreements with customers when or as the promised goods and services are provided to customers. Revenues are reported net of sales taxes that are collected from customers and remitted to taxing authorities.
The guidance under the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification subtopic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") became effective and was adopted by the Company as of January 1, 2018 by applying the modified retrospective method for contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The standard requires the Company to recognize revenue as the promised goods and services within the terms of the Company’s contracts are performed and satisfied. The amount of revenue recognized by the Company is based on the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for providing the contracted goods and services. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's accounting for revenue earned relating to the Housekeeping and Dietary segments. The Company also did not recognize an opening adjustment to retained earnings as a result of the adoption of the standard. Refer to Note 2—Revenue herein for further information.
Leases
The guidance under FASB Accounting Standards Codification subtopic ASC 842 Leases (“ASC 842”) became effective and was adopted by the Company as of January 1, 2019, by applying a modified retrospective transition approach which resulted in the capitalization of the Company's existing operating leases as of January 1, 2019. As such, the Company records assets and liabilities on the balance sheet to recognize the rights and obligations arising from leasing arrangements with contractual terms greater than twelve (12) months, as permitted by U.S. GAAP. A leasing arrangement includes any contract which entitles the Company to the right of use of an identified tangible asset where there are no restrictions as to the direct of use of the asset, and the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from the right of use. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company was only the lessee of operating lease arrangements.
The Company did not recognize an opening adjustment to retained earnings as a result of the adoption of ASC 842, and prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previous guidance.
Refer to Note 7—Leases herein for further information.
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Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, income tax expense or benefits are recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current period. The Company accrues for probable tax obligations as required, based on facts and circumstances in various regulatory environments. In addition, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. When appropriate, valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts for which realization is more likely than not.
Uncertain income tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns are reflected within the Company’s financial statements based on a recognition and measurement process.
Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and dilutive common shares, such as those issuable upon exercise of stock options and upon the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company estimates the fair value of share-based awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model for stock options and using the share price on the date of grant for restricted stock and restricted stock units. The value of the award is recognized ratably as an expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income over the requisite service periods, with adjustments made for forfeitures as they occur.
Identifiable Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Identifiable intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective lives. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets of acquired businesses. Management reviews the carrying value of goodwill annually during the fourth quarter to assess for impairment, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may exceed its estimated fair value. No impairment loss was recognized on the Company’s intangible assets or goodwill during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Reclassification
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation. The Company has modified its presentation of interest expense, which is now presented separately in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Correction of Immaterial Errors
In the first quarter of 2019, the Company updated its presentation of the tax benefit from equity compensation plans in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The tax benefit from equity compensation plans is now reflected as a component of the change in income taxes payable, as opposed to an offset to stock-based compensation expense. There was no impact to the Company's net cash provided by operating activities as a result of the correction in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Additionally, the Company updated its presentation of the income and costs associated with the Company's wholly-owned captive insurance company. Historically, such income and costs were reflected in the Company's revenues and costs of services provided within the Housekeeping segment. Such income and costs are now presented in "Investment and other income, net" in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and for segment reporting purposes, those amounts are reflected in Corporate and eliminations. Prior period information has been revised to reflect the changes, which resulted in a $1.2 million and $0.7 million reduction of revenue and costs of services, respectively, in the first quarter 2018 Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, with a corresponding increase of $0.5 million to Investment and other income, net. There was no impact to the Company's net income as a result of the historical errors or the corrections.
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Concentrations of Credit Risk
The Company's financial instruments that are subject to credit risk are cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, deferred compensation funding and accounts and notes receivable. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, substantially all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities were held in one large financial institution located in the United States. The Company’s marketable securities are fixed income investments which are highly liquid and can be readily purchased or sold through established markets.
The Company’s clients are concentrated in the healthcare industry and are primarily providers of long-term care. The revenues of many of the Company’s clients are highly reliant on Medicare, Medicaid and third party payors’ reimbursement funding rates. New legislation or changes in existing regulations could directly impact the governmental reimbursement programs in which the clients participate. As a result, the Company may not realize the full effects of such programs until these laws are fully implemented and governmental agencies issue applicable regulations or guidance.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASC 326"). The standard significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets, including accounts and notes receivables. The standard will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model, under which companies will recognize allowances based on expected rather than incurred losses. Entities will apply the standard’s provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.
Note 2—Revenue
The Company presents its consolidated revenues disaggregated by reportable segment, as Management evaluates the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of the Company’s revenues by segment. Refer to Note 13—Segment Information herein as well as the information below regarding the Company’s reportable segments.
Housekeeping
Housekeeping accounted for $233.1 million and $245.2 million of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which represented approximately 49.0% of the Company's revenues in each period. The services provided under this segment include managing clients’ housekeeping departments, which are principally responsible for the cleaning, disinfecting and sanitizing of resident rooms and common areas of the clients’ facilities, as well as the laundering and processing of the bed linens, uniforms, resident personal clothing and other assorted linen items utilized at the clients’ facilities. Upon beginning service with a client facility, the Company typically hire and train the employees previously employed by such facility and assign an on-site manager to supervise and train the front-line personnel and coordinate housekeeping services with other facility support functions in accordance with client requests. Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost and quality control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation, and on-site testing for infection control.
Dietary
Dietary services accounted for $243.0 million and $255.4 million of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which represented approximately 51.0% of the Company's revenues in each period. Dietary services consist of managing clients’ dietary departments which are principally responsible for food purchasing, meal preparation and professional dietitian services, which include the development of menus that meet the dietary needs of residents. On-site management is responsible for all daily dietary department activities, with regular support being provided by a District Manager specializing in dietary services, as well as a registered dietitian. The Company also offers clinical consulting services to facilities which if contracted is a service bundled within the monthly service provided to clients. Upon beginning service with a client facility, the Company typically hire and train the employees previously employed by such facility and assign an on-site manager to supervise and train the front-line personnel and coordinate dietitian services with other facility support functions in accordance with client requests. Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost- and quality-control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation.
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Revenue Recognition
All of the Company's revenues are derived from contracts with customers. The Company accounts for revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with ASC 606, and as such, the Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods and services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. The Company’s costs of obtaining contracts are not material.
The Company performs services and provides goods in accordance with its service agreement contracts with its customers. Such service agreement contracts typically provide for a renewable one year service term, cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days' notice, after an initial period of 60 to 120 days. A performance obligation is the unit of account under ASC 606 and is defined as a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer ASC 606. The Company’s Housekeeping and Dietary contracts relate to the provision of bundles of goods, services or both, which represent a series of distinct goods and services and that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. The Company accounts for the series as a single performance obligation satisfied over time, as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the goods and services provided. Revenue is recognized using the output method, which is based upon the delivery of goods and services to the clients’ facilities. In limited cases, the Company provides goods, services or both, before the execution of a written contract. In these cases, the Company defers the recognition of revenue until a contract is executed. The amount of such deferred revenue was not material as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Additionally, all such revenue amounts deferred as of December 31, 2018 were subsequently recognized as revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to its customers. The transaction price does not include taxes assessed or collected. The Company’s contracts detail the fees that the Company charges for the goods and services it provides. For certain contracts which contain a variable component to the transaction price, the Company is required to make estimates of the amount of consideration to which the Company will be entitled, based on variability in resident and patient populations serviced, product usage or quantities consumed. The Company recognizes revenue related to such estimates only when Management determines that there will not be a significant reversal in the amount of revenue recognized. The Company’s contracts generally do not contain significant financing components, as the contracts contain payment terms that are less than one year.
The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation, noting that the bundle of goods, services or goods and services provided under each Housekeeping and Dietary contract represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes the related revenue when it satisfies the performance obligation by transferring a bundle of promised goods, services or both to a customer. Such recognition is on a monthly or weekly basis, as goods are provided and services are performed. In some cases, the Company requires customers to pay in advance for goods and services to be provided. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the value of the contract liabilities associated with customer prepayments was not material. Additionally, all such revenue amounts deferred as of December 31, 2018 were subsequently recognized as revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Transaction Price Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations
The Company recognizes revenue as it satisfies the performance obligations associated with contracts with customers, which due to the nature of the goods and services provided by the Company, are satisfied over time. Contract's may contain transaction prices that are fixed, variable or both. The significant majority of the Company’s contracts with customers have an initial term of one year or less, with renewable one year service terms, cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days' notice after an initial period of 60 to 120 days. For the purpose of disclosing the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations, the Company elected to apply practical expedients available under the guidance in ASC 606 to exclude from the calculation future revenues related to contracts with variable consideration that are for a term of one year or less. As of March 31, 2019, the revenue expected to be recognized for the fixed transaction price associated with the remaining performance obligations under the Company’s existing contracts with a term greater than one year is $135.7 million for the remainder of 2019, $181.0 million for 2020, $181.0 million for 2021, $181.0 million for 2022, $181.0 million for 2023 and $30.2 million thereafter.
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Note 3—Accounts and Notes Receivable
The Company’s accounts and notes receivable balances consisted of the following as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
Short-term |  |  |
Accounts and notes receivable | $ | 411,736 |  | $ | 389,047
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (58,630) |  | (47,209)
Total net short-term accounts and notes receivable | $ | 353,106 |  | $ | 341,838
Long-term |  |  |
Notes receivable | $ | 49,291 |  | $ | 53,043
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (10,000) |  | (10,000)
Total net long-term notes receivable | $ | 39,291 |  | $ | 43,043
Total net accounts and notes receivable | $ | 392,397 |  | $ | 384,881

The Company makes credit decisions on a case-by-case basis after reviewing a number of qualitative and quantitative factors related to the specific client as well as current industry variables that may impact that client. There are a variety of factors that impact a client’s ability to pay in accordance with the Company’s service agreements. These factors include, but are not limited to, fluctuating census numbers, litigation costs and the client’s participation in programs funded by federal and state governmental agencies. Deviations in the timing or amounts of reimbursements under those programs can impact the client’s cash flows and their ability to make timely payments. However, the client's obligation to pay the Company in accordance with the service agreements are not contingent upon the client’s cash flows. Notwithstanding the Company’s efforts to minimize its credit risk exposure, the aforementioned factors, as well as other factors that impact client cash flows or ability to make timely payments, could have an indirect, yet material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
The Company’s net current accounts and notes receivable balance increased from December 31, 2018. Fluctuations in net accounts and notes receivable are generally attributable to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the timing of cash receipts from customers and the inception, transition or termination of client relationships. The Company deploys significant resources and has invested in tools and processes to optimize Management’s credit and collections efforts. When appropriate, the Company utilizes interest-bearing promissory notes as an alternative to accounts receivable to enhance the collectability of amounts due, by instituting definitive repayment plans and providing a means by which to further evidence the amounts owed. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had promissory notes outstanding $57.2 million and $63.3 million, respectively, net of reserves. In addition, the Company may assist clients who are adjusting to changes in their cash flows by amending the Company’s agreements from full-service to management-only arrangements, or by modifying contractual payment terms to accommodate clients who have in good faith established clearly-defined plans for addressing cash flow issues. These efforts are intended to minimize the Company’s collections risk while maintaining relationships with the clients.
Note 4—Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The allowance for doubtful accounts is established when the Company determines that it is probable that receivables have been impaired and the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of the losses. The related provision for bad debts is charged to costs of services provided in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The allowance for doubtful accounts is evaluated based on the Company’s ongoing review of accounts and notes receivable and is inherently subjective as it requires estimates susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.
The Company has had varying collections experience with respect to its accounts and notes receivable. The Company has sometimes extended the period of payment for certain clients beyond contractual terms. In order to provide for such collection issues and the general risk associated with the granting of credit terms, the Company recorded bad debt provisions (in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts) of $18.5 million and $37.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in the allowance for the first quarter 2019 over the Company's normal bad debt provision is related primarily to the restructuring of a Northeast based operator. The decrease in the provision for bad debts period-over-period is primarily related to the provision recognized in the first quarter 2018 related to the corporate restructurings of two privately-held, multi-state operators.
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In making the credit evaluations, in addition to analyzing and anticipating, where possible, the specific cases described above, Management considers the general collection risk associated with trends in the long-term care industry. The Company establishes credit limits, performs ongoing credit evaluations and monitors accounts to minimize the risk of loss. Despite the Company’s efforts to minimize credit risk exposure, clients could be adversely affected if future industry trends change in such a manner as to negatively impact their cash flows. If the Company’s clients experience a negative impact on their cash flows, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
Note 5—Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income by Component
Accumulated other comprehensive income consists of unrealized gains and losses from the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities. The following table provides a summary of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

| Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities1 |  |
| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
Accumulated other comprehensive income — beginning balance | $ | 158 |  | $ | 837
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 1,419 |  | (1,208)
(Gains) losses reclassified from other comprehensive income2 | (3) |  | 70
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)3 | 1,416 |  | (1,138)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) — ending balance | $ | 1,574 |  | $ | (301)

1. All amounts are net of tax
2. Realized gains and losses were recorded pre-tax under “Investment and other income” in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recorded less than $0.1 million of realized gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded $0.1 million of realized losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities. Refer to Note 9—Fair Value Measurements herein for further information.
3. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the changes in other comprehensive income (loss) were net of a tax expense of $0.4 million and a benefit of $0.3 million, respectively.

| Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |
Gains (losses) from the sale of available-for-sale securities | $ | 4 |  | $ | (89)
Tax (expense) benefit | (1) |  | 19
Net gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (expense) | $ | 3 |  | $ | (70)

Note 6—Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is recorded over the estimated useful life of each class of depreciable asset, and is computed using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated asset life or term of the lease. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred.
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The following table sets forth the amounts of property and equipment by each class of depreciable asset as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

| March 31, 2019 1 |  | December 31, 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
Housekeeping and Dietary equipment | $ | 23,251 |  | $ | 22,596
Computer hardware and software | 12,413 |  | 12,114
Operating lease - right-of-use assets | 18,137 |  | —
Other 2 | 1,370 |  | 920
Total property and equipment, at cost | 55,171 |  | 35,630
Less accumulated depreciation | 25,094 |  | 22,730
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 30,077 |  | $ | 12,900

1. Upon the adoption of ASC 842 the Company recognized right of use assets pertaining to leases in Property and Equipment, net. Prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previous guidance.
2. Includes furniture and fixtures, leasehold improvements and autos and trucks including auto leases.
Depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $2.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively. Of the depreciation expense recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2019, $1.2 million related to the depreciation of the Company's operating lease - right-of-use assets.
Note 7—Leases
The Company recognizes right-of-use assets (“ROU Assets”) and lease liabilities (“Lease Liabilities”) for automobiles, office buildings, IT equipment, and small storage units for the temporary storage of operational equipment. The Company's leases have remaining lease terms ranging from less than 1 year to 10 years, and have extension options ranging from 1 year to 5 years. Most leases include the option to terminate the lease within 1 year.
Upon adopting ASC 842, the Company made accounting policy elections using practical expedients offered under the guidance to combine lease and non-lease components within leasing arrangements and to recognize the payments associated with short-term leases in earnings on a straight-line basis over the lease term, with the cost associated with variable lease payments recognized when incurred. These accounting policy elections impact the value of the Company’s ROU Assets and Lease Liabilities. The value of the Company’s ROU Assets is determined as the non-depreciated fair value of its leasing arrangements and is recorded to property and equipment, net on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet. The value of the Company’s Lease Liabilities is the present value of fixed lease payments not yet paid, discounted using either the rate implicit in the lease contract if that rate can be determined, or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate ("IBR") and is recorded in Other accrued expenses and Lease liabilities - long-term portion on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet. Any future lease payments that are not fixed based on the terms of the lease contract, or fluctuate based on a factor other than an index or rate, are considered variable lease payments and are not included in the value of the Company's ROU Assets or Lease Liabilities. The Company's IBR is determined as the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.
Components of lease expense as well as supplemental information required by ASC 842 are presented below for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
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| Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
| (in thousands)
Lease cost 1 |
Operating lease cost | $ | 1,214
Short-term lease cost | 221
Variable lease cost | 153
Total lease cost | $ | 1,588
Other information |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 1,307
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases | 6.9 years
Weighted-average discount rate — operating leases | 4.7 | %

1. ASC 842 was adopted as of January 1, 2019. As such, prior period numbers remain unadjusted and in accordance with prior U.S. GAAP. Lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was $0.9 million.
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company's ROU Assets and Lease Liabilities were both reduced by $0.1 million due to lease cancellations which are accounted for as noncash transactions.
The following is a schedule by calendar year of future minimum lease payments under operating leases that have remaining terms as of March 31, 2019:

Period/Year |  | Operating Leases
|  | (in thousands)
April 1 to December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 3,822
2020 |  | $ | 4,306
2021 |  | $ | 2,489
2022 |  | $ | 1,447
2023 |  | $ | 1,258
2024 |  | $ | 1,285
Thereafter |  | $ | 5,514
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 20,121

Note 8—Other Intangible Assets
The Company’s other intangible assets consist of customer relationships which were obtained through acquisitions and are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. Intangible assets with determinable lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The customer relationships have a weighted-average amortization period of approximately 10 years.
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The following table sets forth the estimated amortization expense for intangibles subject to amortization for the remainder of 2019, the following five fiscal years and thereafter:

Period/Year |  | Total Amortization Expense
|  | (in thousands)
April 1 to December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 3,124
2020 |  | $ | 4,165
2021 |  | $ | 4,165
2022 |  | $ | 4,165
2023 |  | $ | 3,168
2024 |  | $ | 2,035
Thereafter |  | $ | 4,655

Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Note 9—Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s current assets and current liabilities are financial instruments and most of these items (other than marketable securities and inventories) are recorded at cost in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The estimated fair value of these financial instruments approximates their carrying value due to their short-term nature. The carrying value of the Company’s line of credit represents the outstanding amount of the borrowings, which approximates fair value. The Company’s financial assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are its marketable securities and deferred compensation funding. The recorded values of all of the financial instruments approximate their current fair values because of their nature, stated interest rates and respective maturity dates or durations.
The Company’s marketable securities consist of tax-exempt municipal bonds, which are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses associated with these investments are included in other comprehensive income (net of tax) within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The fair value of these marketable securities is classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, as these securities are measured using quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable. Such valuations are determined by a third-party pricing service. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $1.4 million and unrealized losses of $1.1 million on marketable securities, respectively.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company received total proceeds, less the amount of interest received, of $3.5 million and $2.4 million, respectively, from sales of available-for-sale municipal bonds. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, these sales resulted in realized gains of less than $0.1 million and realized losses of $0.1 million, respectively, which were recorded in “Other income, net – Investment and interest income” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The basis for the sale of these securities was the specific identification of each bond sold during the period.
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The investments under the funded deferred compensation plan are accounted for as trading securities and unrealized gains or losses are included in earnings. The fair value of these investments are determined based on quoted market prices (Level 1). For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company's recognized unrealized gains related to equity securities still held at the reporting date of $3.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively.
The following tables provide fair value measurement information for the Company’s marketable securities and deferred compensation fund investments as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

| As of March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using: |  |  |  |
| Carrying Amount |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
| (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds — available-for-sale | $ | 78,508 |  | $ | 78,508 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 78,508 |  | $ | —
Deferred compensation fund |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market 1 | $ | 1,793 |  | $ | 1,793 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,793 |  | $ | —
Balanced and Lifestyle | 9,017 |  | 9,017 |  | 9,017 |  | — |  | —
Large Cap Growth | 9,776 |  | 9,776 |  | 9,776 |  | — |  | —
Small Cap Growth | 3,608 |  | 3,608 |  | 3,608 |  | — |  | —
Fixed Income | 3,568 |  | 3,568 |  | 3,568 |  | — |  | —
International | 1,678 |  | 1,678 |  | 1,678 |  | — |  | —
Mid Cap Growth | 2,372 |  | 2,372 |  | 2,372 |  | — |  | —
Deferred compensation fund | $ | 31,812 |  | $ | 31,812 |  | $ | 30,019 |  | $ | 1,793 |  | $ | —

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| As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using: |  |  |  |
| Carrying Amount |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
| (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds — available-for-sale | $ | 76,362 |  | $ | 76,362 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 76,362 |  | $ | —
Deferred compensation fund |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market 1 | $ | 2,529 |  | $ | 2,529 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,529 |  | $ | —
Balanced and Lifestyle | 8,265 |  | 8,265 |  | 8,265 |  | — |  | —
Large Cap Growth | 8,195 |  | 8,195 |  | 8,195 |  | — |  | —
Small Cap Growth | 3,217 |  | 3,217 |  | 3,217 |  | — |  | —
Fixed Income | 3,432 |  | 3,432 |  | 3,432 |  | — |  | —
International | 1,485 |  | 1,485 |  | 1,485 |  | — |  | —
Mid Cap Growth | 1,990 |  | 1,990 |  | 1,990 |  | — |  | —
Deferred compensation fund | $ | 29,113 |  | $ | 29,113 |  | $ | 26,584 |  | $ | 2,529 |  | $ | —

1. The fair value of the money market fund is based on the net asset value (“NAV”) of the shares held by the plan at the end of the period. The money market fund includes short-term United States dollar denominated money market instruments and the NAV is determined by the custodian of the fund. The money market fund can be redeemed at its NAV at the measurement date as there are no significant restrictions on the ability to sell this investment.

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Other-than-temporary Impairments
| (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Type of security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds — available-for-sale | $ | 76,516 |  | $ | 2,092 |  | $ | (100) |  | $ | 78,508 |  | $ | —
Total debt securities | $ | 76,516 |  | $ | 2,092 |  | $ | (100) |  | $ | 78,508 |  | $ | —
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Type of security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds — available-for-sale | $ | 76,162 |  | $ | 633 |  | $ | (433) |  | $ | 76,362 |  | $ | —
Total debt securities | $ | 76,162 |  | $ | 633 |  | $ | (433) |  | $ | 76,362 |  | $ | —

The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of debt securities held at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, which are classified as marketable securities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

|  | Municipal Bonds — Available-for-Sale |  |
Contractual maturity: |  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | (in thousands) |  |
Maturing in one year or less |  | $ | 957 |  | $ | 1,645
Maturing in second year through fifth year |  | 23,162 |  | 24,649
Maturing in sixth year through tenth year |  | 17,008 |  | 14,769
Maturing after ten years |  | 37,381 |  | 35,299
Total debt securities |  | $ | 78,508 |  | $ | 76,362

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Note 10—Stock-Based Compensation
The components of the Company’s stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
Stock options | $ | 664 |  | $ | 771
Restricted stock and restricted stock units | 992 |  | 637
Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 182 |  | 161
Total pre-tax stock-based compensation expense charged against income 1 | $ | 1,838 |  | $ | 1,569

1. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded in cost of services and selling, general and administrative expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
At March 31, 2019, the unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options and awards was $21.7 million. The weighted average period over which these awards will vest is approximately 3.2 years.
2012 Equity Incentive Plan
The Company’s Second Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) provides that current or prospective officers, employees, non-employee directors and advisors can receive share-based awards such as stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock awards. The Plan seeks to promote the highest level of performance by providing an economic interest in the long-term success of the Company.
As of March 31, 2019, 3.6 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the Plan, including 0.6 million shares available for future grant. No stock award will have a term in excess of 10 years. All awards granted under the Plan become vested and exercisable ratably over a 5 years period on each yearly anniversary of the grant date.
The Nominating, Compensation and Stock Option Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for determining the terms of the grants in accordance with the Plan.
Stock Options
A summary of stock options outstanding under the Plan as of December 31, 2018 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2019 is as follows:

| Stock Options Outstanding |  |
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
| (in thousands) |  |
December 31, 2018 | 2,121 |  | $ | 31.53
Granted | 188 |  | $ | 40.49
Exercised | (68) |  | $ | 27.15
Forfeited | (5) |  | $ | 36.37
Expired | (2) |  | $ | 13.68
March 31, 2019 | 2,234 |  | $ | 32.42

The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $8.18 and $10.48 per common share, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $0.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively.
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The fair value of stock option awards granted in 2019 and 2018 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
Risk-free interest rate | 2.5 | % |  | 2.1 | %
Weighted average expected life | 5.7 years |  | 5.8 years
Expected volatility | 22.6 | % |  | 21.4 | %
Dividend yield | 1.9 | % |  | 1.5 | %

The following table summarizes other information about the stock options at March 31, 2019:

| March 31, 2019
| (amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Outstanding: |
Aggregate intrinsic value | $ | 9,137
Weighted average remaining contractual life | 6.0 years
Exercisable: |
Number of options | 1,364
Weighted average exercise price | $ | 27.84
Aggregate intrinsic value | $ | 8,912
Weighted average remaining contractual life | 4.8 years

Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock
The fair value of outstanding restricted stock units and restricted stock was determined based on the market price of the shares on the date of grant. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company granted 0.2 million restricted stock units with a weighted average grant date fair value of $40.49 per unit. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company granted 0.1 million restricted stock units with a weighted average grant date fair value of $52.06 per share.
During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company did not grant any restricted stock.
A summary of the outstanding restricted stock units and restricted stock as of December 31, 2018 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2019 is as follows:

| Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock |  |
| Number |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
| (in thousands) |  |
December 31, 2018 | 241 |  | $ | 45.47
Granted | 194 |  | $ | 40.49
Vested | (60) |  | $ | 42.91
Forfeited | (1) |  | $ | 52.06
March 31, 2019 | 374 |  | $ | 43.29

Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company's Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") is currently available through 2021 to all eligible employees. All full-time and part-time employees who work an average of 20 hours per week and have completed two years of continuous service with the Company are eligible to participate. Annual offerings commence and terminate on the respective year’s first and last calendar day.
Under the ESPP, the Company is authorized to issue up to 4.1 million shares of its common stock to its employees. Pursuant to such authorization, there are 2.2 million shares available for future grant at March 31, 2019.
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The expense associated with the options granted under the ESPP during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
Risk-free interest rate | 2.57% |  |  | 1.89% |
Weighted average expected life (years) | 1.0 |  | 1.0
Expected volatility | 30.8% |  |  | 20.8% |
Dividend yield | 1.9% |  |  | 1.4% |

Deferred Compensation Plan
The Company offers a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”) for executives and certain key employees. The SERP allows participants to defer a portion of their earned income on a pre-tax basis and as of the last day of each plan year, each participant will be credited with a match of a portion of their deferral in the form of the Company’s common stock based on the then-current market value. Under the SERP, the Company is authorized to issue 1.0 million shares of its common stock to its employees. Pursuant to such authorization, the Company has 0.4 million shares available for future grant at March 31, 2019. At the time of issuance, such shares are accounted for at cost as treasury stock.
The following table summarizes information about the SERP during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
SERP expense 1 | $ | 169 |  | $ | 191
Unrealized gain recorded in SERP liability account | $ | 3,418 |  | $ | 231

1. Both the SERP match and the deferrals are included in the selling, general and administrative caption in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Note 11—Dividends
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company paid regular quarterly cash dividends totaling approximately $14.6 million as follows:

| Quarter Ended
| March 31, 2019
| (in thousands, except per share data)
Cash dividend paid per common share | $ | 0.19625
Total cash dividends paid | $ | 14,588
Record date | February 15, 2019
Payment date | March 22, 2019

Additionally, on April 30, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.19750 per common share, which will be paid on June 28, 2019, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on May 24, 2019.
Cash dividends declared for the periods presented were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.19750 |  | $ | 0.19250

Note 12—Income Taxes
The 2019 estimated annual effective tax rate is expected to be approximately 21% to 23%. The actual annual effective tax rate will be impacted by the tax effects of option exercises or vested awards, which are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur, and therefore cannot be considered in the calculation of the estimated annual effective tax rate. The impact on the Company’s income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2019 for such discrete items was approximately $0.1 million.
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Differences between the effective tax rate and the applicable U.S. federal statutory rate arise primarily from the effect of state and local income taxes, share-based compensation and tax credits available to the Company. The actual 2019 effective tax rate will likely vary from the estimate depending on the availability of tax credits and the exercise of stock options and vesting of share-based awards.
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which results in recognizing income tax expense based on the amount of income taxes payable or refundable for the current year. Additionally, the Company regularly evaluates the tax positions taken or expected to be taken resulting from financial statement recognition of certain items. Based on the evaluation, there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements. The evaluation was performed for the tax years ended December 31, 2013 through 2018 (with regard to U.S. federal income tax returns) and December 31, 2012 through 2018 (with regard to various state and local income tax returns), the tax years which remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions as of March 31, 2019.
The Company may from time to time be assessed interest or penalties by taxing jurisdictions, although any such assessments historically have been minimal and immaterial to its financial results. When the Company has received an assessment for interest and/or penalties, it will be classified in the financial statements as selling, general and administrative expense. In addition, any interest or penalties relating to recognized uncertain tax positions would also be recorded in selling, general and administrative expense.
Note 13—Segment Information
The Company manages and evaluates its operations in two reportable segments: Housekeeping (housekeeping, laundry, linen and other services) and Dietary (dietary department services). Although both segments serve the same client base and share many operational similarities, they are managed separately due to distinct differences in the type of services provided, as well as the specialized expertise required of the professional management personnel responsible for delivering each segment’s services. Such services are rendered pursuant to discrete service agreements, specific to each reportable segment.
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The Company’s accounting policies for the segments are generally the same as described in the Company’s significant accounting policies. Differences between the reportable segments’ operating results and other disclosed data and the information in the consolidated financial statements relate primarily to corporate level transactions and recording of transactions at the reportable segment level using other than generally accepted accounting principles. There are certain inventories and supplies that are primarily expensed when incurred within the operating segments, while they are capitalized in the consolidated financial statements. In addition, most corporate expenses such as corporate salary and benefit costs, certain legal costs, bad debt expense, information technology costs, depreciation, amortization of finite-lived intangible assets, share based compensation costs and other corporate-specific costs, are not allocated to the operating segments. There are also allocations for workers’ compensation and general liability expense within the operating segments that differ from the actual expense recorded by the Company under U.S. GAAP. Segment amounts disclosed are prior to elimination entries made in consolidation.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
Revenues |  |  |
Housekeeping 1 | $ | 233,134 |  | $ | 245,161
Dietary | 242,977 |  | 255,401
Total | $ | 476,111 |  | $ | 500,562
Income before income taxes |  |  |
Housekeeping | $ | 26,507 |  | $ | 28,937
Dietary | 15,425 |  | 14,730
Corporate and eliminations 2 | (30,040) |  | (45,062)
Total | $ | 11,892 |  | $ | (1,395)

1. Prior year Housekeeping and Corporate revenues were revised for the presentation of the revenues earned by the Company's wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary. Refer to Note 1—Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies herein for additional disclosure regarding the revision.
2. Primarily represents corporate office costs and related overhead, recording of certain inventories and supplies and workers compensation costs at the reportable segment level which use accounting methods that differ from those used at the corporate level, as well as consolidated subsidiaries’ operating expenses that are not allocated to the reportable segments, net of investment and other income and interest expense.
Note 14—Earnings Per Common Share
Basic and diluted earnings per common share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of basic and diluted common shares outstanding, respectively. The weighted-average number of diluted common shares includes the impact of dilutive securities, including outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units. The table below reconciles the weighted-average basic and diluted common shares outstanding:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic | 74,301 |  | 73,913
Effect of dilutive securities 1 | 418 |  | 812
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted | 74,719 |  | 74,725

1. Certain outstanding equity awards are anti-dilutive and were therefore excluded from the calculation of the weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, stock options to purchase 0.8 million shares having a weighted average exercise price of $41.80 per share, were excluded. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, stock options to purchase 0.2 million shares having a weighted average exercise price of $52.06 per share, were excluded. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, 0.3 million and 0.1 million restricted stock units were excluded.
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Note 15—Other Contingencies
Line of Credit
At March 31, 2019, the Company had a $475 million bank line of credit on which to draw for general corporate purposes. Amounts drawn under the line of credit are payable upon demand and generally bear interest at a float rate, based on the Company's leverage ratio, and starting at LIBOR plus 115 basis points (or if LIBOR becomes unavailable, the higher of the Overnight Bank Funding Rate, plus 50 basis points and the Prime Rate). As of both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 there were $30.0 million in borrowings under the line of credit . The line of credit requires the Company to satisfy two financial covenants, with which the Company is in compliance as of March 31, 2019 and expects to remain in compliance. The line of credit expires on December 21, 2023.
At March 31, 2019, the Company also had outstanding $62.7 million in irrevocable standby letters of credit, which relate to payment obligations under the Company's insurance programs. In connection with the issuance of the letters of credit, the amount available under the line of credit was reduced by $62.7 million at March 31, 2019. The letters of credit expire on January 2, 2020.
Tax Jurisdictions and Matters
The Company provides services throughout the continental United States and is subject to numerous state and local taxing jurisdictions. In the ordinary course of business, a jurisdiction may contest the Company’s reporting positions with respect to the application of its tax code to the Company’s services, which could result in additional tax liabilities.
The Company has tax matters with various taxing authorities. Because of the uncertainties related to both the probable outcomes and amount of probable assessments due, the Company is unable to make a reasonable estimate of a liability. The Company does not expect the resolution of any of these matters, taken individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or results of operations based on the Company’s best estimate of the outcomes of such matters.
Legal Proceedings
The Company is subject to various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business. Some of these matters include payroll and employee-related matters and examinations by governmental agencies. As the Company becomes aware of such claims and legal actions, the Company records accruals for any exposures that are probable and estimable. If adverse outcomes of such claims and legal actions are reasonably possible, Management assesses materiality and provides financial disclosure, as appropriate.
As previously disclosed, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) is conducting an investigation into the Company's earnings per share (“EPS”) calculation practices. Following receipt of a letter from the SEC in November 2017 regarding its inquiry into those practices followed by a subpoena in March 2018, the Company authorized its outside counsel to conduct an internal investigation, under the direction of the Company’s Audit Committee, into matters related to the SEC subpoena. This investigation was completed in March 2019 and the Company continues to cooperate with the SEC’s investigation.
On March 22, 2019, a putative shareholder class action lawsuit was filed against the Company and its Chief Executive Officer in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The complaint, which was filed by a plaintiff purportedly on behalf of all purchasers of our securities between April 11, 2017 and March 4, 2019, alleges violations of the federal securities laws in connection with the matters related to the Company's EPS calculation practices. The plaintiffs seek unspecified monetary damages and other relief.
While the Company is vigorously defending against all litigation claims asserted, this litigation—along with the ongoing SEC investigation—could result in substantial costs to the Company and a diversion of the Company’s management’s attention and resources, which could harm its business. In addition, the uncertainty of the pending lawsuit or potential filing of additional lawsuits could lead to more volatility and a reduction in the Company’s stock price. Given the early stage of the litigation, at this time the Company is unable to reasonably estimate possible losses or form a judgment that an unfavorable outcome is either probable or remote. It is not currently possible to assess whether or not the outcome of these proceedings may have a material adverse effect on the Company.
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Government Regulations
The Company’s clients are concentrated in the healthcare industry and are primarily providers of long-term care. The revenues of many of the Company’s clients are highly reliant on Medicare, Medicaid and third party payors’ reimbursement funding rates. New legislation or additional changes in existing regulations could directly impact the governmental reimbursement programs in which the clients participate. The full effect of any such programs would not be realized until these laws are fully implemented and government agencies issue applicable regulations or guidance.
Note 16—Subsequent Events
The Company evaluated all subsequent events through the filing date of this Form 10-Q. There were no events or transactions occurring during this subsequent reporting period which require recognition or additional disclosure in these financial statements.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Results of Operations
The following discussion is intended to provide the reader with information that will be helpful in understanding our financial statements, including the changes in certain key items when comparing financial statements period to period. We also intend to provide the primary factors that accounted for those changes, as well as a summary of how certain accounting principles affect our financial statements. In addition, we are providing information about the financial results of our two operating segments to further assist in understanding how these segments and their results affect our consolidated results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the notes accompanying those financial statements.
Overview
We provide management, administrative and operating expertise and services to the housekeeping, laundry, linen, facility maintenance and dietary service departments of healthcare facilities, including nursing homes, retirement complexes, rehabilitation centers and hospitals located throughout the United States. We believe we are the largest provider of housekeeping and laundry management services to the long-term care industry in the nation, rendering such services to over 3,500 facilities throughout the continental United States as of March 31, 2019.
We provide services primarily pursuant to full service agreements with our clients. Under such agreements, we are responsible for the day-to-day management of the employees located at our clients’ facilities, as well as for the provision of certain supplies. We also provide services on the basis of management-only agreements for a limited number of clients. Under a management-only agreement, we provide management and supervisory services while the client facility retains payroll responsibility for the non-supervisory staff. Our agreements with clients typically provide for a renewable one year service term, cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice after an initial period of 60 to 120 days.
We are organized into two reportable segments: housekeeping, laundry, linen and other services (“Housekeeping”), and dietary department services (“Dietary”).
Housekeeping consists of managing our clients’ housekeeping departments, which are principally responsible for the cleaning, disinfecting and sanitizing of resident rooms and common areas of the clients’ facilities, as well as the laundering and processing of the bed linens, uniforms, resident personal clothing and other assorted linen items utilized at the clients’ facilities. Upon beginning service with a client facility, we typically hire and train the employees previously employed by such facility and assign an on-site manager to supervise and train the front-line personnel and coordinate housekeeping services with other facility support functions in accordance with client requests. Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost and quality control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation, and on-site testing for infection control.
Dietary consists of managing our clients’ dietary departments, which are principally responsible for food purchasing, meal preparation and professional dietitian services, which include the development of menus that meet the dietary needs of residents. On-site management is responsible for all daily dietary department activities, with regular support provided by a District Manager specializing in dietary services. We also offer clinical consulting services to our dietary clients, which may be provided as a stand-alone service, or bundled with other dietary department services. Upon beginning service with a client facility, we typically hire and train the employees previously employed by such facility and assign an on-site manager to supervise and train the front-line personnel and coordinate dietitian services with other facility support functions in accordance with client requests. Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost- and quality-control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation.
At March 31, 2019, Housekeeping services were provided at essentially all of our approximately 3,500 client facilities, generating approximately 49.0% or $233.1 million of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Dietary services were provided to over 1,500 client facilities at March 31, 2019 and contributed approximately 51.0% or $243.0 million of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Subject to the factors noted in the Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and although there can be no assurance thereof, we expect our consolidated revenues for the remainder of 2019 to grow. We expect that Dietary revenues as a percentage of consolidated revenue will continue to grow and such growth is expected to come from extending our Dietary department service offerings to our current Housekeeping client base. Growth in Housekeeping is expected to primarily come from obtaining new clients.
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Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018
The following table summarizes the income statement key components that we use to evaluate our financial performance on a consolidated and reportable segment basis, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. The differences between the reportable segments’ operating results and other disclosed data and our consolidated financial results relate primarily to corporate level transactions and adjustments related to transactions recorded at the reportable segment level which use methods other than generally accepted accounting principles.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
| (in thousands) |  |  |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Housekeeping 1 | $ | 233,134 |  | $ | 245,161 |  | (4.9) | %
Dietary | 242,977 |  | 255,401 |  | (4.9) | %
Consolidated | $ | 476,111 |  | $ | 500,562 |  | (4.9) | %
Costs of services provided |  |  |  |  |
Housekeeping 1 | $ | 206,627 |  | $ | 216,820 |  | (4.7) | %
Dietary | 227,552 |  | 240,671 |  | (5.5) | %
Corporate and eliminations | (6,914) |  | 11,761 |  | (158.8) | %
Consolidated | $ | 427,265 |  | $ | 469,252 |  | (8.9) | %
Selling, general and administrative expense |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and eliminations | $ | 41,101 |  | $ | 33,777 |  | 21.7 | %
Investment and other income, net |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and eliminations1 | $ | 5,203 |  | $ | 1,796 |  | 189.7 | %
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and eliminations1 | $ | 1,056 |  | $ | 724 |  | 45.9 | %
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |
Housekeeping | $ | 26,507 |  | $ | 28,341 |  | (6.5) | %
Dietary | 15,425 |  | 14,730 |  | 4.7 | %
Corporate and eliminations | (30,040) |  | (44,466) |  | 32.4 | %
Consolidated | $ | 11,892 |  | $ | (1,395) |  | 952.5 | %

1. Prior year Housekeeping and Corporate revenues, costs of services provided and investment and other income, net were revised for the presentation of the revenue and expenses associated with our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary. Refer to Note 1—Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies herein for additional disclosure regarding the revision.
Housekeeping revenues represented approximately 49.0% of consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Dietary revenues represented approximately 51.0% of consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
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The following table sets forth the ratio which certain items bear to consolidated revenues:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |
Costs of services provided | 89.7 | % |  | 93.7 | %
Selling, general and administrative expense | 8.6 | % |  | 6.7 | %
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |
Investment and other income, net | 1.1 | % |  | 0.4 | %
Interest expense | (0.2) | % |  | (0.1) | %
Income (loss) before income taxes | 2.6 | % |  | (0.1) | %
Income tax (benefit) | 0.6 | % |  | (0.3) | %
Net income | 2.0 | % |  | 0.2 | %

Revenues
Consolidated
Consolidated revenues decreased 4.9% to $476.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $500.6 million for the corresponding period in 2018, as a result of the factors discussed below under Reportable Segments.
Reportable Segments
Housekeeping’s revenues decreased 4.9% compared to the corresponding period in 2018. This was partially driven by the Company's adjustment of its contracts with several customers during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Dietary revenues decreased 4.9% compared to the corresponding period in 2018 primarily from the adjustments to the Company's contractual relationship with Genesis Healthcare® (“Genesis”). Effective December 1, 2018, Genesis assumed responsibility for direct payment to suppliers for food purchases. HCSG will continue to manage food procurement, and as a result, maintain the same benefits of purchasing scale.
Costs of Services Provided
Consolidated
Consolidated costs of services provided decreased 8.9% to $427.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $469.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
The following table provides a comparison of key indicators we consider when managing the consolidated costs of services provided:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
Costs of Services Provided - Key Indicators as a % of Consolidated Revenue |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
Bad debt provision |  | 3.9% |  |  | 7.4% |  |  | (3.5)% |
Self-insurance costs |  | 2.4% |  |  | 2.6% |  |  | (0.2)% |

The decrease in the bad debt provision is related to our current assessment of the collectability of our accounts and notes receivable in the first quarter of 2019. The first quarter of 2018 related to corporate restructurings of two privately-held, multi-state operators. Our provision for the three months ended March 31, 2019 of $18 million was primarily related to the out-of-court restructuring of a privately held Northeast based operator.
Reportable Segments
Costs of services provided for Housekeeping, as a percentage of Housekeeping revenues, increased to 88.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 from 88.4% in the corresponding period in 2018. Costs of services provided for Dietary, as a percentage of Dietary revenues, decreased to 93.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 from 94.2% in the corresponding period in 2018.
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The following table provides a comparison of the key indicators we consider when managing costs of services provided at the segment level, as a percentage of the respective segment’s revenues:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
Costs of Services Provided - Key Indicators as a % of Segment Revenue |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
Housekeeping labor and other labor-related costs |  | 79.1% |  |  | 78.8% |  |  | 0.3% |
Housekeeping supplies |  | 7.7% |  |  | 7.9% |  |  | (0.2)% |
Dietary labor and other labor-related costs |  | 61.7% |  |  | 56.3% |  |  | 5.4% |
Dietary supplies |  | 29.6% |  |  | 35.9% |  |  | (6.3)% |

Variations within these key indicators relate to the provision of services at new facilities and changes in the mix of clients for whom we provide supplies or do not provide supplies. Management focuses on building efficiencies and managing labor and other costs at the facility level, as well as managing supply chain costs, for new and existing facilities. The reduction in dietary supplies cost was primarily a result of a modification of our contractual relationship with Genesis, which was effective December 1, 2018 and whereby Genesis assumed responsibility for direct payment to suppliers for food purchases.
Consolidated Selling, General and Administrative Expense
Included in selling, general and administrative expense are gains and losses associated with changes in the value of investments under the deferred compensation plan. These investments represent the amounts held on behalf of the participating employees and changes in the value of these investments affect the amount of our deferred compensation liability. Gains on the plan investments during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 increased our total selling, general and administrative expense for these periods.
Excluding the change in the deferred compensation plan described above, consolidated selling, general and administrative expense increased $4.1 million or 12.3%, to 7.9% of consolidated revenues, for three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding period in 2018. The increase was primarily a result of increased legal and other professional fees incurred during the first quarter of 2019 in connection with the Company's internal investigation related to the Securities and Exchange Commission's inquiry regarding the Company's earnings per share calculation practices.
The table below summarizes the changes in these components of selling, general and administrative expense:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expense excluding change in deferred compensation liability | $ | 37,683 |  | $ | 33,546 |  | $ | 4,137 |  | 12.3 | %
Gain on deferred compensation plan investments | 3,418 |  | 231 |  | 3,187 |  | 1,379.7 | %
Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 41,101 |  | $ | 33,777 |  | $ | 7,324 |  | 21.7 | %

Consolidated Investment and Other Income, net
Investment and other income increased 189.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding 2018 period, primarily due to favorable market fluctuations in the value of our trading security investments representing the funding for our deferred compensation plan. Realized gains and losses on our available-for-sale municipal bonds also impacted consolidated investment income. Refer to Note 1—Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies herein for additional disclosure regarding the reclassification.
Consolidated Interest Expense
Consolidated interest expense increased 45.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding 2018 period, due to an increase in the Company's interest rate under its $475 million bank line of credit compared to the Company's previous credit agreement which expired during the fourth quarter of 2018.
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Consolidated Income Taxes
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recognized a provision for income taxes of $2.7 million versus an income tax benefit of $1.5 million for the same period in 2018.
The actual annual effective tax rate will be impacted by the tax effects of option exercises or vested awards, which are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur, and therefore cannot be considered in the calculation of the estimated annual effective tax rate. The impact on our income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2019 for such discrete items was approximately $0.1 million.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash generated through operations is our primary source of liquidity. At March 31, 2019, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $106.9 million and working capital of $349.5 million, compared to December 31, 2018 cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $102.4 million and working capital of $344.7 million. Our current ratio was 3.0 to 1 at March 31, 2019 versus 3.1 to 1 at December 31, 2018.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, our cash flows were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands) |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 17,577 |  | $ | 23,931
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (2,010) |  | $ | (4,202)
Net cash used in financing activities | $ | (13,230) |  | $ | (18,797)

Operating Activities
Our primary sources of cash from operating activities are the revenues generated from our Housekeeping and Dietary services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are the funding of our payroll and other personnel-related costs, as well as the costs of supplies used in providing our services. The timing of cash receipts and cash payments are the primary drivers of the period-over-period changes in net cash provided by operating activities.
Investing Activities
Our principal uses of cash for investing activities are the purchases of marketable securities and capital expenditures such as those for housekeeping and food service equipment, computer software and equipment, and furniture and fixtures (see “Capital Expenditures” below for additional information). Such uses of cash are partially offset by proceeds from sales of marketable securities.
Our investments in marketable securities are primarily comprised of tax-exempt municipal bonds and are intended to achieve our goal of preserving principal, maintaining adequate liquidity and maximizing returns subject to our investment guidelines. Our investment policy limits investment to certain types of instruments issued by institutions primarily with investment-grade ratings and places restrictions on concentration by type and issuer.
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Financing Activities
The primary use of cash for financing activities is the payment of dividends. We have paid regular quarterly cash dividends since the second quarter of 2003. During 2019, we paid regular quarterly cash dividends to shareholders totaling $14.6 million as follows:

| Quarter Ended
| March 31, 2019
| (amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Cash dividend paid per common share | $ | 0.19625
Total cash dividends paid | $ | 14,588
Record date | February 15, 2019
Payment date | March 22, 2019

The dividends paid to shareholders during the three months ended March 31, 2019 were funded by cash generated from operations. Our Board of Directors reviews our dividend policy on a quarterly basis. Although there can be no assurance that we will continue to pay dividends or regarding the amount of future dividend payments, we expect to continue to pay a regular quarterly cash dividend.
The primary source of cash from financing activities is the net borrowings under our bank line of credit. We borrow for general corporate purposes as needed throughout the year. The outstanding short-term borrowings balance as of March 31, 2019 relates to cash flow requirements due to the timing of cash receipts and cash payments. Another source of cash from financing activities are the proceeds from the exercise of stock options by employees and directors. In connection with the establishment of our dividend policy, we adopted a Dividend Reinvestment Plan in 2003.
We remain authorized to repurchase 1.7 million shares of our Common Stock pursuant to previous Board of Directors’ authorization. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, we repurchased our Common Stock as part of the dividend reinvestment related to treasury shares held within the Deferred Compensation Plan. The number of shares and value of shares repurchased were immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Line of Credit
At March 31, 2019, we had a $475 million bank line of credit on which to draw for general corporate purposes. Amounts drawn under the line of credit are payable upon demand and generally bear interest at a floating rate, based on our leverage ratio, and starting at LIBOR plus 115 basis points (or if LIBOR becomes unavailable, the higher of the Overnight Bank Funding Rate, plus 50 basis points and the Prime Rate). At March 31, 2019, there were $30.0 million in borrowings under the line of credit.
The line of credit requires us to satisfy two financial covenants. The covenants and their respective status at March 31, 2019 were as follows:

Covenant Descriptions and Requirements |  | As of March 31, 2019
Funded debt 1 to EBITDA 2 ratio: less than 3.50 to 1.00 |  | 0.49
EBITDA to Interest Expense ratio: not less than 3.00 to 1.00 |  | 38.55

1. All indebtedness for borrowed money including, but not limited to, capitalized lease obligations, reimbursement obligations in respect of letters of credit and guarantees of any such indebtedness.
2. Net income plus interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation, amortization, stock compensation expense and extraordinary non-recurring losses/gains.
As noted above, we were in compliance with our financial covenants at March 31, 2019 and we expect to remain in compliance. The line of credit expires on December 21, 2023.
At March 31, 2019, we also had outstanding $62.7 million in irrevocable standby letters of credit, which relate to payment obligations under our insurance programs.
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Accounts and Notes Receivable
Decisions to grant or to extend credit to customers are made on a case-by-case basis and based on a number of qualitative and quantitative factors related to the particular client as well as the general risks associated with operating within the healthcare industry.
Fluctuations in net accounts and notes receivable are attributable to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the timing of cash receipts from customers, the Company’s assessment of collectability and corresponding provision for bad debt expense and the inception, transition or termination of client relationships.
We deploy significant resources and have invested in tools and processes to optimize our credit and collections efforts. When appropriate, we utilize interest-bearing promissory notes as an alternative to accounts receivable to further enhance the collectability of amounts due by memorializing the amount and related payment schedule as well as securing additional business protections and guarantees.
Summarized below are the balances in our allowance for doubtful accounts, along with the provision for bad debts and net write-offs for each quarter for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The aggregate client account balances to which the reserve balances relate totaled $115.7 million and $133.8 million as of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, respectively.

| Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
| (in thousands)
Balance December 31, 2018 | $ | 57,209
Provision for bad debts | 18,470
Net write-offs of client accounts receivable | (7,049)
Balance March 31, 2019 | $ | 68,630

We evaluate our notes receivable for impairment quarterly and on an individual client basis. Notes receivable are generally evaluated for impairment when the respective clients are in bankruptcy, are subject to collections activity or are slow payers that are experiencing financial difficulties. In the event that the evaluation results in a determination that a note receivable is impaired, it is valued at the present value of expected future cash flows or at the market value of related collateral.
A summary schedule of our impaired notes receivable, net of interest, and the related reserve of such notes, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is as follows:

| Balance December 31, 2018 |  | Additions |  | Deductions |  | Balance March 31, 2019
| (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired notes receivable | $ | 25,704 |  | $ | 3,726 |  | $ | (527) |  | $ | 28,903
Reserve for impaired notes receivable | $ | 13,472 |  | $ | 2,546 |  | $ | (497) |  | $ | 15,521

Capital Expenditures
The level of capital expenditures is generally dependent on the number of new clients obtained. Such capital expenditures primarily consist of housekeeping and food service equipment purchases, laundry and linen equipment installations, computer hardware and software, and furniture and fixtures. Although we have no specific material commitments for capital expenditures through the end of calendar year 2019, we estimate that for 2019 we will have capital expenditures of approximately $5.0 million to $7.0 million. We believe that our cash from operations, existing cash and cash equivalents balance and credit line will be adequate for the foreseeable future to satisfy the needs of our operations and to fund our anticipated growth. However, should these sources not be sufficient, we would seek to obtain necessary capital from such sources as long-term debt or equity financing.
Material Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements, other than our irrevocable standby letter of credit previously discussed.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018. As described in such notes, we recognize revenue in the period in which the performance obligation is satisfied. Refer to our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2019.
In preparing our financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that, among other things, affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are most significant where they involve levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or matters susceptible to change, and where they can have a material impact on our financial condition and operating performance. If actual results were to differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected.
Critical accounting estimates and the related assumptions are evaluated periodically as conditions warrant, and changes to such estimates are recorded as new information or changed conditions require.
New Accounting Standard Updates
See Note 1—Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies herein to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a full description of recent accounting standard updates, including the expected dates of adoption.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
At March 31, 2019, we had $106.9 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The fair values of all of our cash equivalents and marketable securities are determined based on “Level 1” or “Level 2” inputs, which are based upon quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. We place our cash investments in instruments that meet credit quality standards, as specified in our investment policy guidelines.
Investments in both fixed-rate and floating-rate investments carry a degree of interest rate risk. The market value of fixed rate securities may be adversely impacted by an increase in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates or if there is a decline in the fair value of our investments.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are intended to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), such as this Form 10-Q, is reported in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission rules. Disclosure controls are also intended to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to Management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on their evaluation as of March 31, 2019, pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), our Management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believe our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act 13a-15(e)) are effective.
Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
During the first quarter of 2019, the Company implemented a new Enterprise Resource Planning system ("ERP"). As a result of this implementation, the Company modified certain existing internal controls as well as implemented new controls and procedures related to the new ERP. The Company continued to evaluate the design and operating effectiveness of these internal controls during the first quarter of 2019.
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Except with respect to the continued implementation of the ERP, there were no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company continues to review its disclosure controls and procedures, including its internal control over financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that the Company’s systems evolve with its business.
Certifications
Certifications of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer regarding, among other items, disclosure controls and procedures are included as exhibits to this Form 10-Q.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
In the normal course of business, the Company is involved in various administrative and legal proceedings, including labor and employment, contracts, personal injury, and insurance matters.
As previously disclosed, the SEC is conducting an investigation into our EPS calculation practices. Following receipt of a letter from the SEC in November 2017 regarding its inquiry into those practices followed by a subpoena in March 2018, we authorized our outside counsel to conduct an internal investigation, under the direction of the Company’s Audit Committee, into matters related to the SEC subpoena. This investigation was completed in March 2019 and we continue to cooperate with the SEC’s investigation.
On March 22, 2019, a putative shareholder class action lawsuit was filed against the Company and our Chief Executive Officer in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The complaint, which was filed by a plaintiff purportedly on behalf of all purchasers of our securities between April 11, 2017 and March 4, 2019, alleges violations of the federal securities laws in connection with the matters related to our EPS calculation practices. The plaintiffs seek unspecified monetary damages and other relief.
While the Company is vigorously defending against all litigation claims asserted, this litigation—along with the ongoing SEC investigation—could result in substantial costs to the Company and a diversion of the Company’s management’s attention and resources, which could harm its business. In addition, the uncertainty of the pending lawsuit or potential filing of additional lawsuits could lead to more volatility and a reduction in the Company’s stock price. Given the early stage of the litigation, at this time the Company is unable to reasonably estimate possible losses or form a judgment that an unfavorable outcome is either probable or remote.
In light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, the ultimate outcome of a particular matter could become material to the Company’s results of operations for a particular period depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of the Company’s operating income for that period.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The SEC’s investigation into our earnings per share (“EPS”) calculation practices could result in potential sanctions or penalties, distraction to our management and result in further litigation from third parties, each of which could adversely affect or cause variability in our financial results.
Beginning in November 2017, the Company has been in dialogue with the SEC regarding EPS calculation, rounding and reporting practices and in March 2018 we learned that the SEC had opened a formal investigation into these matters. In response to the SEC’s investigation, during the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company authorized its outside counsel to conduct an internal investigation, under the direction of the Company’s Audit Committee regarding these matters. The internal investigation was completed in March 2019 and prior to the filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Notwithstanding the completion of the internal investigation, the SEC’s investigation is ongoing and there can be no assurance that the SEC or another regulatory body will not make further regulatory inquiries or pursue further action that could result in significant costs and expenses including potential sanctions or penalties as well as distraction to management. The ongoing SEC investigation and/or any related litigation could adversely affect or cause variability in our financial results.
On March 22, 2019, a putative shareholder class action lawsuit alleging violations of the federal securities laws was filed against the Company and our Chief Executive Officer in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in connection with the matters related to the SEC investigation. Please refer to “Item 1. Legal Proceedings” and “Note 15—Other Contingencies ” to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for more information. We cannot predict the outcome of the lawsuit, the magnitude of any potential losses or the effect such litigation may have on us or our operations. Regardless of the outcome, lawsuits and investigations involving us, or our current or former officers and directors, could result in significant expenses and divert attention and resources of our management and other key employees. We could be required to pay damages or other penalties or have injunctions or other equitable remedies imposed against us or our current or former directors and officers including any obligation to indemnify our current and former directors and officers in connection with lawsuits, governmental investigations and related litigation or settlement amounts. Such amounts could exceed the coverage provided under our insurance policies. Any of these factors could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of
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operations or cash flows. In addition, the Company may be subject to further litigation from third parties related to the matters under review by the SEC.
There have been no other material changes in the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
Not applicable.
Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed as part of this Report:

Exhibit Number |  | Description
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
32.1 |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
101 |  | The following financial information from the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019 formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (iv) Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Table of Contents
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant had duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | HEALTHCARE SERVICES GROUP, INC.
Date: | May 3, 2019 |  | /s/ Theodore Wahl
|  |  | Theodore Wahl
|  |  | President & Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | May 3, 2019 |  | /s/ John C. Shea
|  |  | John C. Shea
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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