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Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies | Note 1 — Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Operations Healthcare Services Group, Inc. (the “Company”) provides management, administrative and operating expertise and services to the housekeeping, laundry, linen, facility maintenance and dietary service departments of the healthcare industry, including nursing homes, retirement complexes, rehabilitation centers and hospitals located throughout the United States. Although the Company does not directly participate in any government reimbursement programs, the Company’s customers receive government reimbursements related to Medicare and Medicaid. Therefore, they are directly affected by any legislation relating to Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement programs. The Company provides services primarily pursuant to full service agreements with its customers. In such agreements, the Company is responsible for the day-to-day management of employees located at the customers’ facilities, as well as for the provision of certain supplies. The Company also provides services on the basis of management-only agreements for a limited number of customers. In a management-only agreement, the Company provides management and supervisory services while the customer facility retains payroll responsibility for the non-supervisory staff. The agreements with customers typically provide for a renewable one year service term, cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice after an initial period of 60 to 120 days. The Company is organized into two reportable segments: housekeeping, laundry, linen and other services (“Housekeeping”), and dietary department services (“Dietary”). Housekeeping consists of managing the customers’ housekeeping departments, which are principally responsible for the cleaning, disinfecting and sanitizing of resident rooms and common areas of a customer’s facility, as well as the laundering and processing of the bed linens, uniforms, resident personal clothing and other assorted linen items utilized at a customer facility. Dietary consists of managing the customers’ dietary departments, which are principally responsible for food purchasing, meal preparation and dietitian professional services, which includes the development of menus that meet residents’ dietary needs. Principles of Consolidation The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and with the rules and regulations of the SEC, specifically Regulation S-X and the instructions to Form 10-K. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to years are to the Company's fiscal year, which ends on December 31. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Healthcare Services Group, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates in Financial Statements In preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, estimates and assumptions are made that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates are used in determining, but are not limited to, the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts, accrued insurance claims, valuations, deferred taxes and reviews for potential impairment. The estimates are based upon various factors including current and historical trends, as well as other pertinent industry and regulatory authority information, including the potential future effects of COVID-19. Management regularly evaluates this information to determine if it is necessary to update the basis for its estimates and to adjust for known changes. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company determines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) and minimize the use of unobservable inputs (Level 3) within the fair value hierarchy. Assets and liabilities are classified within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level (least observable) input that is significant to the measurement in its entirety. While unobservable inputs reflect the Company's market assumptions, preference is given to observable inputs. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy: Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets; Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable; and Level 3 – Significant inputs to the valuation model are unobservable The Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of marketable securities and the deferred compensation fund investments. Other financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable (including income taxes payable and accrued expenses) and borrowings under the Company’s line of credit are short-term in nature, and therefore the carrying value of these instruments are deemed to approximate their fair value. See Note 6 — Fair Value Measurements for the fair value hierarchy table and for details on the measurement of fair value for assets and liabilities. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are held in U.S. financial institutions or in custodial accounts with U.S. financial institutions. Cash equivalents are defined as short-term, highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at time of purchase that are readily convertible into cash and have insignificant interest rate risk. The Company currently has bank deposits with financial institutions in the U.S. that exceed FDIC insurance limits. Investments in Marketable Securities Marketable securities are defined as fixed income investments which are highly liquid and can be readily purchased or sold through established markets. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had marketable securities of $125.0 million and $90.7 million, respectively, comprised primarily of tax-exempt municipal bonds. These investments are accounted for as available-for-sale securities and are reported at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $2.6 million and $2.8 million of unrealized gains related to these investments were recorded in other comprehensive income, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $0.8 million of unrealized losses related to these marketable securities were recorded in other comprehensive income. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded net of income taxes. These assets are available for future needs under the Company’s self-insurance programs and are held by the Company's wholly-owned captive subsidiary as required by state insurance regulations. The Company’s investment policy is intended to manage the assets to achieve the goals of preserving principal, maintaining adequate liquidity at all times, and maximizing returns subject to investment guidelines. The investment policy limits investment to certain types of instruments issued by institutions primarily with investment grade credit ratings and places restrictions on concentration by type and issuer. The Company periodically reviews the investments in marketable securities for credit impairment when an investment's fair value declines below the amortized cost basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. As of December 31, 2020, management believes that the recorded value of the Company’s investments in marketable securities was recoverable in all material respects. See Note 6 — Fair Value Measurements for credit impairment considerations. Accounts and Notes Receivable Accounts and notes receivable consist of Housekeeping and Dietary segment trade receivables from contracts with customers. The Company’s payment terms with customers for services provided are defined within each customer’s service agreement. All accounts receivables are considered short term assets as the Company does not grant payment terms greater than one year. Accounts receivable initially are recorded at the transaction amount, and are recorded after the Company has an unconditional right to payment where only the passage of time is required before payment is received. Each reporting period, the Company evaluates the collectability of outstanding receivable balances and records an allowance for doubtful accounts representing an estimate of future expected credit loss. Additions to the allowance for doubtful accounts are made by recording a charge to bad debt expense reported in costs of services provided. Notes receivable are initially recorded when accounts receivable are transferred into a promissory note and are recorded as an alternative to accounts receivable to memorialize an unqualified promise to pay a specific sum, typically with interest, in accordance with a defined payment schedule. The Company’s payment terms with customers on promissory notes can vary based on several factors and the circumstances of each promissory note, however typically promissory notes mature over a 1 to 3 year period. Similar to accounts receivable, each reporting period the Company evaluates the collectability of outstanding notes receivable balances and records an allowance for doubtful accounts representing an estimate of future expected credit losses. Refer to Note 7 — Accounts and Notes Receivable herein for further information. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The guidance under the FASB Accounting Standards Codification subtopic 326 Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASC 326") became effective and was adopted by the Company prospectively as of January 1, 2020. In adopting ASC 326, the Company replaced its previous incurred loss impairment model for estimating credit losses on accounts and notes receivables for its reporting of quarterly and annual financial results with an expected loss model prepared in accordance with ASC 326. While the incurred loss impairment model had the Company recognize credit losses when it was probable that a loss had been incurred, ASC 326 requires the Company to estimate the lifetime expected credit losses on such instruments and to record an allowance to offset the receivables. ASC 326 requires the recognition of credit losses that are expected based on existing accounts and notes receivable as compared to the incurred loss approach. Accordingly, credit losses under ASC 326 generally are recognized earlier in the life cycle of a receivable than under the Company’s previous incurred loss model. Modeling must be prepared after considering historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. Under the previous incurred loss impairment model, credit losses were recognized when Management determined that it was more likely than not that a loss had been incurred and such loss was estimable. Refer to Note 8 — Allowance for Doubtful Accounts herein for further information. The cumulative effect of initially applying the new ASC 326 guidance to the consolidated financial statements on January 1, 2020 was as follows:
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position |  | December 31, 2019 |  | Cumulative Impact from Adopting ASC 326 Guidance |  | January 1, 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term accounts and notes receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 340,930 |  |  | $ | (41,100) |  |  | $ | 299,830 |
Notes receivable – long–term portion, less allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 46,992 |  |  | $ | (1,136) |  |  | $ | 45,856 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts on short-term accounts and notes receivables |  | $ | (45,726) |  |  | $ | (41,100) |  |  | $ | (86,826) |
Allowance for doubtful accounts on long-term notes receivables |  | $ | (6,667) |  |  | $ | (1,136) |  |  | $ | (7,803) |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | $ | 20,364 |  |  | $ | 10,137 |  |  | $ | 30,501 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Retained earnings |  | $ | 195,455 |  |  | $ | (32,099) |  |  | $ | 163,356 |
Inventories and Supplies Inventories and supplies include housekeeping, linen and laundry supplies, as well as food provisions and supplies. Non-linen inventories and supplies are stated on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis, and reduced as deemed necessary to approximate the lower of cost or net realizable value. Linen supplies are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life of 24 months. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when or as the promised goods and services are provided to customers. Revenues are reported net of sales taxes that are collected from customers and remitted to taxing authorities. The amount of revenue recognized by the Company is based on the consideration to which the Company is entitled in exchange for providing the contracted goods and services. Refer to Note 2 — Revenue herein for further information. Leases The guidance under FASB Accounting Standards Codification subtopic ASC 842 Leases (“ASC 842”) became effective and was adopted by the Company as of January 1, 2019, by applying a modified retrospective transition approach which resulted in the capitalization of the Company’s existing operating leases as of January 1, 2019. As such, the Company records assets and liabilities on the balance sheet to recognize the rights and obligations arising from leasing arrangements with contractual terms greater than 12 months, as permitted by U.S. GAAP. A leasing arrangement includes any contract which entitles the Company to the right of use of an identified tangible asset where there are no restrictions as to the direct of use of the asset, and the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from the right of use. As of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company was only the lessee of operating lease arrangements. ASC 842 provided several optional practical expedients for use in transition. The Company elected to use what the FASB deemed the "package of practical expedients," which allowed the Company to not reassess previous conclusions on lease identification, lease classification and the accounting treatment for initial direct costs. The Company did not recognize an opening adjustment to retained earnings as a result of the adoption of ASC 842, and prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previous guidance. Refer to Note 9 — Lease Commitments herein for further information. Property and Equipment Property and equipment, with the exception of those pertaining to leases, are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Additions, renewals and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repair costs are expensed when incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in income. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: Housekeeping and Dietary equipment — 5 to 7 years; computer hardware and software — 3 to 7 years; and other, consisting of furniture and fixtures, leasehold improvements and vehicles — 5 to 10 years. Depreciation expense on property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $10.1 million, $9.7 million and $4.9 million, respectively. Income Taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, income tax expense or benefits are recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current period. The Company accrues for probable tax obligations as required, based on facts and circumstances in various regulatory environments. In addition, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. When appropriate, valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts for which realization is more likely than not. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are more fully described in Note 13 — Income Taxes. Uncertain income tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns are reflected within the Company’s financial statements based on a recognition and measurement process. The Company may from time to time be assessed interest or penalties by taxing jurisdictions, although any such assessments historically have been minimal and immaterial to its financial results. When the Company has received an assessment for interest and/or penalties, it will be classified in the financial statements as selling, general and administrative expense. In addition, any interest or penalties relating to recognized uncertain tax positions would also be recorded in selling, general and administrative expense. Earnings per Common Share Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and dilutive common shares, such as those issuable upon exercise of stock options and upon the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units. Share-Based Compensation The Company estimates the fair value of share-based awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model for stock options and using the share price on the date of grant for restricted stock and restricted stock units. The value of the award is recognized ratably as an expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income over the requisite service periods, with adjustments made for forfeitures as they occur. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed when incurred. Advertising costs were not material for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The carrying amounts of long-lived assets are periodically reviewed to determine whether current events or circumstances warrant adjustment to such carrying amounts. Any impairment would be measured as the amount that the carrying value of such assets exceeds their fair value, primarily based on estimated undiscounted cash flows. Considerable management judgment is necessary to estimate the fair value of assets. Assets to be disposed of are carried at the lower of their financial statement carrying amount or fair value, less cost to sell. Identifiable Intangible Assets and Goodwill Identifiable intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective lives. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets of acquired businesses. Management reviews the carrying value of goodwill annually during the fourth quarter to assess for impairment, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may exceed its estimated fair value. No impairment loss was recognized on the Company's intangible assets or goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 or 2018. In 2018, the Company adopted the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 no longer requires the Company to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure impairment, eliminating "Step 2" of the goodwill impairment test. Instead, impairment is measured using the difference of the carrying amount to the fair value of goodwill on a reporting unit basis. Additionally in 2018, the Company adopted the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software ("ASU 2018-15"). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). The results of applying ASU 2018-15 were insignificant and did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. The capitalized implementation costs incurred from adopting ASU 2018-15 are recorded in the prepaid expenses and other assets caption in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Treasury Stock Treasury stock purchases are accounted for under the cost method whereby the entire cost of the acquired stock is recorded as treasury stock. Gains or losses on the subsequent reissuance of shares are credited or charged to additional paid-in capital. Concentrations of Credit Risk The Company’s financial instruments that are subject to credit risk are cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, deferred compensation funding and accounts and notes receivable. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, substantially all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities were held in one large financial institution located in the United States. The Company’s marketable securities are fixed income investments which are highly liquid and can be readily purchased or sold through established markets. The Company’s customers are concentrated in the healthcare industry and are primarily providers of long-term care. The revenues of many of the Company’s customers are highly reliant on Medicare, Medicaid and third party payors’ reimbursement funding rates. New legislation or changes in existing regulations could directly impact the governmental reimbursement programs in which the customers participate. As a result, the Company may not realize the full effects of such programs until these laws are fully implemented and governmental agencies issue applicable regulations or guidance. Significant Customers For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, Genesis accounted for $258.7 million or 14.7%, $287.8 million or 15.6% and $386.7 million or 19.3% of the Company's consolidated revenues, respectively. On August 10, 2020 as part of Genesis' earnings release, Genesis disclosed significant doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Since such announcement, the Company's collection activity from Genesis has been largely unaffected with the Company closely monitoring such Genesis accounts. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had outstanding accounts receivable and notes receivable of $22.5 million and $21.3 million, respectively, from Genesis. Although the Company expects to continue its relationship with Genesis, there can be no assurance thereof. The loss of such customer, or a significant reduction in the revenues the Company receives from such customer, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. In addition, if Genesis fails to abide by current payments terms, it could increase the Company’s accounts receivables balance and have a material adverse effect on the Company’s cash flows. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Other than the adoption of FASB ASC 326, as discussed within Note 8 — Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, there have been no new accounting pronouncements that have significance, or potential significance, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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