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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q
(Mark One)

| ☑ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024
OR

| ☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 0-12015

HEALTHCARE SERVICES GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania |  | 23-2018365
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3220 Tillman Drive, Suite 300, Bensalem, Pennsylvania
(Address of principal executive office)
19020
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(215) 639-4274
Former name, former address and former ﬁscal year, if changed since last report:
Not Applicable
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | HCSG | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | þ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  |  |
| Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No þ
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. Common Stock, $0.01 par value: 73,646,450 shares outstanding as of April 24, 2024.

Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Period Ended March 31, 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 1
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 27
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 33
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 33
PART II
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 35
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 35
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 35
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 35
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 35
Item 5. | Other Information | 35
Item 6. | Exhibits | 36
SIGNATURES | 37

Table of Contents
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report and documents incorporated by reference into it may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws, which are not historical facts but rather are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our business and industry, and our beliefs and assumptions. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “estimates,” “will,” “goal,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The inclusion of forward-looking statements should not be regarded as a representation by us that any of our plans will be achieved. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Such forward-looking information is also subject to various risks and uncertainties. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, risks arising from our providing services to the healthcare industry and primarily providers of long-term care; the impact of and future effects of the COVID-19 pandemic or other potential pandemics; having a significant portion of our consolidated revenues contributed by one customer during the three months ended March 31, 2024; credit and collection risks associated with the healthcare industry; the impact of bank failures; our claims experience related to workers’ compensation and general liability insurance (including any litigation claims, enforcement actions, regulatory actions and investigations arising from personal injury and loss of life related to COVID-19); the effects of changes in, or interpretations of laws and regulations governing the healthcare industry, our workforce and services provided, including state and local regulations pertaining to the taxability of our services and other labor-related matters such as minimum wage increases; the Company’s expectations with respect to selling, general, and administrative expense; and the risk factors described in Part I of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 under “Government Regulation of Customers,” “Service Agreements and Collections,” and “Competition” and under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in such Form 10-K.
These factors, in addition to delays in payments from customers and/or customers in bankruptcy, have resulted in, and could continue to result in, significant additional bad debts in the near future. Additionally, our operating results would be adversely affected by continued inflation particularly if increases in the costs of labor and labor-related costs, materials, supplies and equipment used in performing services (including the impact of potential tariffs and COVID-19) cannot be passed on to our customers.
In addition, we believe that to improve our financial performance we must continue to obtain service agreements with new customers, retain and provide new services to existing customers, achieve modest price increases on current service agreements with existing customers and/or maintain internal cost reduction strategies at our various operational levels. Furthermore, we believe that our ability to sustain the internal development of managerial personnel is an important factor impacting future operating results and the successful execution of our projected growth strategies. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in that regard.

Table of Contents
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
ASSETS: | (unaudited) |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 29,288 |  |  | $ | 54,330 |
Restricted cash equivalents | 24,695 |  |  | — |
Marketable securities, at fair value | 75,618 |  |  | 93,131 |
Accounts and notes receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $91,868 and $87,250 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 407,140 |  |  | 383,509 |
Inventories and supplies | 18,042 |  |  | 18,479 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 25,631 |  |  | 22,247 |
Total current assets | 580,414 |  |  | 571,696 |
Property and equipment, net | 29,190 |  |  | 28,774 |
Goodwill | 75,529 |  |  | 75,529 |
Other intangible assets, less accumulated amortization of $37,228 and $36,557 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 11,456 |  |  | 12,127 |
Notes receivable — long–term portion, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $3,720 and $4,449 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 23,287 |  |  | 24,832 |
Deferred compensation funding, at fair value | 44,269 |  |  | 40,812 |
Deferred tax assets | 35,434 |  |  | 35,226 |
Other long-term assets | 4,301 |  |  | 1,656 |
Total assets | $ | 803,880 |  |  | $ | 790,652 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 72,916 |  |  | $ | 83,224 |
Accrued payroll and related taxes | 38,338 |  |  | 56,142 |
Other accrued expenses and current liabilities | 21,931 |  |  | 21,179 |
Borrowings under line of credit | 40,000 |  |  | 25,000 |
Income taxes payable | 11,759 |  |  | 7,201 |
Deferred compensation liability — short-term | 1,293 |  |  | 1,501 |
Accrued insurance claims | 23,138 |  |  | 22,681 |
Total current liabilities | 209,375 |  |  | 216,928 |
Accrued insurance claims — long-term | 62,796 |  |  | 61,697 |
Deferred compensation liability — long-term | 44,271 |  |  | 41,186 |
Lease liability — long-term | 10,590 |  |  | 11,235 |
Other long-term liabilities | 2,267 |  |  | 2,990 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 76,533 and 76,329 shares issued, and 73,646 and 73,341 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 765 |  |  | 763 |
Additional paid-in capital | 312,080 |  |  | 310,436 |
Retained earnings | 200,381 |  |  | 185,010 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | (2,172) |  |  | (1,844) |
Common stock in treasury, at cost, 2,887 and 2,988 shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | (36,473) |  |  | (37,749) |
Total stockholders’ equity | $ | 474,581 |  |  | $ | 456,616 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 803,880 |  |  | $ | 790,652 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(in thousands, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 423,433 |  |  | $ | 417,230 |  |  |  |  |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of services provided | 358,911 |  |  | 362,379 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expense | 46,911 |  |  | 40,047 |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment and other income, net | 5,699 |  |  | 3,102 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (1,996) |  |  | (1,751) |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 21,314 |  |  | 16,155 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax provision | 6,005 |  |  | 4,484 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 15,309 |  |  | $ | 11,671 |  |  |  |  |
Per share data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 73,926 |  |  | 74,497 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | 74,055 |  |  | 74,518 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 15,309 |  |  | $ | 11,671 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of taxes | (328) |  |  | 1,207 |  |  |  |  |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 14,981 |  |  | $ | 12,878 |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands) (Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 15,309 |  |  | $ | 11,671 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 3,531 |  |  | 3,720 |
Bad debt provision |  | 4,921 |  |  | 6,907 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (121) |  |  | 43 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 2,484 |  |  | 2,058 |
Amortization of premium on marketable securities |  | 459 |  |  | 533 |
Unrealized gain on deferred compensation fund investments |  | (4,110) |  |  | (1,502) |
Changes in other long-term liabilities |  | 1,308 |  |  | 336 |
Net loss on disposals of property and equipment |  | 180 |  |  | 128 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts and notes receivable |  | (27,007) |  |  | (20,633) |
Inventories and supplies |  | 438 |  |  | 935 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 3,350 |  |  | 4,076 |
Deferred compensation funding |  | 653 |  |  | 683 |
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses |  | (13,493) |  |  | (6,422) |
Accrued payroll, accrued and withheld payroll taxes |  | (16,815) |  |  | (19,766) |
Income taxes payable |  | (2,070) |  |  | (2,136) |
Accrued insurance claims |  | 1,556 |  |  | 2,366 |
Deferred compensation liability |  | 3,394 |  |  | 713 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | (26,033) |  |  | (16,290) |
Cash flows from (used in) investing activities: |  |  |  |
Disposals of property and equipment |  | 25 |  |  | 57 |
Additions to property and equipment |  | (2,198) |  |  | (1,010) |
Acquisition of equity method investment |  | (2,750) |  |  | — |
Sales of marketable securities |  | 16,639 |  |  | 210 |
Net cash from (used in) investing activities |  | 11,716 |  |  | (743) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Purchases of treasury stock |  | — |  |  | (2,223) |
Proceeds from short-term borrowings |  | 15,000 |  |  | 10,000 |
Payments of statutory withholding on net issuance of restricted stock units |  | (1,030) |  |  | (870) |
Net cash from financing activities |  | 13,970 |  |  | 6,907 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents |  | (347) |  |  | (10,126) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of the period |  | 54,330 |  |  | 26,279 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents at end of the period |  | $ | 53,983 |  |  | $ | 16,153 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands) (Unaudited)

| For the three months ended March 31, 2024
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of taxes |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2023 | 76,329 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | 310,436 |  |  | $ | (1,844) |  |  | $ | 185,010 |  |  | $ | (37,749) |  |  | $ | 456,616 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,309 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,309 |
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (328) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (328) |
Shares issued in connection with equity incentive plans, net of taxes | 204 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1,032) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,030) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,444 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,444 |
Shares issued for Deferred Compensation Plan, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 448 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | 519 |
Shares issued for Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | (216) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,205 |  |  | 989 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | 76,533 |  |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 312,080 |  |  | $ | (2,172) |  |  | $ | 200,381 |  |  | $ | (36,473) |  |  | $ | 474,581 |

| For the three months ended March 31, 2023
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Gain, net of taxes |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | 76,161 |  |  | $ | 762 |  |  | $ | 302,304 |  |  | $ | (3,477) |  |  | $ | 146,602 |  |  | $ | (27,912) |  |  | $ | 418,279 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,671 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,671 |
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,207 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,207 |
Shares issued in connection with equity incentive plans, net of taxes | 167 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (871) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (870) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,973 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,973 |
Purchases of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,223) |  |  | (2,223) |
Shares issued for Deferred Compensation Plan, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 307 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |  |  | 475 |
Shares issued for Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | (139) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,274 |  |  | 1,135 |
Other | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | 76,329 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | 303,582 |  |  | $ | (2,270) |  |  | $ | 158,284 |  |  | $ | (28,693) |  |  | $ | 431,666 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Healthcare Services Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
Note 1—Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations
Healthcare Services Group, Inc. (the “Company”) provides management, administrative and operating expertise and services to the housekeeping, laundry, linen, facility maintenance and dietary service departments predominantly to clients within the healthcare industry, including nursing homes, retirement complexes, rehabilitation centers and hospitals located throughout the United States. Although the Company does not directly participate in any government reimbursement programs, the Company’s customers receive government reimbursements related to Medicare and Medicaid. Therefore, the Company’s customers are directly affected by any legislation relating to Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement programs.
The Company provides services primarily pursuant to full service agreements with its customers. In such agreements, the Company is responsible for the day-to-day management of its employees located at the customers’ facilities, as well as for the provision of certain supplies. The Company also provides services on the basis of management-only agreements for a limited number of customers. In a management-only agreement, the Company provides management and supervisory services while the customer facility retains payroll responsibility for the non-supervisory staff. The agreements with customers typically provide for a renewable one year service term, cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice after an initial period of 60 to 120 days.
The Company is organized into two reportable segments: housekeeping, laundry, linen and other services (“Housekeeping”), and dietary department services (“Dietary”).
Housekeeping consists of managing the customers’ housekeeping departments, which are principally responsible for the cleaning, disinfecting and sanitizing of resident rooms and common areas of a customer’s facility, as well as the laundering and processing of the bed linens, uniforms, resident personal clothing and other assorted linen items utilized at a customer facility.
Dietary consists of managing the customers’ dietary departments, which are principally responsible for food purchasing, meal preparation and dietitian professional services, which includes the development of menus that meet residents’ dietary needs.
Unaudited Interim Financial Data
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the requirements of Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, in the Company’s opinion, all adjustments which are of a normal recurring nature and are necessary for a fair presentation have been reflected in these consolidated financial statements. The balance sheet shown in this report as of December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.
Use of Estimates in Financial Statements
In preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, estimates and assumptions are made that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates are used in determining, but are not limited to, the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts, accrued insurance claims, deferred taxes and reviews for potential impairment. The estimates are based upon various factors including current and historical trends, as well as other pertinent industry and regulatory authority information. Management regularly evaluates this information to determine if it is necessary to update the basis for its estimates and to adjust for known changes.
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Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Healthcare Services Group, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents are held in U.S. financial institutions or in custodial accounts with U.S. financial institutions. Cash equivalents are defined as short-term, highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at time of purchase that are readily convertible into cash and have insignificant interest rate risk. Restricted cash equivalents represent highly liquid investments held in a trust account as collateral for certain insurance coverages the Company obtained from a third-party insurance carrier.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the amount reported in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

| March 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2023
| (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 29,288 |  |  | $ | 16,153 |
Restricted cash equivalents 1 | 24,695 |  |  | — |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents | $ | 53,983 |  |  | $ | 16,153 |

1.On February 2, 2024, the Company entered into a Collateral Trust Agreement with the Company’s third-party insurer and a trustee whereby investments or money market funds are held in a trust account to benefit the insurer and are restricted for that purpose. Restricted cash equivalents represent funds invested in money market funds as of March 31, 2024. The trust account was set up in conjunction with a reduction in the Company’s letter of credit collateral obligation for insurance obligations.
Accounts and Notes Receivable
Accounts and notes receivable consist of Housekeeping and Dietary segment trade receivables from contracts with customers. The Company’s payment terms with customers for services provided are defined within each customer’s service agreement. Accounts receivable are considered short term assets as the Company does not grant payment terms greater than one year. Accounts receivable initially are recorded at the transaction amount and are recorded after the Company has an unconditional right to payment where only the passage of time is required before payment is received. Each reporting period, the Company evaluates the collectability of outstanding receivable balances and records an allowance for doubtful accounts representing an estimate of future expected credit loss. Additions to the allowance for doubtful accounts are made by recording a charge to bad debt expense reported in costs of services provided.
Notes receivable are initially recorded when accounts receivable are transferred into a promissory note and are recorded as an alternative to accounts receivable to memorialize an unqualified promise to pay a specific sum, typically with interest, in accordance with a defined payment schedule. The Company’s payment terms with customers on promissory notes can vary based on several factors and the circumstances of each promissory note, however most promissory notes mature over 1 to 4 years. Similar to accounts receivable, each reporting period the Company evaluates the collectability of outstanding notes receivable balances and records an allowance for doubtful accounts representing an estimate of future expected credit losses.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Management utilizes financial modeling to determine an allowance that reflects its best estimate of the lifetime expected credit losses on accounts and notes receivable which is recorded to offset the receivables. Modeling is prepared after considering historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. Accounts and notes receivables are written off when deemed uncollectible. Recoveries of receivables previously written off are recorded as a reduction of bad debt expense when received.
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Inventories and Supplies
Inventories and supplies include housekeeping, linen and laundry supplies, as well as food provisions and supplies. Non-linen inventories and supplies are stated on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis, and reduced as deemed necessary to approximate the lower of cost or net realizable value. Linen supplies are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life of 24 months.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when or as the promised goods and services are provided to customers. Revenues are reported net of sales taxes that are collected from customers and remitted to taxing authorities. The amount of revenue recognized by the Company is based on the expected value of consideration to which the Company is entitled in exchange for providing the contracted goods and services and when it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of such consideration.
Leases
The Company records assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets to recognize the rights and obligations arising from leasing arrangements with contractual terms greater than 12 months. A leasing arrangement includes any contract which entitles the Company to the right of use of an identified tangible asset where there are no restrictions as to the direction of use of the asset and the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from the right of use.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, income tax expense or benefits are recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current period. The Company accrues for probable tax obligations as required based on facts and circumstances in various regulatory environments. In addition, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. When appropriate, valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts for which realization is more likely than not.
Uncertain income tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns are reflected within the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on a recognition and measurement process.
Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and dilutive common shares, such as those issuable upon exercise of stock awards.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company estimates the fair value of share-based awards on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes valuation model for stock options, using a Monte Carlo simulation for performance restricted stock units, and using the share price on the date of grant for restricted stock units and deferred stock units. The value of the award is recognized ratably as an expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income over the requisite service periods with adjustments made for forfeitures as they occur.
Identifiable Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Identifiable intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective useful lives. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets of acquired businesses. Management reviews the carrying value of goodwill annually during the fourth quarter to assess for impairment or more often if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may exceed its estimated fair value.
No impairment loss was recognized on the Company’s intangible assets or goodwill during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.
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Investments in Equity Securities
The Company accounts for investments in equity securities using the equity method when the Company determines that it can exercise significant influence over the investee. The Company accounts for investments in equity securities at fair value when the Company determines that it cannot exercise significant influence over the investee. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company invested $2.8 million for a 25% ownership share in a health care consulting company which was accounted for as an equity method investment. Investments in equity securities are recorded within Other long-term assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
The Company’s financial instruments that are subject to credit risk are cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents, marketable securities, deferred compensation funding and accounts and notes receivable. At March 31, 2024, the majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents and marketable securities were held in two large financial institutions located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, the majority were held in one large financial institution located in the United States. The Company’s marketable securities are fixed income investments which are highly liquid and can be readily purchased or sold through established markets. The Company’s deferred compensation funding consists of fund and money market investments all of which are highly liquid and held in a trust account.
The Company’s customers are concentrated in the healthcare industry and are primarily providers of long-term care. The revenues of many of the Company’s customers are highly reliant on Medicare, Medicaid and third party payors’ reimbursement funding rates. New legislation or changes in existing regulations could directly impact the governmental reimbursement programs in which the Company’s customers participate. As a result, the Company may not realize the full effects such programs may have on the Company’s customers until such new legislation or changes in existing regulations are fully implemented and governmental agencies issue applicable regulations or guidance.
Significant Customer
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, Genesis Healthcare, Inc. (“Genesis”) accounted for $38.8 million, or 9.2%, and $48.1 million, or 11.5%, of the Company’s consolidated revenues, respectively. Although the Company expects to continue its relationship with Genesis, there can be no assurance thereof. Revenues generated from Genesis were included in both operating segments previously mentioned. Any extended discontinuance of revenues, or significant reduction, from this customer could, if not replaced, have a material impact on our operations. In addition, if Genesis fails to abide by current payment terms, it could increase our accounts and notes receivable, net balance and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. No other single customer or customer group represented more than 10% of our consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Employee Retention Credit
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”). One provision within the CARES Act provided an Employee Retention Credit (“ERC”), which allows for employers to claim a refundable tax credit against the employer share of Social Security tax equal to 50% of the qualified wages paid to employees from March 13, 2020 through December 31, 2020. The ERC was subsequently expanded in 2021 for employers to claim a refundable tax credit for 70% of the qualified wages paid to employees from January 1, 2021 through September 30, 2021.
The Company accounted for the ERC by analogy to International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. During the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company filed a claim for the ERC for qualified wages paid in 2020 and 2021 and through April 26, 2024 has yet to receive any refunds or receive any correspondence from the IRS regarding the ERC filing. The Company believes that there is not reasonable assurance that any receipt of credits will be obtained and therefore has not recognized any amounts related to the ERC in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Should reasonable assurance over receipt of and compliance with terms of the ERC credits be obtained in future periods, the Company would recognize such amounts as an offset to expense within “Costs of services provided” on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In the event the Company obtains a refund in future periods, such refunds would be subject to IRS audit under the applicable statute of limitations.
Reclassifications
Prior period line items in the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity have been revised to conform with current period presentation.
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Note 2 — Revision of Prior Period Financial Statements
As previously disclosed in Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company identified a prior period accounting error related to the Company’s estimate for accrued payroll, and specifically accrued vacation that was concluded to not be material to the Company’s previously reported consolidated financial statements or unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company assessed the quantitative and qualitative factors associated with the foregoing error in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 99 and 108, Materiality, codified in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 250, Presentation of Financial Statements, and concluded that the error was not material to any of the Company’s previously reported annual or interim consolidated financial statements. Notwithstanding this conclusion, the Company corrected the error by revising the consolidated 2023 accompanying consolidated interim financial statements to give effect to the correction of the error.
The effect of the correction of the error noted above on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, 2023
| As reported |  | Adjustment |  | Revised
| (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Costs of services provided | $ | 360,978 |  |  | $ | 1,401 |  |  | $ | 362,379 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 17,556 |  |  | $ | (1,401) |  |  | $ | 16,155 |
Income tax provision | $ | 4,872 |  |  | $ | (388) |  |  | $ | 4,484 |
Net income | $ | 12,684 |  |  | $ | (1,013) |  |  | $ | 11,671 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.01) |  |  | $ | 0.16 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.01) |  |  | $ | 0.16 |

In addition to the effect of the correction noted above, the error also reduced retained earnings by $7.9 million as of December 31, 2022, as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. The effect of the correction of the error noted above had no impact on the Company’s previously reported consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023, except for adjustments to individual line items as described in the tables above.
Note 3—Revenue
The Company presents its consolidated revenues disaggregated by reportable segment, as Management evaluates the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of the Company’s revenues by segment. Refer to Note 13—Segment Information herein as well as the information below regarding the Company’s reportable segments.
Housekeeping
Housekeeping accounted for $190.6 million and $193.5 million of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which represented approximately 45.0% and 46.4% of the Company’s revenues in each respective period. Housekeeping services include managing customers’ housekeeping departments, which are principally responsible for the cleaning, disinfecting and sanitizing of resident rooms and common areas of the customers’ facilities, as well as the laundering and processing of the bed linens, uniforms, resident personal clothing and other assorted linen items utilized at the customers’ facilities. Upon beginning service with a customer facility, the Company will typically hire and train the employees previously employed by such facility and assign an on-site manager to supervise and train the front-line personnel and coordinate housekeeping services with other facility support functions in accordance with customer requests. Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost and quality control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation.
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Dietary
Dietary services accounted for $232.9 million and $223.7 million of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which represented approximately 55.0% and 53.6% of the Company’s revenues in each respective period. Dietary services consist of managing customers’ dietary departments which are principally responsible for food purchasing, meal preparation and professional dietitian services, which include the development of menus that meet the dietary needs of residents. On-site management is responsible for all daily dietary department activities, with regular support provided by a District Manager specializing in dietary services. The Company also offers clinical consulting services to facilities which if contracted is a service bundled within the monthly service provided to customers. Upon beginning service with a customer facility, the Company will typically hire and train the employees previously employed by such facility and assign an on-site manager to supervise and train the front-line personnel and coordinate dietitian services with other facility support functions in accordance with customer requests. Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost and quality control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation.
Revenue Recognition
The Company’s revenues are derived from contracts with customers. The Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods and services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the Company is entitled in exchange for those goods and services. The Company’s costs of obtaining contracts are not material.
The Company performs services and provides goods in accordance with its contracts with its customers. Such contracts typically provide for a renewable one year service term, cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice, after an initial period of 60 to 120 days. A performance obligation is the unit of account under ASC 606 and is defined as a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. The Company’s Housekeeping and Dietary contracts relate to the provision of bundles of goods, services or both, which represent a series of distinct goods and services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. The Company accounts for the series as a single performance obligation satisfied over time, as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the goods and services provided. Revenue is recognized using the output method, which is based upon the delivery of goods and services to the customers’ facilities. In limited cases, the Company provides goods, services or both before the execution of a written contract. In these cases, the Company defers the recognition of revenue until a contract is executed. The amount of such deferred revenue was less than $0.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Additionally, less than $0.1 million of revenue amounts deferred as of December 31, 2023 were subsequently recognized as revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to its customers. The transaction price does not include taxes assessed or collected. The Company’s contracts detail the fees that the Company charges for the goods and services it provides. For certain contracts which contain a variable component to the transaction price, the Company is required to make estimates of the amount of consideration to which the Company will be entitled based on variability in resident and patient populations serviced, product usage, quantities consumed or history of implicit price concessions. The Company recognizes revenue related to such estimates when the Company determines that it is probable there will not be a significant reversal in the amount of revenue recognized. In instances where variable consideration exists and management’s estimate of variable consideration changes in subsequent periods, resulting in a change in transaction price, the Company records an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. The Company’s contracts generally do not contain significant financing components as payment terms are less than one year.
The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation noting that the bundle of goods, services or goods and services provided under each Housekeeping and Dietary contract represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes the related revenue when it satisfies the performance obligation by transferring a bundle of promised goods, services or both to a customer. Such recognition is on a monthly or weekly basis, as goods are provided and services are performed. In some cases, the Company requires customers to pay in advance for goods and services to be provided. As of March 31, 2024, the value of the contract liabilities associated with customer prepayments was $1.7 million. As of December 31, 2023, the value of the contract liabilities associated with customer prepayments was $3.2 million. The Company recognized $1.5 million of revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2024 which was recorded as a contract liability on December 31, 2023.
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Transaction Price Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations
The Company recognizes revenue as it satisfies the performance obligations associated with contracts with customers which, due to the nature of the goods and services provided by the Company, are satisfied over time. Contracts may contain transaction prices that are fixed, variable or both. The Company’s contracts with customers typically provide for an initial term of one year, with renewable one year service terms, cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice after an initial period of 60 to 120 days. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient that permits exclusion of information about the remaining performance obligations with original expected durations of one year or less which applies all of the Company’s remaining performance obligations as of March 31, 2024.
Note 4—Accounts and Notes Receivable
The Company’s accounts and notes receivable balances consisted of the following as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in thousands)
Short-term |  |  |
Accounts and notes receivable | $ | 499,008 |  |  | $ | 470,759 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (91,868) |  |  | (87,250) |
Total net short-term accounts and notes receivable | $ | 407,140 |  |  | $ | 383,509 |
Long-term |  |  |
Notes receivable | $ | 27,007 |  |  | $ | 29,281 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (3,720) |  |  | (4,449) |
Total net long-term notes receivable | $ | 23,287 |  |  | $ | 24,832 |
Total net accounts and notes receivable | $ | 430,427 |  |  | $ | 408,341 |

The Company makes credit decisions on a case-by-case basis after reviewing a number of qualitative and quantitative factors related to the specific customer as well as current industry variables that may impact that customer. There are a variety of factors that impact a customer’s ability to pay in accordance with the Company’s contracts. These factors include, but are not limited to, fluctuating census numbers, litigation costs and the customer’s participation in programs funded by federal and state governmental agencies. Deviations in the timing or amounts of reimbursements under those programs can impact the customer’s cash flows and its ability to make timely payments. However, the customer’s obligation to pay the Company in accordance with the contract is not contingent upon the customer’s cash flow. Notwithstanding the Company’s efforts to minimize its credit risk exposure, the aforementioned factors, as well as other factors that impact customer cash flows or ability to make timely payments, could have an indirect, yet material, adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
Fluctuations in net accounts and notes receivable are generally attributable to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the timing of cash receipts from customers and the inception, transition, modification or termination of customer relationships. The Company deploys significant resources and invests in tools and processes to optimize Management’s credit and collections efforts. When appropriate, the Company utilizes interest-bearing promissory notes to enhance the collectability of amounts due, by instituting definitive repayment plans and providing a means by which to further evidence the amounts owed. In addition, the Company may amend contracts from full service to management-only arrangements, or adjust contractual payment terms, to accommodate customers who have in good faith established clearly-defined plans for addressing cash flow issues. These efforts are intended to minimize the Company’s collections risk.
Note 5—Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
In making the Company’s credit evaluations, management considers the general collection risk associated with trends in the long-term care industry. The Company establishes credit limits through payment terms with customers, performs ongoing credit evaluations and monitors accounts on an aging schedule basis to minimize the risk of loss. Despite the Company’s efforts to minimize credit risk exposure, customers could be adversely affected if future industry trends, including those related to COVID-19, change in such a manner as to negatively impact their cash flows. As a result, the Company’s future collection experience could differ significantly from historical collection trends. If the Company’s customers experience a negative impact on their cash flows, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
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The Company evaluates its accounts and notes receivable for expected credit losses quarterly. Accounts receivable are evaluated based on internally developed credit quality indicators derived from the aging of receivables. Notes receivable are evaluated based on internally developed credit quality indicators derived from Management’s assessment of collection risk. At the end of each period, the Company sets a reserve for expected credit losses on standard accounts and notes receivable based on the Company’s historical loss rates. Accounts and notes receivable with an elevated risk profile, which are from customers who have filed bankruptcy or are subject to collections activity, are aggregated and evaluated to determine the total reserve for the class of receivable. Additionally, for notes receivable, management evaluates standard receivables based on whether the customer is current (paying within 60 days of terms) or delinquent (paying outside of 60 days of terms). As of March 31, 2024, the delinquent notes receivable loss pool includes the balance of notes receivable due from Genesis.
ASC 326 permits entities to make an accounting policy election not to measure an estimate for credit losses on accrued interest if those entities write-off accrued interest deemed uncollectible in a timely manner. The Company follows an income recognition policy on all interest earned on notes receivable. Under such policy the Company accounts for all notes receivable on a non-accrual basis and defers the recognition of any interest income until receipt of cash payments. This policy was established based on the Company’s history of collections of interest on outstanding notes receivable, as we do not deem it probable that we will receive substantially all interest on outstanding notes receivable. Accordingly, the Company does not record a credit loss adjustment for accrued interest. Interest income from notes receivable for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively.
The following table presents the Company’s three tiers of notes receivable further disaggregated by year of origination as of March 31, 2024 and write-off activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

|  | Notes receivable
|  | Amortized cost basis by origination year
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Total
|  | (in thousands)
Notes receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Standard notes receivable |  | $ | 3,732 |  |  | $ | 10,759 |  |  | $ | 21,828 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,319 |
Delinquent notes receivable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,700 |  |  | $ | 1,946 |  |  | $ | 855 |  |  | $ | 1,529 |  |  | $ | 21,057 |  |  | $ | 31,087 |
Elevated risk notes receivable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,322 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current-period recoveries |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Current-period net write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The following table provides information as to the status of payment on the Company’s notes receivable which were past due as of March 31, 2024.

|  | Age analysis of past-due notes receivable as of March 31, 2024
|  | 0 - 90 Days |  | 91 - 180 Days |  | Greater than 181 Days |  | Total
|  | (in thousands)
Notes receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Standard notes receivable |  | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 519 |
Delinquent notes receivable |  | $ | 1,274 |  |  | $ | 4,677 |  |  | $ | 11,473 |  |  | $ | 17,424 |
Elevated risk notes receivable |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | 2,656 |
|  | $ | 2,362 |  |  | $ | 5,246 |  |  | $ | 12,991 |  |  | $ | 20,599 |

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The following tables provide a summary of the changes in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts on a portfolio segment basis for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Delinquent notes receivable were not considered a separate portfolio segment at December 31, 2023. The amount presented in the table below for the allowance for doubtful accounts for delinquent notes receivable was included within the standard notes receivable portfolio at December 31, 2023.

|  | Allowance for doubtful accounts
Portfolio Segment: |  | December 31, 2023 1 |  | Write-Offs 2 |  | Bad Debt Expense |  | March 31, 2024
|  | (in thousands)
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 80,819 |  |  | $ | (1,033) |  |  | $ | 4,301 |  |  | $ | 84,087 |
Notes receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Standard notes receivable |  | $ | 3,510 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (463) |  |  | $ | 3,047 |
Delinquent notes receivable |  | 2,615 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | 3,698 |
Elevated risk notes receivable |  | 4,755 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,755 |
Total notes receivable |  | $ | 10,880 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 11,500 |
Total accounts and notes receivable |  | $ | 91,699 |  |  | $ | (1,033) |  |  | $ | 4,921 |  |  | $ | 95,587 |

1.The December 31, 2023 balance includes transfers of $2.6 million from the standard notes receivable portfolio segment to the delinquent notes receivable portfolio segment.
2.Write-offs are shown net of recoveries. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company collected less than $0.1 million of accounts and notes receivable which had previously been written-off as uncollectible.

|  | Allowance for doubtful accounts
Portfolio segment: |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Write-Offs 1 |  | Bad Debt Expense |  | March 31, 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 66,601 |  |  | $ | (3,453) |  |  | $ | 5,259 |  |  | $ | 68,407 |
Notes receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Standard notes receivable |  | $ | 6,052 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 6,425 |
Elevated risk notes receivable |  | 811 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | 2,035 |
Total notes receivable |  | $ | 6,863 |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | 1,648 |  |  | $ | 8,460 |
Total accounts and notes receivable |  | $ | 73,464 |  |  | $ | (3,504) |  |  | $ | 6,907 |  |  | $ | 76,867 |

1.Write-offs are shown net of recoveries. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company collected less than $0.1 million of accounts and notes receivable which had previously been written-off as uncollectible.
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Note 6—Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component
The Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss consists of unrealized gains and losses from the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities. The following table provides a summary of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

| Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities 1
| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss — beginning balance | $ | (1,844) |  |  | $ | (3,477) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (495) |  |  | 1,206 |
Losses reclassified from other comprehensive loss 2 | 167 |  |  | 1 |
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income 3 | (328) |  |  | 1,207 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss — ending balance | $ | (2,172) |  |  | $ | (2,270) |

1.All amounts are net of tax.
2.Realized gains and losses were recorded pre-tax within “Investment and other income, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded realized losses of $0.2 million and less than $0.1 million from the sale of available-for-sale securities. Refer to Note 10—Fair Value Measurements herein for further information.
3.For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the changes in other comprehensive loss were net of a tax benefit of $0.1 million and an expense of $0.3 million, respectively.

| Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |
Losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities | $ | (211) |  |  | $ | (2) |
Tax benefit | 44 |  |  | 1 |
Net loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | (167) |  |  | $ | (1) |

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Note 7—Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is recorded over the estimated useful life of each class of depreciable asset, and is computed using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated asset life or term of the lease. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred.
The following table sets forth the amounts of property and equipment by each class of depreciable asset as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in thousands)
Housekeeping and dietary equipment | $ | 16,872 |  |  | $ | 15,764 |
Computer hardware and software | 7,007 |  |  | 6,870 |
Operating lease — right-of-use assets | 28,005 |  |  | 27,099 |
Other 1 | 861 |  |  | 1,070 |
Total property and equipment, at cost | 52,745 |  |  | 50,803 |
Less accumulated depreciation 2 | 23,555 |  |  | 22,029 |
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 29,190 |  |  | $ | 28,774 |

1.Includes furniture and fixtures, leasehold improvements and autos and trucks.
2.Includes $10.4 million and $9.4 million related to accumulated depreciation on Operating lease – right-of-use assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.9 million and $2.5 million. respectively. Of the depreciation expense recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, $1.8 million and $1.2 million, respectively, was related to the depreciation of the Company’s operating lease - right-of-use assets (“ROU Assets”).
Note 8—Leases
The Company recognizes ROU assets and lease liabilities for automobiles, office buildings, IT equipment and small storage units for the temporary storage of operational equipment. The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms ranging from less than 1 year to 5 years and have extension options ranging from 1 year to 5 years. Most leases include the option to terminate the lease within 1 year.
The Company uses practical expedients offered under the ASC 842 guidance to combine lease and non-lease components within leasing arrangements and to recognize the payments associated with short-term leases in earnings on a straight-line basis over the lease term, with the cost associated with variable lease payments recognized when incurred. These accounting policy elections impact the value of the Company’s ROU assets and lease liabilities. The value of the Company’s ROU assets is determined as the non-depreciated fair value of its leasing arrangements and is recorded in “Property and equipment, net” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The value of the Company’s lease liabilities is the present value of fixed lease payments not yet paid, which is discounted using either the rate implicit in the lease contract if that rate can be determined or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) and is recorded in “Other accrued expenses and current liabilities” and “Lease liability — long-term portion” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s IBR is determined as the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term in an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.
Any future lease payments that are not fixed based on the terms of the lease contract, or fluctuate based on a factor other than an index or rate, are considered variable lease payments and are not included in the value of the Company’s ROU assets or lease liabilities. The Company’s variable lease payments are mostly incurred from automobile leases and relate to miscellaneous transportation costs including repair costs, insurance, and terminal rental adjustment payments due at lease settlement. Such rental adjustment payments can result in a reduction to the Company’s total variable lease payments.
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Components of lease expense required by ASC 842 are presented below for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Lease cost |  |  |  |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 1,837 |  |  | $ | 1,387 |
Short-term lease cost |  | 171 |  |  | 232 |
Variable lease cost |  | 290 |  |  | 450 |
Total lease cost |  | $ | 2,298 |  |  | $ | 2,069 |

Supplemental information required by ASC 842 is presented below for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (dollar amounts in thousands)
Other information |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 1,911 |  | $ | 1,514
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases |  | 3.1 years |  | 4.0 years
Weighted-average discount rate — operating leases |  | 6.7 | % |  | 5.1 | %

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s ROU assets and lease liabilities were reduced by $0.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, due to lease cancellations.
The following is a schedule by calendar year of future minimum lease payments under operating leases that have remaining terms as of March 31, 2024:

Period/Year |  | Operating Leases
|  | (in thousands)
April 1 to December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 5,769 |
2025 |  | 7,080 |
2026 |  | 4,252 |
2027 |  | 1,469 |
2028 |  | 1,389 |
2029 |  | 116 |
Thereafter |  | — |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 20,075 |
Less: imputed interest |  | 1,918 |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 18,157 |

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Note 9—Other Intangible Assets
The Company’s other intangible assets consist of customer relationships, trade names, patents and non-compete agreements which were obtained through acquisitions and are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. Intangible assets with determinable lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The weighted-average amortization period of customer relationships, trade names, patents and non-compete agreements are approximately 10 years, 13 years, 8 years and 4 years, respectively.
The following table sets forth the estimated amortization expense for intangibles subject to amortization for the remainder of 2024, the following five fiscal years and thereafter:

Period/Year |  | Total Amortization Expense
|  | (in thousands)
April 1 to December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 2,014 |
2025 |  | $ | 2,685 |
2026 |  | $ | 2,666 |
2027 |  | $ | 1,196 |
2028 |  | $ | 613 |
2029 |  | $ | 508 |
Thereafter |  | $ | 1,774 |

Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.7 million and $1.2 million, respectively.
Note 10—Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s current assets and current liabilities are financial instruments and most of these items (other than marketable securities, inventories and the short-term portion of deferred compensation funding) are recorded at cost in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The estimated fair value of these financial instruments approximates their carrying value due to their short-term nature. The carrying value of the Company’s line of credit represents the outstanding amount of the borrowings, which approximates fair value. The Company’s financial assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are its marketable securities and deferred compensation funding. The recorded values of all of the financial instruments approximate their current fair values because of their nature, stated interest rates and respective maturity dates or durations.
The Company’s marketable securities are held by the Company’s captive insurance company to satisfy capital requirements of the state regulator related to captive insurance companies. Such securities primarily consist of tax-exempt municipal bonds, which are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses associated with these investments are included within “Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of taxes” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The fair value of these marketable securities is classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, as these securities are measured using quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable. Such valuations are determined by a third-party pricing service. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded unrealized losses, net of taxes of $0.3 million and unrealized gains, net of taxes of $1.2 million on marketable securities, respectively.
As part of a 2021 acquisition of a prepackaged meal manufacturer, the Company agreed to pay royalties to the seller on all future product sales. The Company recorded a liability for the expected future payments within Other long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of this liability is measured using forecasted sales models (Level 3). For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded realized gains of $0.7 million and losses of $0.3 million, respectively, within Costs of services provided in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income related to the subsequent measurement of the liability at each balance sheet date.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company received total proceeds, less the amount of interest received, of $16.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively, from sales of available-for-sale municipal bonds. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, these sales resulted in realized losses of $0.2 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively, which were recorded within “Investment and other income, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The basis for the sale of these securities was the specific identification of each bond sold during the period.
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The investments under the funded deferred compensation plan are classified as trading securities and unrealized gains or losses are recorded within “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The fair value of the investments are determined based on quoted market prices (Level 1) or the net asset value (“NAV”) of underlying share investments (Level 2). For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized unrealized gains of $4.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively, related to equity securities held at the respective reporting dates.
The following tables provide fair value measurement information for the Company’s marketable securities and deferred compensation fund investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

| As of March 31, 2024
|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using:
| Carrying Amount |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets: |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds — available-for-sale | $ | 75,618 |  |  | $ | 75,618 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,618 |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred compensation fund |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market 1 | $ | 1,911 |  |  | $ | 1,911 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,911 |  |  | $ | — |
Commodities | 288 |  |  | 288 |  |  | 288 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed Income | 4,268 |  |  | 4,268 |  |  | 4,268 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
International | 4,772 |  |  | 4,772 |  |  | 4,772 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Large Cap Blend | 5,471 |  |  | 5,471 |  |  | 5,471 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Large Cap Growth | 15,708 |  |  | 15,708 |  |  | 15,708 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Large Cap Value | 6,609 |  |  | 6,609 |  |  | 6,609 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mid Cap Blend | 3,430 |  |  | 3,430 |  |  | 3,430 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real Estate | 346 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 346 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Small Cap Blend | 2,759 |  |  | 2,759 |  |  | 2,759 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation fund 2 | $ | 45,562 |  |  | $ | 45,562 |  |  | $ | 43,651 |  |  | $ | 1,911 |  |  | $ | — |

| As of December 31, 2023
|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using:
| Carrying Amount |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets: |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds — available-for-sale | $ | 93,131 |  |  | $ | 93,131 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 93,131 |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred compensation fund |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market 1 | $ | 2,007 |  |  | $ | 2,007 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,007 |  |  | $ | — |
Commodities | 298 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 298 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed Income | 4,254 |  |  | 4,254 |  |  | 4,254 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
International | 4,621 |  |  | 4,621 |  |  | 4,621 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Large Cap Blend | 5,053 |  |  | 5,053 |  |  | 5,053 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Large Cap Growth | 13,886 |  |  | 13,886 |  |  | 13,886 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Large Cap Value | 5,964 |  |  | 5,964 |  |  | 5,964 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mid Cap Blend | 3,192 |  |  | 3,192 |  |  | 3,192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real Estate | 374 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 374 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Small Cap Blend | 2,664 |  |  | 2,664 |  |  | 2,664 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation fund 2 | $ | 42,313 |  |  | $ | 42,313 |  |  | $ | 40,306 |  |  | $ | 2,007 |  |  | $ | — |

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1.The fair value of the money market fund is based on the NAV of the shares held by the plan at the end of the period. The money market fund includes short-term United States dollar denominated money market instruments and the NAV is determined by the custodian of the fund. The money market fund can be redeemed at its NAV at the measurement date as there are no significant restrictions on the ability to sell this investment.
2.As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $1.3 million and $1.5 million of short-term deferred compensation funding is included within “Prepaid expenses and other assets” in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. Such amounts of short-term deferred compensation funding represent investments expected to be liquidated and paid within 12 months of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Credit Impairment Losses 1
| (in thousands)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Type of security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds — available-for-sale | $ | 78,368 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | (2,954) |  |  | $ | 75,618 |  |  | $ | — |
Total debt securities | $ | 78,368 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | (2,954) |  |  | $ | 75,618 |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Type of security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds — available-for-sale | $ | 95,466 |  |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | (2,722) |  |  | $ | 93,131 |  |  | $ | — |
Total debt securities | $ | 95,466 |  |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | (2,722) |  |  | $ | 93,131 |  |  | $ | — |

1.The Company performs a credit impairment loss assessment quarterly on an individual security basis. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no allowance for credit loss impairment has been recognized as the issuers of these securities have not established a cause for default and various rating agencies have reaffirmed each security’s investment grade status. The fair value of these securities have fluctuated since the purchase date as market interest rates fluctuate. The Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell before the recovery of the securities’ amortized cost basis.
The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of debt securities held at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which are classified as “Marketable securities, at fair value” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

|  | Municipal Bonds — Available-for-Sale
Contractual maturity: |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Maturing in one year or less |  | $ | 1,025 |  |  | $ | 6,324 |
Maturing in second year through fifth year |  | 25,371 |  |  | 34,939 |
Maturing in sixth year through tenth year |  | 37,006 |  |  | 39,309 |
Maturing after ten years |  | 12,216 |  |  | 12,559 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 75,618 |  |  | $ | 93,131 |

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Note 11—Share-Based Compensation
The components of the Company’s share-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
Stock options | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 212 |
Restricted stock, restricted stock units and deferred stock units | 1,935 |  |  | 1,514 |
Performance stock units | 330 |  |  | 247 |
Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 40 |  |  | 85 |
Total pre-tax share-based compensation expense charged against income | $ | 2,484 |  |  | $ | 2,058 |

The following table summarizes the components of share-based compensation expense included within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 2,471 |  |  | $ | 2,033 |
Costs of services provided | 13 |  |  | 25 |
Total share-based compensation expense | $ | 2,484 |  |  | $ | 2,058 |

At March 31, 2024, the unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options and awards was $24.8 million. The weighted average period over which these awards will vest is approximately 3.3 years.
Amended 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan
On May 26, 2020, the Company adopted the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan after approval by the Company’s Shareholders at the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. On May 30, 2023, the Company increased the authorized shares under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended, the “Amended 2020 Plan”) by 2,500,000 shares after approval by the Company’s Shareholders at the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The Amended 2020 Plan provides that current or prospective officers, employees, non-employee directors and advisors can receive share-based awards such as stock options, performance stock units, restricted stock units and other stock awards. The Amended 2020 Plan seeks to encourage profitability and growth of the Company through short-term and long-term incentives that are consistent with the Company’s operating objectives.
As of March 31, 2024, there were 6.7 million shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Amended 2020 Plan, of which 2.3 million are available for future grant. The amount of shares available for issuance under the Amended 2020 Plan will increase when outstanding awards under the Company’s Second Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”) are subsequently forfeited, terminated, lapsed or satisfied thereunder in cash or property other than shares. No stock award will have a term in excess of 10 years. The Nominating, Compensation and Stock Option Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for determining the terms of the grants in accordance with the Amended 2020 Plan.
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Stock Options
A summary of stock options outstanding under the Amended 2020 Plan and the 2012 Plan as of December 31, 2023 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2024 are as follows:

| Stock Options Outstanding
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
| (in thousands) |  |
December 31, 2023 | 2,438 |  |  | $ | 30.43 |
Granted | 290 |  |  | $ | 10.36 |
Exercised | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forfeited | — |  |  | $ | — |
Expired | (172) |  |  | $ | 28.13 |
March 31, 2024 | 2,556 |  |  | $ | 28.31 |

The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $5.06 and $6.53 per common share, respectively. No stock options were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
The fair value of stock option awards granted in 2024 and 2023 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Risk-free interest rate | 3.9 | % |  | 4.0 | %
Weighted average expected life | 7.0 years |  | 6.9 years
Expected volatility | 40.5 | % |  | 39.5 | %
Dividend yield | — | % |  | — | %

The following table summarizes other information about the stock options at March 31, 2024:

| March 31, 2024
| (amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Outstanding: |
Aggregate intrinsic value | $ | 614 |
Weighted average remaining contractual life | 5.2 years
Exercisable: |
Number of options | 1,763 |
Weighted average exercise price | $ | 33.94 |
Aggregate intrinsic value | $ | — |
Weighted average remaining contractual life | 3.3 years

Restricted Stock Units
The fair value of outstanding restricted stock units was determined based on the market price of the shares on the date of grant. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company granted 0.7 million restricted stock units to its employees with a weighted average grant date fair value of $10.37 per unit. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company granted 0.5 million restricted stock units to its employees with a weighted average grant date fair value of $13.72 per unit.
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A summary of the outstanding restricted stock units as of December 31, 2023 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows:

| Restricted Stock Units
| Number |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
| (in thousands) |  |
December 31, 2023 | 1,102 |  |  | $ | 18.57 |
Granted | 738 |  |  | $ | 10.37 |
Vested | (297) |  |  | $ | 21.68 |
Forfeited | (10) |  |  | $ | 15.07 |
March 31, 2024 | 1,533 |  |  | $ | 14.04 |

Performance Stock Units
On January 3, 2024, the Company issued 118,000 Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”) to the Company’s executive officers. Such PSUs are contingent upon the achievement of certain total shareholder return (“TSR”) targets as compared to the TSR of the S&P 400 MidCap Index and the participant’s continued employment with the Company for the three year period ending December 31, 2026, the date at which such PSUs vest. The unrecognized share-based compensation cost of the TSR-based PSU awards at March 31, 2024 is $2.4 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years.
A summary of the outstanding PSUs as of December 31, 2023 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows:

| Performance Stock Units
| Number |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
| (in thousands) |  |
December 31, 2023 | 175 |  |  | $ | 21.52 |
Granted | 118 |  |  | $ | 11.85 |
Vested | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forfeited | (35) |  |  | $ | 34.52 |
March 31, 2024 | 258 |  |  | $ | 15.31 |

Deferred Stock Units
The Company grants Deferred Stock Units (“DSUs”) to our non-employee directors. Once vested, the recipient shall be entitled to receive a lump sum payment of a number of shares equal to the total number of DSUs issued to such recipient upon the first to occur of (i) the five year anniversary of the date of grant, (ii) the recipient’s death, disability or separation of service from the Board, or (iii) a change of control (as defined by the 2020 Plan). Non-employee directors can also elect to receive their Board of Directors retainer in the form of DSUs in lieu of cash. The number of DSUs granted to these directors is determined based on the stock price on the award date and approximates the cash value the directors would otherwise receive for their retainer. Two non-employee directors made an election in 2022 to receive DSUs in lieu of cash for their 2023 Board of Directors retainer. The unrecognized share-based compensation cost of outstanding DSU awards at March 31, 2024 is $0.1 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.2 years.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) is currently available through 2026 to all eligible employees. All full-time and part-time employees who work an average of 20 hours per week and have completed two years of continuous service with the Company are eligible to participate. Annual offerings commence and terminate on the respective year’s first and last calendar day.
Under the ESPP, the Company is authorized to issue up to 4.1 million shares of its common stock to its employees. Pursuant to such authorization, there are 1.8 million shares available for future grant at March 31, 2024.
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The expense associated with the options granted under the ESPP during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Risk-free interest rate | 4.8% |  | 4.8%
Weighted average expected life (years) | 1.0 |  | 1.0
Expected volatility | 37.1% |  | 42.9%
Dividend yield | —% |  | 7.1%

Deferred Compensation Plan
The Company offers a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”) for executives and certain key employees. The SERP allows participants to defer a portion of their earned income on a pre-tax basis and as of the last day of each plan year, each participant will be credited with a match of a portion of their deferral in the form of the Company’s common stock based on the then-current market value. Under the SERP, the Company is authorized to issue 1.0 million shares of its common stock to its employees. Pursuant to such authorization, the Company has 0.2 million shares available for future grant at March 31, 2024. At the time of issuance, such shares are accounted for at cost as treasury stock.
The following table summarizes information about the SERP during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
SERP expense 1 | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 157 |
Unrealized gain recorded in SERP liability account | $ | 4,100 |  |  | $ | 1,546 |

1.Both the SERP match and the deferrals are included in the “selling, general and administrative” caption within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Note 12—Income Taxes
The Company’s annual effective tax rate is impacted by the tax effects of option exercises and the vesting of awards, which are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur and therefore cannot be considered in the calculation of the estimated annual effective tax rate. Discrete items increased the Company’s income tax provision recognized through the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 by $1.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
Differences between the effective tax rate and the applicable U.S. federal statutory rate arise primarily from the effect of state and local income taxes, share-based compensation and tax credits available to the Company. The actual 2024 effective tax rate will likely vary from the estimate depending on the actual operating income earned with availability of tax credits, the exercising of stock options and vesting of share-based awards.
The Company regularly evaluates the tax positions taken or expected to be taken resulting from financial statement recognition of certain items. Based on the evaluation, there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements. The evaluation was performed for the tax years ended December 31, 2019 through 2023 (with regard to U.S. federal income tax returns) and December 31, 2018 through 2023 (with regard to various state and local income tax returns), the tax years which remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions as of March 31, 2024.
The Company may from time to time be assessed interest or penalties by taxing jurisdictions, although any such assessments historically have been minimal. When the Company has received an assessment for interest and/or penalties, it will be classified in the financial statements as selling, general and administrative expense. In addition, any interest or penalties relating to recognized uncertain tax positions would also be recorded in selling, general and administrative expense.
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Note 13—Segment Information
The Company manages and evaluates its operations in two reportable segments: Housekeeping (housekeeping, laundry, linen and other services) and Dietary (dietary department services). Although both segments serve a similar customer base and share many operational similarities, they are managed separately due to distinct differences in the type of services provided, as well as the specialized expertise required of the professional management personnel responsible for delivering each segment’s services. Such services are rendered pursuant to discrete contracts, specific to each reportable segment.
The Company’s accounting policies for the segments are generally the same as described in the Company’s significant accounting policies. Differences between the reportable segments’ operating results and other disclosed data and the information in the consolidated financial statements relate primarily to corporate-level transactions and recording of transactions at the reportable segment level using other than generally accepted accounting principles. There are certain inventories and supplies that are primarily expensed when incurred within the operating segments which are capitalized in the consolidated financial statements. In addition, most corporate expenses such as corporate salary and benefit costs, certain legal costs, debt expense, information technology costs, depreciation, amortization of finite-lived intangible assets, share-based compensation costs and other corporate-specific costs, are not fully allocated to the operating segments. There are also allocations for workers’ compensation and general liability expense within the operating segments that differ from the actual expense recorded by the Company under U.S. GAAP. Segment amounts disclosed are prior to elimination entries made in consolidation.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Housekeeping |  |  |  |  | $ | 190,559 |  |  | $ | 193,519 |
Dietary |  |  |  |  | 232,874 |  |  | 223,711 |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 423,433 |  |  | $ | 417,230 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Housekeeping |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,442 |  |  | $ | 20,053 |
Dietary |  |  |  |  | 17,627 |  |  | 14,666 |
Corporate and eliminations 1 |  |  |  |  | (14,755) |  |  | (18,564) |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,314 |  |  | $ | 16,155 |

1.Primarily represents corporate office costs and related overhead, recording of certain inventories and supplies and workers’ compensation costs at the reportable segment level which use accounting methods that differ from those used at the corporate level, as well as consolidated subsidiaries’ operating expenses that are not allocated to the reportable segments, net of investment and other income and interest expense.
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Note 14—Earnings Per Common Share
Basic and diluted earnings per common share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of basic and diluted common shares outstanding, respectively. The weighted-average number of diluted common shares includes the impact of dilutive securities, including outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units and deferred stock units. During periods of net loss, diluted loss per share equals basic loss per share as the antidilutive effect of potential common shares is disregarded. The table below reconciles the weighted-average basic and diluted common shares outstanding:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
| (in thousands)
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 15,309 |  |  | $ | 11,671 |  |  |  |  |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic | 73,926 |  |  | 74,497 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of dilutive securities 1 | 129 |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted | 74,055 |  |  | 74,518 |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share: | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share: | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  |

1.Certain outstanding equity awards are anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the calculation of the weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding.
Anti-dilutive outstanding equity awards under share-based compensation plans were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
| (in thousands)
Anti-dilutive | 2,689 |  |  | 3,191 |  |  |  |  |

Note 15—Other Contingencies
Line of Credit
At March 31, 2024, the Company had a $300.0 million bank line of credit on which to draw for general corporate purposes. Amounts drawn under the line of credit are payable upon demand and generally bear interest at a floating rate, based on the Company’s leverage ratio, and starting at the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 165 basis points. As of March 31, 2024, there were $40.0 million in borrowings under the line of credit. As of December 31, 2023, there were $25.0 million in borrowings under the line of credit. The line of credit requires the Company to satisfy two financial covenants, with which the Company is in compliance as of March 31, 2024. The line of credit expires on November 22, 2027.
At March 31, 2024, the Company also had outstanding $72.4 million in irrevocable standby letters of credit, which relate to payment obligations under the Company’s insurance programs. In connection with the issuance of the letters of credit, the amount available under the line of credit was reduced by $72.4 million to $187.6 million at March 31, 2024. The letters of credit expire during the first quarter of 2025.
Tax Jurisdictions and Matters
The Company provides services throughout the continental United States and is subject to numerous state and local taxing jurisdictions. In the ordinary course of business, a jurisdiction may contest the Company’s reporting positions with respect to the application of its tax code to the Company’s services, which could result in additional tax liabilities.
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The Company has tax matters with various taxing authorities. Because of the uncertainties related to both the probable outcomes and amount of probable assessments due, the Company is unable to make a reasonable estimate of a liability. The Company does not expect the resolution of any of these matters, taken individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or results of operations based on the Company’s best estimate of the outcomes of such matters.
Legal Proceedings
The Company is subject to various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business. Some of these matters include payroll- and employee-related matters and examinations by governmental agencies. As the Company becomes aware of such claims and legal actions, the Company records accruals for any exposures that are probable and estimable. If adverse outcomes of such claims and legal actions are reasonably possible, Management assesses materiality and provides financial disclosure, as appropriate.
At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate possible losses or form a judgment that an unfavorable outcome is either probable or remote with respect to certain pending litigation claims asserted and it is not currently possible to assess whether or not the outcome of these proceedings may have a material adverse effect on the Company.
Government Regulations
The Company’s customers are concentrated in the healthcare industry and are primarily providers of long-term care many of whom have been significantly impacted by COVID-19. The revenues of many of the Company’s customers are highly reliant on Medicare, Medicaid and third party payors’ reimbursement funding rates. New legislation or additional changes in existing regulations could directly impact the governmental reimbursement programs in which the customers participate.
Note 16—Subsequent Events
The Company evaluated all subsequent events through the filing date of this Form 10-Q. There were no events or transactions occurring during this subsequent reporting period which require recognition or additional disclosure in these financial statements.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Results of Operations
The following discussion is intended to provide the reader with information that will be helpful in understanding our financial statements, including the changes in certain key items when comparing financial statements period to period. We also intend to provide the primary factors that accounted for those changes as well as a summary of how certain accounting principles affect our financial statements. In addition, we are providing information about the financial results of our two operating segments to further assist in understanding how these segments and their results affect our consolidated results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and the notes accompanying those financial statements.
COVID-19 Considerations
While the crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic has largely abated (e.g., new case rates remain relatively low compared to prior highs, the mortality rate remains low, and the Centers for Disease Control have relaxed masking requirements within healthcare facilities), our clients, who were at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, continue to dedicate significant financial and other resources to protect their residents, employees and visitors. Moreover, we, our clients, vendors and business partners remain challenged by the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global economic crisis that resulted from it. Significant inflation, labor shortages and unprecedented wage growth remain, and nursing home occupancy levels, while increasing from the lowest point in 2020, are still below the national average target to support a robust recovery of the healthcare sector. All the while, nursing home workforce participation remains depressed and continues to be the slowest segment in the health care sector to recover toward pre-pandemic levels.
For additional information on risk factors related to the pandemic or other risks that could impact our results, please refer to “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Form 10-K”).
Overview
We provide management, administrative and operating expertise and services to the housekeeping, laundry, linen, facility maintenance and dietary service departments of healthcare facilities, including nursing homes, retirement complexes, rehabilitation centers and hospitals located throughout the United States. We believe we are the largest provider of housekeeping and laundry management services to the long-term care industry in the United States, rendering such services to over 2,600 facilities throughout the continental United States as of March 31, 2024.
We provide services primarily pursuant to full-service agreements with our customers. Under such agreements, we are responsible for the day-to-day management of the employees located at our customers’ facilities, as well as for the provision of certain supplies. We also provide services on the basis of management-only agreements for a limited number of customers. Under a management-only agreement, we provide management and supervisory services while the customer facility retains payroll responsibility for the non-supervisory staff. In certain management-only agreements, the Company maintains responsibility for purchasing supplies. Our agreements with customers typically provide for a renewable one year service term cancellable by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice after an initial period of 60 to 120 days.
We are organized into two reportable segments: housekeeping, laundry, linen and other services (“Housekeeping”) and dietary department services (“Dietary”).
Housekeeping consists of managing our customers’ housekeeping departments, which are principally responsible for the cleaning, disinfecting and sanitizing of resident rooms and common areas of the customers’ facilities, as well as the laundering and processing of the bed linens, uniforms, resident personal clothing and other assorted linen items utilized at the customers’ facilities. Upon beginning service with a customer facility, we typically hire and train the employees previously employed by such facility and assign an on-site manager to supervise the front-line personnel and coordinate housekeeping services with other facility support functions in accordance with customer requests. Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost and quality control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation. On-site management is responsible for all daily customer housekeeping department activities with regular support provided by a District Manager specializing in such services.
Dietary consists of managing our customers’ dietary departments, which are principally responsible for food purchasing, meal preparation and professional dietitian services, which include the development of menus that meet the dietary needs of
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residents. On-site management is responsible for all daily dietary department activities with regular support provided by a District Manager specializing in dietary services. We also offer clinical consulting services to our dietary customers which may be provided as a standalone service or be bundled with other dietary department services. Upon beginning service with a customer facility, we typically hire and train the employees previously employed by such facility and assign an on-site manager to supervise the front-line personnel and coordinate dietitian services with other facility support functions in accordance with customer requests. Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost and quality control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation.
At March 31, 2024, Housekeeping services were provided at approximately 2,300 customer facilities, generating approximately 45.0% or $190.6 million of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Dietary services were provided at approximately 1,600 customer facilities at March 31, 2024, generating approximately 55.0% or $232.9 million of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023
The following table summarizes the income statement key components that we use to evaluate our financial performance on a consolidated and reportable segment basis for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The differences between the reportable segments’ operating results and other disclosed data and our consolidated financial results relate primarily to corporate level transactions and adjustments related to transactions recorded at the reportable segment level which use methods other than generally accepted accounting principles.

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change
| (in thousands) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Housekeeping | $ | 190,559 |  |  | $ | 193,519 |  |  | (1.5) | %
Dietary | 232,874 |  |  | 223,711 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Consolidated | $ | 423,433 |  |  | $ | 417,230 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Costs of services provided |  |  |  |  |
Housekeeping | $ | 172,117 |  |  | $ | 173,466 |  |  | (0.8) | %
Dietary | 215,246 |  |  | 209,045 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Corporate and eliminations | (28,452) |  |  | (20,132) |  |  | 41.3 | %
Consolidated | $ | 358,911 |  |  | $ | 362,379 |  |  | (1.0) | %
Selling, general and administrative expense |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and eliminations | $ | 46,911 |  |  | $ | 40,047 |  |  | 17.1 | %
Investment and other income, net |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and eliminations | $ | 5,699 |  |  | $ | 3,102 |  |  | ***
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and eliminations | $ | (1,996) |  |  | $ | (1,751) |  |  | 14.0 | %
(Loss) income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |
Housekeeping | $ | 18,442 |  |  | $ | 20,053 |  |  | (8.0) | %
Dietary | 17,628 |  |  | 14,666 |  |  | 20.2 | %
Corporate and eliminations | (14,756) |  |  | (18,564) |  |  | 20.5 | %
Consolidated | $ | 21,314 |  |  | $ | 16,155 |  |  | 31.9 | %

***Not meaningful
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Housekeeping and Dietary revenues represented approximately 45.0% and 55.0% of consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024, respectively.
The following table sets forth the ratio of certain items to consolidated revenues:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |
Costs of services provided | 84.8 | % |  | 86.9 | %
Selling, general and administrative expense | 11.1 | % |  | 9.6 | %
Other income (expense): |  |  |
Investment and other income, net | 1.3 | % |  | 0.7 | %
Interest expense | (0.5) | % |  | (0.4) | %
Income before income taxes | 4.9 | % |  | 3.8 | %
Income tax provision | 1.4 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Net income | 3.5 | % |  | 2.7 | %

Revenues
Consolidated
Consolidated revenues increased 1.5% to $423.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $417.2 million for the corresponding period in 2023, as a result of the factors discussed below under Reportable Segments.
Reportable Segments
Housekeeping revenues decreased 1.5% during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the corresponding period in 2023, while Dietary revenues increased 4.1% over the same period. Housekeeping revenues decreased due to a decline in the number of facilities serviced year-over-year. While there was a slight increase in the number of Dietary facilities year-over-year, Dietary revenues also increased due to passing the impact of labor and supplies cost increases through to customers following our contract modification initiatives.
Costs of Services Provided
Consolidated
Consolidated costs of services provided decreased by 1.0% to $358.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $362.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The following table provides a comparison of key indicators we consider when managing the consolidated costs of services provided:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
Costs of Services Provided - Key Indicators as a % of Consolidated Revenues |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change
Bad debt provision |  | 1.2% |  | 1.7% |  | (0.5)%
Self-insurance costs |  | 2.2% |  | 2.4% |  | (0.2)%

The decrease in the bad debt provision was impacted by one customer entering into an assignment for the benefit of creditors during the three months ended March 31, 2023, which resulted in an approximate $4.7 million increase to the bad debt provision for that period which did not reoccur during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Self-insurance costs decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 resulting from the Company's continued management of workers' compensation cases resulting in more favorable outcomes and ongoing incident prevention measures.
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Reportable Segments
Costs of services provided for Housekeeping, as a percentage of Housekeeping revenues, increased to 90.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from 89.6% in the corresponding period in 2023. Costs of services provided for Dietary, as a percentage of Dietary revenues, decreased to 92.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from 93.4% in the corresponding period in 2023.
The following table provides a comparison of the key indicators we consider when managing costs of services provided at the segment level, as a percentage of the respective segment’s revenues:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
Costs of Services Provided - Key Indicators as a % of Segment Revenue |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change
Housekeeping labor and other labor-related costs |  | 80.8% |  | 80.2% |  | 0.6%
Housekeeping supplies |  | 6.7% |  | 6.6% |  | 0.1%
Dietary labor and other labor-related costs |  | 57.0% |  | 58.5% |  | (1.5)%
Dietary supplies |  | 34.5% |  | 31.2% |  | 3.3%

Variations within these key indicators relate to the provision of services at new facilities and changes in the mix of customers for whom we provide supplies or do not provide supplies. Management focuses on building efficiencies and managing labor and other costs at the facility level, as well as managing supply chain costs, for new and existing facilities.
Consolidated Selling, General and Administrative Expense
Included in selling, general and administrative expense are gains and losses associated with changes in the value of investments under the deferred compensation plan. These investments represent the amounts held on behalf of the participating employees and changes in the value of these investments affect the amount of our deferred compensation liability. Gains on the plan investments during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 increased our total selling, general and administrative expense.
Excluding the change in the deferred compensation plan described above, consolidated selling, general and administrative expense increased $4.3 million or 11.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the corresponding period in 2023. The change was driven by increases in payroll and travel-related expenses.
The table below summarizes the changes in these components of selling, general and administrative expense:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollar amounts in thousands) |  |
Selling, general and administrative expense excluding change in deferred compensation plan liability | $ | 42,811 |  |  | $ | 38,501 |  |  | $ | 4,310 |  |  | 11.2 | %
Increase in deferred compensation plan liability | 4,100 |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | 2,554 |  |  | 165.2 | %
Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 46,911 |  |  | $ | 40,047 |  |  | $ | 6,864 |  |  | 17.1 | %

Consolidated Investment and Other Income, net
Investment and other income was a $5.7 million gain for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to a $3.1 million gain in the corresponding 2023 period. The change was driven by market fluctuations in the value of our trading security investments representing the funding for our deferred compensation plan.
Consolidated Interest Expense
Consolidated interest expense increased to $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $1.8 million for the same period in 2023 due to increased short-term borrowings during 2024 and increased market interest rates.
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Consolidated Income Taxes
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recognized a provision for income taxes of $6.0 million, or 28.2% effective tax rate, versus a provision for income taxes of $4.5 million, or 27.8% effective tax rate, for the same period in 2023. The effective tax rate change is based on the impact of discrete items in each quarter combined with the impact of our full year income estimate on the tax provision.
The actual annual effective tax rate will be impacted by the tax effects of option exercises or vested awards, which are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur and may vary based upon the Company’s common stock price at exercise and the volume of such exercises; therefore, these cannot be considered in the calculation of the estimated annual effective tax rate. The impact on our income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2024 for such discrete items was a $1.0 million expense versus a $0.9 million expense for the same period in 2023.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary sources of liquidity are available cash and cash equivalents, available lines of credit under our revolving credit facility and cash flows from operating activities. At March 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $104.9 million, restricted cash equivalents of $24.7 million and working capital of $371.0 million, compared to cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $147.5 million and working capital of $354.8 million at December 31, 2023. Our current ratio was 2.8 to 1 at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Marketable securities represent fixed income investments that are highly liquid and can be readily purchased or sold through established markets. Such securities are held by our captive insurance company to satisfy capital requirements of the state regulator related to captive insurance companies. Restricted cash equivalents represent highly liquid investments held in a trust account as collateral for certain insurance coverages the Company obtained from a third-party insurance carrier.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, our cash flows were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (26,033) |  |  | $ | (16,290) |
Net cash from (used in) investing activities | $ | 11,716 |  |  | $ | (743) |
Net cash from (used in) financing activities | $ | 13,970 |  |  | $ | 6,907 |

Operating Activities
Our primary sources of cash from operating activities are the revenues generated from our Housekeeping and Dietary services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are the funding of our payroll and other personnel-related costs as well as the costs of supplies used in providing our services. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, cash flow from operations was negative primarily due to the increase in accounts receivable and decrease in accrued payroll. The increase in accounts receivable was driven by, among other things, a cybersecurity incident at Change Healthcare, a third-party patient claims processor which many of our customers use to submit patient claims, which resulted in delays in government reimbursements to our customers.
Investing Activities
Our principal uses of cash for investing activities are the purchases of marketable securities and capital expenditures such as housekeeping and food service equipment, computer software and hardware, and furniture and fixtures (see “Capital Expenditures” below for additional information). Such uses of cash are offset by proceeds from sales of marketable securities.
Our investments in marketable securities are primarily comprised of tax-exempt municipal bonds and are intended to achieve our goal of preserving principal, maintaining adequate liquidity and maximizing returns subject to our investment guidelines. Our investment policy limits investment to certain types of instruments issued by institutions primarily with investment-grade ratings and places restrictions on concentration by type and issuer.
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Financing Activities
The primary use of cash from financing activities is repurchases of our common stock. On February 14, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 7.5 million outstanding shares and suspended the quarterly dividend previously issued on common stock as part of our overall capital rebalancing strategy. We have repurchased 1.0 million shares of our common stock as part of the capital rebalancing strategy. We did not repurchase shares of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024. We remain authorized to repurchase up to 6.5 million outstanding shares under this authorization.
Line of Credit
As of March 31, 2024, we had a $300 million bank line of credit on which to draw for general corporate purposes. Amounts drawn under the line of credit are payable upon demand and generally bear interest at a floating rate, based on our leverage ratio, and starting at the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate plus 165 basis points. The Company’s line of credit was amended on November 22, 2022 to, among other things, provide for a five-year unsecured revolving loan facility in the aggregate amount of $300 million with, at the Company’s option, the ability to increase the revolving loan commitments to an aggregate amount not to exceed $500 million and to change the benchmark rate from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to SOFR. At March 31, 2024, there were $40.0 million in borrowings under the line of credit.
The line of credit requires us to satisfy two financial covenants. The covenants and their respective status at March 31, 2024 were as follows:

Covenant Descriptions and Requirements |  | As of March 31, 2024
Funded debt 1 to EBITDA 2 ratio: less than 3.50 to 1.00 |  | 1.02
EBITDA to Interest Expense ratio: not less than 3.00 to 1.00 |  | 10.09

1.All indebtedness for borrowed money including, but not limited to, capitalized lease obligations, reimbursement obligations in respect of letters of credit and guarantees of any such indebtedness.
2.Net income plus interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation, amortization, stock compensation expense, costs incurred to maintain the line of credit facility and certain third-party charges associated with the line of credit agreement or permitted acquisition-related activity, subject to limitations.
As noted above, we were in compliance with our financial covenants at March 31, 2024 and we expect to remain in compliance. The line of credit expires on November 22, 2027. We believe that our existing capacity under the line of credit provides adequate liquidity.
At March 31, 2024, we also had outstanding $72.4 million in irrevocable standby letters of credit, which relate to payment obligations under our insurance programs.
Capital Expenditures
The level of capital expenditures is generally dependent on the number of new customers obtained. Such capital expenditures primarily consist of housekeeping and food service equipment purchases, laundry and linen equipment installations, computer hardware and software, furniture and fixtures. Although we have no specific material commitments for capital expenditures through the end of calendar year 2024, we estimate that for 2024 we will have capital expenditures of approximately $5.0 million to $7.0 million, of which we have made $2.2 million through March 31, 2024.
Although there can be no assurance, we believe that our cash from operations, existing cash and cash equivalents balance and credit line will be adequate for the foreseeable future to satisfy the needs of our operations and to fund our anticipated growth. However, should these sources not be sufficient, we would seek to obtain necessary capital from such sources as long-term debt or equity financing. In addition, there can be no assurance of the terms thereof and any subsequent equity financing sought may have dilutive effects on our current shareholders.
Material Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements, other than our irrevocable standby letter of credit previously discussed.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in the Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2023. As described in such notes, we recognize revenue in the period in which the performance obligation is satisfied. Refer to our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the Form 10-K.
In preparing our financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that, among other things, affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are most significant when they involve levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or matters susceptible to change and where they can have a material impact on our financial condition and operating performance. If actual results were to differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected.
Critical accounting estimates and the related assumptions are evaluated periodically as conditions warrant, and changes to such estimates are recorded as new information or changed conditions require.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
At March 31, 2024, we had $129.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents and marketable securities. The fair value of all of our cash equivalents and marketable securities are determined based on “Level 1” or “Level 2” inputs, which are based upon quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. We place our cash investments in instruments that meet credit quality standards, as specified in our investment policy guidelines.
Investments in both fixed-rate and floating-rate investments carry a degree of interest rate risk. The market value of fixed rate securities may be adversely impacted by an increase in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates or if there is a decline in the fair value of our investments.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are intended to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act, such as this Form 10-Q, is reported in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission rules. Disclosure controls are also intended to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to Management, including the Principal Executive Officer (President and Chief Executive Officer) and Principal Financial Officer (Principal Accounting Officer), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on their evaluation as of March 31, 2024, pursuant to Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) Rule 13a-15(b), our Management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that a reasonable possibility exists that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
In the course of preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, management identified a material weakness related to accrued payroll liabilities from employee vested vacation. Our controls over accrued payroll liabilities in respect to accrued vacation were not sufficiently designed to consider all accounting and disclosure ramifications of such accrued payroll liabilities. This material weakness resulted in immaterial misstatements in our 2022 and 2021 financial statements related to the accounting for accrued vacation which were corrected prior to issuance of the Company’s 2023 financial statements. Furthermore, there is a reasonable possibility that material misstatements to the Company’s future annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected in a timely basis as a result of the identified material weakness.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Plan to Remediate Material Weakness
The Company is currently in the process of remediating the material weakness and has taken and continues to take steps that address the underlying causes of the material weakness including improving controls over the identification and estimation of payroll-related accruals in respect to accrued vacation. The Company has instituted enhanced controls including review processes and reconciliations related to the vacation accrual. The Company intends to remediate these deficiencies as soon as possible and believes these actions will be sufficient to remediate the identified material weaknesses and strengthen the Company's internal control over financial reporting; however, there can be no guarantee that such remediation will be sufficient. The Company will continue to monitor the effectiveness of its controls and will make any further changes management determines appropriate.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than the material weaknesses described above, there were no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company continues to review its disclosure controls and procedures, including its internal control over financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that the Company’s systems evolve with its business.
Certifications
Certifications of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer regarding, among other items, disclosure controls and procedures are included as exhibits to this Form 10-Q.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
In the normal course of business, the Company is involved in various administrative and legal proceedings, including labor and employment, contracts, personal injury and insurance matters. The Company believes it is not a party to, nor are any of its properties the subject of, any pending legal proceeding or governmental examination that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition or liquidity.
At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate possible losses or form a judgment that an unfavorable outcome is either probable, reasonably possible or remote with respect to certain pending litigation claims asserted.
In light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, the ultimate outcome of a particular matter could become material to the Company’s results of operations for a particular period depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of the Company’s operating income for that period.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Repurchases of Equity Securities
On February 14, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 7.5 million outstanding shares of common stock (the “Repurchase Plan”). We remain authorized to purchase 6.5 million shares of common stock under the Repurchase Plan. No shares were repurchased pursuant to the Repurchase Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended).
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed as part of this Report:

Exhibit Number |  | Description
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
32.1 |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
101 |  | The following financial information from the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024 formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (iv) Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101.)

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant had duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  |  | HEALTHCARE SERVICES GROUP, INC. |
|  | Date: | April 26, 2024 |  | /s/ Theodore Wahl |
|  |  |  |  | Theodore Wahl |
|  |  |  |  | President & Chief Executive Officer |
|  |  |  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |
|  | Date: | April 26, 2024 |  | /s/ Andrew M. Brophy |
|  |  |  |  | Andrew M. Brophy |
|  |  |  |  | Vice President, Controller & Principal Accounting Officer |
|  |  |  |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |

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