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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The components of earnings before income taxes are as follows:
 Year Ended December 31
 202220212020
Domestic$163.6 $249.7 $115.3 
Foreign240.0 272.4 212.6 
Earnings before income taxes$403.6 $522.1 $327.9 
Income tax expense (benefit) is comprised of the following components:
 Year Ended December 31
 202220212020
Current   
Federal$48.3 $57.0 $36.9 
State and local7.9 11.5 7.8 
Foreign53.2 59.5 51.0 
Total current109.4 128.0 95.7 
Deferred   
Federal(14.1)(9.3)(15.0)
State and local(2.0)(2.3)(2.6)
Foreign.4 3.1 (3.3)
Total deferred(15.7)(8.5)(20.9)
Total income taxes$93.7 $119.5 $74.8 
Income tax expense (benefit), as a percentage of earnings before income taxes, differs from the statutory federal income tax rate as follows:
 Year Ended December 31
 202220212020
Statutory federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Increases (decreases) in rate resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal benefit.9 1.5 .8 
Tax effect of foreign operations(.5)(.9)(2.2)
Global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI).6 .5 (.3)
Current and deferred foreign withholding taxes2.6 2.3 2.7 
Stock-based compensation(.1)(.5)(.6)
Change in valuation allowance(.1)— .8 
Change in uncertain tax positions, net— — .6 
Goodwill impairment— — 1.6 
Other permanent differences, net(1.0)(.8)(1.3)
Other, net(.2)(.2)(.3)
Effective tax rate23.2 %22.9 %22.8 %
For all periods presented, the tax rate benefited from income earned in various foreign jurisdictions at rates lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate. The rate benefited from income earned primarily in China and Cyprus during 2022, China, Croatia, and Switzerland in 2021, and China and Luxembourg in 2020.
In 2022, we recognized tax expense of $10.9 related to foreign withholding taxes of $10.5 and other net tax expenses of $0.4.
In 2021, we recognized tax expense of $14.6 related to foreign withholding taxes of $11.9 and other net tax expenses of $2.7.
In 2020, we recognized tax expense of $13.1 related to foreign withholding taxes of $8.9, a non-deductible goodwill impairment associated with our Hydraulic Cylinders reporting unit of $5.3, and a Korean audit settlement of $3.2. These expenses were partially offset by prior year tax benefits totaling $3.9 from the GILTI high-tax exception final regulations issued in 2020, and other net tax benefits of $.4.
We file tax returns in each jurisdiction where we are required to do so. In these jurisdictions, a statute of limitations period exists. After a statute period expires, the tax authorities can no longer assess additional income tax for the expired period. In addition, once the statute expires we are no longer eligible to file claims for refund for any tax that we may have overpaid.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
The total amount of our gross unrecognized tax benefits including interest and penalties at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $5.9 (of which $4.7 would impact our effective tax rate, if recognized), $6.6, and $6.9, respectively.
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, which is consistent with prior reporting periods.
We are currently in various stages of audit by certain governmental tax authorities. We have established liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits as appropriate, with such amounts representing a reasonable provision for taxes we ultimately might be required to pay. However, these liabilities could be adjusted over time as more information becomes known and management continues to evaluate the progress of these examinations.
In 2021, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) completed its examination of our 2016 U.S. federal income tax return and asserted that income earned in that year by our Luxembourg subsidiary through its Mexican branch should be recognized as income in the U.S. We continue to believe their position is without merit but unsuccessfully contested this matter through IRS Appeals. The 2016 audit year closed in 2022 with no material impact to our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We are no longer subject to significant U.S. federal tax examinations for years prior to 2019, or significant U.S. state or foreign income tax examinations for years prior to 2013.
It is reasonably possible that the resolution of certain tax audits could reduce our unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months, as certain tax positions may either be sustained on audit or we may agree to certain adjustments, or resulting from the expiration of statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions. It is not expected that any change would have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities. The major temporary differences and their associated deferred tax assets or liabilities are as follows:
 December 31
 20222021
 AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Property, plant and equipment$15.0 $(80.2)$16.8 $(79.3)
Inventories6.6 (6.5)3.0 (13.1)
Accrued expenses52.6 (.9)65.5 (10.2)
Net operating losses and other tax carryforwards25.6 — 29.1 — 
Pension cost and other post-retirement benefits7.5 (.8)14.6 (.7)
Intangible assets.1 (204.5).2 (200.0)
Derivative financial instruments.6 (3.8)1.2 (4.4)
Tax on undistributed earnings (primarily from Canada and China)— (17.0)— (16.0)
Uncertain tax positions.8 — .9 — 
Other11.8 (5.6)5.5 (5.7)
Gross deferred tax assets (liabilities)120.6 (319.3)136.8 (329.4)
Valuation allowance(15.7)— (16.2)— 
Total deferred taxes$104.9 $(319.3)$120.6 $(329.4)
Net deferred tax liability $(214.4) $(208.8)
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:
 December 31
 20222021
Sundry$8.3 $8.6 
Deferred income taxes(222.7)(217.4)
Net deferred tax liability$(214.4)$(208.8)
The valuation allowance recorded primarily relates to net operating loss, tax credit, and capital loss carryforwards for which utilization is uncertain. Cumulative tax losses in certain state and foreign jurisdictions during recent years, limited carryforward periods in certain jurisdictions, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, and reasonable tax planning strategies were among the factors considered in determining the valuation allowance. Individually, none of these tax carryforwards presents a material exposure.
Most of our tax carryforwards have expiration dates that vary generally over the next 20 years, with no amount greater than $10.0 expiring in any one year.
Deferred withholding taxes (tax on undistributed earnings) have been provided on the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the extent it is anticipated that the earnings will be remitted in the future as dividends. We are not asserting permanent reinvestment on $537.0 of our earnings and have accrued tax on these undistributed earnings as presented in the table above.
Foreign withholding taxes have not been provided on certain foreign earnings which are indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. The cumulative undistributed earnings which are indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2022, are $327.9. If such earnings were repatriated to the U.S. through dividends, the resulting incremental tax expense would approximate $17.3, based on present income tax laws.