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Income taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income taxes | Income taxes The following are the domestic and foreign components of the Company's loss before income taxes:
| Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Domestic | $ | (67,296) |  |  | $ | (146,091) |  |  | $ | (28,590) |
Foreign | 1,038 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | (436) |
Total | $ | (66,258) |  |  | $ | (144,827) |  |  | $ | (29,026) |
Income tax expense (benefit) consists of the following:
| Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
State | 46 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |
Foreign | 185 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 9 |
Total current tax provision | 231 |  |  | 216 |  |  | 9 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (62) |  |  | (2,924) |  |  | (17,703) |
State | — |  |  | (2,314) |  |  | (2,424) |
Foreign | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total deferred tax benefit | (62) |  |  | (5,238) |  |  | (20,127) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | (5,022) |  |  | $ | (20,118) |
In the year ended December 31, 2021, income tax benefit included excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation of $10.5 million. The tax benefit for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 did not contain excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation. In connection with the 2021 Global Cooling acquisition, the Company recognized a deferred tax liability estimated to be $24.1 million. As a result, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $8.0 million for the release of valuation allowance on our existing U.S. deferred tax assets as a result of the offset of the deferred tax liabilities established for intangible assets from the acquisition. In connection with the 2021 Sexton acquisition, the Company recorded a deferred tax liability estimated to be $1.5 million with an offset to goodwill. A reconciliation of income taxes computed using the U.S. federal statutory rate to that reflected in operations follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Federal statutory tax | 21 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 21 | %
State tax, net of federal benefit | 4 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 7 | %
Stock compensation | (2 | %) |  | — |  | 36 | %
Sec. 162(m) limitation on executive compensation | (2 | %) |  | (1 | %) |  | (11 | %)
Fair value change in contingent consideration | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  | (2 | %)
Transaction costs | — |  | — |  | (1 | %)
Gain on stock acquisition | — |  | — |  | 5 | %
Tax credits | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  | —
Change in valuation allowance | (25 | %) |  | (21 | %) |  | 20 | %
Expired net operating losses | — |  | — |  | (5 | %)
Gain on escrow settlement | 2 | % |  | — |  | — | %
Other | — |  | — |  | (1 | %)
Total | — |  |  | 4 | % |  | 69 | %
The principal components of the Company’s net deferred tax assets are as follows as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets related to: |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 35,505 |  |  | $ | 29,102 |
Stock-based compensation | 3,008 |  |  | 3,207 |
Accruals and reserves | 3,590 |  |  | 3,724 |
Inventory | 1,408 |  |  | 425 |
Fixed assets | 585 |  |  | — |
Lease liabilities | 3,950 |  |  | 3,653 |
Tax credit carryforward | 2,226 |  |  | 1,423 |
Capitalized research and development | 4,818 |  |  | 2,405 |
Other | 875 |  |  | 445 |
Total deferred tax assets | 55,965 |  |  | 44,384 |
Deferred tax liabilities related to: |  |  |
Intangibles | (3,696) |  |  | (6,150) |
Right-of-use assets | (2,500) |  |  | (3,458) |
Fair value change in investments | (440) |  |  | (447) |
Fixed assets | — |  |  | (1,177) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (6,636) |  |  | (11,232) |
Net deferred tax (liabilities) assets before valuation allowance | 49,329 |  |  | 33,152 |
Less: valuation allowance | (49,517) |  |  | (33,402) |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (188) |  |  | $ | (250) |
Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. The assessment regarding whether a valuation allowance is required on deferred tax assets considers the evaluation of both positive and negative evidence when concluding whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are realizable. The valuation allowance recorded as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 primarily relates to deferred tax assets for net operating loss carryforwards. The changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets were as follows:
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 33,402 |  |  | $ | 2,993 |  |  | $ | 8,498 |
Deferred tax liabilities assumed through acquisitions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,498) |
Charged to income tax expense | 16,115 |  |  | 30,409 |  |  | 2,993 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 49,517 |  |  | $ | 33,402 |  |  | $ | 2,993 |
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $151.9 million. Approximately $39.2 million of NOL will expire from 2024 through 2037, and approximately $112.7 million of NOL will be carried forward indefinitely. The NOL carryforwards may become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest. This limited the amount of tax attributes that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act contained a provision which requires the capitalization of Section 174 costs incurred in years beginning on or after January 1, 2022. Section 174 costs are expenditures which represent research and development costs that are incident to the development or improvement of a product, process, formula, invention, computer software, or technique. This provision changes the treatment of Section 174 costs such that the expenditures are no longer allowed as an immediate deduction but rather must be capitalized and amortized. We have included the impact of this provision, which results in a deferred tax asset of approximately $4.8 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company determines its uncertain tax positions based on a determination of whether and how much of a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filings or positions is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant income tax authorities. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of uncertain tax positions in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 610 |  |  | $ | 255 |
Increase related to prior year tax positions | 20 |  |  | 170 |
Increase related to current year tax positions | 324 |  |  | 185 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 954 |  |  | $ | 610 |
The Company is generally subject to examination by U.S. federal and local income tax authorities for all tax years in which loss carryforward is available, which includes 2004 through 2023.

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