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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from
to
.
Commission File Number
001-36155
MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 35-2478370
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

23975 Park Sorrento, Suite 400
Calabasas
, California
, 91302
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (818
)
212-2250
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol (s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock , par value $0.0001 per share |  | MMI |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities
Act.
Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the
Act.
Yes
☐
No
☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and such files). Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  |  | ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  |  | ☐ |
Emerging growth company |  | ☐ |  |  |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Act). Yes
☐
No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting stock held by
non-affiliates
at June 30, 2019 was approximately $704.0 million, based on the closing price per share of common stock on June 28, 2019 of $30.85 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. Shares of common stock known by the registrant to be beneficially owned by directors and executive officers of the registrant and 10% stockholders are not included in the computation. The registrant, however, has made no determination that such persons are “affiliates” within the meaning of Rule
12b-2
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
As of February 18, 2020, there were 39,192,372 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on May 5, 2020 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

Table of Contents

|  |  |  | Page |
|  | PART I |  |  |  |
Item 1. |  | Business |  |  | 4 |
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  |  | 16 |
Item 1B. |  | Unresolved Staff Comments |  |  | 29 |
Item 2. |  | Properties |  |  | 29 |
Item 3. |  | Legal Proceedings |  |  | 29 |
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  |  | 29 |
|  | PART II |  |  |  |
Item 5. |  | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |  |  | 30 |
Item 6. |  | Selected Financial Data |  |  | 32 |
Item 7. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  |  | 34 |
Item 7A. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  |  | 48 |
Item 8. |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |  |  | 48 |
Item 9. |  | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |  |  | 48 |
Item 9A. |  | Controls and Procedures |  |  | 48 |
Item 9B. |  | Other Information |  |  | 50 |
|  | PART III |  |  |  |
Item 10. |  | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance |  |  | 51 |
Item 11. |  | Executive Compensation |  |  | 52 |
Item 12. |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |  |  | 52 |
Item 13. |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |  |  | 53 |
Item 14. |  | Principal Accounting Fees and Services |  |  | 53 |
|  | PART IV |  |  |  |
Item 15. |  | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules |  |  | 54 |
Item 16. |  | Form 10-K Summary |  |  | 56 |
SIGNATURES |  |  | 57 |

MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA
Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this Annual Report on Form
10-K
concerning the commercial real estate industry and the markets in which we operate, including our general expectations and market position, market opportunity and market size, is based on (i) information gathered from various sources, (ii) certain assumptions that we have made, and (iii) on our knowledge of the commercial real estate market. While we believe that the market position, market opportunity and market size information that is included in this Annual Report on Form
10-K
is generally reliable, such information is inherently imprecise. Unless indicated otherwise, the industry data included herein is generally based on information available through the nine months ended September 30, 2019 since full year 2019 information may not yet have been published. We use market data from Costar Group, Inc. and Real Capital Analytics that consists of list side information of sales transactions of multifamily, retail, office and industrial buildings, with a value of $1 million or more.
2

Table of Contents
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form
10-K
includes forward-looking statements, including the Company’s business outlook for 2020 and expectations for changes (or fluctuations) in market share growth. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends affecting the financial condition of our business. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results may be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and/or management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

| • | market trends in the commercial real estate market or the general economy;

| • | our ability to attract and retain qualified senior executives, managers and investment sales and financing professionals;

| • | the effects of increased competition on our business;

| • | our ability to successfully enter new markets or increase our market share;

| • | our ability to successfully expand our services and businesses and to manage any such expansions;

| • | our ability to retain existing clients and develop new clients;

| • | our ability to keep pace with changes in technology;

| • | any business interruption or technology failure and any related impact on our reputation;

| • | changes in interest rates, tax laws, employment laws or other government regulation affecting our business; and

| • | other risk factors included under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In addition, in this Annual Report, the words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “predict,” “potential”, “should” and similar expressions, as they relate to our company, our business and our management, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. In light of these risks and uncertainties, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report on Form
10-K
may not occur and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information, except to the extent required by applicable laws. If we update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.
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PART I
Unless the context requires otherwise, the words “Marcus & Millichap,” “Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services,” “MMREIS,” “MMI,” “we,” the “Company,” “us” and “our” refer to Marcus & Millichap, Inc., Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services, Inc. and its other consolidated subsidiaries.
Item 1. Business
Company Overview
Marcus & Millichap, Inc. (“MMI”) is a leading national real estate services firm specializing in commercial real estate investment sales, financing, research and advisory services. We are the leading national investment brokerage company in the
$1-$10
million private client market segment. This is the largest and most active market segment and comprised approximately 84% of total U.S. commercial property transactions greater than $1 million in the marketplace in 2019. As of December 31, 2019, we had 2,021 investment sales and financing professionals that are primarily exclusive commission based independent contractors who provide real estate investment brokerage and financing services to sellers and buyers of commercial real estate in 82 offices in the United States and Canada. In 2019, we closed 9,726 sales, financing and other transactions with total sales volume of approximately $49.7 billion.
We service clients by underwriting, marketing, selling and financing commercial real estate properties in a manner that maximizes value for sellers, provides buyers with the largest and most diverse inventory of commercial properties and secures the most competitive financing from lenders for borrowers. Our business model is based on several key attributes:

| • | a 49-year history of providing investment brokerage and financing services through proprietary inventory and marketing systems, policies and culture of information sharing and in-depth investment brokerage training. These services are executed by our salesforce under the supervision of a dedicated management team focused on client service and growing the firm;

| • | market leading share and brand within the $1-$10 million private client market segment, which consistently represents more than 80% of total U.S. commercial property transactions greater than $1 million in the marketplace;

| • | investment sales and financing professionals providing exclusive client representation across multiple property types;

| • | a broad geographic platform in the United States and Canada powered by information sharing and proprietary real estate marketing technologies;

| • | an ability to scale with our private clients as they grow and connect private capital with larger assets through our Institutional Property Advisors (“IPA”) group;

| • | a financing team integrated with our brokerage sales force providing independent mortgage brokerage services by accessing a wide range of lenders on behalf of our clients;

| • | an experienced management team overseeing our offices, with an average of 11 years of real estate investment brokerage experience with our Company;

| • | our managers are in a support and leadership role as company executives and do not compete with or participate in investment sales professionals’ commissions; and

| • | industry-leading research and advisory services tailored to the needs of our clients and supporting our investment sales and financing professionals.

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Corporate Information
We were formed as a sole proprietorship in 1971, incorporated in California on August 26, 1976 as G. M. Marcus & Company, and we were renamed as Marcus & Millichap, Inc. in August 1978, Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Brokerage Company in September 1985, and Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services, Inc., (“MMREIS”), in February 2007. Prior to the completion of our initial public offering (“IPO”), MMREIS was majority-owned by Marcus & Millichap Company (“MMC”) and all of MMREIS’ preferred and common stock outstanding was held by MMC and its affiliates or officers and employees of MMREIS. In June 2013, in preparation for the
spin-off
of its real estate investment services business, MMC formed a Delaware holding company called Marcus & Millichap, Inc., or MMI. Prior to the completion of our IPO, the shareholders of MMREIS contributed the shares of MMREIS to MMI in exchange for common stock of MMI, and MMREIS became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MMI. On November 5, 2013, MMI completed its IPO.
Our principal executive offices are located at 23975 Park Sorrento, Suite 400 Calabasas, California 91302. Our telephone number at this location is (818)
212-2250.
Our website address is www.MarcusMillichap.com. The information on our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
Our Services
We generate revenues by collecting real estate brokerage commissions upon the sale, and fees upon the financing, of commercial properties, and by providing consulting and advisory services. Real estate brokerage commissions are typically based upon the value of the property and financing fees are typically based upon the size of the loan. In 2019, approximately 91% of our revenues were generated from real estate brokerage commissions, 8% from financing fees and 1% from other revenues, including consulting and advisory services.
We divide commercial real estate into four major market segments, characterized by price in order to understand trends in our revenue from period to period:

| • | Properties priced less than $1 million;

| • | Private client market: properties priced from $1 million up to $10 million;

| • | Middle market: properties priced from $10 million up to $20 million; and

| • | Larger transaction market: properties priced from $20 million and above.

We serve clients with one property, multiple properties and large investment portfolios. The largest group of investors we serve typically transacts in the
$1-$10
million private client market segment. The investment brokerage and financing businesses serving private clients within the private client market segment represent the largest part of our business, which differentiates us from our competitors. In 2019, approximately 67% of our brokerage commissions came from this market segment. Properties in this market segment are characterized by higher asset turnover rates due to the type of investor as compared to other market segments. Private clients are often motivated to buy, sell and/or refinance properties not only for business reasons but also due to personal circumstances, such as death, divorce, changes in partnership structures and other personal or financial circumstances. Therefore, private client investors are influenced less by the macroeconomic trends than other large-scale investors, making the private client market segment less volatile over the long-term than other market segments. Accordingly, our business model distinguishes us from our national competitors, who may focus primarily on the more volatile larger transaction and middle market segments, or on other business activities such as leasing or property management, and from our local and regional competitors, who lack a broad national platform.
Geographic Locations
We were founded in 1971 in the western United States, and we continue to increase our presence throughout North America through execution of our growth strategies by targeting markets based on population, employment,
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level of commercial real estate sales, inventory and competitive landscape opportunities where we believe the markets will benefit from our business model. We have grown to have offices in 34 states across the United States and in 4 provinces in Canada. In 2018 and 2019, we completed acquisitions that expanded our presence in the financing market in the Midwest and in the real estate brokerage market in Canada. In 2018, we also added commercial mortgage servicing to our financing services.
Below is a map reflecting the geographic location of our 82 offices as of December 31, 2019.
Commercial Real Estate Investment Brokerage
Our primary business and source of revenue is the representation of commercial property owners as their exclusive investment broker in the sale of their properties. Our investment sales professionals also represent buyers in fulfilling their investment real estate acquisition needs. Commissions from real estate investment brokerage sales accounted for approximately 91% of our revenues in 2019. Sales are generated by maintaining relationships with property owners, providing market information and trends to them during their investment or “hold” period and being selected as their representative when they decide to sell, buy additional property or exchange their property for another property. We collect commissions upon the sale of each property based on a percentage of sales price. These commission percentages are typically inversely correlated with sales price and thus are generally higher for smaller transactions.
We underwrite, value, position and market properties to reach the largest and most qualified pool of buyers. We offer our clients the industry’s largest team of investment sales professionals, who operate with a culture and policy of information sharing powered by our proprietary system, MNet, which enables real-time buyer-seller matching. We use a proactive marketing campaign that leverages the investor relationships of our entire sales force, direct marketing and a suite of proprietary
web-based
tools that connects each asset with the right buyer pool. We strive to maximize value for the seller by generating high demand for each property. Our approach also
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provides a diverse, consistently underwritten inventory of investment real estate for buyers. When a client engages one of our investment sales professionals, they are engaging an entire system, structure and organization committed to maximizing value for them.
In 2019, we closed 7,042 real estate brokerage transactions in a broad range of commercial property types, with a total sales volume of approximately $36.9 billion. In the last 10 years, we have closed more transactions than any other firm. We have significantly diversified our business beyond our historical focus on multifamily properties.
We are building on our track record of strength in multifamily, retail, office and industrial properties by expanding our coverage of additional property types. These include hospitality, self-storage, seniors housing, land and manufactured housing properties, where we are already a leading broker but have significant room for additional growth due to market size, fragmentation and specific geographic market opportunities. We are also expanding our specialty group management and support infrastructure, specialized branding and business development customized for each property type and intensifying our recruiting efforts, for management and investment sales and financing professionals. We expect that these efforts will expand our presence and result in increased business in these property types.
We service clients in all market segments by underwriting, marketing, selling and financing commercial real estate properties in a manner that maximizes value for sellers and provides buyers with the largest and most diverse inventory of commercial properties. In addition, we achieved growth by leveraging the strength of our relationships in the private client market segment to increase our share of the middle and larger transaction market segments. Because commission rates earned on commercial properties are typically inversely correlated with sales price, our expansion into the middle and larger transaction market segments, has led to our average commission rates fluctuating from
period-to-period
as a result of changes in the relative mix of transactions closed in the middle and larger transaction market segments as compared to the private client market segment.
The following table sets forth the number of investment sales transactions, sales volume and revenue by commercial real estate market segment for real estate brokerage in 2019 compared to 2018:

|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Change |
Real Estate Brokerage: |  | Number |  |  | Volume |  |  | Revenues |  |  | Number |  |  | Volume |  |  | Revenues |  |  | Number |  |  | Volume |  |  | Revenues |
|  |  |  |  | (in millions) |  |  | (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (in millions) |  |  | (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (in millions) |  |  | (in thousands) |
<$1 million |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | $ | 657 |  |  | $ | 27,012 |  |  |  | 1,077 |  |  | $ | 695 |  |  | $ | 29,677 |  |  |  | (66 | ) |  | $ | (38 | ) |  | $ | (2,665 | )
Private client market ($1-$10 million) |  |  | 5,311 |  |  |  | 17,239 |  |  |  | 487,528 |  |  |  | 5,230 |  |  |  | 16,645 |  |  |  | 483,967 |  |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | 594 |  |  |  | 3,561 |
Middle market ( ≥ $10-$20 million) |  |  | 441 |  |  |  | 6,002 |  |  |  | 107,818 |  |  |  | 472 |  |  |  | 6,462 |  |  |  | 116,850 |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | (460 | ) |  |  | (9,032 | )
Larger transaction market ( ≥ $20 million) |  |  | 279 |  |  |  | 12,960 |  |  |  | 106,998 |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 12,268 |  |  |  | 116,861 |  |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | 692 |  |  |  | (9,863 | )
|  |  | 7,042 |  |  | $ | 36,858 |  |  | $ | 729,356 |  |  |  | 7,079 |  |  | $ | 36,070 |  |  | $ | 747,355 |  |  |  | (37 | ) |  | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | (17,999 | )

Financing
Marcus & Millichap Capital Corporation (“MMCC”) is a financial intermediary that arranges debt financing for commercial properties. Our advisors help to arrange financing for both new acquisitions and the refinancing of individual assets and portfolios. We generate revenue in the form of financing fees collected from the placement of loans with banks, insurance companies, government agencies, conduit lenders, debt funds and hard money lenders. We also receive
on-going
servicing fees from certain lenders and other incentives based on reaching certain production thresholds. MMCC’s financing fees vary by loan amount, transactional complexity and loan type. In 2019, MMCC completed 1,944 financing transactions representing total financing volume of approximately $7.2 billion, which yielded $66.3 million in financing fees, accounting for approximately 8% of our total revenues. The combination of MMCC’s size, market reach and financing volume enables us to establish
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long-term relationships and special programs with various capital sources. This, in turn, improves MMCC’s value proposition to borrowers who are seeking competitive financing rates and terms. MMCC is not limited to promoting
in-house
or exclusive capital sources. Rather, MMCC seeks out the most competitive financing solution for each client’s specific needs and circumstances. During 2019, approximately 42% of MMCC’s revenues came from placing acquisition financing, 48% from refinancing activities and 10% from other financing activities.
MMCC is fully integrated with the investment sales force in our brokerage offices. MMCC financing professionals are supervised by our regional managers, who promote cross-selling, information sharing, business referrals and high-quality customer service within the offices. The MMCC national network of financing professionals is also supported by a dedicated, nationally focused management team coordinating access to a broad range of national and regional capital sources including banks, life insurance companies, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA, debt funds, hard money lenders and structured debt facilitators (preferred equity and mezzanine providers). By combining these resources with the latest property and capital markets information, we can differentiate ourselves in the marketplace and deliver tailored financial solutions that meet our clients’ financial objectives.
Ancillary Services: Research, Advisory and Consulting
Our research, advisory and consulting services are designed to assist clients in forming their investment strategy and making transaction decisions. Our advisory and consulting services are coordinated with both our investment sales and financing professionals and are designed to provide market and property focused market research, publications and customized analysis that increase customer loyalty and long-term relationships.
We provide a wide range of advisory and consulting services to developers, lenders, owners, real estate investment trusts, high net worth individuals, pension fund advisors and other institutions. Our advisory services include opinions of value, operating and financial performance benchmarking analysis, specific asset
buy-sell
strategies, market and submarket analysis and ranking, portfolio strategies by property type, market strategy, development and redevelopment feasibility studies and other services.
Competitive Strengths
We believe the following strengths provide us with a competitive advantage and opportunities for success:
National Platform Built on Investment Brokerage and Financing Services
We have built a leading national platform serving our clients’ needs of investment brokerage and financing services. We continue to be focused on investment brokerage, financing and other services complementary to our business. Our commitment to specialization is reflected in how we generally organize our investment sales and financing professionals by market area and property type, which enhances our investment sales and financing professionals’ skills, relationships and market knowledge required for achieving the best results for our clients. As a result of these founding principles, we offer an efficient system of matching every property with the largest pool of qualified buyers and therefore maximizing value in the process.
Market Leader in the Private Client Market Segment
Since our founding in 1971, we have focused on being the leading service provider to the
$1-$10
million private client market segment. This segment is the largest by ownership and transaction count and consistently accounts for over 80% of total U.S. commercial property transactions and approximately 60% of the commission pool. It is comprised of
high-net-worth
individuals, partnerships and small private fund managers with both passive, long-term investments, as well as those with opportunistic and short-term investment horizons. Private clients are often motivated to buy, sell and/or refinance properties not only for business reasons but also due to
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personal circumstances, such as death, divorce, changes in partnership structures and other personal or financial circumstances. The vast size and personal transaction drivers of private clients make this market segment the most active in terms of sales velocity. Therefore, sales in the private client market segment over the long term tend to be less volatile than higher priced properties priced at $10 million and above. In addition, this market segment is highly fragmented with the top 10 brokerage firms accounting for approximately 24% of transactions in 2019. We are the leading broker in the
$1-$10
million private client market segment based on transaction count in 2019. With our established market leadership and brand name, we have significant room for market share expansion by further consolidating its leadership position in this market segment.
In addition, the private client market segment is characterized by high barriers to entry. These barriers include the need for a large specialized sales force prospecting private clients, the difficulties in identifying, establishing and maintaining relationships with such investors, capabilities of exposing properties to a large pool of potential buyers and the challenge of serving their needs locally, regionally and nationally. We believe this private client market segment is the least covered market segment by other national firms and is significantly underserved by local and regional firms that lack a national platform.
Platform Built for Maximizing Investor Value
We have built our business to maximize value for real estate investors through an integrated set of services geared toward our clients’ needs. We are committed to an investment brokerage specialization, and providing one of the largest sales force in the industry, promoting a culture and policy of information sharing on each property we represent, and equipping our investment sales professionals with proprietary real estate inventory and marketing technologies that enhance the marketability of the properties we represent. Our system generates real-time buyer-seller matching and maximizes value one property at a time. Our investment sales organization can therefore underwrite, position and market investment real estate to the largest pool of qualified buyers. We coordinate proactive marketing campaigns across investor relationships and resources of the entire firm, far beyond the capabilities of an individual listing agent. These efforts produce wide exposure to investors whom we identify as high-probability bidders for each property. To grow with our clients, we established the IPA group to serve the needs of our private client investors that are now seeking higher valued properties as well as larger institutional investors. Our ability to bridge private capital with larger, institutional assets creates value for private and larger transaction clients while offering growth opportunities and strengthening the retention of our investment sales and financing professionals.
We have one of the largest teams of financing professionals in the investment brokerage industry through MMCC. MMCC provides financing expertise and access to debt and capital sources by identifying and securing competitive loan pricing and terms for our clients across a broad range of potential lenders and financing alternatives. We are a leading mortgage broker in the industry based on the number of financing transactions closed in 2018. Finally, our dedicated market research teams analyze the latest local and national economic and real estate trends and produce proprietary analyses for our clients enabling them to make informed investment and financing decisions. Integrating all these services into one national platform increases opportunities to maximize value for our clients across multiple property types, market segments and geographies.
Local Management with Significant Investment Brokerage Experience
Our local management team members, as executives of the firm, are dedicated to recruiting, training, developing and supporting our investment sales and financing professionals. The majority of our local management team are former senior investment sales professionals of our Company who now focus on management, do not compete with our sales force
and have an average of 11 years of real estate investment brokerage experience with our Company. Our training, development and mentoring programs rely greatly on the regional managers’ personal involvement. Their past experience as senior investment sales professionals plays a key role in developing new and experienced investment sales and financing professionals. They help our junior professionals establish technical and client service skills as well as setting up, developing and growing
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relationships with clients. We believe this management structure has helped differentiate the firm from our competitors and ultimately achieves better results for our clients.
Growth Strategy
We have demonstrated the ability, over the long-term, to manage through the cyclical market and continue to be a leader in the
$1-10
million private client market segment. The following graph shows the number of transactions and sales volume of investment sales, financing and other transactions from 2010 to 2019:
We have a long track record of growing our business model driven by opening new offices, recruiting, training and developing new investment sales and financing professionals as well as deploying our client-focused business model to increase coverage of specialty property types and the middle and larger transaction market segments. Our long-term growth plan has focused on investing in our current business model through growing internally and by providing our unique business model to a wider client base. Since 2010, our revenue has increased threefold, and we have grown from slightly over 1,000 investment sales and financing professionals to over 2,000 investment sales and financing professionals in the United States and Canada. Our future growth will depend on continually expanding our national footprint and optimizing the size, product segmentation and specialization of our team of investment sales and financing professionals. The key strategies of our growth plan include:
Increase Market Share in the Private Client Market Segment
The
$1-$10
million private client market segment is fragmented and underserved. The top 10 brokerage firms accounted for only approximately 24% of transactions in this market segment in 2019. Our leading position in this market segment and inherent fragmentation continues to provide significant opportunity for us to expand and bring our client service offerings to a larger portion of this expansive market segment. We can continue to leverage our existing platform, relationships and brand recognition among private clients to grow through expanded marketing and coverage.
Focused Office Expansion
Since we currently have offices in most major-market and
mid-market
metropolitan cities, our growth is expected to come from focused office expansion, targeted hiring and increased coverage of specialty property
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types. We have targeted markets based on population, employment, level of commercial real estate sales, inventory and competitive landscape. Our optimal office plans are used to capitalize on these factors by tailoring sales force size, coverage and composition by office and business activity to direct efforts to offices with the most opportunity where we believe we can leverage our national footprint and proprietary real estate marketing technologies. These initiatives do not require a significant increase in the number of offices or a significant increase in the size of our offices, which allows us to leverage our current office locations without significant incremental investment.
Expand and Develop Our Team of Investment Sales Professionals
A key to growing our business is hiring, training and developing investment sales professionals. We have increased our focus on hiring experienced investment sales professionals through our recruiting department, specialty directors and regional managers in support of our optimal office plans.
Our new investment sales professionals are trained in all aspects of real estate fundamentals, client service and proprietary marketing technologies through formal training, apprenticeship programs and mentorship by our dedicated regional, district and division managers. As these investment sales professionals mature, we continue to provide them with identified best practices and training in specialty property types. We believe this model creates a high level of teamwork, as well as operational and client service consistency. During 2019, we reached an
all-time
high in the number of investment sales professionals, ending the year with 1,925.
Pursue Selective Acquisitions
Acquisitions have become a strategy to supplement the growth of our salesforce and services we provide to our clients. We continually explore acquisition opportunities to augment our brokerage and financing businesses. We primarily look for acquisitions of
small-to-medium
size brokerage and financing businesses or teams of professionals with consistent revenue and earnings trends, which will expand our geographic and property type coverage.
Grow in Specialty Property Types and Middle and Larger Transaction Market Segment Presence
Leveraging our current business model into specialty property types and to the middle and larger transaction market segments opens up significant opportunities for growth.
Specialty Property Types
We believe that specialty property types, including hospitality, self-storage, seniors housing, land and manufactured housing offer significant opportunities for our clients. By deploying our unique business model to increase coverage of these property types, we can create growth for us as well as enhance value for our clients through diversification. To create these opportunities, we are increasing our property type expertise by continuing to strategically add specialty directors who can bring added management capacity, business development and investment sales professional support. These executives will work with our sales management team to increase investment sales professional hiring, training, development and redeployment and to execute various branding and marketing campaigns to expand our presence in these targeted property types. We expect the number and volume of transactions in the primary property types of multifamily, retail, office and industrial to continue to grow with upside opportunity, particularly in the office and industrial properties. At the same time, we intend to continue to grow our presence in specialty property types.
Middle and Larger Transaction Market Segments Presence
Our extensive relationships with private client investors who typically invest in the
$1-$10
million private client market segment have enabled us to capture a greater portion of commercial real estate transactions in excess of $10 million and bridge the private client market investor to the middle market and larger transaction
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market segments in recent years. As property values increase and investors grow and expand, they require larger properties. We are organized to provide our unique brokerage and financing services to investors in those market segments. Our ability to connect private client capital with middle and larger transaction market segment properties allows us to continue to serve our clients as they grow and plays a major role in differentiating our services. We have a group dedicated to serving major investors, branded as IPA, specifically to service larger multifamily investors. This strategy has met market acceptance and provides a vehicle for growth by delivering our unique service platform within the middle and larger transaction multifamily, retail and office property types. The growth of our investors and introduction of IPA has driven incremental growth for us.
Expand Marcus & Millichap Capital Corporation Financing Business
Our plan for the growth of MMCC continues to be focused on expanding our financing services in markets currently served by our investment brokerage offices. This includes increasing the capacity of financing professionals in offices we currently serve and integrating financing professionals and related services in offices that do not have an MMCC presence. We will also continue to expand our service platform by increasing access to a broad array of new capital resources. We have established alliances with national capital sources that provide access to an assortment of highly competitive products including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and HUD. These alliances serve to expand the distribution network for each of our lender partners, while affording our financing professionals and clients with more favorable pricing and service. We will continue to seek out and hire experienced financing professionals and capital markets teams to grow our MMCC business, support the growth of our service platform and establish relationships with various capital sources. Further, our internally developed training programs are directed at enhancing the skill sets for our advisors, promoting the MMCC value proposition and increasing our internal capture rate with our brokerage clients and increasing activity with
non-brokerage
clients. As of December 31, 2019, we have 41 offices with financing professionals embedded within our brokerage teams. We continue to capitalize on the synergies our financing professionals provide to our client focused service platform with approximately 14.7% year-over-year growth in financing fees ($66.3 million in financing fees in 2019 from $57.8 million in 2018).
Seasonality
There is seasonality in our real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees, which has generally caused our revenues, operating income, net income and cash flows from operating activities to be lower in the first half of the year and higher in the second half of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter. For a more detailed description of our seasonality, refer to Item 1A – “Risk Factors – External Business Risks –
Seasonal fluctuations and other market data in the investment real estate industry could adversely affect our business and make comparisons of our quarterly results difficult”
and Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Overview –
Seasonality”
of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
Competition
We compete in real estate brokerage and financing within the commercial real estate industry on a national, regional and local basis. Competition is based on a number of critical factors, including the quality and expertise of our investment sales and financing professionals, our execution skills, sales support, brand recognition and our business reputation. We primarily compete with other brokerage and financing firms that seek investment brokerage and financing business from real estate owners and investors. To a lesser extent, we compete with
in-house
real estate departments, owners who may transact without using a brokerage firm, direct lenders, consulting firms and investment managers. Our relative competitive position also varies across geographies, property types and services. In investment sales, our competitors on a national level include CBRE Group, Inc., Cushman & Wakefield, Colliers International, Newmark Group, Inc., NAI Global and JLL. Our financing competitors include institutional firms such as CBRE Group, Inc., JLL, Walker & Dunlop and NorthMarq Capital, LLC and a large group of local and regional mortgage banking firms. These investment sales firms mainly focus on larger sales and institutional investors and are not heavily concentrated in our largest market
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segment, which is the
$1-$10
million private client market segment. However, there is crossover and competition between us and these firms. As a result of the fragmentation in the market, there are also numerous local and regional competitors in our markets, as well as competitors specializing in certain property types. Despite recent consolidation, the commercial real estate services industry remains highly fragmented and competitive.
Competition to attract and retain qualified professionals is also intense in each of our geographic regions and across all property types. We offer what we believe to be competitive compensation and support programs to our professionals. Our ability to continue to compete effectively will depend on retaining, motivating and appropriately compensating our professionals.
Technology
We have a long-standing tradition of technological orientation, innovation and advancement. Our efforts include the development of proprietary applications designed to make the process of matching buyer and sellers faster and more efficient as well as
state-of-the-art
communication technology, infrastructure, internet presence and electronic marketing.
We have a proprietary internal marketing system, MNet, which allows our sales force to share listing information with investors across the country. MNet is an integrated tool that contains our entire national property inventory, which allows our sales force to search for properties based on investors’ acquisition criteria. This system is an essential part of connecting buyers and sellers through our national platform. Our policies require information sharing among our sales force, and the MNet system automates the process of matching each property we represent to the largest pool of qualified buyers tracked by our national sales force. A part of MNet, called Buyer Needs, enables our sales force to register the investment needs of various buyers, which are then matched to our available inventory on a real-time basis.
In 2018, we relaunched MNet with significant new capabilities, which allow our sales force to find listings with more targeted criteria, such as searching by demographic data surrounding a target property. The new version of MNet significantly reduces the time required to find properties that meet a client’s needs.
A related application, MNet-Offering, is a system for automating the production of property marketing materials and launching marketing campaigns. MNet-Offering allows our investment sales professionals to create a listing proposal or marketing package, which automatically imports property information, data on comparable properties and other information, and then dynamically populates our
e-marketing,
print and internet media. This system allows our sales force to rapidly create professionally branded and designed materials for marketing properties on behalf of our clients in an efficient and timely manner. This
web-based
application improves sales force efficiency by tightly integrating MNet data for transaction history, sales and rent comparables, and market insights that differentiate our sales force in the marketplace. The proposals and marketing packages produced by MNet-Offering also deliver updated content and expanded demographic and financial analysis to better market those properties for our clients.
Our website is designed not only to bring in new clients for our investment sales and financing professionals, but also to make our inventory of properties available for maximum exposure for our sellers, and to provide buyers an opportunity to engage with our investment sales and financing professionals. We actively qualify leads generated from the contact forms and pass those leads to our agents via our customer relationship management platform. Our websites average approximately 75,000 new visitors per month and 841,000 page views per month and also serve as a portal for delivery of online marketing materials and for deal collaboration.
Marketing and Branding
We are known for our 49 years of providing investment brokerage and financing services through a proprietary marketing system, policies and culture of information sharing and
in-depth
investment brokerage training, all of which is executed under the supervision of a dedicated local, regional and national management team focused on client service and growing the firm.
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In recent years we have also garnered recognition among larger private investors and institutions due to our integrated platform and capability of linking private and institutional capital. We continue to strengthen and broaden our name recognition and credibility by executing a variety of marketing and branding strategies. Locally, our offices and investment sales and financing professionals engage in numerous events, direct mail campaigns, investor symposiums and participate in real estate conferences and organizations for various market segments and property types. Our regional managers and investment sales and financing professionals develop long-term client relationships and promote our brand through these activities.
Our research division produces more than 1,500 publications and client presentations per year and has become a leading source of information for the industry as well as the general business media. We provide research on 10 commercial property types covering: multifamily, retail, office, industrial, single-tenant net lease, seniors housing, self-storage, hospitality, medical office and manufactured housing, as well as capital markets/financing. This research includes analysis and forecasting of the economy, capital markets, real estate fundamentals, investment, pricing and yield trends, and is designed to assist investors in their strategy formation and decisions relating to specific assets and help our investment sales professionals develop and maintain relationships with clients.
Our transactional and market research expertise result in significant print, radio, television and online media coverage including most major real estate publications such as Real Estate Forum, Multi-Housing News, Commercial Property Executive and National Real Estate Investor as well as local market and major national news outlets such as CNBC, Fox Business, The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Bloomberg Businessweek, Forbes and numerous newspapers in major metropolitan cities. Our CEO is frequently interviewed on national business channels, such as CNBC, Bloomberg, Yahoo! Finance and Fox Business, to address the commercial real estate market. We frequently have featured speaking roles in key regional and national industry events, and we are regularly quoted in regional and national publications and media, and deliver content directly to the real estate investment community through print, electronic publications and video. Nationally, our specialty groups and capital markets executives actively participate in various trade organizations, many of which focus on specific property types and provide an effective vehicle for client relationship development and branding.
We believe all these activities create significant exposure and name recognition for our firm, which fosters and builds strong, long-term client relationships.
Intellectual Property
We hold various trademarks and trade names, which include the “Marcus & Millichap” name. Although we believe our intellectual property plays a role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets that we serve, we do not believe we would be materially, adversely affected by the expiration or termination of our trademarks or trade names or the loss of any of our other intellectual property rights other than the Marcus & Millichap name. With respect to the Marcus & Millichap name, we maintain trademark registrations for these service marks.
In addition to trade names, we have developed proprietary technologies for the provision of real estate investment services, such as MNet and MNet-Offering. We also offer proprietary research to clients through our research division. While we seek to secure our rights under applicable intellectual property protection laws in these and any other proprietary assets that we use in our business, we do not believe any of these other items of intellectual property are material to our business in the aggregate.
Government Regulation
We are subject to various real estate regulations, and we maintain real estate and other broker licenses in 46 states in the United States and four provinces in Canada. We are a licensed broker in each state in which we have
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an office, as well as those states where we frequently do business. We are also subject to numerous other federal, state and local laws and regulations that contain general standards for, and prohibitions on, the conduct of real estate brokers and sales associates, including agency duties, collection of commissions, telemarketing, advertising and consumer disclosures.
Employees and Investment Sales and Financing Professionals
As of December 31, 2019, we had 2,021 investment sales and financing professionals of which 1,929 are exclusive independent contractors and the remainder are our employees. Most of our investment sales professionals are classified as independent contractors under state and IRS guidelines. As such, we generally do not pay for the professionals’ expenses or benefits or withhold payroll taxes; rather they are paid from the commissions earned by us upon the closing of a transaction, and these individuals do not earn a salary from which taxes are withheld. Our investment sales and financing professionals hold applicable real estate sales licenses for their function and execute a “Salespersons Agreement” setting out the relationship between the professional and us. Each professional is obligated to provide brokerage services exclusively to us, and is provided access to our information technology, research and other support and business forms. Each professional generally reports on their activities to either the local regional manager, or in some cases, to product specialty managers.
We had 877 employees as of December 31, 2019, consisting of 92 employees as financing professionals, 34 employees in communications and marketing, 19 employees in research and 732 employees in management, support and general and administrative functions. We believe our employee relations are good.
Available Information
Our website address is
www.MarcusMillichap.com
. Information on our website does not constitute part of this report and inclusions of our internet address in this Annual Report on Form
10-K
are inactive textual references only. We are required to file current, annual and quarterly reports, proxy statements and other information required by the Exchange Act, with the SEC. We make available free of charge through a link provided on our website our annual reports on Form
10-K,
quarterly reports on Form
10-Q,
current reports on Form
8-K,
proxy statements, Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed by or on behalf of directors, executive officers and certain large stockholders, and any amendments to those documents filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act. Such reports are available as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC.
The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about us that we file electronically with the SEC at
www.sec.gov
.
We also make available on our website and will provide print copies to stockholders upon request, (i) our corporate governance guidelines, (ii) our code of ethics, and (iii) charters of the audit, compensation, nominating and corporate governance and executive committees of our board of directors.
From time to time, we may announce key information in compliance with Regulation FD by disclosing that information on our website.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the following risk factors and the other information in this Annual Report on Form
10-K,
including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making any investment decisions regarding our securities. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. As a result, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment.
Overview
We are impacted by and manage many risk factors detailed below affecting our business including External Business Risks, Human Resource and Personnel Risks, Internal Business Risks and Risks related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock. Many of these factors described below in External Business Risks are outside of our control. In addition, we are a personnel and relationship intensive business rather than a capital-intensive business. While all the risk factors discussed below have the potential to negatively impact our business, the most significant risks facing us are the risks associated with general economic conditions and commercial real estate market conditions and our ability to attract and retain qualified and experienced managers and investment sales and financing professionals.
External Business Risks
General economic conditions and commercial real estate market conditions have had and may in the future have a negative impact on our business.
We may be negatively impacted by periods of economic downturns, recessions and disruptions in the capital markets; credit and liquidity issues in the capital markets, including international, national, regional and local markets; tax and regulatory changes and corresponding declines in the demand for commercial real estate investment and related services. Historically, commercial real estate markets and, in particular, the U.S. commercial real estate market, have tended to be cyclical and related to the flow of capital to the sector, the condition of the economy as a whole and to the perceptions and confidence of market participants to the economic outlook. Cycles in the real estate markets may lead to similar cycles in our earnings and significant volatility in our stock price. Further real estate markets may “lag” behind the broader economy such that even when underlying economic fundamentals improve in a given market, additional time may be required for these improvements to translate into strength in the real estate markets. The “lag” may be exacerbated when banks delay their resolution of commercial real estate assets whose values are less than their associated loans.
Negative economic conditions, changes in interest rates, credit and the availability of capital, both debt and/or equity, disruptions in capital markets, uncertainty of the tax and regulatory environment and/or declines in the demand for commercial real estate investment and related services in international and domestic markets or in significant markets in which we do business, have had and could have in the future a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition. In particular, the commercial real estate market is directly impacted by (i) the lack of debt and/or equity financing for commercial real estate transactions, (ii) increased interest rates and changes in monetary policies by the U.S. Federal Reserve, (iii) changes in the perception that commercial real estate is an accepted asset class for portfolio diversification, (iv) changes in tax policy affecting the attractiveness of real estate as an investment choice, (v) changes in regulatory policy impacting real estate development opportunities and capital markets, (vi) slowdowns in economic activity that could cause residential and commercial tenant demand to decline, and (vii) declines in the regional or local demand for commercial real estate, or significant disruptions in other segments of the real estate markets could adversely affect our results of operations. Any of the foregoing would adversely affect the operation and income of commercial real estate properties.
These and other types of events could lead to a decline in transaction activity as well as a decrease in property values which, in turn, would likely lead to a reduction in brokerage commissions and financing fees
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relating to such transactions. These effects would likely cause us to realize lower revenues from our transaction service fees, including brokerage commissions, which fees usually are tied to the transaction value and are payable upon the successful completion of a particular transaction. Such declines in transaction activity and value would likely also significantly reduce our financing activities and revenues.
Fiscal uncertainty, significant changes and volatility in the financial markets and business environment, and similar significant changes in the global, political, security and competitive landscape, make it increasingly difficult for us to predict our revenue and earnings into the future. As a result, any revenue or earnings projections or economic outlook which we may give, may be affected by such events or may otherwise turn out to be inaccurate.
Our business has been and may in the future be adversely affected by restrictions in the availability of debt or equity capital as well as a lack of adequate credit and the risk of deterioration of the debt or credit markets and commercial real estate markets.
Restrictions on the availability of capital, both debt and/or equity, can create significant reductions in the liquidity and flow of capital to the commercial real estate markets. Severe restrictions in debt or equity liquidity as well as the lack of the availability of credit in the markets we service can significantly reduce the volume and pace of commercial real estate transactions. These restrictions can also have a general negative effect upon commercial real estate prices themselves. Our business is particularly sensitive to the volume of activity and pricing in the commercial real estate market. This has had, and may have in the future, a significant adverse effect on our business.
We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the magnitude or duration of developments in the credit markets and commercial real estate markets as it is inherently difficult to make accurate predictions with respect to such macroeconomic movements that are beyond our control. This uncertainty limits our ability to plan for future developments. In addition, uncertainty regarding market conditions may limit the ability of other participants in the credit markets or commercial real estate markets to plan for the future. As a result, market participants may act more conservatively than they might in a stabilized market, which may perpetuate and amplify the adverse developments in the markets we service. While business opportunities may emerge from assisting clients with transactions relating to distressed commercial real estate assets, there can be no assurance that the volume of such transactions will be sufficient to meaningfully offset the declines in transaction volumes within the overall commercial real estate market.
We have numerous significant competitors and potential future competitors, some of which may have greater resources than we do, and we may not be able to continue to compete effectively.
We compete in investment sales and financing within the commercial real estate industry. Our investment sales focus is on the private client market segment, which is highly fragmented. The fragmentation of our market makes it challenging to effectively gain market share. While we have a competitive advantage over other national firms in the private client market segment, we also face competition from local and regional service providers who have existing relationships with potential clients. Furthermore, transactions in the private client market segment are smaller than many other commercial real estate transactions. Although the brokerage commissions in this segment are generally a higher percentage of the sales price, the smaller size of the transactions requires us to close many more transactions to sustain revenues. If the commission structure or the velocity of transactions were to change, we could be disproportionately affected by changes compared to other companies that focus on larger transactions, institutional clients and other segments of the commercial real estate market.
There is no assurance that we will be able to continue to compete effectively, maintain our current fee arrangements with our private clients, maintain current margin levels or counteract increased competition. The services we provide to our clients are highly competitive on a national, regional and local level. Depending on the geography, property type or service, we face competition from, including, but not limited to, commercial real
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estate service providers,
in-house
real estate departments, private owners and developers, commercial mortgage servicers, institutional lenders, research and consulting firms, and investment managers, some of whom are clients and many of whom may have greater financial resources than we do. In addition, future changes in laws and regulations could lead to the entry of other competitors. Many of our competitors are local, regional or national firms. Although most are substantially smaller than we are, some of these competitors are larger on a local, regional or national basis, and we believe more national firms are exploring entry into or expansion in the
$1-$10
million private client market segment. We may face increased competition from even stronger competitors in the future due to a trend toward acquisitions and consolidation. We are also subject to competition from other large national and multi-national firms as well as regional and local firms that have similar service competencies to ours. Our existing and future competitors may choose to undercut our fees, increase the levels of compensation they are willing to pay to their employees and investment sales and financing professionals. This could result in these competitors recruiting our employees and investment sales and financing professionals, cause us to increase our level of compensation or commission necessary to retain employees or investment sales and financing professionals, and/or require us to recruit new employees or investment sales and financing professionals. These occurrences could cause our revenue to decrease, and/or expenses to increase, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our brokerage operations are subject to geographic and commercial real estate market risks, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Our real estate brokerage offices are located in and around large metropolitan areas as well as
mid-market
regions throughout the United States and Canada. Local and regional economic conditions in these locations could differ materially from prevailing conditions in other parts of the country. We realize more of our revenues in California. In 2019, we earned approximately 32% of our revenues from offices in California. In particular, as a result of this concentration, we are subject to risks related to the California economy and real estate markets more than in other geographic markets. In addition to economic conditions, this geographic concentration means that California-specific legislation, taxes and regional disasters, such as earthquakes and wildfires as well as the impact of climate change, could disproportionately affect us. A downturn in investment real estate demand or economic conditions in California and other regions could result in a further decline in our total gross commission income which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Seasonal fluctuations and other market data in the investment real estate industry could adversely affect our business and make comparisons of our quarterly results difficult.
Our revenue and profits have historically tended to be significantly higher in the second half of each year than in the first half of the year. This is a result of a general focus in the real estate industry on completing or documenting transactions by calendar year end and because certain of our expenses are relatively constant throughout the year. This historical trend can be disrupted both positively and negatively by major economic, regulatory or political events impacting investor sentiment for a particular property type or location, current and future projections of interest rates and tax rates, attractiveness of other asset classes, market liquidity and the extent of limitations or availability of capital allocations for larger institutional buyers, to name a few. As a result, our historical pattern of seasonality may or may not continue to the same degree experienced in the prior years and may make it difficult to determine, during the course of the year, whether planned results will be achieved, and thus to adjust to changes in expectations.
A change in the tax laws relating to like-kind exchanges could adversely affect our business and the value of our stock.
Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), provides for
tax-free
exchanges of real property for other real property. Legislation has been proposed on several occasions that would repeal or restrict the application of Section 1031. If
tax-free
exchanges under Section 1031 were to be limited or
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unavailable, our clients or prospective clients may decide not to purchase or sell property that they would have otherwise purchased or sold due to the tax consequences of the transaction, thus reducing the commissions we would have otherwise received. Any repeal or significant change in the tax rules pertaining to like-kind exchanges could have a substantial adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and the value of our stock.
A change in the tax laws could adversely affect our business and value of our stock.
The Code and state and local tax codes contain numerous provisions, regulations and interpretations. We operate in numerous states and cities in the United States and in Canada and are exposed to the risk of complying with those tax codes. Changes in tax laws in the various jurisdictions in which we operate may impact the taxes we are required to pay and our ability to transact business in the jurisdictions. Further, such changes may make operating in these jurisdictions unprofitable and may unfavorably impact our results of operations and ability to execute our growth plans.
In addition, changes in tax laws can impact investors’ perceived value of real estate, timing of transactions and perception of real estate as favorable investment. As a result, such changes may increase or decrease investors’ desire to engage in real estate transactions, which could have an unfavorable impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and the value of our stock.
The Internet could devalue our information services and lead to reduced client relationships, which could reduce the demand for our services.
The dynamic nature of the Internet, which has substantially increased the availability and transparency of information relating to commercial real estate listings and transactions, could change the way commercial real estate transactions are done. This has occurred to some extent in the residential real estate market as online brokerage and/or auction companies have eroded part of the market for traditional residential real estate brokerage firms. The proliferation of large amounts of data on the Internet could also devalue the information that we gather and disseminate as part of our business model and may harm certain aspects of our investment brokerage business in the event that principals of transactions prefer to transact directly with each other. Further, the rapid dissemination and increasing transparency of information, particularly for public companies, increases the risks to our business that could result from negative media or announcements about ethics lapses, improper behavior or other operational problems, which could lead clients to terminate or reduce their relationships with us.
New laws or regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations or the application thereof could adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We are subject to numerous federal, state, local and foreign regulations specific to the services we perform in our business, as well as laws of broader applicability, such as securities, financial services and employment laws. In general, the brokerage of real estate transactions requires us to maintain applicable licenses where we perform these services. If we fail to maintain our licenses or conduct these activities without a license, or violate any of the regulations covering our licenses, we may be required to pay fines (including treble damages in certain states) or return commissions received or have our licenses suspended or revoked. We could also be subject to disciplinary or other actions in the future due to claimed noncompliance with these regulations, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability.
Our business is also governed by various laws and regulations, limiting the manner in which prospective clients may be contacted, including federal and state “Do Not Call” and “Do Not Fax” regulations. We may be subject to legal claims and governmental action if we are perceived to be acting in violation of these laws and regulations. We may also be subject to claims to the extent individual employees or investment sales and financing professionals breach or fail to adhere to company policies and practices designed to maintain
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compliance with these laws and regulations. The penalties for violating these laws and regulations, can be material, and could result in changes in which we are able to contact prospective clients.
As the size and scope of commercial real estate transactions have increased significantly during the past several years, both the difficulty of ensuring compliance with numerous licensing regimes and the possible loss resulting from
non-compliance
have increased. New or revised legislation or regulations applicable to our business, both within and outside of the United States, as well as changes in administrations or enforcement priorities may have an adverse effect on our business. Such new or revised legislation or regulations applicable to our business may impact transaction volumes and values, increase the costs of compliance or prevent us from providing certain types of services in certain jurisdictions or in connection with certain transactions or clients. For example, legislation which limits or prohibits dual agency, could have an adverse impact on our revenues. We are unable to predict how any of these new laws, rules, regulations and proposals will be implemented or in what form, or whether any additional or similar changes to laws or regulations, including the interpretation or implementation thereof, will occur in the future. Risks of legislative changes, including as a result of interpretive guidance or other directives from the current administration, and new laws, regulations and interpretations may also come into effect. The impact of any new or revised legislation or regulations under the current administration is unknown. Any such action could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) could adversely affect our financial results and may require significant changes to our internal accounting systems and processes.
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. These principles are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting principles and guidance. The FASB periodically issues new accounting standards on a variety of topics. For information regarding new accounting standards, please refer to Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under the heading “Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements.” These and other such standards generally result in different accounting principles, which may significantly impact our reported results or could result in variability of our financial results.
Human Resource and Personnel Risks
If we are unable to attract and retain qualified and experienced managers, investment sales and financing professionals, our growth may be limited, and our business and operating results could suffer.
Our most important asset is people, and our continued success is highly dependent upon the efforts of our managers and investment sales and financing professionals. If these managers or investment sales and financing professionals depart, we will lose the substantial time and resources we have invested in training and developing those individuals and our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer. Additionally, such departures may have a disproportionate adverse effect on our operations if our most experienced investment sales and financing professionals do not remain with us or if departures occur in geographic areas where substantial amounts of our real estate brokerage commissions and financing fee revenues are generated.
Our competitors frequently attempt to recruit our investment sales and financing professionals or change commission structures in the marketplace. For a variety of reasons, the exclusive independent contractor arrangements we have entered into or may enter into with investment sales professionals may not prevent these investment sales professionals from departing and competing against us. We currently do not have employment agreements with most key employees, and there is no assurance that we will be able to retain their services.
An increasing component of our growth has also occurred through the recruiting, training and retention of key experienced investment sales and financing professionals. Any future growth through attracting these types of professionals will be partially dependent upon the continued availability of qualified candidates fitting the
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culture of our firm at reasonable terms and conditions. However, individuals whom we would like to recruit or retain may not agree to terms and conditions acceptable to us. In addition, the recruiting of new personnel involves risks that the persons acquired will not perform in accordance with expectations and that business judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of persons recruited will prove incorrect.
If we lose the services of our executive officers or certain other members of our senior management team, we may not be able to execute our business strategy.
Our success depends in a large part upon the continued service of our senior management team, who are important to our vision, strategic direction and culture. Our current long-term business strategy was developed in large part by our senior-level management team, some of whom have recently retired or will be transitioning to new positions, and depends in part on their skills and knowledge to implement. Our focus on new growth and investment initiatives may require additional management expertise to successfully execute our strategy. We may not be able to offset the impact on our business of the loss of the services of our senior-level management team or other key officers or employees or be able to recruit additional or replacement talent, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business could be hurt if we are unable to retain our business philosophy and culture of information-sharing and efforts to retain our philosophy and culture could adversely affect our ability to maintain and grow our business.
Our policy of information-sharing, matching properties with large pools of investors and the emphasis that we place on our clients, our people and our culture define our business philosophy and differentiates our services. Various factors could adversely affect this culture. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain this culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The concentration of sales among our top investment sales and financing professionals could lead to losses if we are unable to retain them.
Our most successful investment sales and financing professionals are responsible for a significant percentage of our revenues. They also serve as mentors and role models, and provide invaluable training for younger professionals, which is an integral part of our culture. This concentration among our top investment sales and financing professionals of real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees revenues can lead to greater and more concentrated risk of loss if we are unable to retain them, and could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition. Furthermore, many of our investment sales and financing professionals work in teams. If a team leader or manager leaves our Company, his or her team members may leave with the team leader.
Most of our sales professionals are independent contractors, not employees, and if laws, regulations or rulings mandate that they be employees, our business would be adversely impacted.
Most of our investment sales professionals are retained as independent contractors, and we are subject to the Internal Revenue Service regulations and applicable state law guidelines regarding independent contractor classification. These regulations and guidelines are subject to judicial and agency interpretation, and it could be determined that the independent contractor classification is inapplicable to some or all of our investment sales professionals. Further, if legal standards for classification of these investment sales professionals as independent contractors change or appear to be changing, it may be necessary to modify our compensation or commission structure for these investment sales professionals in some or all of our markets, including paying additional compensation or reimbursing expenses. If we are forced to classify these investment sales professionals as employees, we would also become subject to laws regarding employee classification and compensation, and to
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claims regarding overtime, minimum wage, and meal and rest periods. We could also incur substantial costs, penalties and damages due to future challenges by current or former investment sales professionals to our classification or compensation practices. Any of these outcomes could result in substantial costs to us, could significantly impair our financial condition and our ability to conduct our business as we choose, and could damage our reputation and impair our ability to attract clients and investment sales and financing professionals.
Fraud, or theft, which is difficult to detect and deter, could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain clients and subjecting us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.
If our employees or investment sales and financing professionals engage in misconduct, our business could be adversely affected. It is not always possible to deter misconduct, and the precautions we take to deter and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases. If our employees or investment sales and financing professionals were to engage in unethical business practices, improperly use, disseminate, fail to disseminate or disclose information provided by our clients, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions, suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position and current client relationships and significantly impair our ability to attract future clients. These events could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent any fraud or theft of funds or misconduct result in losses that exceeds our insurance coverage, our business could be materially adversely affected.
Internal Business Risks
We may fail to successfully differentiate our brand from those of our competitors, which could adversely affect our revenues.
The value of our brand and reputation is one of our most important assets. An inherent risk in maintaining our brand is we may fail to successfully differentiate the scope and quality of our service and product offerings from those of our competitors, or we may fail to sufficiently innovate or develop improved products or services that will be attractive to our clients. Additionally, given the rigors of the competitive marketplace in which we operate, there is the risk we may not be able to continue to find ways to operate more productively and more cost-effectively, including by achieving economies of scale, or we will be limited in our ability to further reduce the costs required to operate on a nationally coordinated platform.
Our attempts to expand our services and businesses may not be successful and we may expend significant resources without corresponding returns.
We intend to expand our specialty groups, particularly multi-tenant retail, office, industrial and hospitality, as well as various niche segments, including multifamily tax credit, affordable housing, student housing, manufactured housing, seniors housing and self-storage. We also plan to grow our financing services and commercial mortgage servicing provided through our subsidiary, Marcus & Millichap Capital Corporation. We expect to incur expenses relating to acquisitions, recruitment, training, and expanding our markets and services. The planned expansion of services and platforms requires significant resources, and there can be no assurance we will compete effectively, attract or train a sufficient number of professionals to support the expansion, or operate these businesses profitably. We may incur significant expenses for these plans without corresponding returns, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we experience significant growth in the future, such growth may be difficult to sustain and may place significant demands on our administrative, operational and financial resources.
If we experience significant growth in the future, such growth could place additional demands on our resources and increase our expenses, as we will have to commit additional management, operational and financial resources to maintain appropriate operational and financial systems to adequately support expansion. There can be no assurance we will be able to manage our expanding operations effectively or we will be able to
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maintain or accelerate our growth, and any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any failure to manage our growth could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, we may have to delay, alter or eliminate the implementation of certain aspects of our growth strategy due to events beyond our control, including, but not limited to, changes in general economic conditions and commercial real estate market conditions. Such delays or changes to our growth strategy may adversely affect our business.
Our growth plan includes completing acquisitions, which may or may not happen depending on the acquisition opportunities that are available in the marketplace.
Our ability to grow by acquiring companies or assets and by making investments to complement our existing businesses will depend upon the availability of suitable acquisition candidates. If we are unable to find suitable acquisition candidates, if we are unable to attract the interest of such candidates, or if we are unable to successfully negotiate and complete such acquisitions, that could limit our ability to grow.
If we acquire businesses in the future, we may experience high transaction and integration costs, the integration process may be disruptive to our business and the acquired businesses may not perform as we expect.
From time to time, we pursue strategic acquisitions to add and enhance our real estate brokerage and financing service offerings. The companies we have acquired have generally been regional or specialty firms that expand our network of investing and financing professionals and/or provide further diversification to our brokerage and financing services. Our acquisition structures may include deferred and/or contingent consideration payments in future periods that are subject to the passage of time or achievement of certain performance metrics and other conditions. Acquisitions also frequently involve significant costs related to integrating culture, information technology, accounting, reporting and management services and rationalizing personnel levels. If we are unable to fully integrate the culture, accounting, reporting and other systems of the businesses we acquire, we may not be able to effectively manage them, and our financial results may be materially adversely affected.
In addition, the acquisitions of businesses involve risks that the businesses acquired will not perform in accordance with expectations, that the expected synergies associated with acquisitions will not be achieved, that we will experience attrition from professionals licensed or associated with the acquired companies and that business judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of the businesses acquired will prove incorrect, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A majority of our revenue is derived from transaction fees, which are not long-term contracted sources of recurring revenue and are subject to external economic conditions and declines in those engagements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We historically have earned principally all of our revenue from real estate brokerage transactions and financing fees. We expect that we will continue to rely heavily on revenue from these sources for substantially all of our revenue for the foreseeable future. A decline in number of transactions completed or in the value of the commercial real estate we sell could significantly decrease our revenues which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we are unable to retain existing clients and develop new clients, our financial condition may be adversely affected.
We are substantially dependent on long-term client relationships and on revenue received for services provided for them. Our listing agreements generally expire within six months and depend on the cooperation of
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the client during the pendency of the agreement, as is typical in the industry. In this competitive market, if we are unable to maintain these relationships or are otherwise unable to retain existing clients and develop new clients, our business, results of operations and/or financial condition may be materially adversely affected. Historically, a global economic downturn and weaknesses in the markets in which our clients and potential clients compete have led to a lower volume of transactions and fewer real estate clients generally, which makes it more difficult to maintain existing and establish new client relationships. These effects could increase again in the wake of the continuing political and economic uncertainties in the United States and in other countries.
We may face significant liabilities and/or damage to our professional reputation as a result of litigation allegations and negative publicity.
As a licensed real estate broker, we and our licensed professionals and brokers are subject to regulatory due diligence, disclosure and
standard-of-care
obligations. The actual or perceived failure to fulfill these obligations could subject us or our professionals and brokers to litigation from parties who attempted to or in fact financed, purchased or sold properties that we or they brokered, managed or had some other involvement. We could become subject to claims by those who either wished to participate or did participate in real estate transactions alleging that we did not fulfill our regulatory, contractual or other legal obligations. We also face potential conflicts of interest claims when we represent both the buyer and the seller in a transaction.
We depend on our business relationships and our reputation for integrity and high-caliber professional services to attract and retain clients. As a result, allegations by private litigants or regulators, whether the ultimate outcome is favorable or unfavorable to us, as well as negative publicity and press speculation about us or our investment activities, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and damage our business prospects. In addition, if any lawsuits were brought against us and resulted in a finding of substantial legal liability, it could materially, adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us, which could materially impact our business.
Some of these litigation risks may be mitigated by the commercial insurance we maintain in amounts we believe are appropriate. However, in the event of a substantial loss, our commercial insurance coverage and/or self-insurance reserve levels might not be sufficient to pay the full damages, or the scope of available coverage may not cover certain types of claims. Further, the value of otherwise valid claims we hold under insurance policies could become uncollectible in the event of the covering insurance company’s insolvency, although we seek to limit this risk by placing our commercial insurance only with highly-rated companies. Any of these events could negatively impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Failure to appropriately deal with actual or perceived conflicts of interest could adversely affect our businesses.
Outside of our employees and investment sales and financing professionals, our reputation is one of our most important assets. As we have expanded the scope of our services, we increasingly have to address potential, actual or perceived conflicts of interest relating to the services we provide to our existing and potential clients. For example, conflicts may arise between our position as an advisor to both the buyer and seller in commercial real estate sales transactions or in instances when a potential buyer requests that we represent them in securing the necessary capital to acquire an asset we are selling for another client or when a capital source takes an adverse action against an owner client that we are advising in another matter. From time to time, we also advise or represent entities and parties affiliated with us in commercial real estate transactions which also involve clients unaffiliated with us. In this context, we may be subject to complaints or claims of a conflict of interest. While we believe we have attempted to adopt various policies, controls and procedures to address or limit actual or perceived conflicts, these policies and procedures may not be adequate, require excessive expenditures and may not be adhered to by our employees. Appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult and our reputation could be damaged and cause us to lose existing clients or fail to gain new clients if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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If we do not respond to technological innovations or changes or upgrade our technology systems, our growth prospects and results of operations could be adversely affected.
To remain competitive, we must continue to enhance and improve the functionality, features and security of our technology infrastructure. Infrastructure upgrades may require significant capital investment outside of the normal course of business. In the future, we will likely need to improve and upgrade our technology, database systems and network infrastructure in order to allow our business to grow in both size and scope. Without such improvements, our operations might suffer from unanticipated system disruptions, slow performance or unreliable service levels, any of which could negatively affect our ability to provide rapid customer service. We may face significant delays in introducing new services, investment sales professional tools and enhancements. Moreover, if we do not keep pace with the rapid innovations and changes taking place in information technology in our industry, we could be at a competitive disadvantage. If competitors introduce new products and services using new technologies, our proprietary technology and systems may become less competitive, and our business may be harmed. In addition, the expansion and improvement of our systems and infrastructure may require us to commit substantial financial, operational and technical resources, with no assurance that our business will improve.
Interruption, unauthorized breaches, or failure of our information technology, communications systems or data services could hurt our ability to effectively provide our services, which could damage our reputation and harm our operating results.
Our business requires the continued operation of information technology and communication systems and network infrastructure. Our ability to conduct our national business may be adversely impacted by disruptions or breaches to these systems or infrastructure. Our information technology and communications systems are vulnerable to damage or disruption from fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, system malfunctions, computer viruses, third-party misconduct or penetration and criminal acts, natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires and floods, acts of war or terrorism, or other events which are beyond our control. In addition, the operation and maintenance of these systems and networks is, in some cases, dependent on third-party technologies, systems and service providers for which there is no certainty of uninterrupted availability. Any of these events could cause system interruption, delays, and loss of critical data or intellectual property (such as our client lists and information, business methods and research) and may also disrupt our ability to provide services to or interact with our clients, and we may not be able to successfully implement contingency plans that depend on communication or travel. We have business continuity plans and backup systems to reduce the potentially adverse effect of such events, but our business continuity planning may not be sufficient and cannot account for all eventualities. A catastrophic event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our data centers or our critical business or information technology systems could severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations and, as a result, our future operating results could be adversely affected. Our business relies significantly on the use of commercial real estate data. We produce much of this data internally, but a significant portion is purchased from third-party providers for which there is no certainty of uninterrupted availability. A disruption of our ability to provide data to our professionals and/or clients could damage our reputation, and our operating results could be adversely affected.
Failure to maintain the security of our information and technology networks, including personally identifiable and client information could adversely affect us.
Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which could cause our business and reputation to suffer. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and intellectual property and that of our clients and personally identifiable information of our employees and contractors, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to various cyber-attacks, such as hacking, spoofing and phishing attacks, or our systems may be breached due to employee error,
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malfeasance or other disruptions. A significant actual or potential theft, loss, fraudulent use or misuse of client, employee or other personally identifiable data, whether by third parties or as a result of employee malfeasance or otherwise,
non-compliance
with our contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data or a violation of our privacy and security policies with respect to such data could result in significant costs, fines, litigation or regulatory actions against us. Such an event could additionally disrupt our operations and the services we provide to clients, damage our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in our services, which could adversely affect our business, revenues and competitive position. Additionally, we increasingly rely on third-party data storage providers, including cloud storage solution providers, resulting in less direct control over our data. Such third parties may also be vulnerable to security breaches and compromised security systems, which could adversely affect our reputation.
We rely on the collection and use of personally identifiable information from clients to conduct our business. We disclose our information collection and dissemination practices in a published privacy statement on our websites, which we may modify from time to time. We may be subject to legal claims, government action, including under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, and damage to our reputation if we act or are perceived to be acting inconsistently with the terms of our privacy statement, client expectations or the law. In the event we or the vendors with which we contract to provide services on behalf of our clients were to suffer a breach of personally identifiable information, our customers could terminate their business with us. Further, we may be subject to claims to the extent individual employees or investment sales and financing professionals breach or fail to adhere to company policies and practices and such actions jeopardize any personally identifiable information. In addition, concern among potential buyers or sellers about our privacy practices could keep them from using our services or require us to incur significant expense to alter our business practices or educate them about how we use personally identifiable information.
We are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report financial results or prevent fraud.
Effective internal controls are necessary to provide reliable financial reports and to assist in the effective prevention of fraud. Any inability to provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud could harm our business.
We must annually evaluate our internal control procedures to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires our management and auditors to assess the effectiveness of internal controls. If we fail to remedy or maintain the adequacy of our internal controls when such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, civil or criminal penalties or shareholder litigation.
In addition, failure to maintain adequate internal controls could result in financial statements that do not accurately reflect our financial condition. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to complete the work necessary to fully comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or that our management and external auditors will continue to conclude that our internal controls are effective.
Our investments in marketable securities are subject to certain risks which could affect our overall financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We invest a portion of our available cash and cash equivalent balances in money market funds, some of which have floating net asset values or by purchasing marketable securities with maturities in excess of three months in a managed portfolio in a variety of fixed or variable rate debt securities, including U.S. government and federal agency securities and corporate debt securities. The primary objective of our investment activity is to maintain the safety of principal, provide for future liquidity requirements while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. Should any of our investments or marketable securities lose value or have their liquidity impaired, it could affect our overall financial condition. Additionally, should we choose or are required to sell these securities in the future at a loss, our consolidated operating results or cash flows may be affected.
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We may be deemed to be an investment company due to our investments in marketable securities,
available-for-sale
and, if such a determination were made, we would become subject to significant regulation that would adversely affect our business.
We may be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 if, among other things, we own “investment securities” with a value exceeding 40% of the value of our total assets, unless we qualify under a particular exemption or safe harbor. We invest part of our available cash and cash equivalents in variety of short-term, investment grade securities, some of which may qualify as “investment securities” under the Investment Company Act. Investment companies are subject to registration under the Investment Company Act and compliance with a variety of restrictions and requirements. If we were to be deemed an investment company we would become subject to these restrictions and requirements, and the consequences of having been an investment company without registering under the Investment Company Act could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as restrict our ability to sell and issue securities, borrow funds, engage in various transactions or other activities and make certain investment decisions. In addition, we may incur significant costs or limitation on business opportunities to avoid investment company status if an exemption from the Investment Company Act were to be considered unavailable to us at a time when the value of our “investment securities” exceeds 40% of the value of our total assets. We believe that we satisfy the conditions to be exempt from the Investment Company Act because, among other things, we are engaged directly and primarily in a business other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities. However, absent an exemptive order from the SEC, our status of being exempt cannot be assured.
Our existing goodwill and other intangible assets could become impaired, which may require us to take
non-cash
charges.
Under current accounting guidelines, we evaluate our goodwill and other intangible assets for potential impairment annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. We perform the required annual goodwill impairment evaluation in the fourth quarter of each year. Any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets would result in a
non-cash
charge against earnings, and such charge could materially adversely affect our reported results of operations and the market price of our common stock in future periods.
In preparing our financial statements we make certain assumptions, judgments and estimates that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements, which, if not accurate, may significantly impact our financial results.
We make assumptions, judgments and estimates that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. These assumptions, judgments and estimates are drawn from historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates, and such differences could significantly impact our financial results.
Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock
Our
Co-Chairman
and founder owns a significant portion of our common stock, which may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant decisions, and the sale of such stock may depress the price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital.
George M. Marcus, our
Co-Chairman
and founder beneficially owns approximately 15.7 million shares, or approximately 40% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2019. Because of Mr. Marcus’s substantial ownership of our outstanding common stock, he may be able to significantly influence the outcome of corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, so long as he controls a significant portion of our common stock. Mr. Marcus’ shares may also be sold in a public or private sale which could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the future sales of equity securities.
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The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent shareholders from being able to sell shares of our common stock at or above the price shareholders paid for them. The market price for our common stock could fluctuate significantly for various reasons, including quarterly and annual variations in our results and those of our competitors; changes to the competitive landscape; estimates and projections by the investment community; the arrival or departure of key personnel, especially the retirement or departure of key senior investment sales and financing professionals and management; the introduction of new services by us or our competitors; acquisitions, strategic alliances or joint ventures involving us or our competitors; and general global and domestic economic, credit and liquidity issues, market or political conditions. For example, during the
two-year
period ended December 31, 2019, the price of our shares has ranged from a high of $43.50 per share to a low of $27.84 per share.
As a result of these factors, investors in our common stock may not be able to resell their shares at or above the price paid to acquire the stock or may not be able to resell them at all. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock is low.
Our
Co-Chairman
may have actual or potential conflicts of interest because of his position with MMC.
George M. Marcus serves as a
Co-Chairman
of our board of directors and is Chairman of the board of directors of MMC. In addition, Mr. Marcus beneficially owns substantially all of the outstanding stock of MMC. His position at MMC and the ownership of any MMC equity or equity awards creates or may create the appearance of conflicts of interest if and when he is faced with decisions that could have different implications for MMC and for us.
If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our Company or our sector, or we do not meet expectations of the analysts the price of our common stock could decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. These research reports about our business may contain information about us, including but not limited to estimates of our future results of operations and stock price. We do not control these analysts, nor can we assure that any analysts will continue to follow us, issue research reports or publish information that accurately predicts our actual results or stock price. Furthermore, if we do not meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrades our Company or our industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, the price of our common stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our Company, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause the price of our common stock to decline.
Significant fluctuations in our revenues and net income may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly or an annual basis, which may make the comparison between periods difficult and may cause the price of our common stock to decline.
We have experienced and may continue to experience fluctuations in revenues and net income as a result of many factors, including, but not limited to, economic conditions, capital market disruptions, the timing of transactions, revenue mix and the timing of additional selling, general and administrative expenses to support growth initiatives. We provide many of our services pursuant to contracts that typically expire within six months and that are dependent on the client’s cooperation. Consequently, many of our clients can terminate or significantly reduce their relationships with us on very short notice for any reason.
We plan our capital and operating expenditures based on our expectations of future revenues and, if revenues are below expectations in any given quarter or year, we may be unable to adjust capital or operating expenditures in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall, which could have an immediate material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
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Future sales or the perception of future sales of a substantial amount of our common stock may depress the price of shares of our common stock.
Future sales, issuances of shares under our Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan and 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan or the availability of a substantial amount of our common stock in the public market could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the future sales of equity securities.
We may issue shares of our common stock or other securities from time to time as consideration for future acquisitions and investments. If any such acquisition or investment is significant, the number of shares of our common stock, or the number or aggregate principal amount, as the case may be, of other securities that we may issue may in turn be substantial. We may also grant registration rights covering those shares of our common stock or other securities in connection with any such acquisitions and investments.
We cannot predict the size of future issuances or sales of our common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares of our common stock issued in connection with an acquisition), or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
Item 2. Properties
Our principal executive offices are located at 23975 Park Sorrento, Suite 400, Calabasas, California 91302 where our telephone number is (818)
212-2250.
We lease all of our brokerage offices (typically less than 12,000 square feet) and other support facilities in United States and Canada. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet our needs through the end of 2020; however, as we continue to expand in various midmarket locations and grow our market share in existing metropolitan areas, we may need to lease additional space.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of our business, some of which involve claims for damages that are substantial in amount. Most of these litigation matters are covered by our insurance policies, which contain deductibles, exclusions, claim limits and aggregate policy limits. Such litigation and other proceedings may include, but are not limited to, actions relating to commercial relationships, standard brokerage disputes like the alleged failure to disclose physical or environmental defects or property expenses or contracts, the alleged inadequate disclosure of matters relating to the transaction like the relationships among the parties to the transaction, potential claims or losses pertaining to the asset, vicarious liability based upon conduct of individuals or entities outside of our control, general fraud claims, conflicts of interest claims, employment law claims, including claims challenging the classification of our sales professionals as independent contractors, claims alleging violations of state consumer fraud statutes and intellectual property. While the ultimate liability for these legal proceeding cannot be determined, we review the need for an accrual for loss contingencies quarterly and record an accrual for litigation related losses where the likelihood of loss is both probable and estimable. We do not believe, based on information currently available to us, that the final outcome of these proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
For information on our legal proceedings, see Note 16 – “Commitments and Contingencies” of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 – “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “MMI”.
As of February 18, 2020, there were 13 stockholders of record, and the closing price of our common stock was $37.33 per share as reported on the NYSE.
Stock Performance Graph
The performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Marcus & Millichap, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or the Exchange Act.
The following graph shows a comparison from December 31, 2014 through December 31, 2019 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (“S&P 500 Index”) and an industry peer group for this period. The industry peer group is comprised of the following publicly-traded real estate services companies: CBRE Group, Inc., JLL and HFF Inc. (through July 2019 when it was acquired by JLL) (collectively “Peer Group”). These companies represent our primary competitors that have been publicly traded over the last five years with certain business lines reasonably comparable to ours. The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market close on December 31, 2014 in the common stock of Marcus & Millichap Inc., the S&P 500 Index and the Peer Group, and assumes reinvestments of dividends. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
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|  | Base Period 12/31/14 |  |  | 12/31/15 |  |  | 12/31/16 |  |  | 12/31/17 |  |  | 12/31/18 |  |  | 12/31/19 |
Marcus & Millichap, Inc. |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 87.64 |  |  |  | 80.36 |  |  |  | 98.08 |  |  |  | 103.25 |  |  |  | 112.03 |
S&P 500 |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 101.38 |  |  |  | 113.51 |  |  |  | 138.29 |  |  |  | 132.23 |  |  |  | 173.86 |
Peer Group |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 102.37 |  |  |  | 83.72 |  |  |  | 119.62 |  |  |  | 106.05 |  |  |  | 157.24 |

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following selected consolidated financial and other data should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Part II, Item 8 – “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
The following table presents the consolidated statement of income data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Such financial data are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
The table also presents the consolidated statement of income data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results in any future period.

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in thousands except per share, investment sales and financing professional and sales volume amounts) |
Statement of Income Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues |  | $ | 806,428 |  |  | $ | 814,816 |  |  | $ | 719,700 |  |  | $ | 717,450 |  |  | $ | 689,055 |
Cost of services |  |  | 498,878 |  |  |  | 502,883 |  |  |  | 446,557 |  |  |  | 444,768 |  |  |  | 423,389 |
Operating income |  |  | 96,423 |  |  |  | 112,287 |  |  |  | 96,132 |  |  |  | 106,501 |  |  |  | 114,651 |
Provision for income taxes (1) |  |  | 30,582 |  |  |  | 29,963 |  |  |  | 47,702 |  |  |  | 42,445 |  |  |  | 47,018 |
Net income |  | $ | 76,930 |  |  | $ | 87,257 |  |  | $ | 51,524 |  |  | $ | 64,657 |  |  | $ | 66,350 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |  |  | $ | 1.66 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |  |  | $ | 1.66 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 39,404 |  |  |  | 39,149 |  |  |  | 38,988 |  |  |  | 38,899 |  |  |  | 38,848 |
Diluted |  |  | 39,548 |  |  |  | 39,383 |  |  |  | 39,100 |  |  |  | 39,035 |  |  |  | 39,162 |
Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 232,670 |  |  | $ | 214,683 |  |  | $ | 220,786 |  |  | $ | 187,371 |  |  | $ | 96,185 |
Marketable securities, available-for-sale (2) |  | $ | 211,561 |  |  | $ | 220,645 |  |  | $ | 125,659 |  |  | $ | 104,929 |  |  | $ | 134,255 |
Total assets |  | $ | 709,034 |  |  | $ | 566,380 |  |  | $ | 459,664 |  |  | $ | 394,016 |  |  | $ | 321,225 |
Long-term liabilities |  | $ | 112,322 |  |  | $ | 63,950 |  |  | $ | 61,517 |  |  | $ | 56,986 |  |  | $ | 57,224 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 214,127 |  |  | $ | 156,806 |  |  | $ | 144,776 |  |  | $ | 135,162 |  |  | $ | 132,235 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 494,907 |  |  | $ | 409,574 |  |  | $ | 314,888 |  |  | $ | 258,854 |  |  | $ | 188,990 |
Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (3) |  | $ | 115,551 |  |  | $ | 129,457 |  |  | $ | 111,716 |  |  | $ | 118,296 |  |  | $ | 124,140 |
Investment sales and financing professionals |  |  | 2,021 |  |  |  | 1,977 |  |  |  | 1,819 |  |  |  | 1,737 |  |  |  | 1,607 |
Sales volume (dollars in millions) |  | $ | 49,706 |  |  | $ | 46,355 |  |  | $ | 42,191 |  |  | $ | 42,312 |  |  | $ | 37,847 |

(1) | Provision for income taxes for 2017 includes a one-time charge in the amount of $11.6 million in connection with the remeasurement of deferred tax assets, net due to enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% starting in 2018. In addition, we adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting in 2017 that required any windfall tax benefits, net of shortfalls, to be recorded as a discrete item in our provision for income taxes. These windfalls/shortfalls arise from the difference in the grant date price and the vesting date price of employee and non-employee directors’ vesting of equity awards granted under our Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan. Prior to 2017, windfalls tax benefits, net were recorded directly to additional paid in capital.

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(2) | Includes both short-term and long-term marketable securities, available-for-sale.

(3) | Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurement of our financial performance under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, operating income or any other measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, see Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measure.”

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto included elsewhere herein. The following discussion contains, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements that include risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those factors set forth under Item 1A – “Risk Factors” and Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Overview –
Factors Affecting Our Business
” of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
Overview
Our Business
We are a leading national brokerage firm specializing in commercial real estate investment sales, financing, research and advisory services. We have been the top commercial real estate investment broker in the United States based on the number of investment transactions over the last 10 years. As of December 31, 2019, we had 2,021 investment sales and financing professionals that are primarily exclusive independent contractors operating in 82 offices who provide real estate brokerage and financing services to sellers and buyers of commercial real estate. We also offer market research, consulting and advisory services to our clients. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we closed 9,726 investment sales, financing and other transactions with total sales volume of approximately $49.7 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we closed 9,472 sales, financing and other transactions with total sales volume of approximately $46.4 billion.
We generate revenues by collecting real estate brokerage commissions upon the sale, and fees upon the financing of, commercial properties and by providing consulting and advisory services. Real estate brokerage commissions are typically based upon the value of the property, and financing fees are typically based upon the size of the loan. During the year ended December 31, 2019, approximately 91% of our revenues were generated from real estate brokerage commissions, 8% from financing fees and 1% from other revenues, including consulting and advisory services.
During 2019, we acquired one business that was accounted for as a business combination and the results have been included in our consolidated financial statements beginning on the acquisition date. This acquisition expanded our network of real estate sales professionals and provided further diversification to our real estate brokerage services.
Factors Affecting Our Business
Our business and our operating results, financial condition and liquidity are significantly affected by the number and size of commercial real estate investment sales and financing transactions that we close in any period. The number and size of these transactions are affected by our ability to recruit and retain investment sales and financing professionals, identify and contract properties for sale and identify those that need financing and refinancing. We principally monitor the commercial real estate market through four factors, which generally drive our business. The factors are the economy, commercial real estate supply and demand, capital markets and investor sentiment and investment activity.
The Economy
Our business is dependent on economic conditions within the markets in which we operate. Changes in the economy on a global, national, regional or local basis can have a positive or a negative impact on our business. Economic indicators and projections related to job growth, unemployment, interest rates, retail spending and confidence trends can have a positive or a negative impact on our business. Overall market conditions, including global trade, interest rate changes and job creation, can affect investor sentiment and, ultimately, the demand for our services from investors in real estate.
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The U.S. economy maintained moderate, but steady growth in the fourth quarter of 2019. It appears the low inflation, low unemployment climate has granted the Federal Reserve policy latitude, allowing them to maintain low interest rates. Steady job creation, averaging 176,000 (based on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics) positions per month last year, and moderate wage growth may sustain above-average household formation and consumption levels, contributing to economic growth this year. This momentum may be partially offset by uncertainty surrounding the upcoming elections, geopolitical tensions in the Middle East and concerns about the potential contagion risks of the Coronavirus.
Commercial Real Estate Supply and Demand
Our business is dependent on the willingness of investors to invest in or sell commercial real estate, which is affected by factors beyond our control. These factors include the supply of commercial real estate coupled with user demand for these properties and the performance of real estate assets when compared with other investment alternatives, such as stocks and bonds.
Commercial real estate supply and demand remain in alignment, with vacancy rates generally holding steady at
cycle-low
levels. The tight labor market and the accelerated pace of household formation continues to drive strong apartment housing demand, particularly in the workforce housing segments. Real estate sectors supported by consumption and discretionary spending remain stable, with hotel and self-storage space demand outpacing historical averages, while retail demand has balanced with the very limited construction levels. Industrial space demand, which has been more sensitive to risks sparked by the trade war and other international factors, has tapered in recent months, curtailing space absorption. In conjunction with elevated
big-box
construction, industrial vacancy levels have ticked up from the
record-low
levels set last year. Office space demand remains stable as positive job creation balances with decreased square footage per employee to keep vacancy rates flat.
Capital Markets
Credit and liquidity issues in the financial markets have a direct impact on the flow of capital to the commercial real estate market. Real estate purchases are often financed with debt and, as a result, credit and liquidity impact transaction activity and prices. Changes in interest rates, as well as steady and protracted movements of interest rates in one direction, whether increases or decreases, could adversely or positively affect the operations and income potential of commercial real estate properties, as well as lender and equity underwriting for real estate investments. These changes influence the demand of investors for commercial real estate investments.
Market liquidity remains elevated despite lenders’ modest tightening of underwriting standards. The broad range of capital sources, including the increased multifamily lending available through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, may sustain mainstream lending activity. Capital available for
value-add
concepts and outlying markets appears to remain strong, but often includes secondary and mezzanine financing options. The Federal Reserve’s commitment to keeping rates low, reiterated at their January 2020 meeting, has helped keep the
10-year
Treasury in the 1.6% range, exceptionally low by historical measures. This could offer buyers increased positive leverage, which could support more aggressive bids on acquisitions, but sellers continue to price assets at a premium, keeping the
bid-ask
spread widened. Sales activity continues to fluctuate on a
quarter-by-quarter
basis.
Investor Sentiment and Investment Activity
We rely on investors to buy and sell properties in order to generate commissions. Investors’ desires to engage in real estate transactions are dependent on many factors that are beyond our control. The economy, supply and demand for properly positioned properties, available credit and market events impact investor sentiment and, therefore, transaction velocity. In addition, our private clients are often motivated to buy, sell and/or refinance properties due to personal circumstances such as death, divorce, partnership breakups and estate planning.
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Low interest rates and steady yields have continued to attract investment to real estate through direct investment as well as a multitude of REITs, equity funds and syndication options. Despite the compelling yield options and strong fundamentals across most property types, buyers remain cautious about the economic outlook and risks that may emerge during their target hold period. In many cases, investors are underwriting to a more conservative long-term outlook. Sellers, however, have been slow to reduce asking prices, and a transactional hurdle has emerged. The gap in pricing expectations is expected to remain a modest but steady headwind, extending asset marketing and closing timelines.
Seasonality
Our real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees have tended to be seasonal and, combined with other factors, can affect an investor’s ability to compare our financial condition and results of operations on a
quarter-by-quarter
basis. Historically, this seasonality has generally caused our revenue, operating income, net income and cash flows from operating activities to be lower in the first half of the year and higher in the second half of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter. The concentration of earnings and cash flows in the last six months of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter, is due to an industry-wide focus of clients to complete transactions towards the end of the calendar year. This historical trend can be disrupted both positively and negatively by major economic or political events impacting investor sentiment for a particular property type or location, volatility in financial markets, current and future projections of interest rates, attractiveness of other asset classes, market liquidity and the extent of limitations or availability of capital allocations for larger property buyers, among others. Private client investors may accelerate or delay transactions due to personal or business-related reasons unrelated to economic events. In addition, our operating margins are typically lower during the second half of each year due to our commission structure for some of our senior investment sales and financing professionals. These senior investment sales and financing professionals are on a graduated commission schedule that resets annually, pursuant to which higher commissions are paid for higher sales volumes. Our historical pattern of seasonality may or may not continue to the same degree experienced in prior years.
Operating Segments
We follow the guidance for segment reporting, which requires reporting information on operating segments in interim and annual financial statements. Substantially all of our operations involve the delivery of commercial real estate services to our customers including real estate investment sales, financing and consulting and advisory services. Management makes operating decisions, assesses performance and allocates resources based on an ongoing review of these integrated operations, which constitute only one operating segment for financial reporting purposes.
Key Financial Measures and Indicators
Revenues
Our revenues are primarily generated from our real estate investment sales business. In addition to real estate brokerage commissions, we generate revenues from financing fees and from other revenues, which are primarily comprised of consulting and advisory fees.
Because our business is transaction oriented, we rely on investment sales and financing professionals to continually develop leads, identify properties to sell, market those properties and close the sale timely to generate a consistent flow of revenue. While our sales volume is impacted by seasonality factors, the timing of closings is also dependent on many market and personal factors unique to a particular client or transaction, particularly clients transacting in the
$1-$10
million private client market segment. These factors can cause transactions to be accelerated or delayed beyond our control. Further, commission rates earned are generally inversely related to the value of the property sold. As a result of our expansion into the middle and larger transaction market segments, we have seen our overall commission rates fluctuate from
period-to-period
as a result of changes in the relative
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mix of the number and volume of investment sales transactions closed in the middle and larger transaction market segments as compared to the
$1-$10
million private client market segment. These factors may result in
period-to-period
variations in our revenues that differ from historical patterns.
A small percentage of our transactions include retainer fees and/or breakage fees. Retainer fees are credited against a success-based fee paid upon the closing of a transaction or a breakage fee. Transactions that are terminated before completion will sometimes generate breakage fees, which are usually calculated as a set amount or a percentage of the fee we would have received had the transaction closed.
Real estate brokerage commissions
We earn real estate brokerage commissions by acting as a broker for commercial real estate owners seeking to sell or investors seeking to buy properties. Revenues from real estate brokerage commissions are typically recognized at the close of escrow.
Financing fees
We earn financing fees by securing financing on purchase transactions or by securing refinancing of our clients’ existing mortgage debt. We recognize financing fee revenues at the time the loan closes, and we have no remaining significant obligations for performance in connection with the transaction. To a lesser extent, we also earn mortgage servicing revenue, mortgage servicing fees and ancillary fees associated with financing activities. We recognize mortgage servicing revenues upon the acquisition of a servicing obligation. We generate mortgage servicing fees through the provision of collection, remittance, recordkeeping, reporting and other related mortgage servicing functions, activities and services.
Other revenues
Other revenues include fees generated from consulting and advisory services performed by our investment sales professionals, as well as referral fees from other real estate brokers. Revenues from these services are recognized as they are performed and completed.
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses consist of cost of services, selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization. The significant components of our expenses are further described below.
Cost of services
The majority of our cost of services expense is variable commissions paid to our investment sales professionals and compensation-related costs related to our financing activities. Commission expenses are directly attributable to providing services to our clients for investment sales and financing services. Most of our investment sales and financing professionals are independent contractors and are paid commissions; however, because there are some who are initially paid a salary and certain of our financing professionals are employees, costs of services also include employee-related compensation, employer taxes and benefits for those employees. The commission rates we pay to our investment sales and financing professionals vary based on individual contracts negotiated and are generally higher for the more experienced professionals. Some of our most senior investment sales and financing professionals also have the ability to earn additional commissions after meeting certain annual revenue thresholds. These additional commissions are recognized as cost of services in the period in which they are earned. Payment of a portion of these additional commissions are generally deferred for a period of three years, at our election, and paid at the beginning of the fourth calendar year. Cost of services also includes referral fees paid to other real estate brokers where we are the principal service provider. Cost of services, therefore, can vary based on the commission structure of the independent contractors that closed transactions in any particular period.
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Selling, general and administrative expenses
The largest expense component within selling, general and administrative expenses is personnel expenses for our management team and sales and support staff. In addition, these costs include facilities costs (excluding depreciation and amortization), staff related expenses, sales, marketing, legal, telecommunication, network, data sources, transaction costs related to acquisitions, changes in fair value for contingent consideration and other administrative expenses. Also included in selling, general and administrative are expenses for stock-based compensation to
non-employee
directors, employees and independent contractors (i.e. investment sales and financing professionals) under the Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”) and the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”).
Depreciation and amortization expense
Depreciation expense consists of depreciation recorded on our computer software and hardware and furniture, fixture and equipment. Depreciation is provided over estimated useful lives ranging from three to seven years for owned assets. Amortization expense consists of (i) amortization recorded on our mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) using the interest method over the period that servicing income is expected to be received and (ii) amortization recorded on intangible assets amortized on a straight-line basis using a useful life between one and six years.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net primarily consists of interest income, net gains or losses on our deferred compensation plan assets, realized gains and losses on our marketable securities,
available-for-sale,
foreign currency gains and losses and other
non-operating
gains and losses.
Interest Expense
Interest expense primarily consists of interest expense associated with the stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) liability, notes payable to former stockholders and our credit agreement.
Provision for Income Taxes
We are subject to U.S. and Canadian federal taxes and individual state and local taxes based on the income generated in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our effective tax rate fluctuates as a result of the change in the mix of our activities in the jurisdictions we operate due to differing tax rates in those jurisdictions and other permanent items. Our provision for income taxes includes the windfall tax benefits, net, from shares issued in connection with our 2013 Plan and ESPP.
We record deferred taxes, net based on the tax rate expected to be in effect at the time those items are expected to be recognized for tax purposes.
Results of Operations
Following is a discussion of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. The tables included in the period comparisons below provide summaries of our results of operations. The
period-to-period
comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Key Operating Metrics
We regularly review a number of key metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. During the years
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ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we closed more than 9,700, 9,400 and 8,900 investment sales, financing and other transactions, respectively, with total sales volume of approximately $49.7 billion, $46.4 billion and $42.2 billion, respectively. Such key metrics for real estate brokerage and financing activities (excluding other transactions) are as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Real Estate Brokerage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average Number of Investment Sales Professionals |  |  | 1,843 |  |  |  | 1,726 |  |  |  | 1,649 |
Average Number of Transactions per Investment Sales Professional |  |  | 3.82 |  |  |  | 4.10 |  |  |  | 3.98 |
Average Commission per Transaction |  | $ | 103,572 |  |  | $ | 105,574 |  |  | $ | 98,963 |
Average Commission Rate |  |  | 1.98 | % |  |  | 2.07 | % |  |  | 2.13 | %
Average Transaction Size (in thousands) |  | $ | 5,234 |  |  | $ | 5,095 |  |  | $ | 4,644 |
Total Number of Transactions |  |  | 7,042 |  |  |  | 7,079 |  |  |  | 6,562 |
Total Sales Volume (in millions) |  | $ | 36,858 |  |  | $ | 36,070 |  |  | $ | 30,475 |

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Financing (1) : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average Number of Financing Professionals |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 95 |
Average Number of Transactions per Financing Professional |  |  | 19.06 |  |  |  | 16.78 |  |  |  | 17.97 |
Average Fee per Transaction |  | $ | 32,680 |  |  | $ | 33,176 |  |  | $ | 28,960 |
Average Fee Rate |  |  | 0.88 | % |  |  | 0.89 | % |  |  | 0.88 | %
Average Transaction Size (in thousands) |  | $ | 3,693 |  |  | $ | 3,716 |  |  | $ | 3,299 |
Total Number of Transactions |  |  | 1,944 |  |  |  | 1,678 |  |  |  | 1,707 |
Total Financing Volume (in millions) |  | $ | 7,180 |  |  | $ | 6,236 |  |  | $ | 5,632 |

(1) | Operating metrics calculated excluding certain financing fees not directly associated to transactions.

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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
Below are key operating results for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the results for the year ended December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2019 |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2018 |  |  | Percentage of Revenue |  |  | Change |
| Dollar |  |  | Percentage |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate brokerage commissions |  | $ | 729,356 |  |  |  | 90.4 | % |  | $ | 747,355 |  |  |  | 91.7 | % |  | $ | (17,999 | ) |  |  | (2.4 | )%
Financing fees |  |  | 66,293 |  |  |  | 8.2 |  |  |  | 57,817 |  |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  | 8,476 |  |  |  | 14.7 |
Other revenues |  |  | 10,779 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 9,644 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1,135 |  |  |  | 11.8 |
Total revenues |  |  | 806,428 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 814,816 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | (8,388 | ) |  |  | (1.0 | )
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services |  |  | 498,878 |  |  |  | 61.9 |  |  |  | 502,883 |  |  |  | 61.7 |  |  |  | (4,005 | ) |  |  | (0.8 | )
Selling, general and administrative expense |  |  | 203,110 |  |  |  | 25.1 |  |  |  | 193,349 |  |  |  | 23.7 |  |  |  | 9,761 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 8,017 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 6,297 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 1,720 |  |  |  | 27.3 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 710,005 |  |  |  | 88.0 |  |  |  | 702,529 |  |  |  | 86.2 |  |  |  | 7,476 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Operating income |  |  | 96,423 |  |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |  | 112,287 |  |  |  | 13.8 |  |  |  | (15,864 | ) |  |  | (14.1 | )
Other income (expense), net |  |  | 12,477 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6,333 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 6,144 |  |  |  | 97.0 |
Interest expense |  |  | (1,388 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (1,400 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (0.9 | )
Income before provision for income taxes |  |  | 107,512 |  |  |  | 13.3 |  |  |  | 117,220 |  |  |  | 14.4 |  |  |  | (9,708 | ) |  |  | (8.3 | )
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 30,582 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 29,963 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | 2.1 |
Net income |  | $ | 76,930 |  |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | $ | 87,257 |  |  |  | 10.7 | % |  | $ | (10,327 | ) |  |  | (11.8 | )%
Adjusted EBITDA (1) |  | $ | 115,551 |  |  |  | 14.3 | % |  | $ | 129,457 |  |  |  | 15.9 | % |  | $ | (13,906 | ) |  |  | (10.7 | )%

(1) | Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurement of our financial performance under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, operating income or any other measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measure.”

Revenues
Our total revenues were $806.4 million in 2019 compared to $814.8 million in 2018, a decrease of $8.4 million, or 1.0%. Total revenues decreased as a result of decreased real estate brokerage commissions, partially offset by increases in financing fees and other revenues, as described below.
Real estate brokerage commissions.
Revenues from real estate brokerage commissions decreased to $729.4 million in 2019 from $747.4 million in 2018, a decrease of $18.0 million, or 2.4%. The decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in the average commission rate to 1.98% in 2019 compared to 2.07% in 2018 despite the 2.2% increase in total investment sales volume in 2019 compared to 2018. The 9 basis point decrease in average commission rate was the result of the 2.7% increase in the average transaction size. Commission rates for larger investment sales are generally lower than commission rates for smaller sales.
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Financing fees.
Revenues from financing fees increased to $66.3 million in 2019 from $57.8 million in 2018, an increase of $8.5 million, or 14.7%. The increase was in part spurred by growth from acquisitions during 2018 and was primarily driven by a 15.1% increase in financing volume. The increase in financing volume was in part due to an increase in refinancing activity resulting from a reduction in interest rates. The average fee rate for 2019 was comparable to the average fee rate for 2018. Financing volume was primarily impacted by the 15.9% increase in the number of financing transactions as there was little change in the average transaction size.
Other revenues.
Other revenues increased to $10.8 million in 2019 from $9.6 million in 2018, an increase of $1.1 million or 11.8%. The increase was primarily driven by increases in consulting and advisory services during 2019 compared to the same period in 2018.
Total operating expenses
Our total operating expenses were $710.0 million in 2019 compared to $702.5 million in 2018, an increase of $7.5 million, or 1.1%. The increase was primarily due to increases in selling, general and administrative costs and to a lesser extent depreciation and amortization, partially offset by a decrease in costs of services, which are primarily variable commissions paid to our investment sales professionals and compensation related costs in connection with our financing activities, as described below.
Cost of services.
Cost of services in 2019 decreased $4.0 million, or 0.8%, to $498.9 million from $502.9 million in 2018. The decrease was primarily due to decreased commission expenses driven by the related decreased total revenues noted above. Cost of services as a percent of total revenues slightly increased to 61.9% for 2019 compared to 61.7% for 2018 primarily due to mix in brokerage compensation.
Selling, general and administrative expense.
Selling, general and administrative expense in 2019 increased $9.8 million, or 5.0%, to $203.1 million from $193.3 million in 2018. Increases in our selling, general and administrative expense have been driven by our growth plans and investments in technology, sales and marketing tools and marketing and expansion of our services supporting our investment sales and financing professionals. These initiatives have primarily driven (i) a $7.2 million increase in sales operations support and promotional marketing expenses; (ii) a $3.2 million increase in facilities expenses due to expansion of offices; (iii) a $3.1 million increase in net other expense categories, primarily driven by an increase in certain licensing fees; and (iv) a $0.1 million increase in compensation related costs, primarily driven by increases in salaries and related benefits and deferred compensation obligations, partially offset by the reduction in management compensation. These increases were partially offset by a $2.7 million decrease in stock-based compensation primarily driven by the restricted stock units, which were granted in connection with our initial public offering, vesting in full in January 2019, and a $1.1 million decrease in legal costs.
Depreciation and amortization expense.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased to $8.0 million in 2019 from $6.3 million in 2018, an increase of $1.7 million, or 27.3%. The increase was primarily driven by amortization of intangible assets, capital expenditures due to our expansion and growth and MSRs.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net increased to $12.5 million in 2019 from $6.3 million in 2018, an increase of $6.1 million, or 97.0%. The increase was primarily driven by increases in interest income on our investments in marketable securities,
available-for-sale,
an increase in the value of our deferred compensation plan assets and foreign currency gains (losses).
Interest expense
There were no significant changes in interest expenses in 2019 as compared to 2018.
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Provision for income taxes
The provision for income taxes was $30.6 million for 2019 compared to $30.0 million in 2018, an increase of $0.6 million, or 2.1%. The effective tax rate for 2019 was 28.4%, compared with 25.6% in 2018. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to reduced windfall tax benefits recognized in 2019 compared to $1.5 million recognized in 2018 primarily as a result of no deferred stock units settling in 2019, an increase in our consolidated state tax rate and an increase in the valuation allowance with respect to our Canadian operations.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
A discussion regarding our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the results for the year ended December 31, 2017 can be found under Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form
10-K
for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2019, which is available on the SEC’s website at
www.sec.gov
and the Investor Relations section of our website at
www.MarcusMillichap.com
.
Non-GAAP
Financial Measure
In this Annual Report on Form
10-K,
we include a
non-GAAP
financial measure, adjusted earnings before interest income/expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation and other
non-cash
items, or Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before (i) interest income and other, including net realized gains (losses) on marketable securities,
available-for-sale
and cash and cash equivalents, (ii) interest expense, (iii) provision for income taxes, (iv) depreciation and amortization, (v) stock-based compensation, and (vi)
non-cash
MSR activity. We use Adjusted EBITDA in our business operations to evaluate the performance of our business, develop budgets and measure our performance against those budgets, among other things. We also believe that analysts and investors use Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental measure to evaluate our overall operating performance. However, Adjusted EBITDA has material limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under U.S. GAAP. We find Adjusted EBITDA to be a useful tool to assist in evaluating performance, because Adjusted EBITDA eliminates items related to capital structure, taxes and
non-cash
items. In light of the foregoing limitations, we do not rely solely on Adjusted EBITDA as a performance measure and also consider our U.S. GAAP results. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurement of our financial performance under U.S. GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, operating income or any other measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because Adjusted EBITDA is not calculated in the same manner by all companies, it may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by other companies. A reconciliation of the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, net income, to Adjusted EBITDA is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Net income |  | $ | 76,930 |  |  | $ | 87,257 |  |  | $ | 51,524 |  |  | $ | 64,657 |  |  | $ | 66,350 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income and other (1) |  |  | (10,322 | ) |  |  | (7,052 | ) |  |  | (3,514 | ) |  |  | (1,761 | ) |  |  | (1,373 | )
Interest expense |  |  | 1,388 |  |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 1,496 |  |  |  | 1,533 |  |  |  | 1,726 |
Provision for income taxes (2) |  |  | 30,582 |  |  |  | 29,963 |  |  |  | 47,702 |  |  |  | 42,445 |  |  |  | 47,018 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 8,017 |  |  |  | 6,297 |  |  |  | 5,363 |  |  |  | 4,387 |  |  |  | 3,305 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 9,278 |  |  |  | 11,983 |  |  |  | 9,145 |  |  |  | 7,035 |  |  |  | 7,114 |
Non-cash MSR activity (3) |  |  | (322 | ) |  |  | (391 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA (4) |  | $ | 115,551 |  |  | $ | 129,457 |  |  | $ | 111,716 |  |  | $ | 118,296 |  |  | $ | 124,140 |

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(1) | Other includes net realized gains (losses) on marketable securities available-for-sale.

(2) | The year ended December 31, 2017, includes a one-time charge in the amount of $11.6 million in connection with the remeasurement of deferred tax assets, net due to enactment of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% starting in 2018. In addition, we adopted a new accounting pronouncement in 2017 that required any windfall tax benefits, net of shortfalls to be recorded as a discrete item in our provision for income taxes. Prior to 2017, windfalls tax benefits, net were recorded directly to additional paid in capital. These windfalls/shortfalls arise from the difference in the grant date price and the vesting date price of employee and non-employee directors vesting of equity awards granted under our 2013 Plan.

(3) | Non-cash MSR activity includes the assumption of servicing obligations.

(4) | The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 is primarily due to lower total revenues and a higher proportion of operating expenses compared to total revenues.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations, marketable securities,
available-for-sale
and, if necessary, borrowings under our credit agreement. In order to enhance yield to us, we have invested a portion of our cash in money market funds and in fixed and variable income debt securities, in accordance with our investment policy approved by the board of directors. Certain of our investments in money market funds may not maintain a stable net asset value and may impose fees on redemptions and/or gate fees. Although we have historically funded our operations through operating cash flows, there can be no assurance that we can continue to meet our cash requirements entirely through our operations, cash and cash equivalents, proceeds from the sale of marketable securities,
available-for-sale
or availability under our credit agreement.
Cash Flows
Our total cash and cash equivalents balance increased by $18.0 million to $232.7 million at December 31, 2019, compared to $214.7 million at December 31, 2018. The following table sets forth our summary cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 25,287 |  |  | $ | 117,314 |  |  | $ | 66,537 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (3,422 | ) |  |  | (117,980 | ) |  |  | (27,338 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (3,878 | ) |  |  | (5,437 | ) |  |  | (5,784 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 17,987 |  |  |  | (6,103 | ) |  |  | 33,415 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 214,683 |  |  |  | 220,786 |  |  |  | 187,371 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 232,670 |  |  | $ | 214,683 |  |  | $ | 220,786 |

Operating Activities
2019 Compared to 2018
. Cash flows provided by operating activities were $25.3 million in 2019 compared to cash flows provided by operating activities of $117.3 million in 2018. Net cash provided by operating activities is driven by our net income adjusted for
non-cash
items and changes in operating assets and liabilities. The $92.0 million decrease in operating cash flows for 2019 compared to 2018 was primarily due to a decrease in our real estate brokerage revenue and a higher proportion of operating expenses compared to total revenues, differences in timing of certain payments and receipts, an increase in advances to our investment sales and financing professionals, an increase in bonus payments in 2019 related to bonuses earned based on 2018 performance, and a reduction in the discretionary deferral of certain commissions.
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Investing Activities
2019 Compared to 2018
. Cash flows used in investing activities were $3.4 million for 2019 compared to cash flows used in investing activities of $118.0 million for the same period in 2018. The $114.6 million decreased usage in cash for investing activities in 2019 compared to 2018 was primarily due to $11.6 million in net proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities,
available-for-sale
for 2019 compared to $94.5 million in net purchases of marketable securities,
available-for-sale
for 2018 and an additional net $8.8 million of outflow for acquisitions in 2018 over acquisition activity in 2019. See Note 6 – “Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Financing Activities
2019 Compared to 2018
. Cash flows used in financing activities were $3.9 million for 2019 compared to $5.4 million for the same period in 2018. The change in cash flows used in financing activities for 2019 compared to 2018 was primarily impacted by taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards and payments for contingent consideration in 2019 with no such comparable outflow for the same period in 2019. See Note 12 – “Stock-Based Compensation Plans” of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Liquidity
We believe that our existing balances of cash and cash equivalents, cash flows expected to be generated from our operations, proceeds from the sale of marketable securities,
available-for-sale
and borrowings available under the Credit Agreement (defined below) will be sufficient to satisfy our operating requirements for the foreseeable future. If we need to raise additional capital through public or private debt or equity financings, strategic relationships or other arrangements, this capital might not be available to us in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise sufficient capital when needed could prevent us from, among other factors, to fund acquisitions or to otherwise finance our growth or operations. In addition, our notes payable to former stockholders and SARs agreements have provisions, which could accelerate repayment of outstanding principal and accrued interest and adversely impact our liquidity.
Credit Agreement
We have a Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association for a $60.0 million principal amount senior secured revolving credit facility that is guaranteed by all of our domestic subsidiaries and matures on June 1, 2022 (the “Credit Agreement”). See Note 16 – “Commitments and Contingencies” of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Credit Agreement.
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Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The contractual obligations and other commitments consisted of the following at December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

|  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 Year |  |  | 1-3 Years |  |  | 3-5 Years |  |  | More Than 5 Years |  |  | Other (8) |
Operating lease liabilities, including imputed interest (1) |  | $ | 89,241 |  |  | $ | 21,262 |  |  | $ | 33,889 |  |  | $ | 21,317 |  |  | $ | 12,773 |  |  | $ | — |
SARs liability (principal and interest) (2) |  |  | 25,880 |  |  |  | 2,080 |  |  |  | 4,408 |  |  |  | 2,334 |  |  |  | 17,058 |  |  |  | — |
Notes payable (principal and interest) (3) |  |  | 6,897 |  |  |  | 6,897 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deferred commissions payable (4) |  |  | 34,158 |  |  |  | 13,339 |  |  |  | 20,819 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation liability (5) |  |  | 8,241 |  |  |  | 1,553 |  |  |  | 2,126 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,528 |
Contingent consideration (6) |  |  | 4,788 |  |  |  | 1,238 |  |  |  | 2,163 |  |  |  | 1,142 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | — |
Other (7) |  |  | 2,146 |  |  |  | 1,235 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 911 |
|  | $ | 171,351 |  |  | $ | 47,604 |  |  | $ | 63,405 |  |  | $ | 24,827 |  |  | $ | 30,076 |  |  | $ | 5,439 |

(1) | See Note 4 – “Operating Leases” of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2) | Forecasted principal payments are based on each participant’s estimated retirement age and contractual interest rate of 3.920% on January 1, 2020 and reflect required payments that result from the retirement of certain executives. See Note 7 – “Selected Balance Sheet Data” of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(3) | See Note 8– “Notes Payable to Former Stockholders” of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(4) | Includes short-term and long-term deferred commissions payable. See Note 7 – “Selected Balance Sheet Data” of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(5) | Represents current estimated payouts for participants currently receiving payments based on their elections at the time of deferral. We hold assets held in rabbi trust of $9.5 million to settle outstanding amounts when they become due. Amounts assume no increase in asset or liability due to future returns. See Note 7 – “Selected Balance Sheet Data” of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(6) | Relates to contingent consideration in connection with our business acquisitions. See Note 6 – “Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” and Note 10 – “Fair Value Measurements” of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(7) | Relates to amounts that may be advanced to sales and financing professionals and uncertain tax positions. See Note 13 – “Income Taxes” and Note 16 – “Commitments and Contingencies” of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(8) | Amounts in Other represent amounts where payments are dependent on future events, which may occur at any time from less than 1 year to more than 5 years and relates to our deferred compensation liability and uncertain tax positions. Payments for deferred compensation liability are based on the participants’ elections at the time of deferral. The net liability for uncertain tax positions may be payable by us in the future. The ultimate resolution depends on many factors and assumptions; accordingly, we are not able to reasonably estimate the timing of such payments, if any.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off balance sheet arrangements.
Inflation
Our commissions and other variable costs related to revenue are primarily affected by real estate market supply and demand, which may be affected by general economic conditions including inflation. However, to date, we do not believe that general inflation has had a material impact upon our operations.
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Critical Accounting Policies; Use of Estimates
We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In applying many of these accounting principles, we make assumptions, estimates and/or judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. These assumptions, estimates and/or judgments, however, are often subjective and our actual results may change based on changing circumstances or changes in our analyses. If actual amounts are ultimately different from our estimates, the revisions are included in our results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known.
We believe that the critical accounting policies discussed below involve a greater degree of judgment or complexity than our other accounting policies. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. See the notes to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our significant accounting policies.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to (i) differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, and (ii) operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. We measure existing deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect to have temporary differences realized or settled. We recognize in the provision for income taxes, the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in the period that includes the enactment date. We periodically evaluate the deferred tax assets to assess whether it is likely that the deferred tax assets will be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is required, we consider the timing of deferred tax reversals, current year taxable income and historical performance. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets when it is
more-likely-than-not
that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
Because of the nature of our business, which includes activity in the U.S. and Canada, incorporating numerous states and provinces as well as local jurisdictions, our tax position can be complex. As such, our effective tax rate is subject to changes as a result of fluctuations in the mix of our activity in various jurisdictions in which we operate including changes in tax rates, state apportionment, tax related interest and penalties, valuation allowances and other permanent items. Calculating some of the amounts involves a high degree of judgment.
We evaluate our tax positions quarterly. The threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements is “more likely than not” to be sustained by the taxing authority and requires measurement of a tax position meeting the
more-likely-than-not
criterion, based on the largest benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized. We assess our inventory of tax positions with respect to all applicable income tax issues for all open tax years (in each respective jurisdiction) and determine whether uncertain tax positions are required to be recognized in our consolidated financial statements.
We recognize interest and penalties incurred as income tax expense.
Leases
We utilize operating leases for all our facilities and autos. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception.
Right-of-use
assets (“ROU assets”) represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our contractual obligation to make lease payments under the lease. Operating leases are included in the operating lease ROU assets,
non-current,
and operating lease liabilities, current and
non-current,
captions in the consolidated balance sheets.
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Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized on the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease agreements may contain periods of free rent or reduced rent, predetermined fixed increases in the minimum rent and renewal or termination options, all of which add complexity and impact the determination of the lease term and lease payments to be used in calculating the lease liability. Certain facility leases provide for rental escalations related to increases in the lessors’ direct operating expenses. We use the implicit rate in the lease when determinable. As most of our leases do not have a determinable implicit rate, determining the rate to be used in our calculations is judgmental. We use a derived incremental borrowing rate based on borrowing options under our credit agreement and apply a spread over treasury rates for the indicated term of the lease based on the information available on the commencement date of the lease. We typically lease general purpose
built-out
office space, which reverts to the lessor upon termination of the lease. Any payments for completed improvements, determined to be owed by the lessor, net of incentives received, are recorded as an increase to the ROU asset and considered in the determination of the lease cost.
We have lease agreements with lease and
non-lease
components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments consist of common area costs, insurance, taxes utilities, parking and other lease related costs, which are determined principally based on billings from landlords.
Investments in Marketable Securities,
Available-for-Sale
We maintain a portfolio of investments in a variety of fixed and variable rate debt securities, including U.S. treasuries, U.S. government sponsored entities, corporate debt, asset-backed securities and other. We consider our investment in marketable securities to be
available-for-sale.
Accordingly, these investments are recorded at their fair values, with unrealized gains or losses recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. We determine the appropriate classification of investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase. Interest along with accretion and amortization of purchase premiums and discounts from the purchase date through the estimated maturity date, including consideration of variable maturities and contractual call provisions, are included in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income. See Note 5 – “Investments in Marketable Securities” for additional information.
We regularly review our investment portfolio to determine if any security is other-than-temporarily impaired, which would require us to record an impairment charge in the period any such determination is made. Calculating an impairment charge requires a high degree of judgment. In making this judgment, we evaluate, among other items, the time frame and extent to which the fair market value of a security is less than its amortized cost, the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto, changes in market interest rates and our intent and ability to sell, or whether we will more likely than not be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. We typically invest in highly-rated securities, and our investment policy generally limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. The policy generally requires investments to be investment grade, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss and matching long-term liabilities.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 – “Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements” of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
The accounting pronouncement related to leases had a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 but did not have a material impact on the consolidated statement of net and comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2019. Although we do not believe any of the other accounting pronouncements listed in that note will have a significant impact on our business, we are still in the process of determining the impact of the new pronouncements may have on our consolidated financial statements.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We maintain a portfolio of investments in a variety of fixed and variable debt rate securities, including U.S. government and federal agency, corporate debt, asset backed securities and other. As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of investments in marketable securities,
available-for-sale
was $211.6 million. The primary objective of our investment activity is to maintain the safety of principal, and to provide for future liquidity requirements while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. While some investments may be securities of companies in foreign countries, all investments are denominated and payable in U.S. Dollars. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. While our intent is not to sell these investment securities prior to their stated maturities, we may choose to sell any of the securities for strategic reasons including, but not limited to, anticipated capital requirements, anticipation of credit deterioration, duration management and because a security no longer meets the criteria of our investment policy. We do not use derivatives or similar instruments to manage our interest rate risk. We seek to invest in high quality investments. The weighted average rating (exclusive of cash and cash equivalents) was AA+ as of December 31, 2019. Maturities are maintained consistent with our short-, medium- and long-term liquidity objectives.
Currently, our portfolio of investments predominantly consists of fixed interest rate debt securities; however, a portion of our investment portfolio may consist of variable interest rate debt securities. Our investments in fixed interest rate debt securities are subject to market risk. Changes in prevailing interest rates may adversely or positively impact their fair market value should interest rates generally rise or fall. Accordingly, we also may have interest rate risk with variable interest rate debt securities as the income produced may decrease if interest rates fall. The following table sets forth the impact on the fair value of our investments as of December 31, 2019 from changes in interest rates based on the weighted average duration of the securities in our portfolio (in thousands):

Change in Interest Rates |  | Approximate Change in Fair Value of Investments Increase (Decrease) |
2% Decrease |  | $ | 4,320 |
1% Decrease |  | $ | 2,333 |
1% Increase |  | $ | (2,333 | )
2% Increase |  | $ | (4,664 | )

Due to the nature of our business and the manner in which we conduct our operations, we believe we do not face any material interest rate risk with respect to other assets and liabilities, equity price risk or other market risks. The functional currency of our Canadian operations is the Canadian dollar. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk for the settlement of transactions of the Canadian operations as well as unrealized translation adjustments. To date, realized foreign currency exchange rate gains and losses have not been material.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
See pages beginning at
F-1.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules
13a-15(f),
including maintenance of (i) records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, and (ii) policies and
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procedures that provide reasonable assurance that (a) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, (b) our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and our board of directors and (c) we will prevent or timely detect unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Our management, with the supervision and participation of our chief executive officer (“CEO”) and chief financial officer (“CFO”), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules
13a-
15(e) and
15d-
15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form
10-K,
based on the criteria established under the Internal Control Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) (2013 framework). Based on such evaluation, our management has concluded that as of December 31, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules
13a-15(f)
and
15d-15(f)
under the Exchange Act.
Our system of internal control is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles. Our management, including our CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In conducting its assessment, management used the criteria issued by COSO. Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria. The effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.
Management, including our CEO and CFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures, or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefit of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules
13a-15(f)
and
15d-15(f)
under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must
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reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of the inherent limitations of any system of internal control. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses of judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper overriding of controls. As a result of such limitations, there is risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Executive Officers
The names and ages of our executive officers and directors as of March 2, 2020 are as follows:

Name |  | Age |  |  | Position(s)
Hessam Nadji |  |  | 54 |  |  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Martin E. Louie |  |  | 58 |  |  | Chief Financial Officer
Gregory A. LaBerge |  |  | 49 |  |  | First Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer

Hessam Nadji
Mr. Nadji has served as President and Chief Executive Officer and as a director of the Company since March 2016. Mr. Nadji previously served as senior executive vice president and chief strategy officer. He joined the Company as vice president of research in 1996 and held various other senior management roles through the years, including chief marketing officer and head of the Company’s specialty brokerage divisions. He played a leading role in the Company’s initial public offering in 2013. Mr. Nadji received a B.S. in information management and computer science from City University in Seattle and has over 30 years of experience working in the real estate industry.
Martin E. Louie
Mr. Louie has served as Chief Financial Officer since 2010. Prior to becoming Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Louie was First Vice President of Finance beginning in 2009, and Vice President of Finance from 2006 to 2009. Mr. Louie has served as a senior financial executive with worldwide responsibilities for various companies, including Sony Pictures Entertainment, The Walt Disney Co., Infineon Technologies and West Marine. In those roles, he was responsible for accounting, strategic planning, financial planning and analysis, treasury and investor relations. Prior to that, Mr. Louie, who is a CPA, was with KPMG. As previously announced, Mr. Louie will be stepping down as Chief Financial Officer to assume a new position within the Company focusing on corporate initiatives once his successor has been appointed. Mr. Louie received a B.A. in Economics from the University of California, Los Angeles and an MBA in Finance from the University of Southern California.
Gregory A. LaBerge
Mr. LaBerge has served as First Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer since 2015. Mr. LaBerge joined Marcus & Millichap in 2005 as an investment broker, became a regional manager in 2008, and was named national director of our National Hospitality Group in 2012. Prior to that, he worked for 10 years as a management consultant, five years with Ernst & Young, and for Diamond Technology Partners (now part of PricewaterhouseCoopers). His expertise was in working with Fortune 500 companies on strategic and operational initiatives. Mr. LaBerge received his Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from Northwestern University and his M.B.A. from the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University.
Other Proxy Information
Certain information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 5, 2020 (“Proxy Statement”), which information will appear under the captions entitled “Corporate Governance-Board Committees and Charters ” and “Other Matters-Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the Proxy Statement.
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Code of Ethics
We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all of our executive officers and directors. The Code of Ethics is posted on our website. The Internet address for our website is www.marcusmillichap.com, and the Code of Ethics may be found as follows:

| • | From our main web page, click on “Investor Relations” at the bottom of the main web page.

| • | Next click on “Corporate Governance” in the middle navigation bar.

| • | Then click on “Governance Documents.”

| • | Finally, click on “Code of Ethics.”

We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05(c) of Form
8-K
regarding an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of the Code of Ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions by posting such information on our website, at the address and location specified above.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 5, 2020, which information will appear under the caption entitled “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” and “Executive Compensation” in the Proxy Statement.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 5, 2020, which information will appear under the captions entitled “Principal Stockholders” in the Proxy statement.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table summarizes information about our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2019. All outstanding awards relate to our common stock.

Plan Category |  | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (1) |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (2) |  |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) (3) (4) |
|  | (a) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (c) |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  |  | 1,124,161 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 5,460,208 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  |  | 1,124,161 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 5,460,208 |

(1) | Consists of deferred stock units (“DSUs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted under our Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”). Excludes restricted stock awards granted under the 2013 Plan, purchase rights granted under our 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) and cash settled SARs.

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(2) | Outstanding DSUs and RSUs have no exercise price.

(3) | Includes 5,255,735 shares available for future issuance under the 2013 Plan. Includes 204,473 shares available for future issuance under the ESPP, including shares subject to purchase during the current offering period, which commenced on November 15, 2019 (the exact number of which will not be known until the purchase date on May 15, 2020). Subject to the number of shares remaining in the share reserve, the maximum number of shares purchasable by any participant on any one purchase date for any purchase period, including the current purchase period may not exceed 1,250 shares.

(4) | Pursuant to the terms of the ESPP, on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the 2015 fiscal year, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP is automatically increased by the lesser of: (i) 366,667 shares of our common stock; (ii) 1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year; or (iii) such other amount as the Board may determine.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Any information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 5, 2020, which information will appear under the captions entitled “Corporate Governance-Director Independence” and “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” in the Proxy Statement.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 5, 2020, which information will appear under the caption entitled “Proposal 2: Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2020” in the Proxy Statement.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) | The following documents are filed as part of this Report:

| (1) | Consolidated Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements listed in the accompanying Index to Consolidated Financial Statements are attached to this Form
10-K
beginning on page
F-1.
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Net and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

| (2) | Financial Statement Schedules

The financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

(b) | Exhibits

The following exhibits are included herein or incorporated herein by reference:

Number |  |  | Description
| 3.1 |  |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Marcus & Millichap, Inc., (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the registrant’s quarterly report with respect to the quarter ended September 30, 2013 on Form 10-Q filed on November 22, 2013).
| 3.2 |  |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Marcus & Millichap, Inc., (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the registrant’s quarterly report with respect to the quarter ended September 30, 2013 on Form 10-Q filed on November 22, 2013).
| 4.1 |  |  | Specimen Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).
| 4.2* |  |  | Description of the registrant’s securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
| 10.1 |  |  | Transition Services Agreement by and between Marcus & Millichap, Inc. and Marcus & Millichap Company dated October 31, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registrant’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 filed on November 22, 2013).
| 10.2† |  |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between Marcus & Millichap, Inc. and each of its Officers and Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).
| 10.3† |  |  | Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed on March 16, 2018).

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Number |  |  | Description
| 10.4† |  |  | Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).
| 10.5† |  |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).
| 10.6† |  |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1/A (No. 333-191316) filed on October 21, 2013).
| 10.7† |  |  | Form of Amendment, Restatement and Freezing of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement (Section 409A grandfathered) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).
| 10.8† |  |  | Form of Sale Restriction Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).
| 10.9† |  |  | 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1/A (No. 333-191316) filed on October 28, 2013).
| 10.10† |  |  | Executive Short-Term Incentive Plan, dated March 13, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 17, 2014).
| 10.11† |  |  | Employment Agreement between the Company and Hessam Nadji effective as of March 31, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A (No. 001-36155) filed on April 8, 2016).
| 10.12† |  |  | Marcus & Millichap, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 filed on August 9, 2018).
| 10.13 |  |  | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association dated May 28, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2019).
| 10.14* |  |  | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association dated November 27, 2019.
| 21.1* |  |  | List of Subsidiaries.
| 23.1* |  |  | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
| 31.1* |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 31.2* |  |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.1** |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

55

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Number |  |  | Description
| 101* |  |  | The following financial statements from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Net and Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.
| 104* |  |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

† | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

* | Filed herewith.

** | Furnished, not filed.

(c) | Financial Statement Schedules

Not applicable.
Item 16. Form
10-K
Summary
Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: March 2, 2020 |  |  |  | Marcus & Millichap, Inc.
|  |  |  | /s/ Hessam Nadji
|  |  |  | Hessam Nadji
|  |  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Hessam Nadji Hessam Nadji |  | Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  | March 2, 2020
/s/ Martin E. Louie Martin E. Louie |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  | March 2, 2020
/s/ Kurt H. Schwarz Kurt H. Schwarz |  | First Vice President of Finance and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) |  | March 2, 2020
/s/ George M. Marcus George M. Marcus |  | Director |  | March 2, 2020
/s/ William A. Millichap William A. Millichap |  | Director |  | March 2, 2020
/s/ Norma J. Lawrence Norma J. Lawrence |  | Director |  | March 2, 2020
/s/ Lauralee E. Martin Lauralee E. Martin |  | Director |  | March 2, 2020
/ s/ Nicholas F. McClanahan Nicholas F. McClanahan |  | Director |  | March 2, 2020
/s/ George T. Shaheen George T. Shaheen |  | Director |  | March 2, 2020
/s/ Don C. Watters Don C. Watters |  | Director |  | March 2, 2020

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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Page |
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  |  | F- 2 |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 |  |  | F- 5 |
Consolidated Statements of Net and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 |  |  | F- 6 |
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 |  |  | F- 7 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 |  |  | F- 8 |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  | F- 9 |

F-1

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of
Marcus & Millichap, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Marcus & Millichap, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 2, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
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|  | Deferred Commissions Payable
Description of the Matter |  | At December 31, 2019, the Company’s commissions payable to investment sales and financing professionals was $61.5 million. As discussed in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, certain investment sales and financing professionals have the ability to earn additional commissions after meeting certain annual revenue thresholds. All commissions are recognized as cost of services in the period in which they are earned as they relate to specific transactions closed. The Company has the ability to defer payment of certain commissions, at its election, for up to three years. These payments are referred to as deferred commissions. Auditing the Company’s deferred commissions was complex with regard to evaluating the completeness of the population of investment sales and financing professionals eligible for deferred commissions and the accuracy of the investment sales and financing professionals’ revenue thresholds used in determining deferred commissions earned.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit |  | We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over the deferred commissions process. For example, we tested controls over the completeness and accuracy of the data used in calculating the deferred commissions, including approvals.
|  | To test the deferred commissions payable, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, performing a predictive test in which we evaluated the completeness of the deferred commissions schedule based on investment sales and financing professionals’ sales performance. Additionally, we performed procedures to obtain evidence of eligibility approval and performed a hindsight analysis to evaluate the amount of cash disbursed to the amount of deferred commissions payable previously accrued.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013.
Los Angeles, California
March 2, 2020
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of
Marcus & Millichap, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Marcus & Millichap Inc.’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and our report dated March 2, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Los Angeles, California
March 2, 2020
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except for shares and par value)

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 232,670 |  |  | $ | 214,683 |
Commissions receivable |  |  | 5,003 |  |  |  | 4,948 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 10,676 |  |  |  | 7,904 |
Income tax receivable |  |  | 4,999 |  |  |  | — |
Marketable securities, available-for-sale |  |  | 150,752 |  |  |  | 137,436 |
Other assets, net |  |  | 6,067 |  |  |  | 6,368 |
Total current assets |  |  | 410,167 |  |  |  | 371,339 |
Prepaid rent |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,892 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 22,643 |  |  |  | 19,550 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net |  |  | 90,535 |  |  |  | — |
Marketable securities, available–for-sale |  |  | 60,809 |  |  |  | 83,209 |
Assets held in rabbi trust |  |  | 9,452 |  |  |  | 8,268 |
Deferred tax assets, net |  |  | 22,122 |  |  |  | 22,959 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net |  |  | 22,312 |  |  |  | 15,385 |
Other assets |  |  | 70,994 |  |  |  | 31,778 |
Total assets |  | $ | 709,034 |  |  | $ | 566,380 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and other liabilities |  | $ | 10,790 |  |  | $ | 11,035 |
Notes payable to former stockholders |  |  | 6,564 |  |  |  | 1,087 |
Deferred compensation and commissions |  |  | 44,301 |  |  |  | 47,910 |
Income tax payable |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,486 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 17,762 |  |  |  | — |
Accrued bonuses and other employee related expenses |  |  | 22,388 |  |  |  | 28,338 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 101,805 |  |  |  | 92,856 |
Deferred compensation and commissions |  |  | 45,628 |  |  |  | 49,887 |
Notes payable to former stockholders |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,564 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 63,155 |  |  |  | — |
Deferred rent and other liabilities |  |  | 3,539 |  |  |  | 7,499 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 214,127 |  |  |  | 156,806 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares – 25,000,000; issued and outstanding shares – none at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares – 150,000,000; issued and outstanding shares – 39,153,195 and 38,814,464 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 104,658 |  |  |  | 97,458 |
Stock notes receivable from employees |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Retained earnings |  |  | 388,271 |  |  |  | 311,341 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 1,978 |  |  |  | 775 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 494,907 |  |  |  | 409,574 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 709,034 |  |  | $ | 566,380 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF NET AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate brokerage commissions |  | $ | 729,356 |  |  | $ | 747,355 |  |  | $ | 649,393 |
Financing fees |  |  | 66,293 |  |  |  | 57,817 |  |  |  | 49,653 |
Other revenues |  |  | 10,779 |  |  |  | 9,644 |  |  |  | 20,654 |
Total revenues |  |  | 806,428 |  |  |  | 814,816 |  |  |  | 719,700 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services |  |  | 498,878 |  |  |  | 502,883 |  |  |  | 446,557 |
Selling, general and administrative expense |  |  | 203,110 |  |  |  | 193,349 |  |  |  | 171,648 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 8,017 |  |  |  | 6,297 |  |  |  | 5,363 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 710,005 |  |  |  | 702,529 |  |  |  | 623,568 |
Operating income |  |  | 96,423 |  |  |  | 112,287 |  |  |  | 96,132 |
Other income (expense), net |  |  | 12,477 |  |  |  | 6,333 |  |  |  | 4,590 |
Interest expense |  |  | (1,388 | ) |  |  | (1,400 | ) |  |  | (1,496 | )
Income before provision for income taxes |  |  | 107,512 |  |  |  | 117,220 |  |  |  | 99,226 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 30,582 |  |  |  | 29,963 |  |  |  | 47,702 |
Net income |  |  | 76,930 |  |  |  | 87,257 |  |  |  | 51,524 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities, available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) |  |  | 1,822 |  |  |  | (536 | ) |  |  | 193 |
Less: reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses included in other income (expense), net |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |
Net change, net of tax of $611, $(177) and $139 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively |  |  | 1,779 |  |  |  | (529 | ) |  |  | 193 |
Foreign currency translation (loss) gain, net of tax of $0 for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively |  |  | (576 | ) |  |  | 377 |  |  |  | (63 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 1,203 |  |  |  | (152 | ) |  |  | 130 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 78,133 |  |  | $ | 87,105 |  |  | $ | 51,654 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 39,404 |  |  |  | 39,149 |  |  |  | 38,988 |
Diluted |  |  | 39,548 |  |  |  | 39,383 |  |  |  | 39,100 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except for shares)

|  | Series A Redeemable Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Stock Notes Receivable From Employees |  |  | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Total |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |
Balance as of December 31, 2 016 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 37,882,266 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 85,445 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 172,599 |  |  | $ | 810 |  |  | $ | 258,854 |
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33 |
Balance at January 1, 2017, as adjusted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 37,882,266 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 85,530 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 172,547 |  |  |  | 810 |  |  |  | 258,887 |
Net and comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 51,524 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 51,654 |
Stock-based award activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,145 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,145 |
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,209 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 653 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 653 |
Issuance of common stock for settlement of deferred stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 351,801 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 284,837 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for unvested restricted stock awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,538 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shares withheld related to net share settlement of stock-based awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (192,640 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,451 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,451 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,374,011 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 89,877 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 224,071 |  |  |  | 940 |  |  |  | 314,888 |
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | — |
Balance at January 1, 2018, as adjusted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,374,011 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 89,877 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 224,084 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | 314,888 |
Net and comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 87,257 |  |  |  | (152 | ) |  |  | 87,105 |
Stock-based award activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,983 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,983 |
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,001 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 621 |
Issuance of common stock for settlement of deferred stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 237,052 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 317,236 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for unvested restricted stock awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,852 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shares withheld related to net share settlement of stock-based awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (147,688 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,023 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,023 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,814,464 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 97,458 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 311,341 |  |  |  | 775 |  |  |  | 409,574 |
Net and comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76,930 |  |  |  | 1,203 |  |  |  | 78,133 |
Stock-based award activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,278 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,278 |
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,421 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 657 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 657 |
Issuance of common stock for vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 378,194 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for unvested restricted stock awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,806 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shares withheld related to net share settlement of stock-based awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (73,690 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,735 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,735 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2019 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 39,153,195 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 104,658 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 388,271 |  |  | $ | 1,978 |  |  | $ | 494,907 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 76,930 |  |  | $ | 87,257 |  |  | $ | 51,524 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 8,017 |  |  |  | 6,297 |  |  |  | 5,363 |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  | 21,207 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Provision for bad debt expense |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | 219 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 9,278 |  |  |  | 11,983 |  |  |  | 9,145 |
Deferred taxes, net |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | (142 | ) |  |  | 12,825 |
Net realized gains on marketable securities, available-for-sale |  |  | (87 | ) |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Other non-cash items |  |  | (176 | ) |  |  | (194 | ) |  |  | 108 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions receivable |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | 4,783 |  |  |  | (4,777 | )
Prepaid expenses |  |  | (2,740 | ) |  |  | 1,757 |  |  |  | (1,567 | )
Prepaid rent |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,500 |  |  |  | (2,107 | )
Assets held in rabbi trust |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (700 | )
Other assets, net |  |  | (45,176 | ) |  |  | (7,247 | ) |  |  | (13,665 | )
Accounts payable and other liabilities |  |  | (486 | ) |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | (572 | )
Income tax receivable/payable |  |  | (9,485 | ) |  |  | 5,794 |  |  |  | (126 | )
Accrued bonuses and other employee related expenses |  |  | (5,889 | ) |  |  | 4,676 |  |  |  | 1,782 |
Deferred compensation and commissions |  |  | (8,975 | ) |  |  | (438 | ) |  |  | 8,427 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (17,102 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deferred rent and other liabilities |  |  | (314 | ) |  |  | 781 |  |  |  | 660 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 25,287 |  |  |  | 117,314 |  |  |  | 66,537 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash received |  |  | (6,083 | ) |  |  | (14,926 | ) |  |  | — |
Purchases of marketable securities, available-for-sale |  |  | (168,083 | ) |  |  | (208,460 | ) |  |  | (65,093 | )
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities, available-for-sale |  |  | 179,693 |  |  |  | 113,911 |  |  |  | 44,753 |
Payments received on employee notes receivable |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 27 |
Issuances of employee notes receivable |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  | (451 | ) |  |  | (481 | )
Purchase of property and equipment |  |  | (8,812 | ) |  |  | (8,072 | ) |  |  | (6,554 | )
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (3,422 | ) |  |  | (117,980 | ) |  |  | (27,338 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of shares pursuant to employee stock purchase plan |  |  | 657 |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 653 |
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards |  |  | (2,735 | ) |  |  | (5,023 | ) |  |  | (5,451 | )
Principal payments on notes payable to former stockholders |  |  | (1,087 | ) |  |  | (1,035 | ) |  |  | (986 | )
Principal payments on stock appreciation rights liability |  |  | (185 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Payments of contingent consideration |  |  | (528 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (3,878 | ) |  |  | (5,437 | ) |  |  | (5,784 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 17,987 |  |  |  | (6,103 | ) |  |  | 33,415 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 214,683 |  |  |  | 220,786 |  |  |  | 187,371 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 232,670 |  |  | $ | 214,683 |  |  | $ | 220,786 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid during the period |  | $ | 2,107 |  |  | $ | 2,195 |  |  | $ | 1,912 |
Income taxes paid, net |  | $ | 39,841 |  |  | $ | 24,311 |  |  | $ | 35,002 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. | Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Description of Business
Marcus & Millichap, Inc., (the “Company”, “Marcus & Millichap”, or “MMI”), a Delaware corporation, is a brokerage firm specializing in commercial real estate investment sales, financing, research and advisory services. As of December 31, 2019, MMI operates 82 offices in the United States and Canada through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including the operations of Marcus & Millichap Capital Corporation.
Reorganization and Initial Public Offering
MMI was formed in June 2013 in preparation for Marcus & Millichap Company (“MMC”) to
spin-off
its majority owned subsidiary, Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services, Inc. (“MMREIS”). Prior to the initial public offering (“IPO”) of MMI, all of the preferred and common stockholders of MMREIS (including MMC and employees of MMREIS) contributed all of their outstanding shares to MMI, in exchange for new MMI common stock. As a result, MMREIS became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MMI. Thereafter, MMC distributed 80.0% of the shares of MMI common stock to MMC’s shareholders and exchanged the remaining portion of its shares of MMI common stock for cancellation of indebtedness of MMC. MMI completed its IPO on October 30, 2013.
Basis of Presentation
The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Reclassifications
Certain prior-period amounts in Note 13 – “Income Taxes” have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These changes had no impact on the previously reported consolidated results of operations or any totals or subtotals therein.

2. | Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Policies
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers cash and cash equivalents to include short-term, highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, portions of the balance of cash and cash equivalents were held in financial institutions, various money market funds with fixed and floating net asset values and short-term commercial paper. Money market funds have floating net asset values and may be subject to gating or liquidity fees. Management believes the likelihood of realizing material losses from cash and cash equivalents, including the excess of cash balances over federally insured limits, is remote.
Revenue Recognition
The Company generates real estate brokerage commissions by acting as a broker for real estate owners or investors seeking to buy or sell commercial properties. The Company generates financing fees from securing financing on purchase transactions, from refinancing its clients’ existing mortgage debt and other financing
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
activities, including mortgage servicing. Other revenues include fees generated from consulting and advisory services, as well as referral fees from other real estate brokers. The Company’s contracts contain one performance obligation related to its real estate brokerage, financing and consulting and advisory services offered to buyers and sellers of commercial real estate, and provide that it is operating as a principal in all its revenue generating activities. The Company does not have multiple-element arrangements, variable consideration, financing components, significant noncash consideration, licenses, long-term contracts with customers or other items affecting the transaction price. Accordingly, the Company determined that the transaction price is fixed and determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. The Company recognizes revenue in principally all cases at the close of escrow for real estate brokerage, at the close of loan for financing, when services are provided, or upon closing of the transaction for other revenues.
Mortgage Servicing Rights and Fees
Mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) are recorded at fair value upon acquisition of a servicing contract. The Company has elected the amortization method for the subsequent measurement of MSRs. MSRs are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. All MSRs are amortized using the interest method over the period that servicing income is expected to be received. MSRs are included in other assets
non-current
in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See Note 7 – “Selected Balance Sheet Data” for additional information. Amortization related to the MSRs is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
The Company measures MSRs at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. MSRs are a Level 3 measurement. The Company’s MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. The estimated fair value of the Company’s MSRs were developed using a discounted cash flow model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The model considers contractual provisions and assumptions of market participants including specified servicing fees, prepayment assumptions, delinquency rates, late charges, other ancillary revenue, costs to service and other economic factors. The Company periodically reassesses and adjusts, when necessary, the underlying inputs and assumptions used in the model to reflect observable market conditions and assumptions that a market participant would consider in valuing an MSR asset.
In connection with MSR activities, the Company holds funds in escrow for the benefit of the lenders. These funds and the offsetting obligations are not presented in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as they do not represent assets and liabilities of the Company.
The Company recognizes mortgage servicing revenues upon the acquisition of a servicing contract. The Company records servicing fees when earned provided the loans are current and the debt service payments are made by the borrowers. MSRs and related servicing fees are recorded in financing fees in the accompanying consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
Capitalization of Internal Software
Certain costs related to the development or purchase of
internal-use
software are capitalized. Internal costs that are incurred in the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred. Direct consulting costs and certain payroll and related costs that are incurred during the development stage of a project are capitalized and depreciated using the straight-line method over a useful life of five years. Capitalized costs are recorded in property and equipment, net, and depreciation is recorded in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated financial statements. Depreciation begins for software that has been placed into production and is ready for its intended use. Post-implementation costs such as training, maintenance and support are expensed as incurred. The Company evaluates the carrying value of capitalized software for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Commissions Receivable
Commissions receivable consists of commissions earned on brokerage and financing transactions for which payment has not yet been received. The Company evaluates the need for an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the specific-identification of potentially uncollectible accounts. The majority of commissions receivable are settled within 10 days after the close of escrow. As a result, the Company did not require an allowance for commissions receivable at December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Cost of Services
Cost of services principally consists of variable commissions, compensation-related costs related to the Company’s financing activities, and other costs for the Company’s investment sales and financing professionals related to transactions closed in the period. Commissions are accrued based on revenue from transactions generated by the Company’s investment sales and financing professionals. Investment sales and financing professionals are compensated at commission rates based on individual agreements, and a portion of the commissions due upon the closing of a transaction may be deferred in accordance with their contracts.
Investments in Marketable Securities,
Available-for-Sale
The Company maintains a portfolio of investments in a variety of fixed and variable rate debt securities, including U.S. treasuries, U.S. government sponsored entities, corporate debt, asset-backed securities (“ABS”) and other. The Company considers its investment in marketable securities to be
available-for-sale.
Accordingly, these investments are recorded at their fair values, with unrealized gains or losses recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. The Company determines the appropriate classification of investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase. Interest along with accretion and amortization of purchase premiums and discounts from the purchase date through the estimated maturity date, including consideration of variable maturities and contractual call provisions, are included in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income. See Note 5 – “Investments in Marketable Securities” for additional information.
The Company regularly reviews its investment portfolio to determine if any security is other-than-temporarily impaired, which would require the Company to record an impairment charge in the period that any such determination is made.
Calculating an impairment charge requires a high degree of judgment.
In making this judgment, the Company evaluates, among other items, the time frame and extent to which the fair market value of a security is less than its amortized cost, the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto, changes in market interest rates and the Company’s intent and ability to sell, or whether the Company will more likely than not be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. The Company typically invests in highly-rated securities, and its investment policy generally limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. The policy generally requires investments to be investment grade, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss and matching long-term liabilities.
Assets Held in Rabbi Trust
The Company maintains a
non-qualified
deferred compensation program for certain employees. Deferred amounts are invested in variable whole life insurance policies owned by the Company supporting the deferred obligation and are held in a rabbi trust. Participants elect to invest in various hypothetical equity and debt securities offered within the plan on a notional basis. The net change in the carrying value of the underlying assets held in the rabbi trust is recorded in other income (expense), net. The change in the deferred compensation liability as a result the change in the notional value of the participants accounts is recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Fair Value Measurements
U.S. GAAP defines the fair value of a financial instrument as the amount that would be received from the sale of an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company is responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting methodologies and assumptions. The Company uses various pricing sources and third parties to provide and validate the values utilized.
The degree of judgment used in measuring the fair value of financial instruments is generally inversely correlated with the level of observable valuation inputs. Financial instruments with quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and less judgment is used in measuring fair value. Financial instruments for which no quoted prices are available have less observability, and are measured at fair value using valuation models or other pricing techniques that require more judgment.
Assets recorded at fair value are measured and classified in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of the three “levels” based on the observability of inputs available in the marketplace used to measure the fair values as discussed below:

| • | Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

| • | Level 2: Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; or

| • | Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model. Management estimates include certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The Company values its investments including commercial paper and floating NAV money market funds recorded in cash and cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities,
available-for-sale,
assets held in the rabbi trust, acquired MSR contracts, deferred compensation liability and contingent consideration at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair values for investments included in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities,
available-for-sale
were determined for each individual security in the investment portfolio and all these securities are Level 1 or 2 measurements as appropriate.
Fair values for assets held in the rabbi trust and related deferred compensation liability were determined based on the cash surrender value of the company owned variable life insurance policies and underlying investments in the trust, and are Level 2 and Level 1 measurements, respectively.
Contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions, is carried at fair value and determined on a
contract-by-contract
basis, calculated using a probability weighted discounted cash flow model based on the probability of achieving EBITDA and other performance and service requirements (refer to Note 10 – “Fair Value Measurements”), and is a Level 3 measurement. The Company has experienced little volatility in the unobservable inputs used during the periods presented. Additionally, the Company does not expect to see much volatility in the unobservable inputs for the foreseeable future.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, from time to time, the Company measures certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The Company reviews the carrying value of MSRs, intangibles, goodwill and other assets for
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
indications of impairment quarterly. When indications of potential impairment are identified, the Company may be required to determine the fair value of those assets and record an adjustment for the carrying amount in excess of the fair value determined. Any fair value determination would be based on valuation approaches, which are appropriate under the circumstances and utilize Level 2 and Level 3 measurements as required.
Assets and Liabilities not Measured at Fair Value
The Company’s commissions receivable, amounts due from employees and investment sales and financing professionals (included in the other assets, net current and other assets
non-current
captions), accounts payable and other liabilities and commissions payable (included in deferred compensation and commissions current and deferred compensation and commissions
non
-
current
captions) are carried at cost, which approximates fair value based on their immediate or short-term maturities and terms which approximate current market rates.
The Company’s obligations under notes payable to former stockholders bear interest at fixed rates. The Company has determined that the carrying value on these instruments approximates fair value. As the Company’s obligations under stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) liability (included in the deferred compensation and commissions current and deferred compensation and commissions
non-current
captions) bear interest at a variable rate based on U.S. Treasuries, and the Company has determined that the carrying value approximates their fair value.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company uses the straight-line method for depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are generally provided over estimated useful lives ranging from three to seven years.
The Company evaluates its fixed assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.
Other Assets
Other assets consist primarily of amounts due from the Company’s investment sales and financing professionals, MSRs, security deposits made in connection with operating leases, customer trust accounts, employee notes receivable and other assets and receivables.
The Company, from time to time, advances funds to its investment sales and financing professionals. Certain amounts may bear a nominal interest rate, with any cash receipts on notes applied first to any unpaid principal balance prior to any income being recognized. The Company generally has the ability to collect a portion of these amounts from future commissions due to the investment sales and financing professional. The Company may forgive a portion of the amount over time depending on the nature of the advance, which will generally be ratably over a contracted service period, or in reaching contractual performance criteria. Amounts forgiven are charged to selling, general and administrative expense at the time the amounts are forgiven. The Company evaluates the need for an allowance for these amounts based on the specific identification of potentially uncollectible amounts and provides an allowance based on consideration of historical experience. Amounts are generally written off upon separation from the Company of the investment sales and financing professional as a service provider, or when amounts are determined to be no longer collectable.
In connection with a brokerage transaction, the Company may need to, or be required to, hold cash in escrow for a transaction participant. These amounts are deposited into separate customer trust accounts controlled by the Company. The amounts are included in current other assets, net, with a corresponding liability included in accounts payable and other liabilities, both in the consolidated balance sheets.
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Table of Contents
MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Leases
The Company utilizes operating leases for all its facilities and autos. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception.
Right-of-use
assets (“ROU assets”) represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s contractual obligation to make lease payments under the lease. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets,
non-current,
and operating lease liabilities current and
non-current
captions in the consolidated balance sheets.
Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized on the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease agreements may contain periods of free rent or reduced rent, predetermined fixed increases in the minimum rent and renewal or termination options, all of which
add complexity and impact the determination of the lease term and lease payments to be used in calculating the lease liability. Certain facility leases provide for rental escalations related to increases in the lessors’ direct operating expenses. The Company uses the implicit rate in the lease when determinable. As most of the Company’s leases do not have a determinable implicit rate, determining the rate to be used in its calculations is judgmental. The Company uses a derived incremental borrowing rate based on borrowing options under its credit agreement and applies a spread over treasury rates for the indicated term of the lease based on the information available on the commencement date of the lease. The Company typically leases general purpose
built-out
office space, which reverts to the lessor upon termination of the lease. Any payments for completed improvements, determined to be owed by the lessor, net of incentives received, are recorded as an increase to the ROU asset and considered in the determination of the lease cost.
The Company has lease agreements with lease and
non-lease
components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments consist of common area costs, insurance, taxes, utilities, parking and other lease related costs, which are determined principally based on billings from landlords.
Litigation
The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, some of which involve claims for damages that are substantial in amount. Most of these litigation matters are covered by insurance, which contain deductibles, exclusions, claim limits and aggregate policy limits. While the ultimate liability for these legal proceedings cannot be determined, the Company uses judgment in the evaluation of claims and the need for accrual for loss contingencies quarterly. The Company records an accrual for litigation related losses where the likelihood of loss is both probable and estimable. The Company accrues legal fees for litigation as the legal services are provided.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs are included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $889,000, $1.1 million and $824,000, respectively.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to (i) differences between the
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, and (ii) operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. The Company measures existing deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the Company expects to have temporary differences realized or settled. The Company recognizes in the provision for income taxes, the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company periodically evaluates deferred tax assets to assess whether it is likely that the deferred tax assets will be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is required, the Company considers the timing of deferred tax reversals, current year taxable income and historical performance. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets when it is
more-likely-than-not
that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.
Because of the nature of the Company’s business, which includes activity in the U.S. and Canada, incorporating numerous states and provinces as well as local jurisdictions, the Company’s tax position can be complex. As such, the Company’s effective tax rate is subject to changes as a result of fluctuations in the mix of its activity in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates including changes in tax rates, state apportionment, tax related interest and penalties, valuation allowances and other permanent
items. Calculating some of the amounts involves a high degree of judgment.
The Company evaluates its tax positions quarterly. The threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements is “more likely than not” to be sustained by the taxing authority and requires measurement of a tax position meeting the
more-likely-than-not
criterion, based on the largest benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized. The Company assesses its inventory of tax positions with respect to all applicable income tax issues for all open tax years (in each respective jurisdiction) and determines whether uncertain tax positions are required to be recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties incurred as income tax expense.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company follows the accounting guidance for share-based payments, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees, independent contractors and
non-employee
directors. Awards are issued under the Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”) and 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”).
For awards made to the Company’s employees and directors, the Company initially values restricted stock units and restricted stock awards based on the grant date closing price of the Company’s common stock. For awards with periodic vesting, the Company recognizes the related expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award, subject to periodic adjustments to ensure that the cumulative amount of expense recognized through the end of any reporting period is at least equal to the portion of the grant date value of the award that has vested through that date. The Company accounts for forfeitures prospectively as they occur. The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No.
2018-7,
Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting
awards (“ASU
2018-7”)
on July 1, 2018. Prior to the adoption of ASU
2018-7,
the Company determined that the fair value of the awards made to independent contractors would be measured based on the fair value of the equity instrument as it is more reliably measurable than the fair value of the consideration received. The Company used the grant date as the performance commencement date, and the measurement date was the date the services were completed, which was the vesting date. As a result, the Company recorded stock-based compensation for these awards over the vesting period on a straight-line basis with periodic adjustments during the vesting period for changes in the fair value of the awards. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU
2018-7,
awards made to independent
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
contractors on or subsequent to July 1, 2018 are measured based on the grant date closing price of the Company’s common stock consistent with awards made to the Company’s employees and directors. Unvested awards issued to independent contractors as of the adoption date of July 1, 2018 were remeasured at the adoption date stock price. The Company will recognize the remaining unrecognized value of unvested awards over the remaining performance period based on the adoption date stock price, with no further remeasurement through the performance completion date.
If there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested share-based awards, the Company may be required to accelerate, increase or cancel any remaining unrecognized or previously recorded stock-based compensation expense.
For shares issued under the ESPP, the Company determined that the plan was a compensatory plan and is required to expense the fair value of the awards over each
six-month
offering period. The Company estimates the fair value of these awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company calculates the expected volatility based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock and the risk-free interest rate based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant, both consistent with the term of the offering period. The Company incorporates no forfeiture rate and includes no expected dividend yield as the Company has not, and currently does not intend to pay a regular dividend.
Earnings per Share
Basic weighted average shares outstanding includes vested, but
un-issued,
deferred stock units (“DSUs”). The difference between basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding represents the dilutive impact of common stock equivalents consisting of shares to be issued under the 2013 Plan and ESPP.
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company prepares the financial statements of its Canadian subsidiary using the local currency as the functional currency. The assets and liabilities of the Company’s Canadian subsidiary are translated in to U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange at the balance sheet date with the resulting translation adjustments included as a separate component of stockholder’s equity through other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
Income and expenses are translated at the average monthly rates of exchange. The Company includes realized gains and losses from foreign currency transactions in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
The effect of foreign currency translation on cash and cash equivalents is reflected in cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows, and is not material for any period presented.
Taxes Collected from Clients and Remitted to Governmental Authorities
The Company accounts for tax assessed by any governmental authority that is based on revenue or transaction value (e.g. sales, use and value added taxes) on a net basis, and, accordingly, such amounts are not included in revenue. Collected amounts are recorded as a current liability until paid.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk principally consist of cash and cash equivalents,
investments in marketable securities,
available-for-sale,
security deposits (included under other assets,
non-current)
and commissions receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are placed with high-credit quality financial institutions and invested in high-credit quality money market funds and commercial paper. Concentrations of marketable securities,
available-for-sale
are limited by the approved investment policy.
To reduce its credit risk, the Company monitors the credit standing of the financial
institutions
money market funds that represent amounts recorded as cash and cash equivalents. The Company historically has not experienced any significant losses related to cash and cash equivalents.
The Company derives its revenues from a broad range of real estate investors, owners, and users in the United States and Canada, none of which individually represents a significant concentration of credit risk. The Company maintains allowances, as needed, for estimated credit losses based on management’s assessment of the likelihood of collection. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, no transaction represented 10% or more of total revenues. Further, while one or more transactions may represent 10% or more of commissions receivable at any reporting date, amounts due are typically collected within 10 days of settlement and, therefore, do not expose the Company to significant credit risk.
During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company’s Canadian operations represented less than 1% of total revenues.
During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, no office represented 10% or more of total revenues.
Business Combinations
The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, under which the consideration for the acquisition, including the fair value of any contingent consideration, is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company recognizes identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed (both specific and contingent) at their acquisition date fair values as determined by management as of the acquisition date. The excess of the consideration over the assets acquired net of liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. In connection with certain acquisitions, the Company enters into agreements to pay additional cash amounts based on the achievement of certain performance measures and/or service and time requirements. Subsequent to the completion of the acquisition, the Company evaluates the fair value of contingent consideration quarterly based on estimates of the probability of achieving certain financial metrics and/or service and time requirements. Adjustments to contingent consideration in periods subsequent to the completion of an acquisition are reflected in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
Acquisition-related costs, such as due diligence, legal and accounting fees, are expensed as incurred and not considered in determining the fair value of the acquired assets. Acquisition-related costs are reflected in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
Goodwill
The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter. In addition to the annual impairment evaluation, the Company evaluates at least quarterly whether events or circumstances have occurred
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
in the period subsequent to the annual impairment testing which indicate that it is more likely than not an impairment loss has occurred. The Company currently has only one reporting unit, therefore, all goodwill is allocated to that one reporting unit.
Intangible Assets
The Company’s intangible assets primarily include
non-compete
agreements, customer relationships and contracts in progress that resulted from its business combinations. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis using a useful life between one and six years. The Company evaluates its intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or as events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may be impaired.
Segment Reporting
The Company follows U.S. GAAP for segment reporting, which requires reporting information on operating segments in interim and annual financial statements. Substantially all of the Company’s operations involve the delivery of commercial real estate services to its customers including real estate investment sales, financing (including MSRs revenue) and consulting and advisory services. Management makes operating decisions, assesses performance and allocates resources based on an ongoing review of these integrated operations, which constitute the Company’s only operating segment for financial reporting purposes.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adopted
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No.
2016-02,
Leases
, to increase transparency and comparability by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method
,
which resulted in the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities for operating leases. Upon adoption, the Company, in determining ROU assets, also considered currently recorded amounts related to differences in straight line lease expense and cash lease payments and prepaid rent. ROU assets and operating lease obligations in connection with adoption of the new lease standard were $76.7 million. On the adoption date, the Company reclassified deferred rent in the amount of $5.6 million (the noncurrent portion was included in defer
r
ed rent and other liabilities, and the current portion was included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets) and prepaid rent in the amount of $13.4 million to ROU assets. The Company also reclassified prepaid rent in the amount of $462,000 to other assets, current.
The adoption of the new standard had a material impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, but did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statement of net and comprehensive income.
The Company elected available practical expedients permitted under the guidance, which among other items, allow the Company to (i) carry forward its historical lease classification, (ii) not reassess leases for the definition of “lease” under the new standard, (iii) utilize a discount rate as of the effective date and (iv) not record leases that expired or were terminated prior to the effective date.
The Company made an accounting policy election to account for lease and
non-lease
components as a single lease component.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No.
2017-08,
Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities
(“ASU
2017-08”).
The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2019. ASU
2017-08
shortens the amortization period of a callable security that was acquired at a premium to the earliest call date of that security instead of the contractual life of the security. The adoption of ASU
2017-08
did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No.
2018-13,
Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
(“ASU
2018-13”).
ASU
2018-13
is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. For the Company, the new standard would have been effective on January 1, 2020. The Company elected to early adopt ASU
2018-13
during the fourth quarter of 2019. ASU
2018-13
modifies prior disclosure requirements for fair value measurement. ASU
2018-13
removes certain disclosure requirements related to the fair value hierarchy, such as removing the requirement to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2, modifies existing disclosure requirements related to measurement uncertainty and adds new disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements, such as disclosing the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. Other than changing certain disclosures, ASU
2018-13
had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Pending Adoption
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No.
2016-13,
Financial Instruments—Credit Losses
(“ASU
2016-13”).
ASU
2016-13
is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. For the Company, the new standard will be effective on January 1, 2020. Under ASU
2016-13,
the Company will be required to use an expected-loss model for its marketable securities,
available-for
sale, which requires that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as an impairment write-down. Reversals of credit losses (in situations in which the estimate of credit losses declines) is permitted in the reporting period that the change occurs. Current U.S. GAAP prohibits reflecting reversals of impairment losses. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on its investment policy and impairment model for marketable securities,
available-for-sale
and other financial assets, and due to the average credit rating of its marketable securities, and nature and type of the
available-for-sale
and other financial assets it holds, the Company does not expect ASU
2016-13
to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements at adoption or in subsequent periods.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No.
2018-15,
Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40)—Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract
(“ASU
2018-15”).
ASU
2018-15
is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. For the Company, the new standard will be effective on January 1, 2020. ASU
2018-15
aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain
internal-use
software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license), by permitting a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to capitalize certain implementation costs as if the arrangement was an
internal-use
software project. The Company does not expect ASU
2018-15
to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No.
2019-12,
Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
(“ASU
2019-12”).
ASU
2019-12
is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. For the Company, the new standard will be effective on January 1, 2021. ASU
2019-12
simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
including the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities related to outside basis differences. It also clarifies and simplifies other aspects of the accounting for income taxes such as
step-up
in tax basis for goodwill and interim recognition of enactment of tax laws or rate changes. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new standard and does not expect ASU
2019-12
to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.

3. | Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Computer software and hardware equipment |  | $ | 25,252 |  |  | $ | 20,427 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment |  |  | 23,468 |  |  |  | 24,227 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (26,077 | ) |  |  | (25,104 | )
|  | $ | 22,643 |  |  | $ | 19,550 |

During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company
wrote-off
approximately $5.0 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of fully depreciated computer software and hardware equipment and furniture, fixtures and equipment.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, noncash investing activity related to property and equipment additions incurred but not yet paid included in accounts payable and other liabilities were $619,000 and $246,000, respectively.

4. | Operating Leases

The Company has operating leases for all of its facilities and autos. As of December 31, 2019, operating lease ROU assets were $111.1 million and the related accumulated amortization was $20.6 million.
The operating lease cost, included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of net and comprehensive income, consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2019 |
Operating lease cost: |  |  |  |
Lease cost (1) |  | $ | 24,372 |
Variable lease cost (2) |  |  | 5,305 |
Sublease income |  |  | (305 | )
|  | $ | 29,372 |

(1) | Includes short-term lease cost and ROU asset amortization.

(2) | Primarily relates to common area maintenance, property taxes, insurance, utilities and parking.

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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Maturities of lease liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
2020 |  | $ | 21,262 |
2021 |  |  | 19,002 |
2022 |  |  | 14,887 |
2023 |  |  | 11,657 |
2024 |  |  | 9,660 |
Thereafter |  |  | 12,773 |
Total future minimum lease payments |  |  | 89,241 |
Less imputed interest |  |  | (8,324 | )
Present value of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 80,917 |

Supplemental cash flow information and noncash activity related to the operating leases consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2019 |
Operating cash flow information: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 20,266 |
Noncash activity: |  |  |  |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 21,548 |
Tenant improvements owned by lessor related to ROU assets (1) |  | $ | 5,952 |

(1) | Reclassification from other assets current.

Additional noncash activity in connection with the adoption of the new lease standard on January 1, 2019 included recording of $76.7 million of ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, and reclassifying $7.8 million in prepaid rent and deferred rent to ROU assets.
Other information related to the operating leases consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, 2019 |
Weighted average remaining operating lease term |  |  | 5.04 years |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  | 3.8 | %

As of the December 31, 2018, prior
t
o the adoption of the new leases standard, deferred rent totaled $5.6 million. The noncurrent portion is included in deferred rent and other liabilities and the current portion is included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. Rental expense was $27.7 million and $25.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

5. | Investments in Marketable Securities

Amortized cost and fair value of marketable securities,
available-for-sale,
by type of security consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 124,389 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | 124,580 |  |  | $ | 121,252 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (79 | ) |  | $ | 121,180 |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,512 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 3,505 |
Corporate debt |  |  | 26,128 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,172 |  |  |  | 11,962 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 11,951 |
ABS and other |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 806 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 800 |
|  | $ | 150,517 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | 150,752 |  |  | $ | 137,532 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (103 | ) |  | $ | 137,436 |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 24,188 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,423 |  |  | $ | 44,997 |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | (115 | ) |  | $ | 45,010 |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  |  | 1,353 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1,355 |  |  |  | 1,569 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | 1,507 |
Corporate debt |  |  | 25,447 |  |  |  | 1,027 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 26,471 |  |  |  | 32,467 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (633 | ) |  |  | 31,837 |
ABS and other |  |  | 8,480 |  |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 8,560 |  |  |  | 4,889 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (46 | ) |  |  | 4,855 |
|  | $ | 59,468 |  |  | $ | 1,358 |  |  | $ | (17 | ) |  | $ | 60,809 |  |  | $ | 83,922 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | (856 | ) |  | $ | 83,209 |

The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s investments in
available-for-sale
securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |
Less than 12 months |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 47,823 |  |  | $ | (576 | ) |  | $ | 127,326 |
12 months or longer |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 566 |  |  | $ | (383 | ) |  | $ | 30,609 |

Gross realized gains and gross realized losses from the sales of the Company’s
available-for-sale
securities consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Gross realized gains (1) |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Gross realized losses (1) |  | $ | (47 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | — |

(1) | Recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income. The cost basis of securities sold were determined based on the specific identification method.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company considered the declines in market value of its marketable securities,
available-for-sale
to be temporary in nature and does not consider any of its investments other-than-temporarily impaired. The Company has no current intent to sell and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
required to sell these investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. The Company may sell certain of its marketable securities,
available-for-sale
prior to their stated maturities for strategic reasons including, but not limited to, anticipated liquidity and capital requirements, anticipated credit deterioration, duration management or when a security no longer meets the criteria of the Company’s investment policy.
Amortized cost and fair value of marketable securities,
available-for-sale,
by contractual maturity consisted of the following (in thousands, except weighted average data):

|  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 150,517 |  |  | $ | 150,752 |  |  | $ | 137,532 |  |  | $ | 137,436 |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 41,123 |  |  |  | 41,794 |  |  |  | 61,875 |  |  |  | 61,846 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 12,813 |  |  |  | 13,467 |  |  |  | 17,310 |  |  |  | 16,747 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 5,532 |  |  |  | 5,548 |  |  |  | 4,737 |  |  |  | 4,616 |
|  | $ | 209,985 |  |  | $ | 211,561 |  |  | $ | 221,454 |  |  | $ | 220,645 |
Weighted average contractual maturity |  |  | 1.7 years |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.8 years |  |  |  |  |

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers have the right to prepay certain obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

6. | Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

During 2019, the Company expanded its network of its real estate sales professionals and provided further diversification to its real estate brokerage services.
In the fourth quarter, the Company completed an acquisition of one business that was accounted for as a business combination and the results have been included in the consolidated financial statements beginning on the acquisition date. The acquisition included aggregate consideration of $8.5 million and included: (i) cash paid at closing and (ii) the fair value of contingent consideration and deferred payments using a probability-weighted, discounted cash flow estimate on achieving certain financial metrics or service and time requirements. Contingent consideration and deferred payments are included in accounts payable and other liabilities and deferred rent and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 10 – “Fair Value Measurements” for additional information on contingent consideration.
The goodwill recorded as part of the acquisition primarily arose from the acquired assembled workforce and commercial
sales platforms.
The Company expects all of the goodwill to be tax deductible, with the
tax-deductible
amount of goodwill related to the contingent consideration to be determined once the cash payments are made to settle the contingent consideration. The goodwill resulting from the acquisition is allocated to the Company’s one reporting unit.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Goodwill and intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Book Value |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Book Value |
Goodwill and intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill (1) |  | $ | 15,072 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,072 |  |  | $ | 11,459 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,459 |
Intangible assets (1)(2) |  |  | 9,050 |  |  |  | (1,810 | ) |  |  | 7,240 |  |  |  | 4,240 |  |  |  | (314 | ) |  |  | 3,926 |
|  | $ | 24,122 |  |  | $ | (1,810 | ) |  | $ | 22,312 |  |  | $ | 15,699 |  |  | $ | (314 | ) |  | $ | 15,385 |

(1) | Represents additions from acquisitions.

(2) | Total weighted average amortization period was 4.37 years and 5.14 years as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 11,459 |  |  | $ | — |
Additions from acquisitions |  |  | 3,613 |  |  |  | 11,459 |
Impairment losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 15,072 |  |  | $ | 11,459 |

Estimated amortization expense for intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
2020 |  | $ | 2,493 |
2021 |  |  | 1,623 |
2022 |  |  | 1,245 |
2023 |  |  | 1,242 |
2024 |  |  | 637 |
|  | $ | 7,240 |

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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

7. | Selected Balance Sheet Data

Other Assets
Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Current December 31, |  |  | Non-Current December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
MSRs, net of amortization |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,002 |  |  | $ | 2,209 |
Due from independent contractors, net (1)(2) |  |  | 2,882 |  |  |  | 3,831 |  |  |  | 66,647 |  |  |  | 27,157 |
Security deposits |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,345 |  |  |  | 1,196 |
Employee notes receivable (3) |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | 370 |
Customer trust accounts and other |  |  | 3,120 |  |  |  | 2,381 |  |  |  | 677 |  |  |  | 846 |
|  | $ | 6,067 |  |  | $ | 6,368 |  |  | $ | 70,994 |  |  | $ | 31,778 |

(1) | Represents amounts advanced, notes receivable and other receivables due from the Company’s investment sales and financing professionals. The notes receivable, along with interest, are typically collected from future commissions and are generally due in one to five years.

(2) | Includes allowance for doubtful accounts related to current receivables of $512 and $514 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company recorded a provision for bad debt expense of $114, $291 and $219 and wrote off $116, $271 and $38 of these receivables for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Any cash receipts on notes are applied first to unpaid principal balance prior to any income being recognized.

(3) | Reduction of accrued bonuses and other employee related expenses in settlement of employee notes receivable represents noncash investing activity and was $60 and $192 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. See Note 9 – “Related-Party Transactions” for additional information.

MSRs
The net change in the carrying value of MSRs consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,209 |  |  | $ | — |
Additions from acquisition |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,121 |
Additions |  |  | 337 |  |  |  | 391 |
Amortization |  |  | (544 | ) |  |  | (303 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 2,002 |  |  | $ | 2,209 |

The portfolio of loans serviced by the Company aggregated $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. See Note 10 – “Fair Value Measurements” for additional information on MSRs.
The funds held in escrow for the benefit of the lenders totaled $
2.6
million and $
2.1
million as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Deferred Compensation and Commissions
Deferred compensation and commissions consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Current December 31, |  |  | Non-Current December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
SARs liability (1) |  | $ | 2,080 |  |  | $ | 1,810 |  |  | $ | 18,122 |  |  | $ | 19,299 |
Commissions payable to investment sales and financing professionals |  |  | 40,668 |  |  |  | 44,812 |  |  |  | 20,818 |  |  |  | 23,983 |
Deferred compensation liability (1) |  |  | 1,553 |  |  |  | 1,288 |  |  |  | 6,688 |  |  |  | 6,605 |
|  | $ | 44,301 |  |  | $ | 47,910 |  |  | $ | 45,628 |  |  | $ | 49,887 |

(1) | The SARs and deferred compensation liability become subject to payout as a result of a participant no longer being considered as a service provider. As a result of the separation as a service provider of certain participants, estimated amounts to be paid to the participants within the next twelve months have been classified as current.

SARs Liability
Prior to the IPO, certain employees of the Company were granted SARs under a stock-based compensation program assumed by MMC. In connection with the IPO, the SARs agreements were revised, the MMC liability of $20.0 million for the SARs was frozen as of March 31, 2013, and was transferred to MMI through a capital distribution. The SARs liability will be settled with each participant in ten annual installments in January of each year upon retirement or termination from service, or in full upon consummation of a change in control of the Company.
Under the revised agreements, MMI is required to accrue interest on the outstanding balance beginning on January 1, 2014 at a rate based on the
10-year
treasury note, plus 2%. The rate resets annually. The rates at January 1, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were 4.684%, 4.409% and 4.446%, respectively. MMI recorded interest expense related to this liability of $904,000, $891,000 and $931,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Estimated payouts within the next twelve months for participants that have separated from service have been classified as current. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company made total payments of $1.8 million, consisting of principal ($185,000) and accumulated interest ($1.6 million) and $1.7 million, consisting of accumulated interest, respectively.
Commissions Payable
Certain investment sales professionals have the ability to earn additional commissions after meeting certain annual revenue thresholds. These commissions are recognized as cost of services in the period in which they are earned as they relate to specific transactions closed. The Company has the ability to defer payment of certain commissions, at its election, for up to three years. Commissions payable that are not expected to be paid within twelve months are classified as long-term.
Deferred Compensation Liability
A select group of management is eligible to participate in the Marcus & Millichap Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Compensation Plan”). The Deferred Compensation Plan is a
non-qualified
deferred
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
compensation plan that is intended to comply with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code and permits participants to defer compensation up to the limits set forth in the Deferred Compensation Plan. Amounts are paid out generally when the participant is no longer a service provider; however, an
in-service
payout election is available to participants. Participants may elect to receive payouts as a lump sum or quarterly over a two to fifteen-year period. The Company elected to fund the Deferred Compensation Plan through company owned variable life insurance policies. The Deferred Compensation Plan is managed by a third-party institutional fund manager, and the deferred compensation and investment earnings are held as a Company asset in a rabbi trust, which is recorded in assets held in rabbi trust in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The assets in the trust are restricted unless the Company becomes insolvent, in which case the trust assets are subject to the claims of the Company’s creditors. The Company may also, in its sole and absolute discretion, elect to withdraw at any time a portion of the trust assets by an amount by which the fair market value of the trust assets exceeds 110% of the aggregate deferred compensation liability represented by the participants’ accounts. Estimated payouts within the next twelve months for participants that have separated from service or elected in service payout have been classified as current. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company made total payments to participants of $1.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
The assets held in the rabbi trust are carried at the cash surrender value of the variable life insurance policies, which represents its fair value. The net change in the carrying value of the assets held in the rabbi trust and the net change in the carrying value of the deferred compensation liability, each exclusive of additional contributions, distributions and trust expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Increase (decrease) in the carrying value of the assets held in the rabbi trust (1) |  | $ | 1,353 |  |  | $ | (326 | ) |  | $ | 849 |
Increase (decrease) in the net carrying value of the deferred compensation obligation (2) |  | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | (306 | ) |  | $ | 904 |

(1) | Recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.

(2) | Recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.

Deferred Rent and Other Liabilities
Deferred rent and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Deferred rent (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,445 |
Contingent consideration and other (2) |  |  | 3,539 |  |  |  | 2,054 |
|  | $ | 3,539 |  |  | $ | 7,499 |

(1) | The Company does not have deferred rent in 2019 due to adoption of the new lease standard on January 1, 2019.

(2) | The current portion of contingent consideration in the amounts of $1,238 and $821 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, are included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

8. | Notes Payable to Former Stockholders

In conjunction with the
spin-off
and IPO, notes payable to certain former stockholders of MMREIS were issued in settlement of restricted stock and SARs awards that were redeemed by MMREIS upon the termination of employment by the former stockholders (“the Notes”). Such Notes had been previously assumed by MMC, and were transferred to the Company. The Notes are unsecured and bear interest at 5% with annual principal and interest installments with a final principal payment in the amount of $6.6 million due during the second quarter of 2020. During each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company made total payments on the Notes of $1.5 million, including principal and interest.

9. | Related-Party Transactions

Shared and Transition Services
Certain services are provided to the Company under a Transition Services Agreement (“TSA”) between MMC and the Company. The TSA is intended to provide certain services until the Company acquires the services separately. Under the TSA, the Company incurred net costs during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 of $127,000, $197,000 and $210,000, respectively. These amounts are included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.
Brokerage and Financing Services with the Subsidiaries of MMC
MMC has wholly or majority owned subsidiaries that buy and sell commercial real estate properties. The Company performs certain brokerage and financing services related to transactions of the subsidiaries of MMC. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company earned real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees of $5.2 million, $7.7 million and $2.1 million, respectively, from transactions with subsidiaries of MMC related to these services. The Company incurred cost of services of $3.0 million, $4.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively, related to these revenues.
Operating Lease with MMC
The Company has an operating lease with MMC for a single-story office building located in Palo Alto, California, which expires on May 31, 2022. The related operating lease cost was $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and $1.0 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Operating lease cost is included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income. See Note 4 – “Operating Leases” for additional information.
Accounts Payable and Other Liabilities with MMC
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, accounts payable and other liabilities with MMC totaling $88,000 and $101,000, respectively, remain unpaid and are included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Other
The Company makes advances to
non-executive
employees from
time-to-time.
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the aggregate principal amount for employee notes receivable was $388,000 and $526,000, respectively, which is included in other assets (current and
non-current)
in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See Note 7 – “Selected Balance Sheet Data” for additional information.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
As of December 31, 2019, George M. Marcus, the Company’s founder and
Co-Chairman,
beneficially owned approximately 40% of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock, including shares owned by Phoenix Investments Holdings, LLC and the Marcus Family Foundation II.

10. | Fair Value Measurements

Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets held in rabbi trust |  | $ | 9,452 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,452 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,268 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,268 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash equivalents (1) : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper and other |  | $ | 5,087 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,087 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,599 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Money market funds |  |  | 185,513 |  |  |  | 185,513 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 163,126 |  |  |  | 163,126 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 190,600 |  |  | $ | 185,513 |  |  | $ | 5,087 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 164,725 |  |  | $ | 164,725 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Marketable securities, available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 124,580 |  |  | $ | 124,580 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 121,180 |  |  | $ | 121,180 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,505 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,505 |  |  |  | — |
Corporate debt |  |  | 26,172 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,172 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,951 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,951 |  |  |  | — |
ABS and other |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 150,752 |  |  | $ | 124,580 |  |  | $ | 26,172 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 137,436 |  |  | $ | 121,180 |  |  | $ | 16,256 |  |  | $ | — |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 24,423 |  |  | $ | 24,423 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,010 |  |  | $ | 45,010 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government sponsored entities |  |  | 1,355 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,355 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,507 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,507 |  |  |  | — |
Corporate debt |  |  | 26,471 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,471 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,837 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,837 |  |  |  | — |
ABS and other |  |  | 8,560 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,560 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,855 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,855 |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 60,809 |  |  | $ | 24,423 |  |  | $ | 36,386 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,209 |  |  | $ | 45,010 |  |  | $ | 38,199 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration |  | $ | 4,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,788 |  |  | $ | 2,875 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,875 |
Deferred compensation liability |  | $ | 8,241 |  |  | $ | 8,241 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,893 |  |  | $ | 7,893 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1) | Included in cash and cash equivalents on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2019.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, contingent consideration has a maximum undiscounted payment of $7.3 million and $4.2 million, respectively. Assuming the achievement of the applicable performance criteria and/or service and time requirements, the Company anticipates these
earn-out
payments will be made over the next one to seven-year period. Changes in fair value are included in selling, general and administrative expense
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income. A reconciliation of contingent consideration measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,875 |  |  | $ | — |
Contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions (1) |  |  | 2,382 |  |  |  | 2,674 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 201 |
Payments of contingent consideration |  |  | (671 | ) |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 4,788 |  |  | $ | 2,875 |

(1) | Contingent consideration in connections with acquisitions represents noncash investing activity.

Quantitative information about the valuation technique and significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2019 |  |  | Valuation Technique |  |  | Unobservable inputs |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1) |
Contingent consideration |  | $ | 4,788 |  |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  |  | Expected life of cash flows |  |  | 0.4-5.8 years (2.3 years) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 3.6%-5.0% (4.1%) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Probability of achievement |  |  | 33.0%-100.0% (81.8%) |

(1) | Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
MSRs are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. The fair value of the MSRs approximated the carrying value at December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Quantitative information about the valuation technique and significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s Level 3 financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2019 |  |  | Valuation Technique |  |  | Unobservable inputs |  |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1) |
MSRs |  | $ | 2,204 |  |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  |  |  | Constant prepayment rates |  |  |  | 0.0%-20.0% (10.0%) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Constant default rate |  |  |  | 2.0%-2.0% (2.0%) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  |  |  | 40.0%-40.0% (40.0%) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  |  |  | 9.5%-9.7% (9.7%) |

(1) | Weighted average is based on the 10% constant prepayment rate scenario which the Company uses as the reported fair value.

11. | Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 39,153,195 and 38,814,464 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value, issued and outstanding, which include unvested restricted stock awards issued to
non-employee
directors, respectively. See Note 15 – “Earnings per Share” for additional information.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Preferred Stock
The Company has 25,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock with a par value $0.0001 per share. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no preferred shares issued or outstanding.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/Loss
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/loss are included as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income. The reclassifications were determined on a specific identification basis.
The Company has not provided for U.S. taxes on unremitted earnings of its foreign subsidiary as it is operating at a loss and has no earnings and profits to remit. As a result, deferred taxes were not provided related to the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments.

12. | Stock-Based Compensation Plans

2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan
The Company’s board of directors adopted the 2013 Plan, which became effective upon the Company’s IPO. In February 2017, the board of directors amended the 2013 Plan, which was approved by the Company’s stockholders in May 2017. Grants are made from time to time by the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors at its discretion subject to certain restrictions as to the number and value of shares that may be granted to any individual. In addition,
non-employee
directors receive annual grants under a director compensation policy. At December 31, 2019, there were 5,255,735 shares available for future grants under the 2013 Plan.
Awards Granted and Settled
Under the 2013 Plan, the Company has issued restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) to
non-employee
directors and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to employees and independent contractors. RSAs vest in equal annual installments over a
one-year
or three-year period from the date of grant. All RSUs vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period from the date of grant or earlier as approved by the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors. Any unvested awards are canceled upon termination as a service provider. Awards accelerate upon death subject to approval by the compensation committee. As of December 31, 201
9
, there were no issued or outstanding options, SARs, performance units or performance share awards under the 2013 Plan.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, 378,194 shares of RSUs were vested and 73,690 shares of common stock were withheld to pay applicable required employee statutory withholding taxes based on the market value of the shares on the vesting date. The shares withheld for taxes were returned to the share reserve and are available for future issuance in accordance with provisions of the 2013 Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no DSUs that
settled
.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Outstanding Awards
Activity under the 2013 Plan consisted of the following (dollars in thousands, except weighted average per share data):

|  | RSA Grants to Non-employee Directors |  |  | RSU Grants to Employees |  |  | RSU Grants to Independent Contractors |  |  | Total |  |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2017 (1) |  |  | 30,732 |  |  |  | 500,859 |  |  |  | 450,264 |  |  |  | 981,855 |  |  | $ | 23.90 |
Granted |  |  | 12,852 |  |  |  | 142,760 |  |  |  | 102,466 |  |  |  | 258,078 |  |  |  | 34.94 |
Vested |  |  | (16,488 | ) |  |  | (146,122 | ) |  |  | (171,114 | ) |  |  | (333,724 | ) |  |  | 22.31 |
Transferred |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23,755 | ) |  |  | 23,755 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30.69 |
Forfeited/canceled |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,960 | ) |  |  | (12,674 | ) |  |  | (14,634 | ) |  |  | 30.17 |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2018 (1) |  |  | 27,096 |  |  |  | 471,782 |  |  |  | 392,697 |  |  |  | 891,575 |  |  | $ | 27.59 |
Granted |  |  | 12,806 |  |  |  | 260,274 |  |  |  | 82,050 |  |  |  | 355,130 |  |  |  | 38.51 |
Vested |  |  | (22,422 | ) |  |  | (186,311 | ) |  |  | (191,883 | ) |  |  | (400,616 | ) |  |  | 24.29 |
Transferred |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,136 | ) |  |  | 8,136 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29.68 |
Forfeited/canceled |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,494 | ) |  |  | (33,520 | ) |  |  | (46,014 | ) |  |  | 30.65 |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2019 (1) |  |  | 17,480 |  |  |  | 525,115 |  |  |  | 257,480 |  |  |  | 800,075 |  |  | $ | 33.91 |
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of December 31, 2019 (2) |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 13,959 |  |  | $ | 7,821 |  |  | $ | 22,014 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average remaining vesting period (years) as of December 31, 2019 |  |  | 0.39 |  |  |  | 3.61 |  |  |  | 3.34 |  |  |  | 3.48 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Nonvested RSUs will be settled through the issuance of new shares of common stock.

(2) | The total unrecognized compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 3.48 years.

The aggregate fair value of RSUs and RSAs that vested were $14.6 million, $11.1 million and $7.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The fair value of fully vested DSUs that settled was $0, $8.3 million and $10.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. See “SARs and DSUs” section below and Note 15 – “Earnings per Share” for additional information. The remaining outstanding fully vested DSUs were 341,566 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and 578,618 as of December 31, 2017. Future share settlements of DSUs by year consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, 2019 |
2021 |  |  | 60,373 |
2022 |  |  | 281,193 |
|  |  | 341,566 |

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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
ESPP
In 2013, the Company adopted the ESPP. The ESPP is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code and provides for consecutive,
non-overlapping
6-month
offering periods. The offering periods generally start on the first trading day on or after May 15 and November 15 of each year. Qualifying employees may purchase shares of the Company stock at a 10% discount based on the lower of the market price at the beginning or end of the offering period, subject to IRS limitations. The Company determined that the ESPP was a compensatory plan and is required to expense the fair value of the awards over each
6-month
offering period.
The ESPP initially had 366,667 shares of common stock reserved, and 204,473 and 225,894 shares of common stock remain available for issuance for each of the periods at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The ESPP provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP, equal to the least of (i) 366,667 shares, (ii) 1% of the outstanding shares on such date, or (iii) an amount determined by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Pursuant to the provisions of the ESPP, the board of directors has determined to not provide for any annual increases to date. At December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to the ESPP was $69,000 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.37 years.
SARs and DSUs
Prior to the IPO, certain employees were granted SARs. As of March 31, 2013, the outstanding SARs were frozen at the liability amount, and will be paid out to each participant in installments upon retirement or departure under the terms of the revised SARs agreements. To replace beneficial ownership in the SARs, the difference between the book value liability and the fair value of the awards was granted to plan participants in the form of DSUs, which were fully vested upon receipt and will be settled in actual stock at a rate of 20% per year if the participant remains employed by the Company during that period (otherwise all unsettled shares of stock upon termination from service will be settled five years from the termination date, unless otherwise agreed to by the Company). In the event of death or termination of service after reaching the age of 67, 100% of the DSUs will be settled.
Summary of Stock-Based Compensation
Components of stock-based compensation are included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income and consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
ESPP |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 128 |
RSAs – non-employee directors |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | 632 |  |  |  | 397 |
RSUs – employees (1) |  |  | 5,419 |  |  |  | 4,233 |  |  |  | 3,750 |
RSUs – independent contractors (2) |  |  | 3,077 |  |  |  | 7,009 |  |  |  | 4,870 |
|  | $ | 9,278 |  |  | $ | 11,983 |  |  | $ | 9,145 |

(1) | 2019 includes expense related to the acceleration of vesting of certain RSUs.

(2) | The Company grants RSUs to independent contractors (i.e. investment sales and financing professionals), who are considered non-employees. Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2018-07 on July 1, 2018, such awards were required to be measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period until settlement. Stock-based compensation expense was therefore impacted by the changes in the Company’s common stock price during each reporting period prior to the adoption. New awards after the date of adoption are measured based on the grant date closing price of the Company’s common stock consistent with awards made to the Company’s employees and non-employee directors.

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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

13. | Income Taxes

The components of income (loss) from continuing operations before provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
United States |  | $ | 112,425 |  |  | $ | 119,446 |  |  | $ | 100,031 |
Foreign |  |  | (4,913 | ) |  |  | (2,226 | ) |  |  | (805 | )
|  | $ | 107,512 |  |  | $ | 117,220 |  |  | $ | 99,226 |

The provision
(
benefit
)
for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Federal: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  | $ | 22,638 |  |  | $ | 24,101 |  |  | $ | 28,993 |
Deferred |  |  | 665 |  |  |  | (268 | ) |  |  | 13,249 |
|  | $ | 23,303 |  |  | $ | 23,833 |  |  | $ | 42,242 |
State: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  | $ | 7,718 |  |  | $ | 6,004 |  |  | $ | 5,883 |
Deferred |  |  | (507 | ) |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | (423 | )
|  | $ | 7,211 |  |  | $ | 6,166 |  |  | $ | 5,460 |
Foreign: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | (36 | ) |  | $ | — |
|  | $ | 30,582 |  |  | $ | 29,963 |  |  | $ | 47,702 |

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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Deferred Tax Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses and bonuses |  | $ | 2,481 |  |  | $ | 2,258 |
Bad debt and other reserves |  |  | 2,744 |  |  |  | 1,840 |
Deferred compensation |  |  | 13,346 |  |  |  | 13,337 |
Operating lease ROU assets, net |  |  | 21,761 |  |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 7,847 |  |  |  | 8,912 |
Deferred rent |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,470 |
Net operating and capital loss carryforwards |  |  | 3,612 |  |  |  | 2,335 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | 330 |
State taxes |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 11 |
Other |  |  | 328 |  |  |  | 25 |
Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance |  |  | 52,258 |  |  |  | 30,518 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (3,921 | ) |  |  | (2,570 | )
Deferred Tax Assets |  | $ | 48,337 |  |  | $ | 27,948 |
Deferred Tax Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed assets |  | $ | (4,422 | ) |  | $ | (4,086 | )
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (20,117 | ) |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | (940 | ) |  |  | (789 | )
Other comprehensive income |  |  | (552 | ) |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | (184 | ) |  |  | (114 | )
Deferred Tax Liabilities |  |  | (26,215 | ) |  |  | (4,989 | )
Deferred Tax Assets, Net |  | $ | 22,122 |  |  | $ | 22,959 |

As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, the Company had state and Canadian net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $14.0 million and $9.4 million, respectively, principally all of which will begin to expire in 2033.
A valuation allowance is required when it is more-likely-than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Realization of a deferred tax asset is dependent upon taxable income in prior carryback years, estimates of future taxable income, tax planning strategies and reversals of existing taxable temporary differences. The Company determined that as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, $3.9 million and $2.6 million, respectively, of the deferred tax assets related to state and Canadian losses do not satisfy the recognition criteria. The Company has therefore recorded a valuation allowance for this amount. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was increased by $1.4 million, $677,000 and $170,000 during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increases are primarily related to the Company’s Canadian operations.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal corporate income tax rate to income before provision for income taxes and consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Rate |
Income tax expense at the federal statutory rate |  | $ | 22,578 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 24,616 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 34,729 |  |  |  | 35.0 | %
State income tax expense, net of federal benefit |  |  | 5,698 |  |  |  | 5.3 | % |  |  | 4,550 |  |  |  | 3.9 | % |  |  | 3,577 |  |  |  | 3.6 | %
Wind fall tax benefits, net related to stock-based compensation |  |  | (196 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | )% |  |  | (1,535 | ) |  |  | (1.3 | )% |  |  | (2,568 | ) |  |  | (2.6 | )%
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | 1,351 |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 677 |  |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | 0.2 | %
Effect of rate and other changes on federal deferred taxes, net due to enactment of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Act”) (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,644 |  |  |  | 11.7 | %
Permanent and other items (2) |  |  | 1,151 |  |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | 1,655 |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 0.2 | %
|  | $ | 30,582 |  |  |  | 28.4 | % |  | $ | 29,963 |  |  |  | 25.6 | % |  | $ | 47,702 |  |  |  | 48.1 | %

(1) | On December 22, 2017, the Act was enacted, which significantly changed the U.S. corporate income tax laws by, among other items, reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate to 21% from 35% starting in 2018, further limiting 162(m) deductions and creating a territorial tax system with a one-time mandatory tax on previously deferred foreign earnings of U.S. subsidiaries. As a result of the Act, the Company revalued its deferred taxes, net due to the changes in the U.S. corporate statutory federal income tax rate and recorded a net charge of $11.6 million in the provision for income taxes in 2017. The Company’s accounting for income tax effects of the Act was completed as of December 31, 2018.

(2) | Permanent items relate principally to compensation charges, qualified transportation fringe benefits, reversal of uncertain tax positions and meals and entertainment.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,246 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Gross increase (decrease) as a result of positions taken: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior periods |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,246 |  |  |  | — |
Current period |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Settlement with tax authorities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Expiration of applicable statutes of limitation |  |  | (471 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 775 |  |  | $ | 1,246 |  |  | $ | — |

It is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits balance may decrease by $701,000 during the next 12 months due to the expiration of the statute of limitations. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, penalties of $136,000 and $167,000, respectively, were recorded relating to unrecognized tax benefits.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company is subject to tax in various jurisdictions and, as a matter of ordinary course, the Company may be subject to income tax examinations by the federal, state and foreign taxing authorities for the tax years 2015 to 2019. The Company is not currently under income tax examination by any taxing authority.
The Company has not provided for U.S. taxes on unremitted earnings of its foreign subsidiary as this subsidiary is operating at a loss and has no earnings and profits to remit. As a result, deferred taxes were not provided related to the cumulative translation adjustments.

14. | Retirement Plans

Effective January 2014, the Company has its own defined contribution plan (the “Contribution Plan”) under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code for all eligible employees who have completed one month of service. The Contribution Plan is subject to the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), as amended. Participants may contribute up to 100% of their annual eligible compensation, subject to IRS limitations and ERISA. The Company makes matching contributions of 50% on the first 8% of employee contributions per pay period up to a maximum of $4,000. Employees become vested in these Company contributions 33% upon one year of service, 66% upon two years of service and 100% upon three years of service. Company matching contributions aggregated $1.1 million, $920,000 and $733,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which is included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income.

15. | Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following (in thousands, except per share data):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Numerator (Basic and Diluted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 76,930 |  |  | $ | 87,257 |  |  | $ | 51,524 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Common Shares Issued and Outstanding |  |  | 39,083 |  |  |  | 38,637 |  |  |  | 38,142 |
Deduct: Unvested RSAs (1) |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | (29 | )
Add: Fully vested DSUs (2) |  |  | 342 |  |  |  | 542 |  |  |  | 875 |
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding |  |  | 39,404 |  |  |  | 39,149 |  |  |  | 38,988 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding from above |  |  | 39,404 |  |  |  | 39,149 |  |  |  | 38,988 |
Add: Dilutive effect of RSUs, RSAs & ESPP |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 112 |
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding |  |  | 39,548 |  |  |  | 39,383 |  |  |  | 39,100 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |
Antidilutive shares excluded from diluted earnings per common share (3) |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 512 |

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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1) | RSAs were issued and outstanding to the non-employee directors and have a one-year or three-year vesting term subject to service requirements. See Note 12 – “Stock-Based Compensation Plans” for additional information.

(2) | Shares are included in weighted average common shares outstanding as the shares are fully vested but have not yet been delivered. See Note 12 – “Stock-Based Compensation Plans” for additional information.

(3) | Primarily pertaining to RSU grants to the Company’s employees and independent contractors.

16. | Commitments and Contingencies

Credit Agreement
On June 18, 2014, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the “Bank”), as amended and restated on May 28, 2019, which was amended on November 27, 2019 (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a $60.0 million principal amount senior secured revolving credit facility that is guaranteed by all of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries (the “Credit Facility”) and matures on June 1, 2022. The Company may borrow, repay and reborrow amounts under the Credit Facility until its maturity date, at which time all amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility must be repaid in full.
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are available for general corporate purposes and working capital. The Credit Facility includes a $10.0 million sublimit for the issuance of standby letters of credit of which $533,000 was utilized at December 31, 2019. Borrowings under the Credit Facility will bear interest, at the Company’s option, at either (i) a fluctuating rate per annum 2.00% below the Base Rate (defined as the highest of (a) the Bank’s prime rate, (b) one-month LIBOR plus 1.50%, and (c) the federal funds rate plus 1.50%), or (ii) at a fixed rate per annum determined by Bank to be 0.875% above LIBOR.
In connection with the amendment of the Credit Agreement, the Company paid bank fees and other expenses, which are being amortized over the remaining term of the Credit Agreement. The Company pays a commitment fee of up to 0.1% per annum, payable quarterly, based on the amount of unutilized commitments under the Credit Facility. The amortization and commitment fee is included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of net and comprehensive income and was $94,000, $104,000 and $110,000 during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, there were no amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Facility contains customary covenants, including financial and other covenant reporting requirements and events of default. Financial covenants require the Company, on a combined basis with its guarantors, to maintain (i) an EBITDAR Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than 1.25:1.0 as of each quarter end, determined on a rolling four-quarter basis, and (ii) total funded debt to EBITDA not greater than 2.0:1.0 as of each quarter end, determined on a rolling four-quarter basis, and also limit investments in foreign entities and cap certain other loans. The Credit Facility is secured by substantially all assets of the Company, including pledges of 100% of the stock or other equity interest of each subsidiary except for the capital stock of a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code), in which case no such pledge is required. As of December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants and has not experienced any limitation in its operations as a result of the covenants.
Other
In connection with certain agreements with investment sales and financing professionals, the Company may agree to advance amounts to certain investment sales and financing professionals upon reaching certain performance goals. Such commitments as of December 31, 2019 aggregated
$1.2 million.
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MARCUS & MILLICHAP, INC
.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

17. | Subsequent Events

In January 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of a real estate brokerage business in the United States.
In connection with agreements in principal with investment sales and financing professionals and business acquisitions, the Company entered into commitments through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued, aggregating $48.2 million, of which $33.6 million has been paid. Such commitments to investment sales and financing professionals may be subject to various conditions.

18. | Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The Company’s real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees are seasonal, which can affect an investor’s ability to compare the Company’s financial condition and results of operation on a
quarter-by-quarter
basis. Historically, this seasonality has caused the Company’s revenue, operating income, net income and cash flows from operating activities to be lower in the first half of the year and higher in the second half of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter. These concentrations are due to an industry-wide focus of clients to complete transactions towards the end of the calendar year. In addition, the Company’s gross margins are typically lower during the second half of each year due to its commission structure for some of its senior investment sales and financing professionals. These senior investment sales and financing professionals are on a graduated commission schedule whose commission rates generally increase as they meet certain production thresholds.

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | Dec. 31 |  |  | Sep. 30 |  |  | Jun. 30 |  |  | Mar. 31 |  |  | Dec. 31 |  |  | Sep. 30 |  |  | Jun. 30 |  |  | Mar. 31 |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
Consolidated Financial Statement Data: |  | (in thousands, except per share data) |
Total revenues |  | $ | 237,908 |  |  | $ | 198,220 |  |  | $ | 209,593 |  |  | $ | 160,707 |  |  | $ | 230,283 |  |  | $ | 210,590 |  |  | $ | 199,402 |  |  | $ | 174,541 |
Cost of services |  |  | 155,196 |  |  |  | 124,147 |  |  |  | 127,847 |  |  |  | 91,688 |  |  |  | 148,469 |  |  |  | 132,896 |  |  |  | 119,869 |  |  |  | 101,649 |
Operating income |  |  | 27,104 |  |  |  | 24,072 |  |  |  | 26,978 |  |  |  | 18,269 |  |  |  | 32,489 |  |  |  | 27,384 |  |  |  | 28,950 |  |  |  | 23,464 |
Net income |  |  | 20,721 |  |  |  | 19,292 |  |  |  | 21,279 |  |  |  | 15,638 |  |  |  | 26,225 |  |  |  | 20,854 |  |  |  | 22,167 |  |  |  | 18,011 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |

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