11.

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes from continuing operations are as follows (in thousands):


	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2012			2011
Current:
Federal	$	6,386		$	5,378		$	857
State		1,225			685			(474	)

		7,611			6,063			383

Deferred:
Federal		(519	)		341			283
State		(82	)		(76	)		171

		(601	)		265			454

Total provision	$	7,010		$	6,328		$	837

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following components (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2013			2012
Gross deferred income tax assets:
Workers’ compensation claims liabilities	$	6,985		$	4,833
Safety incentives payable		3,529			3,422
Allowance for doubtful accounts		94			148
Deferred compensation		0			44
Tax effect of unrealized losses, net		959			936
Alternative minimum tax credit carryforward		0			0
State credit carryforward		805			805
State loss carryforward		0			0
Other		504			284

		12,876			10,472
Less valuation allowance		1,763			1,773

		11,113			8,699

Gross deferred income tax liabilities:
Tax depreciation in excess of book depreciation		(2,793	)		(2,017	)
Tax amortization of goodwill		(10,178	)		(9,141	)

		(12,971	)		(11,158	)

Net deferred income tax liabilities	$	(1,858	)	$	(2,459	)

The effective tax rate for continuing operations differed from the U.S. statutory federal tax rate due to the following:


	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2012			2011
Statutory federal tax rate		35.0	%		35.0	%		34.0	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit		3.4			.4			(4.2	)
Valuation allowance on capital loss carryforwardand state tax credit carryforward		(.4	)		2.3			3.1
Adjustment for final positions on filed returns		(1.5	)		(.3	)		(.3	)
Officer life insurance proceeds		0			0			(22.4	)
Nondeductible expenses and other, net		.8			4.4			3.9
Federal tax-exempt interest income		(.2	)		(.4	)		(.9	)
Federal and state tax credits		(8.9	)		(8.9	)		(7.7	)

		28.2	%		32.5	%		5.5	%

The Company has established a valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets due to uncertainties regarding the Company’s ability to generate future taxable investment gains in order to utilize certain investment impairment losses and investment loss carry forwards for tax purposes. The realization of a significant portion of net deferred tax assets is based in part on our estimates of the timing of reversals of certain temporary differences and on the generation of taxable income before such reversals. At December 31, 2013, we maintained a valuation allowance for approximately $1.8 million of federal and state tax benefits that are not expected to be utilized.

The Company is subject to income taxes in U.S. federal and multiple state and local tax jurisdictions. In the major jurisdictions where the Company operates, it is generally no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2007. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had no unrecognized tax benefits. We are currently under exam by the State of California.

The Company is subject to income taxes in multiple state and local tax jurisdictions. A portion of the consolidated income the Company generates is not subject to state income tax. Depending on the percentage of this income to total consolidated income, the Company’s state effective rate can fluctuate from expectations. As a result of the mix of income subject to state income tax, total state tax expense decreased by approximately $284,000, $498,000 and $502,000 in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

At December 31, 2013, the Company had capital loss carry forwards of approximately $2.5 million. Unless utilized in earlier tax years, the carry forwards expire in 2015. At December 31, 2013, the Company also had state tax credit carry forwards of $1.1 million, which expire in 2024.