2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue From Contracts With Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). This pronouncement outlines a single comprehensive model to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additionally, the FASB issued several amendments to the standard, including clarification on accounting for licenses of intellectual property and identifying performance obligations. This new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within the annual reporting periods; we will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018. We are continuing to evaluate our revenue contracts under the new guidance. Based on our preliminary understanding of the impact the adoption of this standard will have on our financial statements, we reassessed and now plan to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective method. Under the modified retrospective method, revenue and expenses that would have been recognized in the future will be recorded to equity as a cumulative adjustment at the date of adoption. While we are continuing to evaluate the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements, we currently believe that the measurement and timing of recognition of revenue and related costs from certain of our customer contracts will be impacted in the following ways, primarily from our Airline Directed contracts in CA-NA and CA-ROW (cash flows and cash and cash equivalents will not be impacted):

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Under the current revenue recognition standard, the sale of CA-NA and CA-ROW airborne connectivity equipment does not meet all of the requirements for being recognized as a separate unit of accounting, resulting in the deferral of equipment revenue (and the related equipment cost) over the life of the contract. Under ASU 2014-09, we have concluded that the sale of airborne connectivity equipment for Airline Directed arrangements will represent a separate performance obligation as it is both capable of being distinct and distinct within the context of the arrangement. As such, the recognition of all airborne equipment revenue and related costs will be accelerated and recognized upon installation.

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Our contracts with customers generate service revenue that varies based on usage of our service. Under the current revenue recognition standard, these revenues are recognized as services are provided. Under ASU 2014-09, our preliminary conclusion is that we will be required to use a variable consideration model which requires us to estimate (and constrain) variable service revenue, and allocate total contract consideration among all performance obligations. Additionally, estimates used in the recognition of revenue under the new standard will be updated as new facts and circumstances warrant, which may cause differences in the trend of revenue recognition as compared to that reported under the current standard.

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We have assessed the treatment of costs to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer, including costs to obtain Supplemental Type Certificates (“STCs”) issued by the FAA that are required to install our equipment on aircraft. Such costs are expensed as incurred under the current standard. Under ASU 2014-09, we have concluded that under our Airline Directed model these costs require capitalization and subsequent amortization over the anticipated service period. Conversely, STC costs incurred in connection with our airline partners operating under our Turnkey model are not subject to the same guidance and will continue to be expensed as incurred under ASU 2014-09.

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Penalties are recorded under the current standard when incurred. Under ASU 2014-09, anticipated penalties will be accounted for as a reduction of revenue when or at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied.

The impact upon adoption of ASU 2014-09 is subject to change based on new contracts or contractual amendments executed prior to the date of adoption, including contractual amendments that change and arrangement from a Turnkey model to an Airline Directed model. Such changes could have a significant effect on the transition adjustment recorded upon adoption of the new standard.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which introduces a lessee model that records most leases on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 also aligns certain underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the FASB’s new revenue recognition standard. Furthermore, ASU 2016-02 eliminates the required use of bright-line tests used in current GAAP for determining lease classification. It also requires lessors to provide additional transparency into their exposure to the changes in value of their residual assets and how they manage that exposure. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. We will adopt this as guidance as of January 1, 2019 and we are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-04, Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products (“ASU 2016-04”), which amends the guidance on extinguishing financial liabilities for certain prepaid stored-value products by requiring that entities that sell prepaid stored-value products recognize breakage proportionally as the prepaid stored-value product is being redeemed rather than immediately upon sale of the product. If an entity is unable to estimate breakage, the amount would be recognized when the likelihood becomes remote that the holder will exercise the remaining rights. Entities are required to reassess their estimates of breakage each reporting period. Any change in this estimate would be accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate. An entity that recognizes breakage is required to disclose the methodology used to recognize breakage and significant judgments made in applying the breakage methodology. ASU 2016-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. We can apply ASU 2016-04 by using either a modified retrospective transition approach or a full retrospective transition approach. We will adopt this as guidance as of January 1, 2018 and we are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which amends ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows, the FASB’s standards for reporting cash flows in general-purpose financial statements. The amendments address the diversity in practice related to the classification of certain cash receipts and payments including debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and we expect to apply this standard using the full retrospective method. We do not believe adoption of this guidance will have a material effect on our cash flows as we have historically reported debt prepayment and debt extinguishment costs in a manner consistent with ASU 2016-15.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”), which removes the prohibition in ASC 740, Income Taxes, against the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. This is intended to reduce the complexity of GAAP and diversity in practice related to the tax consequences of certain types of intra-entity asset transfers, particularly those involving intellectual property. ASU 2016-16 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and we are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash – A Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, (“ASU 2016-18”), which amends ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows, to clarify guidance on the classification and presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and do not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating Step-2 from the goodwill impairment test. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We will adopt this guidance as part of our annual goodwill impairment test in October 2017 and do not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. The ASU provides guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards to which an entity would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. Specifically, an entity would not apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions, and classification of the awards are the same immediately before and after the modification. ASU 2017-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and do not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.