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Income Tax
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax
14. Income Tax

The effective income tax rates for the three month periods ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 was 12.0% and (0.6%), respectively. An income tax benefit was recorded for the three-month period ended March 31, 2018 resulting from a reduction in our valuation allowance of approximately $4.0 million due to the application of provisions of H.R. 1, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform”), to our evaluation of our deferred tax assets. For the three-months ended March 31, 2017, our income tax expense was not significant primarily due to the recording of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

We are subject to income taxation in the United States, various states within the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Australia, China, India, France, Germany and the Netherlands. With few exceptions, as of March 31, 2018, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local or foreign examinations by tax authorities for years before 2014.

We record penalties and interest relating to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. No penalties or interest related to uncertain tax positions were recorded for the three month periods ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we did not have a liability recorded for interest or potential penalties.

We do not expect a change in the unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.