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Other Investments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Investments, All Other Investments [Abstract] |
Other Investments | Other Investments The Company's other investments and its proportionate share of earnings (losses) from equity method investments were as follows ($ in thousands):
| Carrying Value |  | Equity in Earnings (Losses)
| As of December 31, |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Real estate equity investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Safehold Inc. ("SAFE")(1) | $ | 729,357 |  |  | $ | 149,589 |  |  | $ | 29,764 |  |  | $ | 4,711 |  |  | $ | 551 |
iStar Net Lease II LLC ("Net Lease Venture II") | 30,712 |  |  | 16,215 |  |  | (529 | ) |  | (333 | ) |  | — |
iStar Net Lease I LLC ("Net Lease Venture")(2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,100 |  |  | 4,534 |
Other real estate equity investments(3) | 104,553 |  |  | 130,955 |  |  | 12,620 |  |  | (4,112 | ) |  | 6,520 |
Subtotal | 864,622 |  |  | 296,759 |  |  | 41,855 |  |  | 4,366 |  |  | 11,605 |
Other strategic investments(4) | 43,253 |  |  | 7,516 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (9,373 | ) |  | 1,410 |
Total | $ | 907,875 |  |  | $ | 304,275 |  |  | $ | 41,849 |  |  | $ | (5,007 | ) |  | $ | 13,015 |
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(1) | As of December 31, 2019, the Company owned 31.2 million shares of SAFE common stock which, based on the closing price of $40.30 on December 31, 2019, had a market value of $1.3 billion. For the year ended December 31, 2019, equity in earnings includes a dilution gain of $7.6 million resulting from SAFE equity offerings during 2019.
(2) | The Company consolidated the assets and liabilities of the Net Lease Venture on June 30, 2018 (refer to Net Lease Venture below).
(3) | During the year ended December 31, 2019, equity in earnings (losses) includes $19.3 million of income resulting primarily from the sale of properties at two of the Company's equity method investments. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a $6.1 million impairment on a land and development equity method investment due to a change in business strategy.
(4) | For the year ended December 31, 2018, equity in earnings (losses) includes a $10.0 million impairment on a foreign equity method investment due to local market conditions.
Safehold Inc.—SAFE is a publicly-traded company formed by the Company primarily to acquire, own, manage, finance and capitalize ground leases. Ground leases generally represent ownership of the land underlying commercial real estate projects that is net leased by the fee owner of the land to the owners/operators of the real estate projects built thereon ("Ground Leases"). On January 2, 2019, the Company purchased 12.5 million newly designated limited partnership units (the "Investor Units") in SAFE's operating partnership ("SAFE OP"), at a purchase price of $20.00 per unit, for a total purchase price of $250.0 million. The purpose of the investment was to allow SAFE to fund additional Ground Lease acquisitions and originations. Each Investor Unit received distributions equivalent to distributions declared and paid on one share of SAFE's common stock. The Investor Units had no voting rights. They had limited protective consent rights over certain matters such as amendments to the terms of the Investor Units that would adversely affect the Investor Units. In May 2019, after the approval of SAFE's stockholders, the Investor Units were exchanged for shares of SAFE's common stock on a one-for-one basis. Following the exchange, the Investor Units were retired. In connection with the Company's purchase of the Investor Units, it entered into a Stockholder's Agreement with SAFE on January 2, 2019. The Stockholder's Agreement:
• | limits the Company's discretionary voting power to 41.9% of the outstanding voting power of SAFE's common stock until its aggregate ownership of SAFE common stock is less than 41.9%;
• | requires the Company to cast all of its voting power in favor of three director nominees to SAFE's board who are independent of each of the Company and SAFE for three years;
• | subjects the Company to certain standstill provisions for two years;
• | restricts the Company's ability to transfer shares of SAFE common stock issued in exchange for Investor Units, or "Exchange Shares," for one year after their issuance;
• | prohibits the Company from transferring shares of SAFE common stock representing more than 20% of the outstanding SAFE common stock in one transaction or a series of related transactions to any person or group, other than pursuant to a widely distributed public offering, unless SAFE's other stockholders have participation rights in the transaction; and
• | provides the Company certain preemptive rights.
A wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company is the external manager of SAFE and is entitled to a management fee. In addition, the Company is also the external manager of a venture in which SAFE is a member. Following are the key terms of the management agreement with SAFE:
• | The Company received no management fee through June 30, 2018, which covered the first year of the management agreement;
• | The Company receives a fee equal to 1.0% of total SAFE equity (as defined in the management agreement) up to $1.5 billion; 1.25% of total SAFE equity (for incremental equity of $1.5 billion - $3.0 billion); 1.375% of total SAFE equity (for incremental equity of $3.0 billion - $5.0 billion); and 1.5% of total SAFE equity (for incremental equity over $5.0 billion);
• | Fee to be paid in cash or in shares of SAFE common stock, at the discretion of SAFE's independent directors;
• | The stock is locked up for two years, subject to certain restrictions;
• | There is no additional performance or incentive fee;
• | The management agreement is non-terminable by SAFE through June 30, 2023 except for cause; and
• | Automatic annual renewals thereafter, subject to non-renewal upon certain findings by SAFE's independent directors and payment of termination fee equal to three times the prior year's management fee.
In August 2019, the Company acquired 6.0 million shares of SAFE's common stock in a private placement for $168.0 million. In November 2019, the Company acquired 3.8 million shares of SAFE's common stock in a private placement for $130.0 million. As of December 31, 2019, the Company owned approximately 65.2% of SAFE's common stock outstanding. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded $7.5 million of management fees and during the six months ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded $1.8 million of management fees pursuant to its management agreement with SAFE. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company waived $1.8 million of management fees and during the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company waived $2.0 million management fees pursuant to its management agreement with SAFE. The Company is also entitled to receive certain expense reimbursements, including for the allocable costs of its personnel that perform certain legal, accounting, due diligence tasks and other services that third-party professionals or outside consultants otherwise would perform. The Company has waived or elected not to charge in full certain of the expense reimbursements while SAFE is growing its portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company was reimbursed $2.1 million of expense reimbursements and for the six months ended December 31, 2018, the Company was reimbursed $0.7 million of expense reimbursements. Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement with SAFE, the Company waived all expense reimbursements for the first year after the closing of SAFE's initial public offering, through June 30, 2018. The Company has an exclusivity agreement with SAFE pursuant to which it agreed, subject to certain exceptions, that it will not acquire, originate, invest in, or provide financing for a third party’s acquisition of, a Ground Lease unless it has first offered that opportunity to SAFE and a majority of its independent directors has declined the opportunity. Following is a list of investments that the Company has transacted with SAFE, all of which were approved by the Company's and SAFE's independent directors, for the periods presented: In August 2017, the Company committed to provide a $24.0 million loan to the ground lessee of a Ground Lease originated at SAFE. The loan was for the renovation of a medical office building in Atlanta, GA. The Company funded $18.4 million of the loan, which was fully repaid in August 2019. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded $1.2 million, $1.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of interest income on the loan. In October 2017, the Company closed on a 99-year Ground Lease and a $80.5 million construction financing commitment to support the ground-up development of a to-be-built luxury multi-family project in San Jose, CA. The transaction includes a combination of: (i) a newly created Ground Lease and a $7.2 million leasehold improvement allowance, which was fully funded as of December 31, 2019; and (ii) a $80.5 million leasehold first mortgage. As of December 31, 2019, $38.9 million of the leasehold first mortgage was funded. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded $1.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of interest income on the loan. The Company entered into a forward purchase contract with SAFE under which SAFE would acquire the Ground Lease in November 2020 for approximately $34.0 million. In May 2018, the Company provided a $19.9 million leasehold mortgage loan to the ground lessee of a Ground Lease originated at SAFE. The loan was for the acquisition of two multi-tenant office buildings in Atlanta, GA. The loan was repaid in full in November 2019 and during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded $1.9 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of interest income on the loan. In June 2018, the Company sold two industrial facilities located in Miami, FL to a third-party and simultaneously structured and entered into two Ground Leases. The Company then sold the two Ground Leases to SAFE. Net proceeds from the transactions totaled $36.1 million and the Company recognized a $24.5 million gain on sale. In January 2019, the Company committed to provide a $13.3 million loan to the ground lessee of a Ground Lease originated at SAFE. The loan is for the conversion of an office building into a multi-family property in Washington, DC. As of December 31, 2019, $12.6 million of the loan was funded. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded $1.0 million of interest income on the loan. In February 2019, the Company acquired the leasehold interest in an office property and simultaneously entered into a new 98-year Ground Lease with SAFE (refer to Note 4). In August 2019, the Company acquired the leasehold interest in a net lease asset and simultaneously entered into a new 99-year Ground Lease with SAFE (refer to Note 4). In October 2019, SAFE acquired land and SAFE's Ground Lease tenant acquired the leasehold from a venture in which the Company has a 50% ownership interest. In addition, the Company provided a $22.0 million loan to SAFE's Ground Lease tenant for the acquisition of the leasehold. The Company sold the loan at par to a third-party in November 2019. Net Lease Venture—In February 2014, the Company partnered with a sovereign wealth fund to form the Net Lease Venture to acquire and develop net lease assets and gave a right of first offer to the venture on all new net lease investments. The Company and its partner had joint decision making rights pertaining to the acquisition of new investments. Upon the expiration of the investment period on June 30, 2018, the Company obtained control of the venture through its unilateral rights of management and disposition of the assets. As a result, the expiration of the investment period resulted in a reconsideration event under GAAP and the Company determined that the Net Lease Venture is a VIE for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Effective June 30, 2018, the Company consolidated the Net Lease Venture as an asset acquisition under ASC 810. The Company recorded a gain of $67.9 million in "Gain on consolidation of equity method investment" in the Company's consolidated statement of operations as a result of the consolidation. The Net Lease Venture had previously been accounted for as an equity method investment. The Company has an equity interest in the Net Lease Venture of approximately 51.9% and recorded a $188.3 million increase to "Noncontrolling interests" and $11.8 million increase to "Redeemable noncontrolling interest" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as a result of the consolidation. The Company acquired the redeemable noncontrolling interest in the fourth quarter 2018. The Company is responsible for sourcing new opportunities and managing the venture and its assets in exchange for a management fee and incentive fee. Several of the Company's senior executives whose time is substantially devoted to the Net Lease Venture own a total of 0.6% equity ownership in the venture via co-investment. These senior executives are also entitled to an amount equal to 50% of any incentive fee received based on the 47.5% partner's interest. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded $1.3 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of management fees from the Net Lease Venture. The management fees are included in "Other income" in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. In addition, beginning after the Company's consolidation of the Net Lease Venture on June 30, 2018 and after the effect of eliminations, during the year ended December 31, 2019 and the six months ended December 31, 2018, the Company earned $1.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of management fees with respect to services provided to other investors in the Net Lease Venture, which was recorded as a reduction to "Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests" in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Net Lease Venture II—In July 2018, the Company entered into a new venture ("Net Lease Venture II") with an investment strategy similar to the Net Lease Venture. The Net Lease Venture II has a right of first offer on all new net lease investments (excluding Ground Leases) originated by the Company. Net Lease Venture II's investment period ends in June 2021. Net Lease Venture II is a voting interest entity and the Company has an equity interest in the venture of approximately 51.9%. The Company does not have a controlling interest in Net Lease Venture II due to the substantive participating rights of its partner. The Company accounts for its investment in Net Lease Venture II as an equity method investment and is responsible for managing the venture in exchange for a management fee and incentive fee. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded $1.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of management fees from Net Lease Venture II. In December 2019, Net Lease Venture II closed on a commitment to provide up to $150.0 million in net lease financing for the construction of three industrial centers and entered into a 25 year master lease with the tenant. As of December 31, 2019, Net Lease Venture II had funded $18.7 million of its commitment. In December 2019, Net Lease Venture II closed on the acquisition of two grocery distribution centers for $81.8 million, inclusive of assumed debt. The properties are 100% leased with two separate coterminous leveraged leases with 6.2 years remaining on the lease terms. In December 2018, Net Lease Venture II acquired four buildings comprising 168,636 square feet (the "Properties") located in Livermore, CA. Net Lease Venture II acquired the Properties for $31.2 million which are 100% leased with four separate leases that expire in December 2028. Other real estate equity investments—As of December 31, 2019, the Company's other real estate equity investments include equity interests in real estate ventures ranging from 16% to 95%, comprised of investments of $61.7 million in operating properties and $42.9 million in land assets. As of December 31, 2018, the Company's other real estate equity investments included $65.6 million in operating properties and $65.3 million in land assets. In December 2019, the Company sold a partial interest in one of its other real estate equity investments to a related party for $0.5 million and recorded no gain or loss on the transaction. In August 2018, the Company provided a mezzanine loan with a principal balance of $33.0 million and $30.5 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, to an unconsolidated entity in which the Company owns a 50% equity interest. The loan is included in "Loans receivable and other lending investments, net" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded $2.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of interest income on the mezzanine loan. In December 2016, the Company sold a land and development asset to a newly formed unconsolidated entity in which the Company owned a 50.0% equity interest. The Company provided financing to the entity in the form of a $27.0 million senior loan, all of which was funded as of December 31, 2018 and was included in "Loans receivable and other lending investments, net" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. In April 2019, the Company acquired the land and development asset from the entity for $34.3 million, which consisted of a $7.3 million cash payment and the assumption of the $27.0 million senior loan. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded $0.6 million, $2.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of interest income on the senior loan. Other strategic investments—As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company also had investments in real estate related funds and other strategic investments in real estate entities. Summarized investee financial information—The following table presents the investee level summarized financial information of the Company's equity method investments ($ in thousands):
|  | As of December 31, |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  | Income Statements |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,653,763 |  |  | $ | 2,118,045 |  |  | Revenues | $ | 214,123 |  |  | $ | 262,970 |  |  | $ | 261,867 |
Total liabilities |  | 1,918,034 |  |  | 1,016,502 |  |  | Expenses | (181,456 | ) |  | (187,257 | ) |  | (167,999 | )
Noncontrolling interests |  | 1,486 |  |  | 2,007 |  |  | Net income attributable to parent entities | 32,474 |  |  | 75,056 |  |  | 91,633 |
Total equity attributable to parent entities |  | 1,734,243 |  |  | 1,099,536 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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