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Stock-Based Compensation Plans and Employee Benefits | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2021
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation Plans and Employee Benefits | Note 15—Stock-Based Compensation Plans and Employee Benefits Stock-Based Compensation—The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense, including the expense related to performance incentive plans (see below), of $3.0 million and $23.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, and $5.7 million and $26.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, in “General and administrative” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Performance Incentive Plans—The Company’s Performance Incentive Plans (“iPIP”) are designed to provide, primarily to senior executives and select professionals engaged in the Company’s investment activities, long-term compensation which has a direct relationship to the realized returns on investments included in the plans. Awards vest over six years, with 40% being vested at the end of the second year and 15% each year thereafter. As of September 30, 2021, there are five iPIP Plans, each covering a two-year investment period beginning with the 2013-2014 Plan through the 2021-2022 Plan. 2019-2022 iPIP Plans—The Company’s 2019-2020 and 2021-2022 iPIP plans are equity-classified awards which are measured at the grant date fair value and recognized as compensation cost in “General and administrative” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and “Noncontrolling interests” in the Company’s consolidated statements of changes in equity over the requisite service period. Investments in the 2019-2022 iPIP plans are held by consolidated subsidiaries of the Company and have two ownership classes, class A units and class B units. The Company owns 100% of the class A units and the class B units were issued to employees as long-term compensation. Except for certain clawback provisions, participants can retain vested class B units upon their termination of employment with the Company. The class B units are entitled to distributions from the net cash realized from the investments in the plan after the Company, through its ownership of the class A units, has received a specified return on its invested capital and a return of its invested capital. Distributions on the class B units are also subject to reductions under a total shareholder return (“TSR”) adjustment. The fair value of the class B units was determined using a model that forecasts the underlying cash flows from the investments within the entity to which the class B units have ownership rights. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded $2.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of expense related to the 2019-2022 iPIP plans. Distributions on the class B units are expected to be 50% in cash and 50% in shares of the Company’s common stock; provided, however, that (a) the cash portion will be increased if the Company does not have sufficient shares available under shareholder approved equity plans; and (b) if the principal remaining material asset in a plan is unsold SAFE shares, the Company may elect to distribute SAFE shares in lieu of cash and Company stock. The following is a summary of the status of the Company’s equity-classified iPIP plans and changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | iPIP Investment Pool
​ |  | 2019-2020 |  | 2021-2022
Points at beginning of period |  | 97.40 |  | —
Granted | ​ | — | ​ | 94.75
Forfeited |  | (2.20) |  | (10.00)
Points at end of period |  | 95.20 |  | 84.75
​ As of September 30, 2021, investments with an aggregate gross book value of $1.2 billion, including 26.7 million shares of SAFE common stock acquired by the Company, were attributable to the 2019-2020 Plan and investments with an aggregate gross book value of $163 million, including 1.0 million shares of SAFE common stock acquired by the Company, were attributable to the 2021-2022 Plan. 2013-2018 iPIP Plans—The remainder of the Company’s iPIP plans, as shown in the table below, are liability-classified awards and are remeasured each reporting period at fair value until the awards are settled. Certain employees will be granted awards that entitle employees to receive the residual cash flows from the investments in the plans after the Company has received a specified return on its invested capital and a return of its invested capital. Awards are also subject to reductions under a TSR adjustment. The fair value of awards is determined using a model that forecasts the Company’s projected investment performance. Settlement of the awards will be 50% in cash and 50% in shares of the Company’s common stock or in shares of SAFE’s common stock owned by the Company. The following is a summary of the status of the Company’s liability-classified iPIP plans and changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | iPIP Investment Pool
​ |  | 2013‑2014 |  | 2015‑2016 |  | 2017‑2018
Points at beginning of period |  | 80.17 |  | 70.40 |  | 73.34
Granted | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 2.00
Points at end of period |  | 80.17 |  | 70.40 |  | 75.34
​ During the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded $15.0 million and $20.2 million, respectively, of expense related to the 2013-2018 iPIP plans. As of September 30, 2021, investments with an aggregate gross book value of $387 million were attributable to the 2013-2014 Plan, investments with an aggregate gross book value of $396 million were attributable to the 2015-2016 Plan and investments with an aggregate gross book value of $480 million, including 7.6 million shares of SAFE common stock acquired by the Company, were attributable to the 2017-2018 Plan. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company made distributions to participants in the 2015-2016 investment pool. The iPIP participants received total distributions in the amount of $3.2 million as compensation, comprised of cash and 97,881 shares of the Company’s common stock with a fair value of $17.65 per share, which are fully-vested and issued under the 2009 LTIP (see below). After deducting statutory minimum tax withholdings, a total of 57,920 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company made distributions to participants in the 2015-2016 investment pool. The iPIP participants received total distributions in the amount of $1.5 million as compensation, comprised of cash and 54,245 shares of the Company’s common stock with a fair value of $14.51 per share, which are fully-vested and issued under the 2009 LTIP. After deducting statutory minimum tax withholdings, a total of 32,825 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had accrued compensation costs relating to iPIP of $80.9 million and $69.1 million, respectively, which are included in “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Long-Term Incentive Plan—The Company’s 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2009 LTIP”) is designed to provide incentive compensation for officers, key employees, directors and advisors of the Company. The 2009 LTIP provides for awards of stock options, shares of restricted stock, phantom shares, restricted stock units, dividend equivalent rights and other share-based performance awards. All awards under the 2009 LTIP are made at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors. The Company’s shareholders approved the 2009 LTIP in 2009 and approved the performance-based provisions of the 2009 LTIP, as amended, in 2014. In May 2021, the Company’s shareholders approved an increase in the number of shares available for issuance under the 2009 LTIP from a maximum of 8.9 million to 9.9 million and extended the expiration date of the 2009 LTIP from May 2029 to May 2031. As of September 30, 2021, an aggregate of 3.1 million shares remain available for issuance pursuant to future awards under the Company’s 2009 LTIP. Restricted Stock Unit Activity—A summary of the Company’s stock-based compensation awards to certain employees in the form of long-term incentive awards for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, is as follows (in thousands):
​ | ​ | ​
Nonvested at beginning of period | ​ | 531
Granted | ​ | 372
Vested | ​ | (112)
Forfeited | ​ | (32)
Nonvested at end of period |  | 759
​ As of September 30, 2021, there was $6.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to all unvested restricted stock units that are expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining vesting/service period of 1.35 years. Directors’ Awards—During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company granted 38,186 restricted shares of common stock to non-employee Directors at a fair value of $17.51 at the time of grant for their annual equity awards and also issued 1,592 common stock equivalents (“CSEs”) at a fair value of $20.41 per CSE in respect of dividend equivalents on outstanding CSEs. As of September 30, 2021, a combined total of 129,452 CSEs and restricted shares of common stock granted to members of the Company’s Board of Directors remained outstanding under the Company’s Non-Employee Directors Deferral Plan, with an aggregate intrinsic value of $3.2 million. 401(k) Plan— The Company made contributions of $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $0.8 million and $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, to the Company’s 401(k) Plan.

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