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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation—The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries, controlled partnerships and VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s involvement with VIEs affects its financial performance and cash flows primarily through amounts recorded in “Net income from discontinued operations,” “Operating lease income,” “Interest income,” “Earnings from equity method investments,” “Real estate expense” and “Interest expense” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company has provided no financial support to those VIEs that it was not previously contractually required to provide.
Capitalization and depreciation | Capitalization and depreciation—Certain improvements and replacements are capitalized when they extend the useful life of the asset. For real estate projects, the Company begins to capitalize qualifying development and construction costs, including interest, real estate taxes, compensation and certain other carrying costs incurred which are specifically identifiable to a development project once activities necessary to get the asset ready for its intended use have commenced. If specific allocation of costs is not practicable, the Company will allocate costs based on relative fair value prior to construction or relative sales value, relative size or other methods as appropriate during construction. The Company’s policy for interest capitalization on qualifying real estate assets is to use the average amount of accumulated expenditures during the period the asset is being prepared for its intended use, which is typically when physical construction commences, and a capitalization rate which is derived from specific borrowings on the qualifying asset or the Company’s corporate borrowing rate in the absence of specific borrowings. The Company ceases capitalization on the portions substantially completed and ready for their intended use. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method of cost recovery over the estimated useful life, which is generally 40 years for facilities, five years for furniture and equipment, the shorter of the remaining lease term or expected life for tenant improvements and the remaining useful life of the facility for facility improvements.
Purchase price allocation | Purchase price allocation—The Company’s acquisition of properties are generally accounted for as an acquisition of assets. For asset acquisitions, the Company recognizes and measures identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree based on their relative fair values and acquisition-related costs are capitalized and recorded in "Real estate, net" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company accounts for its acquisition of properties by recording the purchase price of tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired based on their estimated fair values. The value of the tangible assets, consisting of land, buildings, building improvements and tenant improvements is determined as if these assets are vacant. Intangible assets may include the value of lease incentive assets, above-market leases and in-place leases which are each recorded at their estimated fair values and included in “Deferred expenses and other assets, net” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Intangible liabilities may include the value of below-market leases, which are recorded at their estimated fair values and included in “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. In-place leases are amortized over the remaining non-cancelable term and the amortization expense is included in "Depreciation and amortization" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Lease incentive assets and above-market (or below-market) lease value is amortized as a reduction of (or, increase to) operating lease income over the remaining non-cancelable term of each lease plus any renewal periods with fixed rental terms that are considered to be below-market. The Company may also engage in sale/leaseback transactions and execute leases with the occupant simultaneously with the purchase of the asset. These transactions are accounted for as asset acquisitions.
Impairments | Impairments—The Company reviews real estate assets to be held for use and land and development assets, for impairment in value whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The value of a long-lived asset held for use and land and development assets are impaired only if management’s estimate of the aggregate future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) to be generated by the asset (taking into account the anticipated holding period of the asset) is less than the carrying value. Such estimate of cash flows considers factors such as expected future operating income trends, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other economic factors. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss will be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the property over the estimated fair value of the asset and reflected as an adjustment to the basis of the asset. Impairments of real estate assets and land and development assets are recorded in "Impairment of assets" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Real estate available and held for sale | Real estate available and held for sale—The Company reports real estate assets to be sold at the lower of their carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell and classifies them as “Real estate available and held for sale” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. If the estimated fair value less costs to sell is less than the carrying value, the difference will be recorded as an impairment charge. Impairment for real estate assets disposed of or classified as held for sale are included in "Impairment of assets" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Once a real estate asset is classified as held for sale, depreciation expense is no longer recorded. The Company classifies its real estate assets as held for sale in the period in which all of the following conditions are met: (i) the Company commits to a plan and has the authority to sell the asset; (ii) the asset is available for sale in its current condition; (iii) the Company has initiated an active marketing plan to locate a buyer for the asset; (iv) the sale of the asset is both probable and expected to qualify for full sales recognition within a period of 12 months; (v) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reflective of its current fair value; and (vi) the Company does not anticipate changes to its plan to sell the asset. Assets held for sale may qualify as a discontinued operation if certain conditions exist (refer to Net Lease Sale and Discontinued Operations). If circumstances arise that were previously considered unlikely and, as a result the Company decides not to sell a property previously classified as held for sale, the property is reclassified as held and used and included in "Real estate, net" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company measures and records a property that is reclassified as held and used at the lower of: (i) its carrying amount before the property was classified as held for sale, adjusted for any depreciation expense that would have been recognized had the property been continuously classified as held and used; or (ii) the estimated fair value at the date of the subsequent decision not to sell.
Dispositions | Dispositions—Gains or losses on the sale of real estate assets, including residential property, are recognized in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 610-20, Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets. The Company primarily uses specific identification and the relative sales value method to allocate costs. Gains on sales of real estate are included in "Income from sales of real estate" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Net investment in leases | Net Investment in Leases—Net investment in leases are recognized when the Company’s leases qualify as sales-type leases. The net investment in leases is initially measured at the present value of the fixed and determinable lease payments, including any guaranteed or unguaranteed estimated residual value of the asset at the end of the lease, discounted at the rate implicit in the lease. Acquisition-related costs are capitalized and recorded in "Net Investment in Leases" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. If a lease qualifies as a sales-type lease, it is further evaluated to determine whether the transaction is considered a sale leaseback transaction. If the sales-type lease does not qualify as a sale leaseback transaction, the lease is considered a financing receivable and is recognized in accordance with ASC 310 - Receivables (refer to Note 5) and recorded in "Loans receivable and other lending investments, net" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Loans receivable and other lending investments, net | Loans receivable and other lending investments, net—Loans receivable and other lending investments, net includes the following investments: senior mortgages, corporate/partnership loans, subordinate mortgages, preferred equity investments and debt securities. Management considers nearly all of its loans to be held-for-investment, although certain investments may be classified as held-for-sale or available-for-sale. Loans receivable classified as held-for-investment and debt securities classified as held-to-maturity are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balance net of any unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts and unamortized deferred loan costs or fees. These loans and debt securities could also include accrued and paid-in-kind interest and accrued exit fees that the Company determines are probable of being collected. Debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Loans receivable and other lending investments designated for sale are classified as held-for-sale and are carried at lower of amortized cost or estimated fair value. The amount by which carrying value exceeds fair value is recorded as a valuation allowance. Subsequent changes in the valuation allowance are included in the determination of net income (loss) in the period in which the change occurs.
Loans and leases receivable, real estate acquired through foreclosure | The Company may acquire properties through foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure in full or partial satisfaction of non-performing loans. Based on the Company’s strategic plan to realize the maximum value from the collateral received, property is classified as "Land and development, net," "Real estate, net" or "Real estate available and held for sale" at its estimated fair value when title to the property is obtained. Any excess of the carrying value of the loan over the estimated fair value of the property (less costs to sell for assets held for sale) is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses as of the date of foreclosure.
Equity method investments | Equity method investments—Equity interests are accounted for pursuant to the equity method of accounting if the Company can significantly influence the operating and financial policies of an investee. The Company’s periodic share of earnings and losses in equity method investees is included in "Earnings from equity method investments" in the consolidated statements of operations. Equity method investments are included in "Other investments" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company also has equity interests that are not accounted for pursuant to the equity method of accounting. These equity interests are carried at cost, plus or minus any changes in value identified through observable comparable price changes in transactions in identical or similar investments of the same entity. The changes in fair value for these investments are included in "Other income" in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company periodically reviews equity method investments for impairment in value whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such investments may not be recoverable. The Company will record an impairment charge to the extent that the estimated fair value of an investment is less than its carrying value and the Company determines the impairment is other-than-temporary. Impairment charges are recorded in "Earnings from equity method investments" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Cash and cash equivalents | Cash and cash equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks or invested in money market funds with original maturity terms of less than 90 days.
Restricted cash | Restricted cash—Restricted cash represents amounts required to be maintained under certain of the Company’s debt obligations, loans, leasing, land development and derivative transactions. Restricted cash is included in "Deferred expenses and other assets, net" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Variable interest entities | Variable interest entities—The Company evaluates its investments and other contractual arrangements to determine if they constitute variable interests in a VIE. A VIE is an entity where a controlling financial interest is achieved through means other than voting rights. A VIE is consolidated by the primary beneficiary, which is the party that has the power to direct matters that most significantly impact the activities of the VIE and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. This overall consolidation assessment includes a review of, among other factors, which interests create or absorb variability, contractual terms, the key decision making powers, their impact on the VIE’s economic performance, and related party relationships. Where qualitative assessment is not conclusive, the Company performs a quantitative analysis. The Company reassesses its evaluation of the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis and assesses its evaluation of an entity as a VIE upon certain reconsideration events.
Deferred expenses and other assets and accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | Deferred expenses and other assets / Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities—Deferred expenses and other assets include right-of-use operating lease assets, certain non-tenant receivables, leasing costs, lease incentives and financing fees associated with revolving-debt arrangements. Financing fees associated with other debt obligations are recorded as a reduction of the carrying value of "Debt obligations, net" and "Loan participations payable, net" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Lease incentives and leasing costs that include brokerage, legal and other costs are amortized over the life of the respective leases and presented as an operating activity in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. External fees and costs incurred to obtain long-term debt financing have been deferred and are amortized over the term of the respective borrowing using the effective interest method. Amortization of leasing costs is included in "Depreciation and amortization" and amortization of deferred financing fees is included in "Interest expense" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Leases | The Company, as lessee, records right-of-use operating lease assets in "Deferred expenses and other assets," operating lease liabilities in "Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities," right-of-use finance lease assets in “Finance lease right of use assets” and finance lease liabilities in “Finance lease liabilities” on its consolidated balance sheets, all measured at the present value of the fixed and determinable lease payments. Some of the Company’s lease agreements include extension options, which are not included in the lease payments unless the extensions are reasonably certain to be exercised. For operating leases, the Company recognizes a single lease cost for office leases in "General and administrative" and a single lease cost for ground leases in "Real estate expense" in the consolidated statements of operations, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated generally on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, and classifies all cash payments within operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. For finance leases, the Company recognizes amortization of the right-of-use assets on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease in "Depreciation and amortization" and interest expense on the lease liability using the effective interest method in "Interest expense" in the consolidated statements of operations. Repayments of the principal portion of the finance lease liability are classified within financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows and payments of interest on a finance lease liability are classified within operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
Identified intangible assets and liabilities | Identified intangible assets and liabilities—Upon the acquisition of a business or an asset, the Company records intangible assets or liabilities acquired at their estimated fair values and determines whether such intangible assets or liabilities have finite or indefinite lives. As of December 31, 2021, all such intangible assets and liabilities acquired by the Company have finite lives. Intangible assets are included in "Deferred expenses and other assets, net" and intangible liabilities are included in "Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company amortizes finite lived intangible assets and liabilities based on the period over which the assets are expected to contribute directly or indirectly to the future cash flows of the business acquired. The Company reviews finite lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the Company determines the carrying value of an intangible asset is not recoverable it will record an impairment charge to the extent its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Impairments of intangible assets are recorded in "Impairment of assets" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Loan participations payable, net | Loan participations payable, net—The Company accounts for transfers of financial assets under ASC Topic 860, “Transfers and Servicing,” as either sales or secured borrowings. Transfers of financial assets that result in sales accounting are those in which (1) the transfer legally isolates the transferred assets from the transferor, (2) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and no condition both constrains the transferee’s right to pledge or exchange the assets and provides more than a trivial benefit to the transferor, and (3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. If the transfer does not meet these criteria, the transfer is presented on the balance sheet as "Loan participations payable, net." Financial asset activities that are accounted for as sales are removed from the balance sheet with any realized gain (loss) reflected in earnings during the period of sale.
Revenue recognition | Revenue recognition—The Company’s revenue recognition policies are as follows: Operating lease income: For the Company’s leases classified as operating leases, operating lease income is recognized on the straight-line method of accounting generally from the later of the date the lessee takes possession of the space or the space is ready for its intended use. If the Company acquires a facility subject to an existing operating lease, the Company will recognize operating lease income on the straight-line method beginning on the date of acquisition. Accordingly, contractual lease payment increases are recognized evenly over the term of the lease. The periodic difference between lease revenue recognized under this method and contractual lease payment terms is recorded as "Deferred operating lease income receivable, net" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company also recognizes revenue from certain tenant leases for reimbursements of all or a portion of operating expenses, including common area costs, insurance, utilities and real estate taxes of the respective property. This revenue is accrued in the same periods as the expense is incurred and is recorded as “Operating lease income” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Revenue is also recorded from certain tenant leases that is contingent upon tenant sales exceeding defined thresholds. These rents are recognized only after the defined threshold has been met for the period. The Company moves to cash basis operating lease income recognition in the period in which collectability of all lease payments is no longer considered probable. At such time, any operating lease receivable or deferred operating lease income receivable balance will be written off. If and when lease payments that were previously not considered probable of collection become probable, the Company will move back to the straight-line method of income recognition and record an adjustment to operating lease income in that period as if the lease was always on the straight-line method of income recognition. Interest Income: Interest income on loans receivable and financing receivables (refer to Note 5) is recognized on an accrual basis using the interest method. On occasion, the Company may acquire loans at premiums or discounts. These discounts and premiums in addition to any deferred costs or fees, are typically amortized over the contractual term of the loan using the interest method. Exit fees are also recognized over the lives of the related loans as a yield adjustment, if management believes it is probable that such amounts will be received. If loans with premiums, discounts, loan origination or exit fees are prepaid, the Company immediately recognizes the unamortized portion, which is included in "Other income" or "Other expense" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company considers a loan to be non-performing and places it on non-accrual status at such time as: (1) interest payments become 90 days delinquent; (2) it has a maturity default; or (3) management determines it is probable that it will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan. While on non-accrual status, based on the Company’s judgment as to collectability of principal, loans are either accounted for on a cash basis, where interest income is recognized only upon actual receipt of cash, or on a cost-recovery basis, where all cash receipts reduce a loan’s carrying value. Non-accrual loans are returned to accrual status when a loan has become contractually current and management believes all amounts contractually owed will be received. Certain of the Company’s loans contractually provide for accrual of interest at specified rates that differ from current payment terms. Interest is recognized on such loans at the accrual rate subject to management’s determination that accrued interest and outstanding principal are ultimately collectible, based on the underlying collateral and operations of the borrower. Certain of the Company’s loan investments provide for additional interest based on the borrower’s operating cash flow or appreciation of the underlying collateral. Such amounts are considered contingent interest and are reflected as interest income only upon receipt of cash. Interest Income from Sales-Type Leases: Interest income from sales-type leases is recognized in "Interest income from sales-type leases" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations under the effective interest method. The effective interest method produces a constant yield on the net investment in the lease over the term of the lease. Rent payments that are not fixed and determinable at lease inception, such as percentage rent and CPI adjustments, are not included in the effective interest method calculation and are recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations in the period earned. Other income: Other income includes mark-to-market gains on equity investments, management fees, other ancillary income from our operating properties, land and development projects and loan portfolio and revenues from hotel operations, which are recognized when rooms are occupied and the related services are provided. Hotel revenues include room sales, food and beverage sales, parking, telephone, spa services and gift shop sales. Other ancillary income could include gains from sales of loans, loan prepayment fees, yield maintenance payments, lease termination fees and other ancillary income. Land development revenue and cost of sales: Land development revenue includes lot and parcel sales from wholly-owned properties and is recognized for full profit recognition upon closing of the sale transactions, when the profit is determinable, the earnings process is virtually complete, the parties are bound by the terms of the contract, all consideration has been exchanged, any permanent financing for which the seller is responsible has been arranged and all conditions for closing have been performed. The Company primarily uses specific identification and the relative sales value method to allocate costs.
Allowance for loan losses and net investment in leases | Allowance for loan losses and net investment in leases—The Company performs quarterly a comprehensive analysis of its loan and sales-type lease portfolios and assigns risk ratings that incorporate management’s current judgments about credit quality based on all known and relevant internal and external factors that may affect collectability. The Company considers, among other things, payment status, lien position, borrower or tenant financial resources and investment collateral, collateral type, project economics and geographical location as well as national and regional economic factors. This methodology results in loans and sales-type leases being risk rated, with ratings ranging from "1" to "5" with "1" representing the lowest risk of loss and "5" representing the highest risk of loss. The Company estimates its expected loss (“Expected Loss”) on its loans (including unfunded loan commitments), held-to-maturity debt securities and net investment in leases based on relevant information including historical realized loss rates, current market conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of its investments. The estimate of the Company’s Expected Loss requires significant judgment and the Company analyzes its loan portfolio based upon its different categories of financial assets, which includes: (i) loans and held-to-maturity debt securities; (ii) construction loans; and (iii) net investment in leases and financings that resulted from the acquisition of properties that did not qualify as a sale leaseback transaction and, as such, are accounted for as financing receivables (refer to Note 5). For the Company’s loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, construction loans, net investment in leases and financings that resulted from the acquisition of properties that did not qualify as sale leaseback transactions, the Company analyzed its historical realized loss experience to estimate its Expected Loss. The Company adjusted its Expected Loss through the use of third-party market data that provided current and future economic conditions that may impact the performance of the commercial real estate assets securing its investments. The Company considers a loan or sales-type lease to be non-performing and places it on non-accrual status at such time as: (1) interest payments become 90 days delinquent; (2) it has a maturity default; or (3) management determines it is probable that it will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan or sales-type lease. Non-accrual loans or sales-type leases are returned to accrual status when they have become contractually current and management believes all amounts contractually owed will be received. The Company will record a specific allowance on a non-performing loan or sales-type lease if the Company determines that the collateral fair value less costs to sell is less than the carrying value of the collateral-dependent asset. The specific allowance is increased (decreased) through "Provision for (recovery of) loan losses" or "Provision for losses on net investment in leases" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and is decreased by charge-offs. During delinquency and the foreclosure process, there are typically numerous points of negotiation with the borrower or tenant as the Company works toward a settlement or other alternative resolution, which can impact the potential for repayment or receipt of collateral. The Company’s policy is to charge off a loan when it determines, based on a variety of factors, that all commercially reasonable means of recovering the loan balance have been exhausted. This may occur at different times, including when the Company receives cash or other assets in a pre-foreclosure sale or takes control of the underlying collateral in full satisfaction of the loan upon foreclosure or deed-in-lieu, or when the Company has otherwise ceased significant collection efforts. The Company considers circumstances such as the foregoing to be indicators that the final steps in the loan collection process have occurred and that a loan is uncollectible. At this point, a loss is confirmed and the loan and related allowance will be charged off. The Company made the accounting policy election to record accrued interest on its loan portfolio separate from its loans receivable and other lending investments and to exclude accrued interest from its amortized cost basis disclosures (refer to Note 7). As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, accrued interest was $1.6 million and $5.0 million, respectively, and is recorded in "Accrued interest and operating lease income receivable, net" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company places loans on non-accrual status once interest on the loan becomes 90 days delinquent and reverses any accrued interest as a reduction to interest income or recognizes a credit loss expense at such time. As such, the Company elected the practical expedient to not record an allowance against accrued interest receivable. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not reverse any accrued interest on its loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2021, all of the Company’s net investment in leases were performing in accordance with the terms of the respective leases. The Company’s one impaired loan is collateral dependent and impairment is measured using the estimated fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell. The Company generally uses the income approach through internally developed valuation models to estimate the fair value of the collateral for such loans. In some cases, the Company obtains external "as is" appraisals for loan collateral, generally when third party participations exist. Valuations are performed or obtained at the time a loan is determined to be impaired or designated non-performing, and they are updated if circumstances indicate that a significant change in value has occurred. In limited cases, appraised values may be discounted when real estate markets rapidly deteriorate. A loan is also considered impaired if its terms are modified in a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR"). A TDR occurs when the Company has granted a concession and the debtor is experiencing financial difficulties. Impairments on TDR loans are generally measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate of the original loan. Management evaluates available-for-sale debt securities held in "Loans receivable and other lending investments, net" for impairment if the security’s fair value is less than its amortized cost. If the Company has an impaired security, it will then determine if: (1) the Company has the intent to sell the security; (2) it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery; or (3) it does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. If the Company does not intend to sell the security, it is more likely than not that the entity will not be required to sell the security or it does not expect to recover its amortized cost, the Company will record an allowance for credit losses. The credit loss component of the allowance will be recorded (or reversed, if necessary) as an "Impairment of assets" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, and the remainder of the allowance will be recorded in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Loss on debt extinguishments | Loss on debt extinguishments—The Company recognizes the difference between the reacquisition price of debt and the net carrying amount of extinguished debt currently in earnings. Such amounts may include prepayment penalties or the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs, and are recorded in “Loss on early extinguishment of debt, net” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Derivative instruments and hedging activity | Derivative instruments and hedging activity—The Company’s use of derivative financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments at some of its equity method investments, is primarily limited to the utilization of interest rate swaps, interest rate caps or other instruments to manage interest rate risk exposure. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading purposes. The Company recognizes its derivatives as either assets or liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at fair value. If certain conditions are met, a derivative may be specifically designated as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability, a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability. For derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivatives, including the Company’s pro rata share of derivatives at equity method investments, are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into interest expense or earnings from equity method investments in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s debt. For the Company’s derivatives not designated as hedges, the changes in the fair value of the derivatives are reported in "Other expense" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Stock-based compensation | Stock-based compensation—Compensation cost for stock-based awards is measured on the grant date and adjusted over the period of the employees’ services to reflect: (i) actual forfeitures; and (ii) the outcome of awards with performance or service conditions through the requisite service period. Compensation cost for market-based awards is determined using a Monte Carlo model to simulate a range of possible future stock prices for the Company’s common stock, which is reflected in the grant date fair value. All compensation cost for market-based awards in which the service conditions are met is recognized regardless of whether the market-condition is satisfied. Compensation costs are recognized ratably over the applicable vesting/service period and recorded in "General and administrative" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Income taxes | Income taxes—The Company has elected to be qualified and taxed as a REIT under section 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Company is subject to federal income taxation at corporate rates on its REIT taxable income; the Company, however, is allowed a deduction for the amount of dividends paid to its shareholders, thereby subjecting the distributed net income of the Company to taxation at the shareholder level only. While the Company must distribute at least 90% of its taxable income to maintain its REIT status, the Company typically distributes all of its taxable income, if any, to eliminate any tax on undistributed taxable income. In addition, the Company is allowed several other deductions in computing its REIT taxable income, including non-cash items such as depreciation expense and certain specific allowance amounts that the Company deems to be uncollectable. These deductions allow the Company to reduce its dividend payout requirement under federal tax laws. The Company intends to operate in a manner consistent with, and its election to be treated as, a REIT for tax purposes. Beginning in 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduced the corporate tax rate to 21% from 35% and net income from foreclosure property, if any, is subject to a 21% tax rate. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $529.6 million of REIT net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards at the corporate REIT level that can generally be used to offset both ordinary taxable income and capital gain net income in future years. The NOL carryforwards will begin to expire in 2032 and will fully expire in 2037 if unused. The amount of NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2021 will be subject to finalization of the Company’s 2021 tax return. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduced the deduction for net operating losses to 80% of the Company’s taxable income for losses incurred after December 31, 2017. The Company’s NOL carryforward for losses incurred in taxable years prior to 2018 remain fully deductible. The Company’s tax years from 2017 through 2020 remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company is expected to have a REIT taxable loss before the deduction for dividends paid and the NOL deduction. The Company recognizes interest expense and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, as "Income tax (expense) benefit" in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company may participate in certain activities from which it would be otherwise precluded and maintain its qualification as a REIT. These activities are conducted in entities that elect to be treated as taxable subsidiaries under the Code, subject to certain limitations. As such, the Company, through its taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRS"), is engaged in various real estate related opportunities, primarily related to managing activities related to certain foreclosed assets, as well as managing various investments in equity affiliates. As of December 31, 2021, $681.8 million of the Company’s assets were owned by TRS entities. The Company’s TRS entities are not consolidated with the REIT for federal income tax purposes and are taxed as corporations. For financial reporting purposes, current and deferred taxes are provided for on the portion of earnings recognized by the Company with respect to its interest in TRS entities. The following represents the Company’s TRS income tax benefit (expense) ($ in thousands): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Current tax benefit (expense)(1)(2) | ​ | $ | 82 | ​ | $ | (106) | ​ | $ | (35)
Total income tax (expense) benefit | ​ | $ | 82 | ​ | $ | (106) | ​ | $ | (35)
(1) | For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, excludes a REIT tax expense of $0.1 million, $0.1 million, $0.4 million, respectively.
(2) | Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the alternative minimum tax credit carryforward is a refundable tax credit over a four year period beginning in 2018 and ending in 2021 upon which the full amount of the credit will be allowed. The CARES Act enacted on March 27, 2020 permits corporate taxpayers to accelerate the full amount of its alternative minimum tax credits. The Company filed a claim for refund and received a $3.0 million refund in 2020 for which the benefit had been recognized in 2017. An additional refund of alternative minimum taxes in the amount of $0.7 million was received during the year ended December 31, 2021 for which a tax benefit was recorded.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company’s TRS entities generated taxable income of $1.7 million for which the Company recognized a net current tax benefit of $82 thousand. As of December 31, 2020, the Company’s TRS entities had $162.8 million of NOL carryforwards that can generally be used to offset both ordinary taxable income and capital gain net income in future years. The NOL carryforwards will begin to expire in 2036, of which $73.6 million will fully expire in 2037, if unused. NOL carryforwards generated in 2018 and thereafter do not expire and are limited to 80% of taxable income when utilized. The amount of NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2021 will be determined upon finalization of the Company’s 2021 tax return. Total cash paid for taxes for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $0.3 million, $0.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts for income tax purposes, as well as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The Company applied the corporate tax rate enacted December 22, 2017 under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act effective for years beginning after 2017 to value its deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company evaluates whether its deferred tax assets are realizable and recognizes a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, both positive and negative, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. When evaluating whether its deferred tax assets are realizable, the Company considers, among other matters, estimates of expected future taxable income, nature of current and cumulative losses, existing and projected book/tax differences, tax planning strategies available, and the general and industry specific economic outlook. This analysis is inherently subjective, as it requires the Company to forecast its business and general economic environment in future periods. Based on an assessment of all factors, including historical losses and continued volatility of the activities within the TRS entities, it was determined that full valuation allowances were required on the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Changes in estimates of our valuation allowance, if any, are included in “Income tax (expense) benefit” in the consolidated statements of operations. The valuation allowance was reduced to reflect the change in value of our net deferred tax assets that reflects a reduced rate of tax under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Deferred tax assets and liabilities of the Company’s TRS entities were as follows ($ in thousands): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Deferred tax assets(1) | ​ | $ | 69,360 | ​ | $ | 80,101
Valuation allowance | ​ |  | (69,360) | ​ |  | (80,101)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
(1) | Deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2021 include temporary differences related primarily to asset basis of $18.7 million, deferred expenses and other items of $8.0 million, NOL carryforwards of $40.3 million and other credits of $2.4 million. Deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2020 include temporary differences related primarily to asset basis of $26.7 million, deferred expenses and other items of $12.7 million, NOL carryforwards of $38.4 million and other credits of $2.3 million. The Company has determined that the change in tax law associated with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act will not have a material effect on whether its deferred tax assets are realizable.
Earnings per share | Earnings per share—The Company uses the two-class method in calculating earnings per share ("EPS") when it issues securities other than common stock that contractually entitle the holder to participate in dividends and earnings of the Company when, and if, the Company declares dividends on its common stock. Basic earnings per share ("Basic EPS") for the Company’s common stock are computed by dividing net income allocable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, respectively. Diluted earnings per share ("Diluted EPS") is calculated similarly, however, it reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock, where such exercise or conversion would result in a lower earnings per share amount.
Net Lease Sale and Discontinued Operations | Net Lease Sale and Discontinued Operations—A discontinued operation represents: (i) a component of the Company or group of components that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale in a single transaction and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results or (ii) an acquired business that is classified as held for sale on the date of acquisition. ​ In July 2021, the Company announced that it intended to explore market interest for possible sales of its assets from its net lease business segment. In the fourth quarter 2021, the Company formally marketed the net lease portfolio for sale and, after receiving multiple bids, selected a bid from a potential buyer and commenced the due diligence process. In February 2022, the Company, through certain subsidiaries of and entities managed by the Company, entered into a definitive purchase and sale agreement to sell a portfolio of net lease properties owned and managed by such subsidiaries and entities to a third party for an aggregate gross purchase price of approximately $3.07 billion, subject to final purchase price adjustments. The Company refers to this pending transaction as the "Net Lease Sale" in this report. The Net Lease Sale is consistent with the Company’s stated corporate strategy which is to grow its Ground Lease and Ground Lease adjacent businesses and simplify its portfolio through sales of other assets. ​ The portfolio being sold consists of office, entertainment and industrial properties located in the United States comprising approximately 18.3 million square feet. It includes assets wholly-owned by the Company and assets owned by two joint ventures managed by the Company and in which it owns 51.9% interests. As of December 31, 2021, the portfolio was encumbered by an aggregate of $720 million of mortgage indebtedness, including indebtedness from equity method investments. which will be repaid with proceeds from the sale. After repayment of the mortgage indebtedness and prepayment penalties, a corporate term loan secured by certain of the assets, payments to terminate derivative contracts, payments to joint venture partners, and payments of promotes, transaction expenses and amounts due under employee incentive plans, the Company currently expects to retain net cash proceeds of approximately $1.1 billion from the transaction. In addition, as part of the transaction, the buyer intends to sell three of the properties to SAFE for $122.0 million and enter into three Ground Leases with SAFE. Closing of the Net Lease Sale is subject to customary closing conditions. The Company expects the transaction to close in the first quarter of 2022; however, there can be no assurance that the transaction will occur in the expected timeframe or at all. Two net lease properties that are being sold to different third parties and the Company’s net lease assets associated with its Ground Lease businesses were not included in the sale. ​ The Company’s net lease assets and liabilities included in the Net Lease Sale and the Company’s other two net lease assets are classified as “Real estate and other assets available and held for sale and classified as discontinued operations” and “Liabilities associated with real estate held for sale and classified as discontinued operations,” respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the operations of such assets are classified in “Net income from discontinued operations” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. ​ The following table presents the Company’s consolidated assets and liabilities recorded in “Real estate and other assets available and held for sale and classified as discontinued operations” and “Liabilities associated with real estate held for sale and classified as discontinued operations,” respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 ($ in thousands). ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2021 |  | 2020 | ​
ASSETS | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
Real estate | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
Real estate, at cost | ​ | $ | 1,537,655 | ​ | $ | 1,542,101 | ​
Less: accumulated depreciation | ​ |  | (271,183) | ​ |  | (250,198) | ​
Total real estate, net | ​ |  | 1,266,472 | ​ |  | 1,291,903 | ​
Net investment in leases ($10,871 of allowances as of December 31, 2020) | ​ |  | 486,389 | ​ |  | 429,101 | ​
Loans receivable held for sale | ​ | ​ | 48,675 | ​ | ​ | 45,399 | ​
Other investments | ​ |  | 103,229 | ​ |  | 78,998 | ​
Finance lease right of use assets | ​ | ​ | 150,099 | ​ | ​ | 143,727 | ​
Accrued interest and operating lease income receivable, net | ​ |  | 2,997 | ​ |  | 3,926 | ​
Deferred operating lease income receivable, net | ​ |  | 63,156 | ​ |  | 55,223 | ​
Deferred expenses and other assets, net | ​ |  | 178,694 | ​ |  | 180,293 | ​
Total real estate and other assets available and held for sale and classified as discontinued operations | ​ | $ | 2,299,711 | ​ | $ | 2,228,570 | ​
​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
LIABILITIES | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | ​ | $ | 92,865 | ​ | $ | 122,441 | ​
Finance lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 161,258 | ​ | ​ | 150,520 | ​
Debt obligations, net | ​ |  | 714,296 | ​ |  | 717,695 | ​
Total liabilities associated with real estate held for sale and classified as discontinued operations | ​ | $ | 968,419 | ​ | $ | 990,656 | ​
​ The transaction described above involving the Company's net lease business qualified for discontinued operations and the following table summarizes net income from discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 ($ in thousands): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Years Ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues: | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Operating lease income | ​ | $ | 164,811 | ​ | $ | 164,446 | ​ | $ | 174,094
Interest income | ​ |  | 3,717 | ​ |  | 3,440 | ​ |  | 2,018
Interest income from sales-type leases | ​ |  | 35,826 | ​ |  | 33,552 | ​ |  | 20,496
Other income | ​ |  | 5,178 | ​ |  | 5,412 | ​ |  | 9,183
Total revenues | ​ |  | 209,532 | ​ |  | 206,850 | ​ |  | 205,791
Costs and expenses: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Interest expense | ​ |  | 43,232 | ​ |  | 42,746 | ​ |  | 42,220
Real estate expense(1) | ​ |  | 27,366 | ​ |  | 26,410 | ​ |  | 24,589
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 52,221 | ​ |  | 50,765 | ​ |  | 51,083
(Recovery of) provision for loan losses | ​ | ​ | (1,150) | ​ | ​ | 186 | ​ | ​ | —
(Recovery of) provision for losses on net investment in leases | ​ |  | (10,871) | ​ |  | 1,760 | ​ |  | —
Impairment of assets | ​ |  | 2,286 | ​ |  | 2,036 | ​ |  | 2,471
Other expense | ​ |  | 16,476 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total costs and expenses | ​ |  | 129,560 | ​ |  | 123,903 | ​ |  | 120,363
Income from sales of real estate | ​ |  | 8,476 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 224,654
Income from discontinued operations before earnings from equity method investments and other items | ​ |  | 88,448 | ​ |  | 82,947 | ​ |  | 310,082
Earnings from equity method investments | ​ |  | 8,123 | ​ |  | 2,654 | ​ |  | (529)
Selling profit from sales-type leases | ​ |  | 25,034 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 180,416
Net income from discontinued operations before income taxes | ​ |  | 121,605 | ​ |  | 85,601 | ​ |  | 489,969
Income tax expense | ​ |  | (153) | ​ |  | (146) | ​ |  | (69)
Net income from discontinued operations | ​ | ​ | 121,452 | ​ | ​ | 85,455 | ​ | ​ | 489,900
Net (income) from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ |  | (5,620) | ​ |  | (11,251) | ​ |  | (10,730)
Net income from discontinued operations attributable to iStar Inc. | ​ | $ | 115,832 | ​ | $ | 74,204 | ​ | $ | 479,170
(1) | For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $8.4 million, $8.2 million and $5.0 million, respectively, of “Real estate expense” in its consolidated statements of operations from its Ground Leases with Safehold Inc. (“SAFE”).
​ The following table presents cash flows provided by operating activities and cash flows used in investing activities from discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 ($ in thousands). ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Years Ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows provided by operating activities | ​ | $ | 85,249 | ​ | $ | 112,783 | ​ | $ | 117,425
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities | ​ |  | 2,030 | ​ |  | (51,998) | ​ |  | (74,028)
​
New accounting pronouncements | New accounting pronouncements—In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (“ASU 2020-04”). ASU 2020-04 contains practical expedients for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. In March 2020, the Company elected to apply the hedge accounting expedients related to probability and the assessments of effectiveness for future LIBOR-indexed cash flows to assume that the index upon which future hedged transactions will be based matches the index on the corresponding derivatives. Application of these expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with past presentation. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of the guidance and may apply other elections as applicable as additional changes in the market occur.

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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for estimating the allowance for losses on loans and lease receivables. The disclosure may include (a) how the entity determines each element of the allowance, (b) which loans are evaluated individually and which loans are evaluated as a group, (c) how the entity determines both the allocated and unallocated portions of the allowance, (d) how the entity determines the loss factors applied to graded loans in order to develop a general allowance, and (e) what self-correcting mechanism the entity uses to reduce differences between estimated and actual losses. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123577603&loc=d3e5144-111524 + Details
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