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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________
FORM 10-Q
__________________________________

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File N umber 333-258176
__________________________________
FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
__________________________________

Delaware |  | 81-4552413
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1400 16th Street, Suite 250
Denver, Colorado 80202
(303) 831-6704
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)
__________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): Yes ☐ No ☒
As of November 8, 2023, there were approximately 24,958,723 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

1

Table of Contents

| Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | 3
Part I - Financial Information (Unaudited) | 5
Item 1. Financial Statements | 5
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 55
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 81
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 82
Part II - Other Information | 83
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 83
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 83
Item 6. Exhibits | 84
Signatures | 85

2

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical or current fact nor are they assurances of future performance and generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “target,” “estimate,” “continue,” “positions,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “goal,” “objective,” “prospects,” “possible” or “potential,” by future conditional verbs such as “assume,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “could” or “may,” or by variations of such words or by similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, discussions of strategy, financial projections, guidance and estimates (including their underlying assumptions), statements regarding plans, objectives, expectations or consequences of various transactions or events, and statements about our future performance, operations, products and services (including statements related to our expected increase in the cost of funds, our expected decrease in mortgage banking revenues and related income, and our belief that sources of available liquidity are adequate to meet our current and expected liquidity needs). These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, which change over time, are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control and should be viewed with caution.
There are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:
•potential fluctuations or unanticipated changes in the interest rate environment, including interest rate changes made by the Federal Reserve, replacements of LIBOR and replacement or reform of other interest rate benchmarks, as well as cash flow reassessments may reduce net interest margin and/or the volumes and values of loans made or held as well as the value of other financial assets;
•changes in the monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve;
•other actions of the Federal Reserve and legislative and regulatory actions and reforms;
•the potential effects of events beyond our control that may have a destabilizing effect on financial markets and the economy, such as inflation and recessions, epidemics and pandemics, terrorist activities, wars and other foreign conflicts, essential utility outages, climate change, deterioration in the global economy, instability in the credit markets, disruptions in our customers’ supply chains or disruption in transportation;
•the potential effects of pandemics or public health conditions on the economic and business environments in which we operate, including the impact of actions taken by governmental authorities to address these situations, and the resulting effect of these items on our operations, liquidity and capital position, and on the financial condition of our borrowers and other customers;
•changes in legislation, regulation, policies or administrative practices, whether by judicial, governmental or legislative action and other changes pertaining to banking, securities, taxation, rent regulation and housing, financial accounting and reporting, environmental protection and insurance and the ability to comply with such changes in a timely manner;
•the risk that we may be required to make substantial expenditures to keep pace with regulatory initiatives and the rapid technological changes in the financial services market;
•competition from financial institutions and other financial service providers including non-bank financial technology providers and our ability to attract customers from other financial institutions;
•any unanticipated or greater than anticipated adverse conditions in the national or local economies in which we operate;
•our loan concentration in industries or sectors that may experience unanticipated or greater than anticipated adverse conditions than other industries or sectors in the national or local economies in which we operate;
•increased capital requirements, other regulatory requirements or enhanced regulatory supervision;
•cyber-security risks and the vulnerability of our network and online banking portals, and the systems or parties with whom we contract, to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches that could adversely affect our business and financial performance or reputation;
•risks with respect to our ability to identify and complete future mergers or acquisitions as well as our ability to successfully expand and integrate those businesses and operations that we acquire;
•the risks of expansion into new geographic or product markets;
•the inability to manage strategic initiatives and/or organizational changes;
•our ability to attract and retain key employees;
•volatility in the allowance for credit losses resulting from the CECL methodology, either alone or as that may be affected by conditions affecting our business;
•changes in accounting principles, policies, practices or guidelines;
3

•our reliance on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure and services required to operate our business;
•the availability of and access to capital; failures of internal controls and other risk management systems;
•the outcome (including judgments, costs, fines, reputational harm, inability to obtain necessary approvals and/or other negative effects) of pending or threatened litigation or of matters before or involving regulatory agencies, whether currently existing or commencing in the future;
•losses due to fraudulent or negligent conduct of our customers, third-party service providers or employees; and
•limitations on our ability to declare and pay dividends and other distributions from our bank to our holding company, which could affect our holding company’s liquidity, including its ability to pay dividends to shareholders or take other capital actions.
We caution readers that the foregoing list of factors is not exclusive, is not necessarily in order of importance and readers should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. You should also consider the risks, assumptions and uncertainties set forth under “Item 1.A. Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 16, 2023 (the “2022 Annual Report”) as well as any additional factors that might be reported in future filings that we make with the SEC. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made and we do not intend to and disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, unless required to do so under the federal securities laws.
4

Part I - Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

| Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 6
Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 7
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 12
Note 1 - Organization and Basis of Presentation | 12
Note 2 - Merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc. | 17
Note 3 - Securities | 20
Note 4 - Loans | 24
Note 5 - Mortgage Servicing Rights | 32
Note 6 - Derivative Financial Instruments | 33
Note 7 - Deposits | 36
Note 8 - Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase | 37
Note 9 - Debt | 37
Note 10 - Earnings Per Share | 39
Note 11 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 40
Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity | 40
Note 13 - Income Taxes | 42
Note 14 - Regulatory Capital Matters | 42
Note 15 - Fair Value Measurements | 44
Note 16 - Segment Information | 47
Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies | 52
Note 18 - Lease Commitments | 54

5

FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP
and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
As of

| (Unaudited) |  |
(In thousands, except par and share amounts) | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 443,887 |  |  | $ | 343,526 |
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 495,992 |  |  | 536,973 |
Securities held-to-maturity, fair value of $30,792 and $33,218, respectively | 37,410 |  |  | 38,901 |
Loans held-for-sale, at fair value | 51,465 |  |  | 57,323 |
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $78,666 and $65,917, respectively | 6,100,856 |  |  | 5,845,915 |
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value | 81,036 |  |  | 74,097 |
Premises and equipment, net | 83,733 |  |  | 87,079 |
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, net | 8,395 |  |  | 6,358 |
Bank-owned life insurance | 79,341 |  |  | 77,923 |
Restricted equity securities | 35,396 |  |  | 50,215 |
Goodwill | 93,483 |  |  | 93,483 |
Core deposits and other intangible assets, net | 11,813 |  |  | 15,806 |
Accrued interest receivable | 37,218 |  |  | 28,543 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 50,269 |  |  | 48,355 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 146,581 |  |  | 125,825 |
Total assets | $ | 7,756,875 |  |  | $ | 7,430,322 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing accounts | $ | 1,610,650 |  |  | $ | 1,820,490 |
Interest-bearing accounts | 4,729,197 |  |  | 3,944,572 |
Total deposits | 6,339,847 |  |  | 5,765,062 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 25,868 |  |  | 36,721 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 330,000 |  |  | 643,885 |
Convertible notes payable, net | — |  |  | 5,355 |
Subordinated debt, net | 75,180 |  |  | 74,880 |
Accrued interest payable | 9,862 |  |  | 5,798 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 132,399 |  |  | 124,085 |
Total liabilities | 6,913,156 |  |  | 6,655,786 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding, respectively | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 24,942,645 and 24,920,984 shares issued; 24,942,645 and 24,920,984 shares outstanding, respectively | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Additional paid-in capital | 462,507 |  |  | 460,720 |
Retained earnings | 433,508 |  |  | 357,797 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net | (52,298) |  |  | (43,983) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 843,719 |  |  | 774,536 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 7,756,875 |  |  | $ | 7,430,322 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6

FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP
and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
For the three and nine months ended September 30,
(Unaudited)

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except per share amounts) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fee income on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | $ | 94,734 |  |  | $ | 63,626 |  |  | $ | 269,151 |  |  | $ | 154,266 |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt | 4,831 |  |  | 4,644 |  |  | 14,335 |  |  | 14,447 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 4,219 |  |  | 3,639 |  |  | 12,597 |  |  | 9,250 |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt | 7 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Other interest income | 2,984 |  |  | 1,849 |  |  | 7,607 |  |  | 3,687 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest income | 106,775 |  |  | 73,763 |  |  | 303,710 |  |  | 181,652 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense on deposits | 30,896 |  |  | 3,274 |  |  | 65,804 |  |  | 7,020 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense on securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 65 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 74 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense on other borrowed funds | 2,404 |  |  | 1,952 |  |  | 16,381 |  |  | 6,202 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense | 33,365 |  |  | 5,277 |  |  | 82,348 |  |  | 13,296 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 73,410 |  |  | 68,486 |  |  | 221,362 |  |  | 168,356 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 3,890 |  |  | 3,750 |  |  | 11,672 |  |  | 12,450 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income after credit loss expense | 69,520 |  |  | 64,736 |  |  | 209,690 |  |  | 155,906 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 5,475 |  |  | 4,807 |  |  | 15,848 |  |  | 13,111 |  |  |  |  |
Credit and debit card fees | 2,996 |  |  | 3,103 |  |  | 9,034 |  |  | 8,508 |  |  |  |  |
Trust and investment advisory fees | 1,398 |  |  | 1,552 |  |  | 4,337 |  |  | 5,408 |  |  |  |  |
Income from mortgage banking services, net | 7,413 |  |  | 13,785 |  |  | 26,501 |  |  | 40,017 |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) gain on other real estate owned and foreclosed assets activity, net | (643) |  |  | 155 |  |  | (643) |  |  | 164 |  |  |  |  |
Other noninterest income | 2,011 |  |  | 1,551 |  |  | 6,794 |  |  | 3,740 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest income | 18,650 |  |  | 24,953 |  |  | 61,871 |  |  | 70,948 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salary and employee benefits | 33,968 |  |  | 32,508 |  |  | 103,073 |  |  | 101,981 |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy and equipment | 8,216 |  |  | 8,216 |  |  | 24,338 |  |  | 22,802 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 899 |  |  | 935 |  |  | 3,993 |  |  | 2,197 |  |  |  |  |
Merger related expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,751 |  |  |  |  |
Other noninterest expenses | 13,093 |  |  | 13,889 |  |  | 39,081 |  |  | 37,952 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest expense | 56,176 |  |  | 55,548 |  |  | 170,485 |  |  | 183,683 |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 31,994 |  |  | 34,141 |  |  | 101,076 |  |  | 43,171 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | 6,762 |  |  | 7,628 |  |  | 21,557 |  |  | 8,559 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 25,232 |  |  | $ | 26,513 |  |  | $ | 79,519 |  |  | $ | 34,612 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on securities available-for-sale | (7,089) |  |  | (5,107) |  |  | (9,909) |  |  | (47,306) |  |  |  |  |
Gain on fair value hedges of securities available-for-sale | 1,290 |  |  | 1,438 |  |  | 1,594 |  |  | 2,536 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (5,799) |  |  | (3,669) |  |  | (8,315) |  |  | (44,770) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 19,433 |  |  | $ | 22,844 |  |  | $ | 71,204 |  |  | $ | (10,158) |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 25,232 |  |  | $ | 26,513 |  |  | $ | 79,519 |  |  | $ | 34,612 |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.01 |  |  | $ | 1.07 |  |  | $ | 3.19 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 3.13 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
7

FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP
and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
For the three months ended September 30,
(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share amounts) | Issued shares of common stock |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Treasury stock |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total stockholders’ equity
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | 24,941,468 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 461,856 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 408,276 |  |  | $ | (46,499) |  |  | $ | 823,635 |
Issuance of common stock on restricted stock grants (15,007 shares in the second quarter of 2023) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |
Stock option exercises | 1,177 |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures | — |  |  | — |  |  | 558 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 558 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,232 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,232 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,799) |  |  | (5,799) |
Balance, end of period | 24,942,645 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 462,507 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 433,508 |  |  | $ | (52,298) |  |  | $ | 843,719 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | 24,850,954 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 460,263 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 306,714 |  |  | $ | (39,437) |  |  | $ | 727,542 |
Issuance of common stock on restricted stock grants (11,344 shares in the second quarter of 2022) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |
Stock option exercises | 55,078 |  |  | — |  |  | (206) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (206) |
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures | — |  |  | — |  |  | 371 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 371 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,513 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,513 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,669) |  |  | (3,669) |
Balance, end of period | 24,906,032 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 460,530 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 333,227 |  |  | $ | (43,106) |  |  | $ | 750,653 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
8

FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP
and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
For the nine months ended September 30,
(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share amounts) | Issued shares of common stock |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Treasury stock |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Total stockholders’ equity
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | 24,920,984 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 460,720 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 357,797 |  |  | $ | (43,983) |  |  | $ | 774,536 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change (Note 1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,808) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,808) |
Adjusted beginning balance | 24,920,984 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 460,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 353,989 |  |  | (43,983) |  |  | 770,728 |
Issuance of common stock on restricted stock grants | 15,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 304 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 304 |
Stock option exercises | 6,654 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,439 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79,519 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,519 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,315) |  |  | (8,315) |
Balance, end of period | 24,942,645 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 462,507 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 433,508 |  |  | $ | (52,298) |  |  | $ | 843,719 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | 19,903,342 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 261,905 |  |  | $ | (38,148) |  |  | $ | 298,615 |  |  | $ | 1,664 |  |  | $ | 524,038 |
Merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc. (issuance of treasury stock 1,557,054 shares) | 4,910,412 |  |  | — |  |  | 197,946 |  |  | 38,148 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 236,094 |
Issuance of common stock on restricted stock grants | 11,344 |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |
Stock option exercises | 80,934 |  |  | — |  |  | (414) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (414) |
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures | — |  |  | — |  |  | 924 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 924 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,612 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,612 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44,770) |  |  | (44,770) |
Balance, end of period | 24,906,032 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 460,530 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 333,227 |  |  | $ | (43,106) |  |  | $ | 750,653 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
9

FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP
and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the nine months ended September 30,
(Unaudited)

(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 79,519 |  |  | $ | 34,612 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 11,672 |  |  | 12,450 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 5,047 |  |  | 5,305 |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax expense | 65 |  |  | 671 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net premium on securities | 791 |  |  | 1,737 |  |  |  |  |
Accretion of net discount on acquired loans | (2,451) |  |  | (1,832) |  |  |  |  |
Net change in deferred loan origination fees and costs | (282) |  |  | 398 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of core deposits and other intangible assets | 3,993 |  |  | 2,197 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of software implementation costs | 610 |  |  | 639 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of premium on acquired deposits | (770) |  |  | (743) |  |  |  |  |
Accretion of discount on subordinated debt | 190 |  |  | 191 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of issuance costs on subordinated debt | 110 |  |  | 108 |  |  |  |  |
Accretion of discount on convertible notes payable | 101 |  |  | 1,093 |  |  |  |  |
Accretion of discount (amortization of premium) on Federal Home Loan Bank advances | — |  |  | 64 |  |  |  |  |
Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance | (1,418) |  |  | (1,222) |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of premises and equipment | — |  |  | 720 |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of other real estate owned and foreclosed assets | 285 |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock dividends | (1,372) |  |  | (238) |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense | 1,743 |  |  | 1,093 |  |  |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in fair value of mortgage servicing rights | 695 |  |  | (14,777) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss on disposal of premises and equipment | 34 |  |  | 86 |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) gain on other real estate owned and foreclosed assets activity | 643 |  |  | (164) |  |  |  |  |
Net gain on sales of loans held-for-sale | (2,997) |  |  | (10,498) |  |  |  |  |
Origination of loans held-for-sale | (669,412) |  |  | (899,200) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of loans held-for-sale | 670,634 |  |  | 937,343 |  |  |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease right-of-use assets | (478) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest receivable | (8,675) |  |  | (6,255) |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (20,428) |  |  | (32,474) |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest payable | 4,064 |  |  | 297 |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 10,329 |  |  | 10,666 |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets | 1,944 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 84,186 |  |  | $ | 42,288 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
10

FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP
and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
For the nine months ended September 30,
(Unaudited)

(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities: (previous page) | $ | 84,186 |  |  | $ | 42,288 |  |  |  |  |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash acquired in excess of cash paid in connection with Pioneer Merger | — |  |  | 444,541 |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity securities | 1,555 |  |  | 3,027 |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of available-for-sale securities | (5,201) |  |  | (66,606) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale or maturities of available-for-sale securities | 32,203 |  |  | 157,399 |  |  |  |  |
Loan originations, net of repayments | (272,090) |  |  | (707,439) |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (1,367) |  |  | (1,795) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned and foreclosed assets | 1,101 |  |  | 867 |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of restricted equity securities | (33,061) |  |  | (18,549) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from the sale or redemption of restricted equity securities | 49,251 |  |  | 9,471 |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of other investments | (1,777) |  |  | (388) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from the sale or redemption of other investments | 158 |  |  | 745 |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | (229,228) |  |  | (178,725) |  |  |  |  |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in deposits | 575,554 |  |  | (285,868) |  |  |  |  |
Net change in securities sold under agreements to repurchase | (10,854) |  |  | (40,837) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 1,547,000 |  |  | 170,884 |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances | (1,860,885) |  |  | (60,000) |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of convertible notes payable | (5,456) |  |  | (15,217) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from subordinated debt, net | — |  |  | 24,466 |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs | 44 |  |  | (414) |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 245,403 |  |  | (206,986) |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 100,361 |  |  | (343,423) |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 343,526 |  |  | 668,462 |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 443,887 |  |  | $ | 325,039 |  |  |  |  |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid on deposits | $ | 59,999 |  |  | $ | 6,726 |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid on borrowed funds | $ | 18,675 |  |  | $ | 6,605 |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net | $ | 23,152 |  |  | $ | 10,276 |  |  |  |  |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets acquired from Merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc. | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,085,506 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities assumed from Merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc. | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,354,387 |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities and unrealized gain on fair value hedges of securities available-for-sale | $ | (13,117) |  |  | $ | (59,262) |  |  |  |  |
Loan charge-offs | $ | 4,019 |  |  | $ | 2,412 |  |  |  |  |
Premises and equipment transferred to other real estate owned and foreclosed assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  |  |  |
Loans transferred to other real estate owned and foreclosed assets | $ | 4,065 |  |  | $ | 291 |  |  |  |  |
Premises and equipment transferred (from) to other assets | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage servicing rights resulting from sale or securitization of mortgage loans | $ | 7,634 |  |  | $ | 11,681 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
11

FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
($ in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 1 - Organization and Basis of Presentation
Nature of Operations - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FirstSun Capital Bancorp (“FirstSun” or “Parent Company” and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Sunflower Bank, N.A. (the “Bank”) and Logia Portfolio Management, LLC, and have been prepared using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial statements. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These entities are collectively referred to as “our”, “us”, “we”, or “the Company”.
These consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for a full year presentation and certain disclosures have been condensed or omitted in accordance with rules and regulations of the SEC. These interim financial statements are unaudited, and include, in our opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods indicated, which are not necessarily indicative of results which may be expected for the full year. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. These unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with FirstSun’s audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the 2022 Annual Report.
Business Combination - On April 1, 2022, FirstSun completed its acquisition of Pioneer Bancshares, Inc. (“Pioneer”). Pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement, each Pioneer shareholder received 1.0443 shares of FirstSun common stock, for each share of Pioneer common stock owned by the shareholder, with cash paid in lieu of fractional shares. Each outstanding share of FirstSun common stock remained outstanding and was unaffected by the merger. Further information is presented in Note 2 - Merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc.
Use of Estimates - The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
These estimates are based on historical experience and on various assumptions about the future that are believed to be reasonable based on all available information. Our reported financial position or results of operations may be materially different under changed conditions or when using different estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to significant accounting policies. In the event that estimates or assumptions prove to differ from actual results, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current information.
Risks and Uncertainties - In the normal course of business, companies in the banking and mortgage industries encounter certain economic and regulatory risks. Economic risks include credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, prepayment risk, and market risk. Credit risk is the risk of default that may result from the borrowers’ inability or unwillingness to make contractually required payments. We are subject to interest rate risk to the extent that in a rising interest rate environment we may experience a decrease in loan production, as well as decreases in the value of mortgage loans held-for-sale and in commitments to originate loans, which may adversely impact our earnings. Rising interest rates may also increase the cost of our borrowings to fund our operations. Risks related to liquidity are heightened in the current environment due to competition for deposits, customers withdrawing deposits in order to maintain maximum levels of deposit insurance and recent bank failures in early 2023.
We generally sell loans to investors without recourse; therefore, the investors have assumed the risk of loss or default by the borrower. However, we are usually required by these investors to make certain standard representations and warranties relating to credit information, loan documentation, and collateral. To the extent that we do not comply with such representations, or there are early payment defaults, we may be required to repurchase the loans or indemnify these investors for any losses from borrower defaults. In addition, if loans pay off within a specified time frame, we may be required to refund a portion of the sales proceeds to the investors. We established reserves for potential losses related to these representations and warranties which are recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities. In assessing the
12

adequacy of the reserves, we evaluate various factors including actual write-offs during the period, historical loss experience, known delinquent and other problem loans, and economic trends and conditions in the industry. Further information is presented in Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies.
Reclassification - Certain amounts appearing in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for prior periods have been reclassified to conform with the current presentation. The reclassifications had no effect on net income or stockholders' equity as previously reported.
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted - As an “emerging growth company” under Section 107 of the JOBS Act, we can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Therefore, we can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to non-public business entities. We intend to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period for an “emerging growth company” for as long as it is available to us. For standards that we have delayed adoption, we may lack comparability to other companies who have adopted such standards.
In June of 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which significantly changes the way that entities are required to measure credit losses. The new standard requires that the estimated credit loss be based upon an “expected credit loss” approach rather than the “incurred loss” approach previously required. The new approach requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets over their expected lives based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of collectability. The expected credit loss model requires earlier recognition of credit losses than the incurred loss approach. We expect ongoing changes in the allowance for credit losses will be driven primarily by the growth of our loan portfolio, credit quality, and the economic environment and related projections at that time. In addition, the ASU developed a new accounting treatment for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration.
The ASU also modifies the other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities by requiring companies to record an allowance for credit impairment rather than write-downs of such assets.
Management has reviewed this update and other ASUs that were subsequently issued to further clarify the implementation guidance outlined in ASU 2016-13. We adopted the amendments of these ASUs as of January 1, 2023.
Upon adoption, we recorded an increase to the allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment of $5.3 million, a reduction in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $0.2 million, an increase to deferred tax assets of $1.2 million, and a corresponding one-time cumulative reduction to retained earnings, net of tax, of $3.8 million in the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2023.
The adoption of this ASU, as it relates to available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities, did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements as of January 1, 2023.
In March of 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminates the accounting for troubled debt restructurings by creditors while enhancing the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The amendment also requires disclosure of gross charge-offs by year of origination for finance receivables. We adopted the amendments in this ASU as of January 1, 2023 prospectively.
As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2022-02, several of our significant accounting policies have changed to reflect the requirements of the new standard. See below for the updated significant accounting policies as of January 1, 2023.
Updates to our Significant Accounting Policies
a.Securities - The Bank classifies debt securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are those which the Bank has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. All other debt securities are classified as available-for-sale.
Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (accumulated other comprehensive income/loss) until realized.
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Realized gains and losses on securities classified as available-for-sale are included in earnings and recorded on trade date. The specific identification method is used to determine the cost of the securities sold.
Purchased premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized or accreted into interest income using the yield-to-maturity method based upon the remaining contractual maturity of the asset, adjusted for any expected prepayments or call features for securities purchased at a premium.
For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, management first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value. Any previously recognized allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) should be written off and the write-down in excess of such ACL would be recorded through a charge to the provision for credit losses. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, management evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the cash position of the issuer and its cash and capital generation capacity, which could increase or diminish the issuer’s ability to repay its bond obligations, the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, any adverse change to the credit conditions and liquidity of the issuer, taking into consideration the latest information about the financial condition of the issuer, credit ratings, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments, recent legislation and government actions affecting the issuer’s industry, and actions taken by the issuer to deal with the economic climate. Management also takes into consideration changes in the near-term prospects of the underlying collateral of a security, if any, such as changes in default rates, loss severity given default, and significant changes in prepayment assumptions and the level of cash flow generated from the underlying collateral, if any, supporting the principal and interest payments on the debt securities. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and management records an ACL for the credit loss, limited to the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Management recognizes in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss (“AOCI”) any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL, net of tax. Non-credit-related impairments result from other factors, including changes in interest rates.
Management records changes in the ACL as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to available-for-sale debt securities, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner.
The ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities is based on an expected loss methodology referred to as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology by major security type. Any expected credit loss is provided through the ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities and is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the security so the statement of financial condition reflects the net amount management expects to collect. For the ACL of held-to-maturity securities, management considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to held-to-maturity debt securities, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off on a timely manner.
Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair values reported in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. Equity securities are included as a component of “prepaid expenses and other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.
b.Loans Receivable - Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff, are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs, and an allowance for credit losses.
Interests on loans receivable is accrued and credited to income based upon the principal amount outstanding using primarily a simple interest calculation. Loan origination fees and related direct loan origination costs for a given loan are offset and only the net amount is deferred and amortized and recognized in interest income over the life of the loan using the interest method without anticipating prepayments. The accrual of interest income on loans is
14

discontinued when, in management’s judgment, the interest is uncollectible in the normal course of business, and a loan is moved to nonaccrual status in accordance with the Bank’s policy, typically after 90 or 120 days of non-payment, as follows: interest income on consumer, commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection; interest income on residential real estate loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 120 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Consumer and credit card loans are typically charged off no later than 120 days past due. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest in full is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller homogenous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans.
When discontinued, all unpaid interest is reversed. Interest is included in income after the date the loan is placed on nonaccrual status only after all principal has been paid or when the loan is returned to accrual status. The loan is returned to accrual status only when the borrower has brought all past-due principal and interest payments current and, in the opinion of management, has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled.
Acquired Loans – Loans acquired through a purchase or a business combination are recorded at their fair value as of the acquisition date. Management performs an assessment of acquired loans to first determine if such loans have experienced a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since their origination and thus should be classified and accounted for as purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. For loans that have not experienced a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, referred to as non-PCD loans, management records such loans at fair value, with any resulting discount or premium accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. Additionally, upon the purchase or acquisition of non-PCD loans, management measures and records an ACL based on the Bank’s methodology for determining the ACL. The ACL for non-PCD loans is recorded through a charge to the provision for credit losses in the period in which the loans are purchased or acquired.
Acquired loans that are classified as PCD are recognized at fair value, which includes any premiums or discounts resulting from the difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value. Premiums and non-credit loss related discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. Unlike non-PCD loans, the initial ACL for PCD loans is established through an adjustment to the acquired loan balance and not through a charge to the provision for credit losses in the period in which the loans are acquired. At acquisition, the ACL for PCD loans, which represents the fair value credit discount, is determined using a discounted cash flow method that considers the probability of default and loss-given default used in the Bank’s ACL methodology. Characteristics of PCD loans include the following: delinquency, payment history since origination, credit scores migration and/or other factors the Bank may become aware of through its initial analysis of acquired loans that may indicate there has been a more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since a loan’s origination.
Subsequent to acquisition, the ACL for both non-PCD and PCD loans is determined pursuant to the Bank ACL methodology in the same manner as all other loans.
c.Allowance for Credit Losses - The ACL for loans held for investment is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management confirms the loan balance is uncollectible.
Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Internal and industry historical credit loss experience is a significant input for the estimation of expected credit losses. Additionally, management’s assessment involves evaluating key factors, which include credit and macroeconomic indicators, such as changes in economic growth levels, unemployment rates, property values, and other relevant factors, to account for current and forecasted market conditions that are likely to cause estimated credit losses over the life of the loans to differ from historical credit losses. Expected credit losses are generally estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted by prepayments when appropriate.
Management estimates the ACL primarily based on a probability of default (“PD”), loss-given default (“LGD”), and exposure at default (“EAD”) modeled approach, or individually for collateral dependent loans. Management
15

evaluates the need for changes to the ACL by portfolio segments and classes of loans within certain of those portfolio segments. Factors such as the credit risk inherent in a portfolio and how management monitors the related quality, as well as the estimation approach to estimate credit losses, are considered in the determination of such portfolio segments and classes. The Bank believes it has a diversified portfolio across a variety of industries, and the portfolio is generally centered in the states in which the Bank has offices. Management has identified the following portfolio segments:
Commercial and industrial loans include commercial and industrial loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment and inventory purchases, and other expansion projects. These loans are made primarily in the Bank’s market areas, are underwritten on the basis of the borrower’s ability to service the debt from revenue, and extended under the Bank’s normal credit standards, controls, and monitoring systems. Collateral is often represented by liens on accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, and other forms of general non-real estate business assets. The Bank often obtains some form of credit enhancement through a personal guaranty of the borrower, principals and/or others. The global cash flow capability of commercial and industrial loan customers is generally evaluated both at underwriting and during the life of the loan. Commercial and industrial loans may involve increased risk due to the expectation that repayments for such loans generally come from the operation of the business activity and those operations may be unsuccessful. A disruption in the operating cash flows from a business, sometimes influenced by events not under the control of the borrower such as changing business environment, changes in regulations and political climate, rising interest rates, unexpected natural events, or competition could also impact the borrower’s capacity to repay the loan. Assets collateralizing commercial and industrial loans may also decline in value more quickly than anticipated. Commercial and industrial loans require increased underwriting and monitoring to offset these risks, for which the Bank’s systems have been designed to provide.
Commercial real estate loans include owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans to operating commercial and agricultural businesses, and include both loans for long-term financing of land and buildings and loans made for the initial development or construction of a commercial real estate project.
Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers collateralized by a mortgage on a residence and include purchase money, refinancing, secondary mortgages, and home equity loans and lines of credit.
Public finance loans include loans to our charter school and municipal based customers.
Consumer loans include direct consumer installment loans, credit card accounts, overdrafts and other revolving loans.
Other loans consist of loans to nondepository financial institutions, lease financing receivables and loans for agricultural production.
The ACL is measured using a PD/LGD with EAD model that is calculated based on the product of a cumulative PD and LGD. PD and LGD estimates are assigned based upon the periodic completion of credit risk scorecards. Remaining EAD is derived based on inherent loan characteristics and like-kind loan prepayment trends. Under this approach, management calculates losses for each loan for all future periods using the PD and LGD rates derived from the term structure curves applied to the estimated remaining balance of the loans.
For the ACL determination of all portfolios, the expectations for relevant macroeconomic variables consider an initial reasonable and supportable period of four years and a reversion period of one year, utilizing a straight-line approach and reverting back to the historical loss rates.
Management periodically considers the need to make qualitative adjustments to the ACL. Qualitative adjustments may be related to and include, but not be limited to factors such as the following: (i) management’s assessment of economic forecasts used in the model and how those forecasts align with management’s overall evaluation of current and expected economic conditions; (ii) organization specific risks such as credit concentrations, collateral specific risks, nature and size of the portfolio and external factors that may ultimately impact credit quality, and (iii) other limitations associated with factors such as changes in underwriting and loan resolution strategies, among others.
16

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collectively evaluated pools. Such loans are evaluated for credit losses based on either discounted cash flows or the fair value of collateral. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. For loans for which foreclosure is not probable, but for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, management has elected the practical expedient under ASC 326 to estimate expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral, with selling costs considered in the event sale of the collateral is expected.
Management has elected not to measure an ACL on accrued interest related to held for investment loans, as uncollectible accrued interest receivables are written off in a timely manner.
Loan credit quality and the adequacy of the allowance are also subject to periodic examination by regulatory agencies. Such agencies may require adjustments to the allowance based upon their judgements about information available at the time of their examination.
Management estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Bank. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes the consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.
NOTE 2 - Merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc.
As described under the title “Business Combination” in Note 1 - Organization and Basis of Presentation, we completed our acquisition of Pioneer on April 1, 2022. We accounted for the Pioneer merger under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the purchase price was allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, and the liabilities assumed as of the closing date of the merger. Goodwill resulting from the difference between the fair value of the assets acquired and the fair value of the liabilities assumed is not amortizable for book or tax purposes. This goodwill resulted from the combination of expected operational synergies, the increase in our market share in Texas and other factors. Although the merger was nontaxable, the merger gave rise to certain temporary differences for which deferred taxes have been recognized. The results of operations for the Pioneer acquisition have been included in our consolidated financial results beginning on the April 1, 2022 closing date.
Consideration
Under the terms of the merger agreement, each outstanding share of Pioneer common stock was converted into 1.0443 shares of FirstSun common stock (except for shareholders who properly exercised their dissenters’ rights) with cash paid in lieu of fractional shares. Accordingly, we issued 6,467,466 shares of our common stock to Pioneer shareholders in the merger valued at $230,760 based on a third-party valuation of our common stock in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements as of the closing date. We also converted Pioneer stock options into 431,645 options to purchase shares of FirstSun common stock. This conversion was valued at $5,334. We also paid cash to certain Pioneer shareholders of $4,736. Total aggregate consideration paid in the Pioneer merger was $240,830.
Fair Value
We recorded the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on valuations at April 1, 2022. The determination of estimated fair value required management to make assumptions related to discount rates, expected future cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are subjective in nature.
17

Estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in this transaction are as follows:

| April 1, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 449,278 |
Investment securities | 157,859 |
Loans held-for-sale | 2,923 |
Loans | 811,300 |
Premises and equipment | 39,935 |
Bank-owned life insurance | 21,382 |
Restricted equity securities | 9,320 |
Core deposits and other intangible assets | 11,771 |
Accrued interest receivable | 3,947 |
Deferred tax assets | 19,752 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 7,317 |
Total assets acquired | 1,534,784 |
Deposits | 1,192,081 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 159,924 |
Accrued interest payable | 407 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 1,975 |
Total liabilities assumed | 1,354,387 |
Fair value of net assets acquired | 180,397 |
Purchase price | 240,830 |
Goodwill | $ | 60,433 |

Acquired loans and purchased credit impaired loans
Acquired loans were recorded at fair value based on a discounted cash flow valuation methodology that considered, among other things, projected default rates, loss given default rates and recovery rates. No allowance for credit losses was carried over from Pioneer.
We identified certain acquired loans as purchased credit impaired (PCI). PCI loan identification considered payment history and past due status, debt service coverage, loan grading, collateral values and other factors that may be an indication of a deterioration of credit quality since origination. Although we identified certain acquired loans as PCI, the amount was determined to be insignificant. The following table discloses the fair value and contractual value of loans acquired from Pioneer on April 1, 2022.

| Acquired Loans |  | Contractual Principal Balance
Commercial and industrial | $ | 98,351 |  |  | $ | 98,752 |
Commercial real estate | 509,173 |  |  | 516,341 |
Residential real estate | 173,094 |  |  | 174,763 |
Consumer | 30,682 |  |  | 31,982 |
Total fair value | $ | 811,300 |  |  | $ | 821,838 |

18

Supplemental pro forma information
The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of FirstSun as if the business combination had occurred on January 1, 2022.

|  |  | (Unaudited) Pro forma for the nine months ended September 30,
|  |  | 2022
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 178,507 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 11,600 |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  |  | 166,907 |
Noninterest income |  |  | 72,375 |
Noninterest expenses |  |  | 173,864 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 65,418 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 13,227 |
Net income |  |  | $ | 52,191 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders |  |  | $ | 52,191 |
Basic |  |  | $ | 2.30 |
Diluted |  |  | $ | 2.24 |

The unaudited pro forma amounts for these periods includes adjustments for interest income on loans and investment securities acquired, amortization of intangibles arising from the transaction, adjustments for interest expense on deposits and Federal Home Loan bank advances acquired, adjustments for merger related expenses incurred, and the related income tax effects of all these items and the income tax costs or benefits derived from the income or loss before taxes of Pioneer. The unaudited pro forma amounts are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had the transaction been effected on the assumed date.
19

NOTE 3 - Securities
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair values of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by type follows as of:

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury | $ | 58,478 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5,625) |  |  | $ | 52,853 |
U.S. agency | 2,089 |  |  | — |  |  | (34) |  |  | 2,055 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 29,941 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,453) |  |  | 24,488 |
Mortgage backed - residential | 118,975 |  |  | — |  |  | (18,422) |  |  | 100,553 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 208,949 |  |  | — |  |  | (24,492) |  |  | 184,457 |
Mortgage backed - commercial | 134,990 |  |  | — |  |  | (18,079) |  |  | 116,911 |
Other debt | 16,787 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,112) |  |  | 14,675 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 570,209 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (74,217) |  |  | $ | 495,992 |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 25,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5,473) |  |  | $ | 20,027 |
Mortgage backed - residential | 7,859 |  |  | — |  |  | (815) |  |  | 7,044 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 4,051 |  |  | — |  |  | (330) |  |  | 3,721 |
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 37,410 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,618) |  |  | $ | 30,792 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury | $ | 62,010 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5,361) |  |  | $ | 56,649 |
U.S. agency | 2,881 |  |  | — |  |  | (47) |  |  | 2,834 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 29,897 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,998) |  |  | 24,899 |
Mortgage backed - residential | 129,955 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (13,826) |  |  | 116,135 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 225,559 |  |  | — |  |  | (21,294) |  |  | 204,265 |
Mortgage backed - commercial | 130,997 |  |  | — |  |  | (13,661) |  |  | 117,336 |
Other debt | 16,774 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,919) |  |  | 14,855 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 598,073 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (61,106) |  |  | $ | 536,973 |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 25,378 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (4,891) |  |  | $ | 20,492 |
Mortgage backed - residential | 8,705 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (511) |  |  | 8,198 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 4,818 |  |  | — |  |  | (290) |  |  | 4,528 |
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 38,901 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (5,692) |  |  | $ | 33,218 |

There was no allowance for credit losses related to our investment securities as of September 30, 2023.
As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.
20

Fair value and unrealized losses on debt securities by type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position without an allowance for credit losses were as follows:

| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 52,853 |  |  | $ | (5,625) |  |  | $ | 52,853 |  |  | $ | (5,625) |  |  | 9 |
U.S. agency | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,055 |  |  | (34) |  |  | 2,055 |  |  | (34) |  |  | 7 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,488 |  |  | (5,453) |  |  | 24,488 |  |  | (5,453) |  |  | 19 |
Mortgage backed - residential | 320 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 100,233 |  |  | (18,418) |  |  | 100,553 |  |  | (18,422) |  |  | 88 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 184,457 |  |  | (24,492) |  |  | 184,457 |  |  | (24,492) |  |  | 66 |
Mortgage backed - commercial | 5,086 |  |  | (115) |  |  | 111,825 |  |  | (17,964) |  |  | 116,911 |  |  | (18,079) |  |  | 25 |
Other debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,675 |  |  | (2,112) |  |  | 14,675 |  |  | (2,112) |  |  | 9 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 5,406 |  |  | $ | (119) |  |  | $ | 490,586 |  |  | $ | (74,098) |  |  | $ | 495,992 |  |  | $ | (74,217) |  |  | 223 |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 329 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 19,698 |  |  | $ | (5,469) |  |  | $ | 20,027 |  |  | $ | (5,473) |  |  | 9
Mortgage backed - residential | 135 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,888 |  |  | (815) |  |  | 7,023 |  |  | (815) |  |  | 13
Collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,721 |  |  | (330) |  |  | 3,721 |  |  | (330) |  |  | 5
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 30,307 |  |  | $ | (6,614) |  |  | $ | 30,771 |  |  | $ | (6,618) |  |  | 27

21

| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury | $ | 25,702 |  |  | $ | (967) |  |  | $ | 30,947 |  |  | $ | (4,394) |  |  | $ | 56,649 |  |  | $ | (5,361) |  |  | 10 |
U.S. agency | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,834 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 2,834 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 7 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 21,676 |  |  | (3,784) |  |  | 2,753 |  |  | (1,214) |  |  | 24,429 |  |  | (4,998) |  |  | 18 |
Mortgage backed - residential | 51,921 |  |  | (2,939) |  |  | 63,691 |  |  | (10,887) |  |  | 115,612 |  |  | (13,826) |  |  | 87 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 111,360 |  |  | (4,631) |  |  | 92,905 |  |  | (16,663) |  |  | 204,265 |  |  | (21,294) |  |  | 66 |
Mortgage backed - commercial | 70,710 |  |  | (6,475) |  |  | 46,626 |  |  | (7,186) |  |  | 117,336 |  |  | (13,661) |  |  | 22 |
Other debt | 14,855 |  |  | (1,919) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,855 |  |  | (1,919) |  |  | 9 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 296,224 |  |  | $ | (20,715) |  |  | $ | 239,756 |  |  | $ | (40,391) |  |  | $ | 535,980 |  |  | $ | (61,106) |  |  | 219 |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 20,153 |  |  | $ | (4,891) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,153 |  |  | $ | (4,891) |  |  | 8
Mortgage backed - residential | 7,993 |  |  | (511) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,993 |  |  | (511) |  |  | 10
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 4,127 |  |  | (275) |  |  | 401 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 4,528 |  |  | (290) |  |  | 5
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 32,273 |  |  | $ | (5,677) |  |  | $ | 401 |  |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | 32,674 |  |  | $ | (5,692) |  |  | 23

22

We do not consider the unrealized losses to be credit-related, as these unrealized losses primarily relate to changes in interest rates and market spreads subsequent to purchase. We do not have plans to sell any of the available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses as of September 30, 2023, and we believe it is more likely than not that we would not be required to sell such available-for-sale debt securities before recovery of their amortized cost.
We continue to monitor unrealized loss positions for potential credit impairments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no credit impairments related to our investment securities.
The amortized cost and fair value of our debt securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2023 are summarized in the following table. Maturities are based on the final contractual payment dates and do not reflect the impact of prepayments or earlier redemptions that may occur.

| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale: |  |  |
Due within 1 year | $ | 14,995 |  |  | $ | 14,726 |
Due after 1 year through 5 years | 61,708 |  |  | 55,491 |
Due after 5 years through 10 years | 146,294 |  |  | 127,028 |
Due after 10 years | 347,212 |  |  | 298,747 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 570,209 |  |  | $ | 495,992 |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |
Due after 1 year through 5 years | $ | 1,026 |  |  | $ | 983 |
Due after 5 years through 10 years | 757 |  |  | 711 |
Due after 10 years | 35,627 |  |  | 29,098 |
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 37,410 |  |  | $ | 30,792 |

Securities with a carrying value of $437,724 and $428,721 were pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and borrowed funds at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
There were no proceeds from sales and calls of securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. There were proceeds from sales and calls of securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 of $81,016. No gain or loss was recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 as the securities sold were acquired at fair value on April 1, 2022 in the Pioneer merger and were sold on April 5, 2022.
23

NOTE 4 - Loans
Loans held-for-investment by portfolio type consist of the following as of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial | $ | 2,459,358 |  |  | $ | 2,310,929 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | 767,135 |  |  | 779,546 |
Owner occupied | 631,352 |  |  | 636,272 |
Construction and land | 329,433 |  |  | 327,817 |
Multifamily | 114,535 |  |  | 102,068 |
Total commercial real estate | 1,842,455 |  |  | 1,845,703 |
Residential real estate | 1,059,074 |  |  | 1,003,931 |
Public finance | 602,844 |  |  | 590,284 |
Consumer | 37,681 |  |  | 42,588 |
Other | 178,110 |  |  | 118,397 |
Total loans | $ | 6,179,522 |  |  | $ | 5,911,832 |
Allowance for credit losses | (78,666) |  |  | (65,917) |
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses | $ | 6,100,856 |  |  | $ | 5,845,915 |

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had net deferred fees, costs, premiums and discounts of $14,474 and $17,101, respectively, on our loan portfolio.
Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $34,890 and $26,494 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in accrued interest receivable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio type for the three months ended September 30,:

| Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Public Finance |  | Consumer |  | Other |  | Total
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 33,197 |  |  | $ | 21,598 |  |  | $ | 14,959 |  |  | $ | 5,506 |  |  | $ | 854 |  |  | $ | 1,248 |  |  | $ | 77,362 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 4,252 |  |  | 1,495 |  |  | (2,429) |  |  | 135 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 175 |  |  | 3,600 |
Loans charged off | (2,963) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (136) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,099) |
Recoveries | 155 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 627 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 803 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 34,641 |  |  | $ | 23,102 |  |  | $ | 13,157 |  |  | $ | 5,641 |  |  | $ | 702 |  |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | 78,666 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 33,305 |  |  | $ | 18,351 |  |  | $ | 2,418 |  |  | $ | 1,538 |  |  | $ | 318 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 56,077 |
Provision for (benefit from) credit losses | 2,394 |  |  | 1,213 |  |  | 222 |  |  | (108) |  |  | 32 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 3,750 |
Loans charged off | (223) |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | — |  |  | (300) |
Recoveries | 112 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 35,588 |  |  | $ | 19,566 |  |  | $ | 2,617 |  |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 59,678 |

24

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio type for the nine months ended September 30,:

| Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Public Finance |  | Consumer |  | Other |  | Total
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 40,785 |  |  | $ | 19,754 |  |  | $ | 2,963 |  |  | $ | 1,664 |  |  | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 65,917 |
Impact of adopting ASC 326 | (13,583) |  |  | 3,867 |  |  | 10,256 |  |  | 3,890 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 5,256 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 10,941 |  |  | (531) |  |  | (710) |  |  | 87 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 447 |  |  | 10,560 |
Loans charged off | (3,751) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (268) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,019) |
Recoveries | 249 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 648 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 952 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 34,641 |  |  | $ | 23,102 |  |  | $ | 13,157 |  |  | $ | 5,641 |  |  | $ | 702 |  |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | 78,666 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 31,622 |  |  | $ | 13,198 |  |  | $ | 836 |  |  | $ | 1,544 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 47,547 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 4,304 |  |  | 6,365 |  |  | 1,707 |  |  | (114) |  |  | 156 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 12,450 |
Loans charged off | (2,173) |  |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |  | — |  |  | (117) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,412) |
Recoveries | 1,835 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 196 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,093 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 35,588 |  |  | $ | 19,566 |  |  | $ | 2,617 |  |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 59,678 |

We determine the allowance for credit losses estimate on at least a quarterly basis.
As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $2,209 and $1,313, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 we recorded a provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $290 and $350, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 we recorded a provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $1,112 and $475, respectively.
25

The following table presents our loan portfolio aging analysis as of:

| Loans Not Past Due |  | Loans 30-59 Days Past Due |  | Loans 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Loans Greater than 90 Days Past Due, Still Accruing |  | Nonaccrual |  | Total
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 2,441,207 |  |  | $ | 2,858 |  |  | $ | 3,065 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 12,035 |  |  | $ | 2,459,358 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | 762,297 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 545 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,182 |  |  | 767,135 |
Owner occupied | 629,542 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 620 |  |  | — |  |  | 740 |  |  | 631,352 |
Construction and land | 329,206 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | 329,433 |
Multifamily | 114,535 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114,535 |
Total commercial real estate | 1,835,580 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 1,165 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,110 |  |  | 1,842,455 |
Residential real estate | 1,036,230 |  |  | 575 |  |  | 1,697 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 20,554 |  |  | 1,059,074 |
Public Finance | 602,844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 602,844 |
Consumer | 37,590 |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 37,681 |
Other | 175,278 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | 178,110 |
Total loans | $ | 6,128,729 |  |  | $ | 4,123 |  |  | $ | 5,927 |  |  | $ | 211 |  |  | $ | 40,532 |  |  | $ | 6,179,522 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 2,298,207 |  |  | $ | 2,409 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,494 |  |  | $ | 2,310,929 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | 773,042 |  |  | 4,356 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,148 |  |  | 779,546 |
Owner occupied | 630,335 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,937 |  |  | 636,272 |
Construction and land | 324,888 |  |  | 2,632 |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | 198 |  |  | 327,817 |
Multifamily | 102,068 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102,068 |
Total commercial real estate | 1,830,333 |  |  | 6,988 |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,283 |  |  | 1,845,703 |
Residential real estate | 974,450 |  |  | 17,231 |  |  | 1,524 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 10,628 |  |  | 1,003,931 |
Public Finance | 590,284 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 590,284 |
Consumer | 42,434 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | 42,588 |
Other | 117,926 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | 118,397 |
Total loans | $ | 5,853,634 |  |  | $ | 26,686 |  |  | $ | 2,445 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 28,969 |  |  | $ | 5,911,832 |

Interest income recorded on nonperforming loans was not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Credit risk monitoring and management is a continuous process to manage the quality of the loan portfolio. We segment loans into risk categories based on relevant borrower risk profile information, including the ability of borrowers to service their debt based on current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends among other factors. The risk rating system is used as a tool to analyze and monitor movements in loan portfolio quality.
26

Risk ratings meeting an internally specified exposure threshold are updated annually, or more frequently upon the occurrence of a circumstance that affects the credit risk of the loan. We use the following definitions for risk ratings:
Pass – Loans classified as Pass have a well-defined primary source of repayment, an acceptable financial position profile (including capitalization), profitability and minimal operating risk.
Pass/Watch – Pass/Watch loans require close attention by bank management and enhanced monitoring due to quantitative or qualitative concerns linked to adverse trends or near-term uncertainty. A covenant default or other type of requirement shortfall may have arisen subsequent to a loan's booking or borrower now shows signs of weakness in the overall base of confirmable financial resources available to repay the loan. However, overall financial capacity & performance are considered sufficient to support an expectation of continued payment performance and / or mitigating factors exist that are expected to limit the risk of near term default and loss.
Special Mention – Special Mention loans have identified potential weaknesses that are of sufficient materiality to require management’s (persistent) close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the bank's credit position under normal business operations. Special Mention loans contain greater than acceptable risk to warrant increases in credit exposure and are thus considered “criticized”, non-pass rated credits. They may contain weaknesses (that have arisen due to deteriorating conditions since origination) and / or underwriting exceptions that are not currently offset by mitigating factors. However, these weaknesses, while sufficient to constitute significantly elevated credit risk, are not sufficient to support a conclusion that the liquidation of the debt is in significant jeopardy.
Substandard - Accruing – Substandard - Accruing loans are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor(s). Loans classified as Substandard - Accruing possess one or more well-defined weaknesses that are expected to jeopardize their liquidation but the weaknesses have not progressed to a point where recent late payments on the loan have become more than 90 days past due. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain up to a moderate but not significant level of loss if such weaknesses are not corrected. Losses for Substandard - Accruing loans are moderated by the lower likelihood of ultimate default and the existence of relatively favorable secondary repayment protection. These loans are considered “nonperforming”.
Substandard - Nonaccrual – Substandard - Nonaccrual loans are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as Substandard - Nonaccrual possess material, well-defined weaknesses that are expected to jeopardize their liquidation and have progressed to a point where consistently late payments on the loan have become more than 90 or more days past due. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain a material level of loss if such weaknesses are not corrected. Losses for Substandard - Nonaccrual loans are prone to being elevated based on the strong likelihood of the loan remaining in payment default and an undesirable level of secondary repayment protection. These loans are considered “nonperforming”.
Doubtful – Loans classified as Doubtful possess all of the weaknesses inherent in loans classified as Substandard - Nonaccrual with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable or improbable based on currently existing facts, conditions and values. A high probability of substantial loss or possible total loss exists. Loans rated as doubtful are not rated as loss because certain events may occur that could salvage at least a portion of the debt. These events include injections of capital, additions of pledged collateral or possible mezzanine debt refinancing options. However, without the occurrence of such events, total loss may be possible. No definite repayment schedule exists for these loans. The Doubtful grade is a temporary grade. If a near term recovery of a portion of the loan balance is indeterminable or unlikely to occur, the remaining balance of the loan should be written off and possible future recoveries may partially offset the full write-off of the loan. These loans are considered “nonperforming”.
Loss – Loans classified as Loss are defaulted loans with limited or immaterial recovery prospects. No loan that has not yet defaulted should be classified at this grade level. This rating level tends to be very short lived as the full balance of the loan tends to be fully written off nearly immediately after a change to this rating level. These loans are considered “nonperforming”.
27

The following table presents the amortized cost by segment of loans by risk category and origination date as of September 30, 2023 and gross charge-offs by origination date for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Revolving |  | Total
Commercial and industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 300,415 |  |  | $ | 480,464 |  |  | $ | 388,085 |  |  | $ | 154,171 |  |  | $ | 45,291 |  |  | $ | 48,799 |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,617 |  |  | $ | 803,301 |  |  | $ | 2,247,143 |
Pass/Watch |  | 9,176 |  |  | 2,522 |  |  | 7,001 |  |  | 2,484 |  |  | 1,483 |  |  | 1,626 |  |  |  |  | 167 |  |  | 68,825 |  |  | 93,284 |
Special Mention |  | 3,526 |  |  | 38,881 |  |  | 30,790 |  |  | 1,290 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 1,061 |  |  |  |  | 199 |  |  | 7,662 |  |  | 84,093 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | 630 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,648 |  |  | 5,888 |  |  | 1,406 |  |  | 3,680 |  |  |  |  | 3,304 |  |  | 2,247 |  |  | 22,803 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,180 |  |  | 6,656 |  |  | 796 |  |  | 395 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |  |  | 11,123 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 570 |  |  | 35 |  |  |  |  | 250 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 912 |
Total commercial and industrial |  | $ | 313,747 |  |  | $ | 521,867 |  |  | $ | 434,704 |  |  | $ | 170,489 |  |  | $ | 50,230 |  |  | $ | 55,596 |  |  |  |  | $ | 30,537 |  |  | $ | 882,188 |  |  | $ | 2,459,358 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 395 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 366 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,751 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 52,362 |  |  | $ | 98,135 |  |  | $ | 129,180 |  |  | $ | 111,588 |  |  | $ | 69,011 |  |  | $ | 183,353 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,935 |  |  | $ | 54,485 |  |  | $ | 719,049 |
Pass/Watch |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 986 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,562 |  |  |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,848 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | 3,542 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,857 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,399 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,895 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,762 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,657 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,182 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,182 |
Total non-owner occupied |  | $ | 52,362 |  |  | $ | 101,677 |  |  | $ | 129,180 |  |  | $ | 117,326 |  |  | $ | 69,011 |  |  | $ | 220,859 |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,235 |  |  | $ | 54,485 |  |  | $ | 767,135 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Owner occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 60,548 |  |  | $ | 85,790 |  |  | $ | 118,772 |  |  | $ | 117,027 |  |  | $ | 67,740 |  |  | $ | 127,986 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,455 |  |  | $ | 6,553 |  |  | $ | 586,871 |
Pass/Watch |  | 605 |  |  | 909 |  |  | 990 |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 1,457 |  |  | 1,601 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,628 |  |  | 8,617 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | 495 |  |  | 1,623 |  |  | 1,990 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 4,391 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,987 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | — |  |  | 463 |  |  | 638 |  |  | 6,805 |  |  | 2,252 |  |  | 15,979 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,137 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 740 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 740 |
Total owner occupied |  | $ | 61,153 |  |  | $ | 87,657 |  |  | $ | 122,023 |  |  | $ | 127,249 |  |  | $ | 71,937 |  |  | $ | 150,697 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,455 |  |  | $ | 8,181 |  |  | $ | 631,352 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Construction & land: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 25,539 |  |  | $ | 143,285 |  |  | $ | 60,953 |  |  | $ | 35,204 |  |  | $ | 13,554 |  |  | $ | 9,458 |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,369 |  |  | $ | 21,651 |  |  | $ | 325,013 |
Pass/Watch |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 2,256 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,650 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 566 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 566 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |
Total construction & land |  | $ | 25,539 |  |  | $ | 143,285 |  |  | $ | 62,913 |  |  | $ | 37,648 |  |  | $ | 13,554 |  |  | $ | 9,474 |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,369 |  |  | $ | 21,651 |  |  | $ | 329,433 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Multifamily: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 1,362 |  |  | $ | 47,809 |  |  | $ | 36,731 |  |  | $ | 12,973 |  |  | $ | 2,723 |  |  | $ | 6,060 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,572 |  |  | $ | 113,230 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,305 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,305 |
Total multifamily |  | $ | 1,362 |  |  | $ | 47,809 |  |  | $ | 36,731 |  |  | $ | 12,973 |  |  | $ | 4,028 |  |  | $ | 6,060 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,572 |  |  | $ | 114,535 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

28

|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Revolving |  | Total
Total commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 139,811 |  |  | $ | 375,019 |  |  | $ | 345,636 |  |  | $ | 276,792 |  |  | $ | 153,028 |  |  | $ | 326,857 |  |  |  |  | $ | 38,759 |  |  | $ | 88,261 |  |  | $ | 1,744,163 |
Pass/Watch |  | 605 |  |  | 909 |  |  | 990 |  |  | 2,413 |  |  | 1,457 |  |  | 25,179 |  |  |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 1,628 |  |  | 34,481 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | 4,037 |  |  | 3,017 |  |  | 7,103 |  |  | 1,793 |  |  | 4,391 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,341 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | — |  |  | 463 |  |  | 1,204 |  |  | 8,700 |  |  | 2,252 |  |  | 25,741 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,360 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,922 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,110 |
Total commercial real estate: |  | $ | 140,416 |  |  | $ | 380,428 |  |  | $ | 350,847 |  |  | $ | 295,196 |  |  | $ | 158,530 |  |  | $ | 387,090 |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,059 |  |  | $ | 89,889 |  |  | $ | 1,842,455 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Residential real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 88,688 |  |  | $ | 572,932 |  |  | $ | 118,264 |  |  | $ | 38,618 |  |  | $ | 38,835 |  |  | $ | 152,436 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,670 |  |  | $ | 14,804 |  |  | $ | 1,026,247 |
Pass/Watch |  | 173 |  |  | 4,881 |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  | 4,808 |  |  |  |  | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,419 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 256 |  |  | 1,478 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,734 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | 5,706 |  |  | 3,240 |  |  | 2,223 |  |  | 3,942 |  |  | 5,408 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 20,554 |
Total residential real estate |  | $ | 88,861 |  |  | $ | 583,519 |  |  | $ | 121,532 |  |  | $ | 40,841 |  |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 164,250 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,849 |  |  | $ | 14,839 |  |  | $ | 1,059,074 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Public Finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 31,609 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,980 |  |  | $ | 178,130 |  |  | $ | 203,950 |  |  | $ | 137,539 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 595,210 |
Pass/Watch |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,634 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,634 |
Total public finance |  | $ | 31,609 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,980 |  |  | $ | 178,130 |  |  | $ | 211,584 |  |  | $ | 137,539 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 602,844 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 2,387 |  |  | $ | 2,590 |  |  | $ | 5,646 |  |  | $ | 9,846 |  |  | $ | 3,674 |  |  | $ | 2,760 |  |  |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 9,968 |  |  | $ | 36,937 |
Pass/Watch |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 159 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 679 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total consumer |  | $ | 2,392 |  |  | $ | 2,652 |  |  | $ | 5,780 |  |  | $ | 9,954 |  |  | $ | 3,861 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |  |  |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 10,019 |  |  | $ | 37,681 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 268 |
Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  | $ | 7,808 |  |  | $ | 13,662 |  |  | $ | 6,061 |  |  | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 10,244 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,935 |  |  | $ | 117,017 |  |  | $ | 167,828 |
Pass/Watch |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,332 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,391 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,723 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,727 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,727 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,398 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 434 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,832 |
Total other |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  | $ | 7,808 |  |  | $ | 21,119 |  |  | $ | 6,061 |  |  | $ | 2,832 |  |  | $ | 10,244 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,369 |  |  | $ | 117,017 |  |  | $ | 178,110 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

29

|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Revolving |  | Total
Total loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 570,570 |  |  | $ | 1,438,813 |  |  | $ | 915,273 |  |  | $ | 663,618 |  |  | $ | 445,219 |  |  | $ | 678,635 |  |  |  |  | $ | 72,047 |  |  | $ | 1,033,353 |  |  | $ | 5,817,528 |
Pass/Watch |  | 9,954 |  |  | 8,374 |  |  | 10,470 |  |  | 4,997 |  |  | 13,502 |  |  | 31,772 |  |  |  |  | 1,647 |  |  | 70,504 |  |  | 151,220 |
Special Mention |  | 3,526 |  |  | 42,918 |  |  | 33,821 |  |  | 8,401 |  |  | 2,733 |  |  | 6,930 |  |  |  |  | 199 |  |  | 7,662 |  |  | 106,190 |
Substandard - Accruing |  | 635 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 9,579 |  |  | 14,588 |  |  | 3,658 |  |  | 29,541 |  |  |  |  | 3,341 |  |  | 2,247 |  |  | 64,052 |
Substandard - Nonaccrual |  | — |  |  | 5,706 |  |  | 8,819 |  |  | 9,067 |  |  | 4,738 |  |  | 10,725 |  |  |  |  | 434 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 39,620 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 570 |  |  | 35 |  |  |  |  | 250 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 912 |
Total loans |  | $ | 584,685 |  |  | $ | 1,496,274 |  |  | $ | 977,962 |  |  | $ | 700,671 |  |  | $ | 470,420 |  |  | $ | 757,638 |  |  |  |  | $ | 77,918 |  |  | $ | 1,113,954 |  |  | $ | 6,179,522 |
Gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 407 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 398 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,993 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 4,019 |

The following table presents the credit risk profile of our loan portfolio based on our rating categories as of December 31, 2022, which is prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2023 and continue to be reported under ASC 310, Receivables. For a description of these risk ratings, please see our 2022 Annual Report. Amounts are presented at unpaid principal balance.

| Non-Classified |  | Classified |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 2,969,786 |  |  | $ | 55,288 |  |  | $ | 3,025,074 |
Commercial real estate | 1,715,415 |  |  | 37,945 |  |  | 1,753,360 |
Residential real estate | 1,096,108 |  |  | 10,685 |  |  | 1,106,793 |
Consumer | 43,592 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 43,706 |
Total loans | $ | 5,824,901 |  |  | $ | 104,032 |  |  | $ | 5,928,933 |

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The following table presents information about collateral dependent loans that were individually evaluated for purposes of determining the ACL as of:

| Collateral Dependent Loans With Allowance |  | Collateral Dependent Loans With No Related Allowance |  | Total Collateral Dependent Loans
| Amortized Cost |  | Related Allowance |  | Amortized Cost |  | Amortized Cost |  | Related Allowance
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial & industrial | $ | 11,991 |  |  | $ | 4,794 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 12,035 |  |  | $ | 4,794 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | 96 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 4,086 |  |  | 4,182 |  |  | 22 |
Owner occupied | 614 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 740 |  |  | 188 |
Construction and land | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | 188 |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate | 710 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 4,400 |  |  | 5,110 |  |  | 210 |
Residential real estate | 1,304 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 19,250 |  |  | 20,554 |  |  | 74 |
Consumer | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | — |
Total loans | $ | 14,006 |  |  | $ | 5,079 |  |  | $ | 26,526 |  |  | $ | 40,532 |  |  | $ | 5,079 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial & industrial | $ | 6,330 |  |  | $ | 1,101 |  |  | $ | 3,164 |  |  | $ | 9,494 |  |  | $ | 1,101 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | 115 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 2,033 |  |  | 2,148 |  |  | 36 |
Owner occupied | 681 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 5,256 |  |  | 5,937 |  |  | 153 |
Construction and land | — |  |  | — |  |  | 198 |  |  | 198 |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate | 796 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 7,487 |  |  | 8,283 |  |  | 189 |
Residential real estate | 836 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 9,779 |  |  | 10,615 |  |  | 34 |
Consumer | 91 |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 88 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475 |  |  | 475 |  |  | — |
Total loans | $ | 8,053 |  |  | $ | 1,412 |  |  | $ | 20,905 |  |  | $ | 28,958 |  |  | $ | 1,412 |

The allowance related to collateral dependent loans reported in the tables above includes qualitative adjustments applied to the loan portfolio that consider possible changes in circumstances that could ultimately impact credit losses and might not be reflected in historical data or forecasted data incorporated in the quantitative models.
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Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty:
The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon origination. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made at the time of a modification. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. Occasionally, the Company modifies loans by providing principal forgiveness that is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, the Company may allow a loan to go interest only for a specified period of time.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, no loans received a material modification based on borrower financial difficulty.
NOTE 5 - Mortgage Servicing Rights
We have investments in mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) that result from the sale of loans to the secondary market for which we retain the servicing. We account for these MSRs at their fair value. A primary risk associated with MSRs is the potential reduction in fair value as a result of higher than anticipated prepayments due to loan refinancing prompted, in part, by declining interest rates or government intervention. Conversely, these assets generally increase in value in a rising interest rate environment to the extent that prepayments are slower than anticipated. We utilize derivatives as economic hedges to offset changes in the fair value of the MSRs resulting from the actual or anticipated changes in prepayments stemming from changing interest rate environments.
The unpaid principal loan balance of our servicing portfolio is presented in the following table as of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Federal National Mortgage Association | $ | 2,486,363 |  |  | $ | 2,517,434 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation | 1,720,075 |  |  | 1,630,403 |
Government National Mortgage Association | 1,071,769 |  |  | 916,455 |
Federal Home Loan Bank | 106,410 |  |  | 111,699 |
Other | 1,278 |  |  | 1,413 |
Total | $ | 5,385,895 |  |  | $ | 5,177,404 |

The activity of MSRs carried at fair value is as follows:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 78,390 |  |  | $ | 66,047 |  |  | $ | 74,097 |  |  | $ | 47,392 |  |  |  |  |
Additions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing resulting from transfers of financial assets | 2,690 |  |  | 3,489 |  |  | 7,634 |  |  | 11,681 |  |  |  |  |
Changes in fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due to changes in valuation inputs or assumptions used in the valuation model | 1,762 |  |  | 6,270 |  |  | 4,440 |  |  | 21,142 |  |  |  |  |
Changes in fair value due to pay-offs, pay-downs, and runoff | (1,806) |  |  | (1,956) |  |  | (5,135) |  |  | (6,365) |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 81,036 |  |  | $ | 73,850 |  |  | $ | 81,036 |  |  | $ | 73,850 |  |  |  |  |

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The following represents the weighted-average key assumptions used to estimate the fair value of MSRs as of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | September 30, 2022 |  |
Discount rate | 10.27 | % |  | 9.85 | % |  | 9.34 | % |  |
Total prepayment speeds | 7.30 | % |  | 7.40 | % |  | 7.43 | % |  |
Cost of servicing each loan | $90/per loan |  | $88/per loan |  | $87/per loan |  |

Total servicing and ancillary fees earned from the mortgage servicing portfolio is presented in the following table:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Servicing fees | $ | 3,758 |  |  | $ | 4,111 |  |  | $ | 11,064 |  |  | $ | 10,807 |  |  |  |  |
Late and ancillary fees | 196 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 550 |  |  | 264 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 3,954 |  |  | $ | 4,234 |  |  | $ | 11,614 |  |  | $ | 11,071 |  |  |  |  |

NOTE 6 - Derivative Financial Instruments
Banking Derivative Financial Instruments:
We use fair value hedges to seek to manage our exposure to changes in the fair value of certain recognized assets attributable to changes in a benchmark interest rate, such as SOFR. The fair value hedges were determined to be effective during all periods presented and we expect the hedges to remain effective during their remaining terms.
Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service we provide to certain customers. We execute interest rate swaps with banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously offset by derivatives that we execute with a third party, such that we minimize our net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.
Derivative instruments are measured at fair value and recorded as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities.
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The components of our banking derivative financial instruments consisted of the following as of:

| Number of Transactions |  | Expiration Dates |  | Outstanding Notional |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Products | 32 |  | 2028 - 2036 |  | $ | 198,424 |  |  | $ | 19,246 |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Products | 45 |  | 2023 - 2037 |  | $ | 397,422 |  |  | $ | 30,938 |  |  |
Other | 1 |  | 2025 |  | $ | 14,638 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Products | 45 |  | 2023 - 2037 |  | $ | 397,422 |  |  | $ | 30,319 |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Products | 32 |  | 2028-2036 |  | $ | 201,906 |  |  | $ | 15,636 |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Products | 41 |  | 2024-2037 |  | $ | 338,770 |  |  | $ | 24,615 |  |  |
Other | 1 |  | 2025 |  | $ | 14,638 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Products | 41 |  | 2024-2037 |  | $ | 338,770 |  |  | $ | 24,242 |  |  |

We recorded gains and losses on banking derivative assets and liabilities as follows:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Recorded gain on banking derivative assets | $ | 10,700 |  |  | $ | 15,123 |  |  | $ | 15,745 |  |  | $ | 30,192 |  |  |  |  |
Recorded loss on banking derivative liabilities | $ | (10,263) |  |  | $ | (14,771) |  |  | $ | (15,494) |  |  | $ | (29,095) |  |  |  |  |

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our banking derivative financial instruments not designated as hedging instruments generated fee income of $111 and $492, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 our banking derivative financial instruments not designated as hedging instruments generated fee income of $1,079, and $1,294, respectively.
The carrying amount of hedged loans receivable as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $182,447 and $181,377, respectively. The cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged loans receivable as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $(14,249) and $(12,752), respectively.
The carrying amount of hedged securities available-for-sale as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $35,449 and $35,869, respectively. The cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment, net of tax included in other comprehensive income (loss) as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $3,768, and $2,174, respectively.
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Credit-risk-related Contingent Features:
We have agreements with each of our derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if we either default or are capable of being declared in default on any of our indebtedness, then we could also be declared in default on our derivative obligations.
We also have agreements with our derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if we fail to maintain our status as a well-capitalized institution, then our derivative counterparties have the right but not the obligation to terminate existing swaps. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance risk, related to these agreements was $31,061 and $24,677, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have minimum collateral posting thresholds with our derivative counterparties and have posted collateral of $10,890 and $8,790, respectively. If we had breached any of these provisions at September 30, 2023, we could have been required to settle our obligations under the agreements at their termination value of $31,061.
Mortgage Banking Derivative Financial Instruments:
The components of our mortgage banking derivative financial instruments consisted of the following as of:

| Expiration Dates |  | Outstanding Notional |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLC) | 2023 |  | $ | 57,868 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  |
Forward MBS trades | 2023 |  | $ | 74,000 |  |  | $ | 568 |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 2023 |  | $ | 18,800 |  |  | $ | 1,274 |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward MBS trades | 2023 |  | $ | 85,000 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 2023 |  | $ | 21,800 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLC) | 2023 |  | $ | 52,533 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  |

We recorded gains and losses on mortgage banking derivative assets and liabilities as follows:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Recorded gain on mortgage banking derivative assets | $ | 955 |  |  | $ | 3,277 |  |  | $ | 651 |  |  | $ | 5,189 |  |  |  |  |
Recorded loss on mortgage banking derivative liabilities | $ | (3,459) |  |  | $ | (2,844) |  |  | $ | (3,499) |  |  | $ | (16,940) |  |  |  |  |

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NOTE 7 - Deposits
The composition of our deposits is as follows as of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Noninterest-bearing demand deposit accounts | $ | 1,610,650 |  |  | $ | 1,820,490 |
Interest-bearing deposit accounts: |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand accounts | 440,845 |  |  | 212,357 |
Savings accounts and money market accounts | 2,476,097 |  |  | 2,759,969 |
NOW accounts | 35,686 |  |  | 50,224 |
Certificate of deposit accounts: |  |  |
Less than $100 | 744,026 |  |  | 241,322 |
$100 through $250 | 554,307 |  |  | 270,790 |
Greater than $250 | 478,236 |  |  | 409,910 |
Total interest-bearing deposit accounts | 4,729,197 |  |  | 3,944,572 |
Total deposits | $ | 6,339,847 |  |  | $ | 5,765,062 |

The following table summarizes the interest expense incurred on our deposits:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposit accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand accounts | $ | 3,709 |  |  | $ | 449 |  |  | $ | 6,929 |  |  | $ | 733 |  |  |  |  |
Savings accounts and money market accounts | 8,677 |  |  | 1,859 |  |  | 20,555 |  |  | 4,095 |  |  |  |  |
NOW accounts | 104 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 115 |  |  |  |  |
Certificate of deposit accounts | 18,406 |  |  | 920 |  |  | 38,078 |  |  | 2,077 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing deposit accounts | $ | 30,896 |  |  | $ | 3,274 |  |  | $ | 65,804 |  |  | $ | 7,020 |  |  |  |  |

The remaining maturity on certificate of deposit accounts is as follows as of:

| September 30, 2023
Remainder of 2023 | $ | 300,939 |
2024 | 1,345,270 |
2025 | 112,113 |
2026 | 9,038 |
2027 | 4,081 |
2028 | 2,527 |
Thereafter | 2,601 |
Total certificate of deposit accounts | $ | 1,776,569 |

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NOTE 8 - Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase
Information concerning securities sold under agreements to repurchase is as follows as of and for the periods ended:

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Amount outstanding at period-end | $ | 25,868 |  |  | $ | 36,721 |
Average daily balance during the period | $ | 29,953 |  |  | $ | 54,335 |
Average interest rate during the period | 0.77 | % |  | 0.27 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the period | $ | 40,432 |  |  | $ | 70,838 |
Weighted average interest rate at period-end | 0.90 | % |  | 0.42 | %

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, such agreements were secured by investment and mortgage-related securities with an approximate carrying amount of $30,934 and $48,931, respectively. Pledged securities are maintained by safekeeping agents at the direction of the Bank. Our agreements to repurchase generally mature daily, and are considered to be in an overnight and continuous position.
NOTE 9 - Debt
FHLB advances
The following is a breakdown of our FHLB advances and other borrowings outstanding as of:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Amount |  | Rate |  |  |  | Amount |  | Rate |  |
Variable rate line-of-credit advance |  | $ | 330,000 |  |  | 5.49% |  |  |  | $ | 643,885 |  |  | 4.48% |  |

The advances were collateralized by $1,659,712 and $1,630,939 of loans pledged to the FHLB as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank had total borrowing capacity with the FHLB that is based on qualified collateral lending values of $1,213,992 and $1,139,356, respectively. Our additional borrowing availability with the FHLB at September 30, 2023 was $1,051,446. These borrowings can be in the form of additional term advances or a line-of-credit.
FRB advances
We also had a $1,980,993 line-of-credit with the FRB. The agreement bears interest at the Fed Funds target rate plus 0.50% and is secured by $2,468,593 of investment securities and loans pledged to the FRB as collateral. No amounts were drawn on the line-of-credit as of September 30, 2023.
Other borrowings
We have lines-of-credit with certain other financial institutions totaling $105,000 as of September 30, 2023. No amounts were drawn on these lines-of-credit at September 30, 2023.
Convertible Notes Payable
On August 31, 2023, the convertible notes of $5,456 matured and were repaid in full. As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding convertible notes of $5,456. The annual interest rate on these convertible notes was 3.29% with quarterly interest payments. With respect to conversion, each $1 (in thousands) principal amount of the convertible notes can be converted to 15.6717 shares of Parent Company common stock at any time until maturity. The conversion feature was not exercised at maturity.
Accretion for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $25 and $38, respectively. Accretion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $101 and $1,093, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the debt discount on the convertible notes was $101.
37

Subordinated Debt
Subordinated Notes - 2020
In June and August 2020, we issued a total of $40,000 subordinated notes. The notes pay interest at a fixed rate of 6.00% through June 30, 2025 and subsequently, until maturity, pay interest at a floating rate of three month term SOFR plus 5.89%, reset quarterly. Interest is payable on July 1 and January 1 of each year. Such notes are due on July 1, 2030. The notes are not redeemable within the first five years of issuance, except under certain very limited conditions. After five years, we may redeem the notes at our discretion. We incurred and capitalized $933 of costs related to the issuance of the subordinated notes. The amortization associated with the capitalized issuance costs is not significant for the periods presented.
Subordinated Note - 2022
On January 13, 2022, we issued a subordinated note totaling $25,000. The note pays interest at a fixed rate of 3.375% through January 15, 2027 and subsequently, until maturity, pays interest at a floating rate of three month term SOFR plus 2.03%, reset quarterly. Interest is payable on July 15 and January 15 of each year. Such note is due on January 15, 2032. The note is not redeemable within the first five years of issuance, except under certain very limited conditions. After five years, we may redeem the note at our discretion. We incurred and capitalized $534 of costs related to the issuance of the subordinated note. The amortization associated with the capitalized issuance costs is not significant for the periods presented.
Trust preferred securities
We have issued $9,279 in trust preferred securities through a special-purpose trust, New Mexico Banquest Capital Trust I (“NMBCT I”). In addition, we have issued $4,640 in trust preferred securities through a special purpose trust, New Mexico Banquest Capital Trust II (“NMBCT II”, and together with NMBCT I, collectively referred to as “NMBCT Trusts”). Interest is payable quarterly at a rate of three-month LIBOR (which was amended to three-month term SOFR as of June 30, 2023) plus 3.35% (8.51% and 5.60% as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively) for the trust preferred securities issued through NMBCT I and at a rate of three-month LIBOR (which was amended to three-month term SOFR as of June 30, 2023) plus 2.00% (7.39% and 4.96% as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively) for the trust preferred securities issued through NMBCT II.
This subordinated debt of $13,919 was originally recorded at a discount of $4,293. The accretion associated with the fair value discount is not significant for the periods presented.
The Parent Company fully and unconditionally guarantees the obligations of the NMBCT Trusts on a subordinated basis. The trust preferred securities issued through the NMBCT Trusts are mandatorily redeemable upon the maturity of the debentures on December 19, 2032 and November 23, 2034, respectively, and are optionally redeemable, in part or in whole, by the Parent Company at each quarterly interest payment date. The Parent Company owns all of the outstanding common securities of the NMBCT Trusts, which have an aggregate liquidation valuation amount of $419 and is recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The NMBCT Trusts are considered variable interest entities. Since the Parent Company is not the primary beneficiary of the NMBCT Trusts, the financial statements of the NMBCT Trusts are not included in our consolidated financial statements.
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NOTE 10 - Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share, excluding dilution, is computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders’ by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that could then share in our earnings.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share of common stock:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net income applicable to common stockholders | $ | 25,232 |  |  | $ | 26,513 |  |  | $ | 79,519 |  |  | $ | 34,612 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 24,942,389 |  |  | 24,877,607 |  |  | 24,933,168 |  |  | 22,685,496 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based awards | 415,418 |  |  | 531,208 |  |  | 432,129 |  |  | 596,437 |  |  |  |  |
Convertible notes payable | — |  |  | 85,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average diluted common shares | 25,357,807 |  |  | 25,494,315 |  |  | 25,365,297 |  |  | 23,281,933 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.01 |  |  | $ | 1.07 |  |  | $ | 3.19 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based awards | (0.01) |  |  | (0.03) |  |  | (0.06) |  |  | (0.04) |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 3.13 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  |  |  |

Shares of common stock not considered in computing diluted earnings per share because they were antidilutive were as follows:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Stock-based awards | — |  |  | 845 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,828 |  |  |  |  |
Convertible notes payable | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,500 |  |  |  |  |

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NOTE 11 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table sets forth the components in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | (48,977) |  |  | $ | (40,535) |  |  | $ | (46,157) |  |  | $ | 1,664 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss | (9,381) |  |  | (6,613) |  |  | (13,117) |  |  | (62,473) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax effect | 2,292 |  |  | 1,506 |  |  | 3,208 |  |  | 15,167 |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized loss | (7,089) |  |  | (5,107) |  |  | (9,909) |  |  | (47,306) |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | (56,066) |  |  | $ | (45,642) |  |  | $ | (56,066) |  |  | $ | (45,642) |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges of securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 2,478 |  |  | $ | 1,098 |  |  | $ | 2,174 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain | 1,707 |  |  | 1,821 |  |  | 2,110 |  |  | 3,211 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax effect | (417) |  |  | (383) |  |  | (516) |  |  | (675) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain | 1,290 |  |  | 1,438 |  |  | 1,594 |  |  | 2,536 |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 3,768 |  |  | $ | 2,536 |  |  | $ | 3,768 |  |  | $ | 2,536 |  |  |  |  |

NOTE 12 - Stockholders’ Equity
Equity Incentive Plans:
2017 Equity Incentive Plan
The 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and other stock awards to its employees, directors and consultants for up to 1,977,292 shares of FirstSun common stock in the aggregate.
The following table presents stock options outstanding at September 30, 2023. There were no exercises, grants or forfeitures during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023:

| Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price, per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, end of period | 1,307,915 |  |  | $ | 20.23 |  |  | 4.51
Options vested or expected to vest | 1,307,915 |  |  | $ | 20.23 |  |  |
Options exercisable, end of period | 1,261,539 |  |  | $ | 20.11 |  |  | 4.42

At September 30, 2023, there was $243 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options. The unrecognized compensation cost at September 30, 2023 is expected to be recognized over the following two years. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the intrinsic value of the stock options was $11,891 and $21,216, respectively.
2021 Equity Incentive Plan
The FirstSun Capital Bancorp 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and other stock awards to its employees, directors and consultants for up to 2,476,571 shares of FirstSun common stock in the aggregate. Additionally, we established the FirstSun Capital Bancorp Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”), which became effective April 1, 2022. The LTIP is intended to
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qualify as a “top-hat” plan under ERISA that is unfunded and provides benefits only to a select group of management or highly compensated employees of FirstSun or the Bank.
In May 2022, we issued 11,344 shares of restricted stock that were fully vested in May 2023. In May 2023, we issued 15,007 shares of restricted stock that will fully vest in May 2024. At September 30, 2023, there was $236 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested restricted stock.
In May 2023, we issued performance-based restricted stock under the LTIP that, subject to the achievement of performance conditions, will fully vest in April 2026. At September 30, 2023, we determined it is probable that 100,373 shares will be issued based upon the probability that the performance conditions will be achieved. At September 30, 2023, there was $2,342 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested restricted stock granted on these probable shares.
In May 2022, we issued performance-based restricted stock under the LTIP that, subject to the achievement of performance conditions, will fully vest in April 2025. At September 30, 2023, we determined it is probable that 68,881 shares will be issued based upon the probability that the performance conditions will be achieved. At September 30, 2023, there was $1,225 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested restricted stock granted on these probable shares.
For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recorded total compensation cost from the 2017 and 2021 Plans of $660 and $473, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recorded total compensation cost from the 2017 and 2021 Plans of $1,743 and $1,093, respectively.
Acquired Equity Incentive Plans
In conjunction with the Pioneer acquisition, we assumed certain options that had been granted under Pioneer’s option plans. All assumed options were fully vested and exercisable. No further options will be granted under the Pioneer plans. The following table presents option activity:

| For the three months ended September 30, 2023 |  | For the nine months ended September 30, 2023
| Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price, per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price, per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, beginning of period | 156,095 |  |  | $ | 23.67 |  |  |  |  | 170,711 |  |  | $ | 23.19 |  |  |
Exercised | (22,972) |  |  | 26.84 |  |  |  |  | (32,107) |  |  | 24.26 |  |  |
Forfeited | (1,044) |  |  | 27.30 |  |  |  |  | (6,525) |  |  | 20.04 |  |  |
Outstanding, vested, and exercisable, end of period | 132,079 |  |  | $ | 23.09 |  |  | 4.1 |  | 132,079 |  |  | $ | 23.09 |  |  | 4.1

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the intrinsic value of the stock options was $823 and $2,263, respectively.
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NOTE 13 - Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes in interim periods requires us to make a best estimate of the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full year, adjusted for any discrete items for the applicable period. This estimated effective tax rate is then applied to interim consolidated pre-tax operating income to determine the interim provision for income taxes.
The provision for income tax is summarized as follows:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 6,762 |  |  | $ | 7,628 |  |  | $ | 21,557 |  |  | $ | 8,559 |  |  |  |  |
Effective tax provision rate | 21.1 | % |  | 22.3 | % |  | 21.3 | % |  | 19.8 | % |  |  |  |

We do not believe that we have any material uncertain tax positions, and do not expect any material changes during the next twelve months.
NOTE 14 - Regulatory Capital Matters
Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action.
Under the Basel III rules, the Parent Company and the Bank must hold a capital conservation buffer above the adequately capitalized risk-based capital ratios. The fully phased in capital conservation buffer is 2.50% for all periods presented.
The net unrealized gain or loss on available for sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. As of September 30, 2023, both the Parent Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject.
Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.
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Actual and required capital amounts for the Parent Company are as follows as of:

| Actual |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | To be Well- Capitalized under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
| Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 925,781 |  |  | 12.93 | % |  | $ | 572,594 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 772,583 |  |  | 10.79 | % |  | $ | 429,446 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1) to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 772,583 |  |  | 10.79 | % |  | $ | 322,084 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets: | $ | 772,583 |  |  | 10.37 | % |  | $ | 298,033 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 829,712 |  |  | 11.99 | % |  | $ | 553,440 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 687,602 |  |  | 9.94 | % |  | $ | 415,080 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1) to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 687,602 |  |  | 9.94 | % |  | $ | 311,310 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets: | $ | 687,602 |  |  | 9.71 | % |  | $ | 283,353 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A

Actual and required capital amounts for the Bank are as follows as of:

| Actual |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | To be Well- Capitalized under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
| Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 889,647 |  |  | 12.46 | % |  | $ | 571,423 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 714,279 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 811,628 |  |  | 11.36 | % |  | $ | 428,568 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 571,423 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1) to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 811,628 |  |  | 11.36 | % |  | $ | 321,426 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 464,281 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets: | $ | 811,628 |  |  | 10.89 | % |  | $ | 298,059 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 372,573 |  |  | 5.00 | %
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 815,335 |  |  | 11.81 | % |  | $ | 552,237 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 690,296 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 748,105 |  |  | 10.84 | % |  | $ | 414,177 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 552,237 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1) to risk-weighted assets: | $ | 748,105 |  |  | 10.84 | % |  | $ | 310,633 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 448,692 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets: | $ | 748,105 |  |  | 10.56 | % |  | $ | 283,245 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 354,056 |  |  | 5.00 | %

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NOTE 15 - Fair Value Measurements
We utilize fair value measurements to record or disclose the fair value on certain assets and liabilities. Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The determination of fair values of financial instruments often requires the use of estimates. In cases where quoted market values in an active market are not available, we use present value techniques and other valuation methods to estimate the fair values of our financial instruments. These valuation models rely on market-based parameters when available, such as interest rate yield curves or credit spreads. Unobservable inputs may be based on management’s judgement assumptions and estimates related to credit quality, our future earnings, interest rates and other relevant inputs. These valuation methods require considerable judgement and the resulting estimates of fair value can be significantly affected by the assumptions made and the methods used.
ASC Topic 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The hierarchy is based on the transparency of the inputs used in the valuation process with the highest priority given to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs where no active market exists. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, credit risks, etc.) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own beliefs about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.
A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input within the valuation hierarchy that is significant to the overall fair value measurement. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the end of the reporting period.
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The following table sets forth our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of:

| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  |
| Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets |  | Significant other observable inputs |  | Significant unobservable inputs |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities | $ | 52,853 |  |  | $ | 443,139 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 495,992 |
Loans held-for-sale | — |  |  | 51,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,465 |
Mortgage servicing rights | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,036 |  |  | 81,036 |
Derivative financial instruments - assets | — |  |  | 50,815 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,815 |
Derivative financial instruments - liabilities | — |  |  | (31,593) |  |  | — |  |  | (31,593) |
Total | $ | 52,853 |  |  | $ | 513,826 |  |  | $ | 81,036 |  |  | $ | 647,715 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities | $ | 56,649 |  |  | $ | 480,324 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 536,973 |
Loans held-for-sale | — |  |  | 57,323 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,323 |
Mortgage servicing rights | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74,097 |  |  | 74,097 |
Derivative financial instruments - assets | — |  |  | 40,287 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,287 |
Derivative financial instruments - liabilities | — |  |  | (24,527) |  |  | — |  |  | (24,527) |
Total | $ | 56,649 |  |  | $ | 553,407 |  |  | $ | 74,097 |  |  | $ | 684,153 |

For further details on our Level 3 inputs related to MSRs, see Note 5 - Mortgage Servicing Rights.
The following table presents a reconciliation for our Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 78,390 |  |  | $ | 66,047 |  |  | $ | 74,097 |  |  | $ | 47,392 |  |  |  |  |
Total (losses) gains included in earnings | (44) |  |  | 4,314 |  |  | (695) |  |  | 14,777 |  |  |  |  |
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuances | 2,690 |  |  | 3,489 |  |  | 7,634 |  |  | 11,681 |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 81,036 |  |  | $ | 73,850 |  |  | $ | 81,036 |  |  | $ | 73,850 |  |  |  |  |

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Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are regularly measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances. Financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the reported periods include certain collateral dependent loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral and other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, which, upon initial recognition, were remeasured and reported at fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent to their initial recognition, were remeasured at fair value through a write-down included in other non-interest expense. The following table sets forth our assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of:

| Level 3
| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Collateral dependent loans: |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 7,197 |  |  | $ | 5,229 |
Commercial real estate | 500 |  |  | 607 |
Residential real estate | 1,230 |  |  | 802 |
Consumer | — |  |  | 3 |
Total collateral dependent loans | $ | 8,927 |  |  | $ | 6,641 |
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, net: |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 7,428 |  |  | $ | 5,391 |
Residential real estate | 967 |  |  | 967 |
Total other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, net: | $ | 8,395 |  |  | $ | 6,358 |

The fair value of the financial assets in the table above utilize the market approach valuation technique, with discount adjustments for differences between comparable sales.
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Fair value of financial instruments not carried at fair value:
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments not carried at fair value are as follows as of:

|  |  | Estimated Fair Value
| Carrying Value |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 443,887 |  |  | $ | 443,887 |  |  | $ | 443,887 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities held-to-maturity | 37,410 |  |  | 30,792 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,792 |  |  | — |
Loans (excluding collateral dependent loans at fair value) | 6,170,595 |  |  | 6,036,398 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,036,398 |
Restricted equity securities | 35,396 |  |  | 35,396 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,396 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable | 37,218 |  |  | 37,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,328 |  |  | 34,890 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits (excluding demand deposits) | $ | 4,288,352 |  |  | $ | 4,273,238 |  |  | $ | 2,511,783 |  |  | $ | 1,761,455 |  |  | $ | — |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 25,868 |  |  | 25,868 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,868 |  |  | — |
FHLB advances | 330,000 |  |  | 330,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 330,000 |  |  | — |
Subordinated debt, net | 75,180 |  |  | 70,934 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,934 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest payable | 9,862 |  |  | 9,862 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,862 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 343,526 |  |  | $ | 343,526 |  |  | $ | 343,526 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities held-to-maturity | 38,901 |  |  | 33,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,218 |  |  | — |
Loans (excluding impaired loans) | 5,871,274 |  |  | 5,756,197 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,756,197 |
Restricted equity securities | 50,215 |  |  | 50,215 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,215 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable | 28,543 |  |  | 28,543 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,049 |  |  | 26,494 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits (excluding demand deposits) | $ | 3,732,215 |  |  | $ | 3,696,438 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,696,438 |  |  | $ | — |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 36,721 |  |  | 36,721 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,721 |  |  | — |
FHLB advances | 643,885 |  |  | 643,885 |  |  | — |  |  | 643,885 |  |  | — |
Convertible notes payable, net | 5,355 |  |  | 5,329 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,329 |  |  | — |
Subordinated debt, net | 74,880 |  |  | 71,618 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,618 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest payable | 5,798 |  |  | 5,798 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,798 |  |  | — |

NOTE 16 - Segment Information
Our operations are conducted through two operating segments: Banking and Mortgage Operations. Corporate represents costs not allocated to the operating segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in business activity from which revenues are earned and expenses are incurred for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by executive management in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Operating segments have been determined based on the products and services offered and reflect the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by management. Each segment operates under the same banking charter, but is reported on a segmented basis for this report. Each of the operating segments is complementary to each other and because of the interrelationship of the segments, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities.
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The Banking segment originates loans and provides deposits and fee based services to consumer, business, and mortgage lending customers. Products offered include a full range of commercial and consumer banking and financial services. The interest income on loans held-for-investment is recognized in the Banking segment, excluding newly originated residential first mortgages within the Mortgage Operations segment.
The Mortgage Operations segment originates, sells, services, and manages market risk from changes in interest rates on one-to-four family residential mortgage loans to sell or hold on our balance sheet. Loans originated-to-sell comprise the majority of the lending activity. The Mortgage Operations segment recognizes interest income on loans that are held-for-sale and newly originated residential mortgages held-for-investment, the gains from one to four family residential mortgage sales, and revenue for servicing loans and other ancillary fees following a sales transaction. Revenue from servicing activities is earned on a contractual fee basis. The Mortgage Operations segment services loans for the held-for-investment portfolio, for which it earns revenue via an intercompany service fee allocation which appears as a cost to Banking in mortgage fees. Forward traded loan purchases and sales settlements as well as mortgage servicing rights and related fair value adjustments are reported in this segment.
Corporate represents miscellaneous other expenses of a corporate nature as well as revenue and expenses not directly assigned or allocated to the Banking or Mortgage Operations segments. The majority of executive management’s time is spent managing operating segments; related costs have been allocated between the operating segments and Corporate.
Revenues are comprised of net interest income before the provision (benefit) for credit losses and noninterest income. Noninterest expenses are allocated to each operating segment. Provision for credit losses is primarily allocated to the Banking segment. Allocation methodologies may be subject to periodic adjustment as management systems evolve and/or the business or product lines within the segments change.
Significant segment totals are reconciled to the financial statements as follows for the three months ended September 30,:

| Banking |  | Mortgage Operations |  | Corporate |  | Total Segments
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Summary of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (loss) | $ | 73,496 |  |  | $ | 1,171 |  |  | $ | (1,257) |  |  | $ | 73,410 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 6,319 |  |  | (2,429) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,890 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 5,475 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,475 |
Credit and debit card fees | 2,996 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,996 |
Trust and investment advisory fees | 1,398 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,398 |
Income from mortgage banking services, net | (526) |  |  | 7,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,413 |
Other noninterest income | 1,368 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,368 |
Total noninterest income | 10,711 |  |  | 7,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,650 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salary and employee benefits | 27,701 |  |  | 5,844 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 33,968 |
Occupancy and equipment | 7,449 |  |  | 707 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 8,216 |
Other noninterest expenses | 9,990 |  |  | 3,820 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 13,992 |
Total noninterest expense | 45,140 |  |  | 10,371 |  |  | 665 |  |  | 56,176 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 32,748 |  |  | $ | 1,168 |  |  | $ | (1,922) |  |  | $ | 31,994 |
Other Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense | $ | 1,567 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,624 |
Identifiable assets | $ | 6,824,853 |  |  | $ | 871,032 |  |  | $ | 60,990 |  |  | $ | 7,756,875 |

48

| Banking |  | Mortgage Operations |  | Corporate |  | Total Segments
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Summary of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (loss) | $ | 68,159 |  |  | $ | 1,492 |  |  | $ | (1,165) |  |  | $ | 68,486 |
Provision for credit losses | 3,223 |  |  | 527 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,750 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 4,807 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,807 |
Credit and debit card fees | 3,103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,103 |
Trust and investment advisory fees | 1,552 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,552 |
Income from mortgage banking services, net | (701) |  |  | 14,486 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,785 |
Other noninterest income | 1,706 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,706 |
Total noninterest income | 10,467 |  |  | 14,486 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,953 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salary and employee benefits | 23,210 |  |  | 8,922 |  |  | 376 |  |  | 32,508 |
Occupancy | 7,190 |  |  | 988 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 8,216 |
Other noninterest expenses | 11,146 |  |  | 3,314 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 14,824 |
Total noninterest expense | 41,546 |  |  | 13,224 |  |  | 778 |  |  | 55,548 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 33,857 |  |  | $ | 2,227 |  |  | $ | (1,943) |  |  | $ | 34,141 |
Other Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense | $ | 1,839 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,920 |
Identifiable assets | $ | 6,315,984 |  |  | $ | 693,473 |  |  | $ | 43,460 |  |  | $ | 7,052,917 |

49

Significant segment totals are reconciled to the financial statements as follows for the nine months ended September 30,:

| Banking |  | Mortgage Operations |  | Corporate |  | Total Segments
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Summary of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (loss) | $ | 220,608 |  |  | $ | 4,532 |  |  | $ | (3,778) |  |  | $ | 221,362 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 12,382 |  |  | (710) |  |  | — |  |  | 11,672 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 15,848 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,848 |
Credit and debit card fees | 9,033 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,034 |
Trust and investment advisory fees | 4,337 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,337 |
Income from mortgage banking services, net | (1,126) |  |  | 27,627 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,501 |
Other noninterest income | 6,151 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,151 |
Total noninterest income | 34,243 |  |  | 27,628 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,871 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salary and employee benefits | 81,667 |  |  | 19,868 |  |  | 1,538 |  |  | 103,073 |
Occupancy and equipment | 22,105 |  |  | 2,088 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 24,338 |
Other noninterest expenses | 30,293 |  |  | 11,155 |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | 43,074 |
Total noninterest expense | 134,065 |  |  | 33,111 |  |  | 3,309 |  |  | 170,485 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 108,404 |  |  | $ | (241) |  |  | $ | (7,087) |  |  | $ | 101,076 |
Other Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense | $ | 4,870 |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,047 |
Identifiable assets | $ | 6,824,853 |  |  | $ | 871,032 |  |  | $ | 60,990 |  |  | $ | 7,756,875 |

50

| Banking |  | Mortgage Operations |  | Corporate |  | Total Segments
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Summary of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (loss) | $ | 167,606 |  |  | $ | 5,193 |  |  | $ | (4,443) |  |  | $ | 168,356 |
Provision for credit losses | 9,853 |  |  | 2,597 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,450 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 13,111 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,111 |
Credit and debit card fees | 8,508 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,508 |
Trust and investment advisory fees | 5,408 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,408 |
Income from mortgage banking services, net | (1,972) |  |  | 41,989 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,017 |
Other noninterest income | 3,913 |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,904 |
Total noninterest income | 28,968 |  |  | 41,980 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,948 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salary and employee benefits | 69,880 |  |  | 30,854 |  |  | 1,247 |  |  | 101,981 |
Occupancy | 19,937 |  |  | 2,826 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 22,802 |
Other noninterest expenses | 46,203 |  |  | 10,439 |  |  | 2,258 |  |  | 58,900 |
Total noninterest expense | 136,020 |  |  | 44,119 |  |  | 3,544 |  |  | 183,683 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 50,701 |  |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | (7,987) |  |  | $ | 43,171 |
Other Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense | $ | 5,011 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,305 |
Identifiable assets | $ | 6,315,984 |  |  | $ | 693,473 |  |  | $ | 43,460 |  |  | $ | 7,052,917 |

51

NOTE 17 - Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
We are a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and documentary letters of credit and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party of these loan commitments and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. We use the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as we do for on-balance sheet financial instruments.
Undistributed portion of committed loans and unused lines of credit
Loan commitments are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no customer violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require a payment of a fee. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, commitments included the funding of fixed-rate loans totaling $187,807 and $218,309 and variable-rate loans totaling $1,650,615 and $1,727,246, respectively. The fixed-rate loan commitments have interest rates ranging from 1.00% to 18.00% at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and maturities ranging from 1 month to 19 years at September 30, 2023 and from 1 month to 15 years at December 31, 2022.
Standby letters of credit
Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Since many of the loan commitments and letters of credit expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. We evaluate each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary upon extension of credit, is based on our credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, owner occupied real estate, and/or income-producing commercial properties. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our standby letters of credit commitment totaled $23,977 and $17,426, respectively.
MPF Master Commitments
The Bank has previously executed MPF Master Commitments (Commitments) with the FHLB to deliver mortgage loans and to guarantee the payment of any realized losses that exceed the FHLB’s first loss account for mortgages delivered under the Commitments. The Bank receives credit enhancement fees from the FHLB for providing this guarantee and continuing to manage the credit risk of the MPF Program mortgage loans. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank considered the amount of any of its liability for the present value of the credit enhancement fees less any expected losses in the mortgages delivered under the Commitments to be immaterial, and has not recorded a liability and offsetting receivable. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the maximum potential amount of future payments that the Bank would have been required to make under the Commitments was $3,783, respectively. Under the Commitments, the Bank agrees to service the loans and therefore, is responsible for any necessary foreclosure proceedings. Any future recoveries on any losses would not be paid by the FHLB under the Commitments. The Bank has not experienced any material losses under these guarantees.
Contingencies
We generally sell loans to investors without recourse; therefore, the investors have assumed the risk of loss or default by the borrower. However, we are usually required by these investors to make certain standard representations and warranties relating to credit information, loan documentation, and collateral. To the extent that we do not comply with such representations, we may be required to repurchase the loans or indemnify these investors for any losses from borrower defaults. We establish reserves for potential losses related to these representations and warranties if deemed appropriate and such reserves would be recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities. In assessing the adequacy of the reserve, we evaluate various factors including actual write-offs during the period, historical loss experience, known delinquent and other problem loans, and economic trends and conditions in the industry.
From time to time, we are a defendant in various claims, legal actions, and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business. We periodically review all outstanding pending or threatened legal proceedings and determine if such matters will have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
52

Litigation
Overdraft Fee Litigation
On September 13, 2021, Samantha Besser filed a putative class action amended complaint against the Bank in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. The amended complaint alleges that the Bank improperly charged multiple insufficient funds or overdraft fees. Plaintiff seeks unspecified restitution, actual and statutory damages, costs, attorneys’ fees, pre-judgment interest, and other relief as the Court deems proper. On September 27, 2021, the Bank filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. The motion to dismiss has been fully pled and is before the Court for decision. At this time, the Bank is unable to reasonably estimate the final outcome of this litigation.
Wire Transfer Litigation
On November 5, 2021, urban-gro, Inc. (“UGI”) filed a complaint against the Bank in the Boulder County, Colorado District Court. The complaint alleged that the Bank negligently failed to follow contractual, internal, and industry-standard procedures with respect to six wire transfers, totaling approximately $5.1 million, from UGI’s deposit account at the Bank. The Bank denied UGI’s claims and filed various counterclaims against UGI, including negligence. The Bank and UGI consummated a Settlement and Release agreement, resulting in the March 29, 2023 dismissal of all claims in the lawsuit and no material financial impact to the Bank.
Check Fraud Litigation
Rodeo Electrical Services, Inc. and its owner (“RESI”) filed a civil action against the Bank on June 23, 2020 in the Santa Fe County, New Mexico District Court. The Complaint alleges the bank conspired with or otherwise aided a former RESI employee’s embezzlement of approximately $400,000 from RESI. The complaint seeks compensatory, exemplary, statutory, and punitive damages, as well as payment of RESI’s legal fees and expenses. The Bank’s position is that RESI’s claims against the Bank are legally barred by their failure to timely notify the Bank of transaction activity associated with the embezzlement scheme. The Bank’s motion for relief from the May 5, 2023 default judgment is now before the Court of Appeals. The case has been scheduled for a jury trial commencing on January 8, 2024. At this time, the Bank is unable to reasonably estimate the final outcome of this litigation.
We establish reserves for contingencies, including legal proceedings, when potential losses become probable and can be reasonably estimated. While the ultimate resolution of any legal proceedings, including the matters described above, cannot be determined at this time, based on information presently available, and after consultation with legal counsel, management believes that the ultimate outcome in these above legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial statements. It is possible, however, that future developments could result in an unfavorable outcome for or resolution of any of these proceedings, which may be material to our results of operations for a given fiscal period.
53

NOTE 18 - Lease Commitments
Our leases relate primarily to office space and bank branches with remaining lease terms of generally 1 to 15 years. Certain lease arrangements contain extension options which typically range from 5 to 10 years at the then fair market rental rates. As these extension options are not generally considered reasonably certain of exercise, they are not included in the lease term. For leases existing during transition from ASC 840 to ASC 842 at January 1, 2022, extension options were not considered in the remaining lease term.

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
ROU asset on leased property, gross | $ | 37,021 |  |  | $ | 35,212 |
Accumulated amortization | (11,047) |  |  | (6,808) |
ROU asset, net (included in Prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheets) | $ | 25,974 |  |  | $ | 28,404 |
Lease liability (Included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets) | $ | 28,360 |  |  | $ | 31,267 |
Weighted Average Remaining Life - Operating Leases | 5.63 |  | 5.92
Weighted Average Rate - Operating Leases | 2.07 | % |  | 1.81 | %

The following table reconciles future undiscounted lease payments due under non-cancelable operating leases to the aggregate operating lessee lease liability as of September 30, 2023:

Remainder of 2023 | $ | 7,434 |
2024 | 6,589 |
2025 | 4,789 |
2026 | 2,986 |
2027 | 2,549 |
2028 | 5,604 |
Thereafter | 232 |
Total undiscounted operating lease liability | 30,183 |
Imputed interest | 1,823 |
Total operating lease liability included in the accompanying balance sheet | $ | 28,360 |

Total lease expense for three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $1,888 and $2,063, respectively. Total lease expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $5,633 and $5,839, respectively. The components of total lease expense for the periods ended September 30, 2023 was as follows:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  |  |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2023 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |
Operating leases | $ | 1,887 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,642 |  |  |
Short-term leases | 60 |  |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |
Sublease income | (59) |  |  |  |  | (169) |  |  |
Net lease expense | $ | 1,888 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,633 |  |  |

We do not currently have any significant finance leases in which we are the lessee, material related-party leases, leases containing residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants.
54

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of FirstSun
In this section, unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “we,” “us,” and “our” mean the combined business of FirstSun and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Logia Portfolio Management, LLC and Sunflower Bank (the “Bank”).
The following discussion and analysis of FirstSun’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q as well as our audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in the 2022 Form 10-K that we filed with the SEC on March 16, 2023. Historical results of operations and the percentage relationships among any amounts included, and any trends that may appear, may not indicate trends in operations or results of operations for any future periods.
Comments regarding our business that are not historical facts are considered forward-looking statements that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements. For additional information regarding our cautionary disclosures, see the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” beginning on page 3 of this report.
General Overview
FirstSun Capital Bancorp, headquartered in Denver, Colorado, is the financial holding company for Sunflower Bank, National Association, which operates as Sunflower Bank, First National 1870 and Guardian Mortgage. We conduct a full service community banking and trust business through our wholly-owned subsidiaries—Sunflower Bank and Logia Portfolio Management, LLC.
We offer a full range of relationship-focused services to meet our clients’ personal, business and wealth management financial objectives, with a branch network in Texas, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona and mortgage capabilities in 43 states. Our product lines include commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, residential mortgage, public finance and other consumer loans, and a variety of commercial and consumer deposit products, including noninterest-bearing accounts, interest-bearing demand products, savings accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. We also offer wealth management and trust products including personal trust and agency accounts, employee benefit and retirement related trust and agency accounts, investment management and advisory agency accounts, and foundation and endowment trust and agency accounts. We also offer online banking and bill payment services, online cash management, safe deposit box rentals, debit card and ATM card services and the availability of a network of ATMs for our customers.
We operate FirstSun through two operating segments: Banking and Mortgage Operations. We also allocate certain expenses to Corporate, which is not an operating segment. The expenses included in Corporate are not deemed to be allocable to our operating segments. The operating segments have been determined based on the products and services we offer and reflect the manner in which our financial information is evaluated by management. Each of the operating segments is complementary to each other and because of the interrelationship of the segments, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities. For additional information on our segments, see Note 16 - Segment Information included in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
55

Completion of merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc.
On April 1, 2022, we completed our previously announced merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc. (“Pioneer”), pursuant to which Pioneer was merged with and into FirstSun, with FirstSun continuing as the surviving entity, and Pioneer’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Pioneer Bank, SSB, a Texas state savings bank, was merged with and into Sunflower Bank, with Sunflower Bank continuing as the surviving bank. With the acquisition, we acquired 19 branches in Texas. The results for Pioneer are reflected in our results of operations and financial condition beginning April 1, 2022. Further information is presented in Note 2 - Merger with Pioneer Bancshares, Inc. included in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Early 2023 Banking Events
There were two significant bank failures in the first part of March 2023 and one in April 2023, primarily due to customer and/or industry concentration issues and the failed banks’ lack of liquidity as depositors sought to withdraw their deposits. Due to rising interest rates, the failed banks were unable to sell investment securities held to meet liquidity needs without realizing substantial losses. As a result of the March 2023 bank closures and in an effort to strengthen public confidence in the banking system and protect depositors, regulators have announced that any losses to the Deposit Insurance Fund to support uninsured depositors will be recovered by a special assessment on banks, as required by law, which could increase the cost of our FDIC insurance assessments. Additionally, the Federal Reserve announced the creation of a new Bank Term Funding Program in an effort to minimize the need for banks to sell securities at a loss in times of stress. The future impact of these failures on the economy, financial institutions and their depositors, as well as any governmental regulatory responses or actions resulting from the same, is difficult to predict at this time.
Vendor Incident
As disclosed in our Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023, on or about May 31, 2023, we were informed by a third-party vendor of a zero-day vulnerability in the vendor’s managed file transfer software MOVEit (the “Vendor Incident”). The Bank utilizes MOVEit for securely transferring sensitive and confidential information and other data, including for its First National 1870 and Guardian Mortgage divisions. The costs associated with the Vendor Incident have not had and are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operation.
56

Financial Summary
Third Quarter 2023 Highlights:
•Net income of $25.2 million, $1.00 per diluted share
•Net interest margin of 4.23%
•Return on average total assets of 1.34%
•Return on average stockholders’ equity of 12.03%
•Average deposit growth of 24.0% annualized
•Loan growth of 1.6% annualized
•20.3% noninterest income to total revenue 1
Net income totaled $25.2 million, or $1.00 per diluted share, for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $26.5 million, or $1.04 per diluted share, for the third quarter of 2022. The return on average assets was 1.34% for the third quarter of 2023, compared to 1.52% for the third quarter of 2022, and the return on average equity was 12.03% for the third quarter of 2023, compared to 14.50% for the third quarter of 2022.
Net income totaled $79.5 million, or $3.13 per diluted share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $34.6 million, or $1.49 per diluted share, for the same period in 2022. The return on average assets was 1.42% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 0.70% for the same period in 2022, and the return on average equity was 12.97% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 6.90% for the same period in 2022.
Net income, return on average assets and return on average equity were reduced in 2022 by merger-related expenses and the provision for loan losses related to certain non-impaired loans acquired from Pioneer at a premium upon the closing of the merger. The reduction to net income, return on average assets and return on average equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, resulting from the aggregate of merger-related expenses and the provision for loan losses related to certain non-impaired loans acquired from Pioneer at a premium, were $17.0 million, 0.34%, and 3.39% respectively.
1 Total revenue is net interest income plus noninterest income.
57

The following table sets forth certain summary financial and other information of FirstSun:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  | For the year ended December 31,
($ in thousands, except share and per share amounts) | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2022
Income Statement: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 73,410 |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,486 |  |  | $ | 221,362 |  |  | $ | 168,356 |  |  | $ | 241,632 |
Taxable equivalent adjustment | 1,286 |  |  |  |  | 1,236 |  |  | 3,816 |  |  | 3,841 |  |  | 5,059 |
Net interest income - fully tax equivalent ("FTE") basis (non-GAAP) (3) | $ | 74,696 |  |  |  |  | $ | 69,722 |  |  | $ | 225,178 |  |  | $ | 172,197 |  |  | $ | 246,691 |
Provision for credit losses | $ | 3,890 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,750 |  |  | $ | 11,672 |  |  | $ | 12,450 |  |  | $ | 18,050 |
Noninterest income | $ | 18,650 |  |  |  |  | $ | 24,953 |  |  | $ | 61,871 |  |  | $ | 70,948 |  |  | $ | 89,566 |
Noninterest expense | $ | 56,176 |  |  |  |  | $ | 55,548 |  |  | $ | 170,485 |  |  | $ | 183,683 |  |  | $ | 239,126 |
Net income | $ | 25,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,513 |  |  | $ | 79,519 |  |  | $ | 34,612 |  |  | $ | 59,182 |
Per Common Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average diluted common shares | 25,357,807 |  |  |  |  | 25,494,315 |  |  | 25,365,297 |  |  | 23,281,933 |  |  | 23,838,471 |
Net income (basic) | $ | 1.01 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.07 |  |  | $ | 3.19 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |
Net income (diluted) | $ | 1.00 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 3.13 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 2.48 |
Cash dividends | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Dividend payout ratio | — | % |  |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Book value | $ | 33.83 |  |  |  |  | $ | 30.14 |  |  | $ | 33.83 |  |  | $ | 30.14 |  |  | $ | 31.08 |
Tangible common book value (non-GAAP) (3) | $ | 29.60 |  |  |  |  | $ | 25.67 |  |  | $ | 29.60 |  |  | $ | 25.67 |  |  | $ | 26.69 |
Performance Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average total assets | 1.34 | % |  |  |  | 1.52 | % |  | 1.42 | % |  | 0.70 | % |  | 0.88 | %
Return on average stockholders' equity | 12.03 | % |  |  |  | 14.50 | % |  | 12.97 | % |  | 6.90 | % |  | 8.55 | %
Return on tangible common stockholders' equity (non-GAAP) (3) | 14.05 | % |  |  |  | 17.05 | % |  | 14.93 | % |  | 7.58 | % |  | 9.40 | %
Return on average tangible common stockholders' equity (non-GAAP) (3) | 14.15 | % |  |  |  | 17.59 | % |  | 15.51 | % |  | 8.35 | % |  | 10.45 | %
Net interest margin | 4.23 | % |  |  |  | 4.26 | % |  | 4.28 | % |  | 3.66 | % |  | 3.87 | %
Efficiency ratio (1) | 61.02 | % |  |  |  | 59.45 | % |  | 60.19 | % |  | 76.76 | % |  | 72.20 | %
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding | 0.15 | % |  |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | 0.01 | % |  | (0.01) | %
Allowance for credit losses to loans | 1.27 | % |  |  |  | 1.07 | % |  | 1.27 | % |  | 1.07 | % |  | 1.12 | %
Nonperforming loans to total loans (2) | 0.66 | % |  |  |  | 0.61 | % |  | 0.66 | % |  | 0.61 | % |  | 0.49 | %
Balance Sheet: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans, excluding loans held-for-sale | $ | 6,179,522 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,556,686 |  |  | $ | 6,179,522 |  |  | $ | 5,556,686 |  |  | $ | 5,911,832 |
Total assets | $ | 7,756,875 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,052,917 |  |  | $ | 7,756,875 |  |  | $ | 7,052,917 |  |  | $ | 7,430,322 |
Total deposits | $ | 6,339,847 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,760,418 |  |  | $ | 6,339,847 |  |  | $ | 5,760,418 |  |  | $ | 5,765,062 |
Total borrowed funds | $ | 405,180 |  |  |  |  | $ | 390,969 |  |  | $ | 405,180 |  |  | $ | 390,969 |  |  | $ | 724,120 |
Total stockholders' equity | $ | 843,719 |  |  |  |  | $ | 750,653 |  |  | $ | 843,719 |  |  | $ | 750,653 |  |  | $ | 774,536 |
Capital Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets | 12.93 | % |  |  |  | 12.06 | % |  | 12.93 | % |  | 12.06 | % |  | 11.99 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets | 10.79 | % |  |  |  | 9.99 | % |  | 10.79 | % |  | 9.99 | % |  | 9.94 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1) to risk-weighted assets | 10.79 | % |  |  |  | 9.99 | % |  | 10.79 | % |  | 9.99 | % |  | 9.94 | %
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets | 10.37 | % |  |  |  | 9.55 | % |  | 10.37 | % |  | 9.55 | % |  | 9.71 | %
Average stockholders' equity to average total assets | 11.18 | % |  |  |  | 10.52 | % |  | 10.98 | % |  | 10.13 | % |  | 10.28 | %
Tangible common stockholders' equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP) (3) | 9.65 | % |  |  |  | 9.21 | % |  | 9.65 | % |  | 9.21 | % |  | 9.09 | %
Tangible common stockholders’ equity to tangible assets reflecting net unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax (non-GAAP) (3) | 9.59 | % |  |  |  | 9.16 | % |  | 9.59 | % |  | 9.16 | % |  | 9.03 | %
Nonfinancial Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Full-time equivalent employees | 1,106 |  |  |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 1,106 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 1,149 |
Banking branches | 69 |  |  |  |  | 72 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 72 |
(1) The efficiency ratio is one measure of profitability in the banking industry. This ratio measures the cost of generating one dollar of revenue. That is, the ratio is designed to reflect the percentage of one dollar which must be expended to generate that dollar of revenue. We calculate this ratio by dividing noninterest expense by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income.
(2) Nonperforming loans include nonaccrual loans and accrual loans greater than 90 days past due. On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2022-02, whereby we no longer recognize or account for TDRs. The loans previously classified as accrual TDRs are no longer considered nonperforming. We have adjusted prior periods to reflect this change in accounting.
(3) See section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for information regarding these non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP equivalent.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations
The non-GAAP financial measures presented below are used by our management and our Board of Directors on a regular basis in addition to our GAAP results to facilitate the assessment of our financial performance. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures enhance an investor’s understanding of our financial results by providing a meaningful basis for period-to-period comparisons, assisting in operating results analysis, and predicting future performance. This information supplements our GAAP reported results, and should not be viewed in isolation from, or as a substitute for, our GAAP results. Accordingly, this financial information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, included elsewhere in this report. Non-GAAP financial measures exclude certain items that are included in the financial results presented in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations, are not required to be uniformly applied, and are not audited. Although these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by investors to evaluate a company, they have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for analyses of results as reported under GAAP. These non-GAAP measures are not necessarily comparable to similar measures that may be represented by other companies.
The following table presents GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliations:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  | For the year ended December 31,
($ in thousands, except share and per share amounts) | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2022
Tangible common stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total common stockholders' equity (GAAP) | $ | 843,719 |  |  |  |  | $ | 750,653 |  |  | $ | 843,719 |  |  | $ | 750,653 |  |  | $ | 774,536 |
Less: Goodwill and other intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | (93,483) |  |  |  |  | (93,483) |  |  | (93,483) |  |  | (93,483) |  |  | (93,483) |
Other intangible assets | (11,813) |  |  |  |  | (17,825) |  |  | (11,813) |  |  | (17,825) |  |  | (15,806) |
Total tangible common stockholders' equity (non-GAAP) (1) | $ | 738,423 |  |  |  |  | $ | 639,345 |  |  | $ | 738,423 |  |  | $ | 639,345 |  |  | $ | 665,247 |
Total common shares outstanding | 24,942,645 |  |  |  |  | 24,906,032 |  |  | 24,942,645 |  |  | 24,906,032 |  |  | 24,920,984 |
Book value per common share (GAAP) | $ | 33.83 |  |  |  |  | $ | 30.14 |  |  | $ | 33.83 |  |  | $ | 30.14 |  |  | $ | 31.08 |
Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP) | $ | 29.60 |  |  |  |  | $ | 25.67 |  |  | $ | 29.60 |  |  | $ | 25.67 |  |  | $ | 26.69 |
Return on tangible common stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | $ | 25,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,513 |  |  | $ | 79,519 |  |  | $ | 34,612 |  |  | $ | 59,182 |
Add: Intangible amortization, net of tax | 710 |  |  |  |  | 739 |  |  | 3,154 |  |  | 1,736 |  |  | 3,330 |
Tangible net income (non-GAAP) | $ | 25,942 |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,252 |  |  | $ | 82,673 |  |  | $ | 36,348 |  |  | $ | 62,512 |
Tangible common stockholders’ equity (non-GAAP) (1) | $ | 738,423 |  |  |  |  | $ | 639,345 |  |  | $ | 738,423 |  |  | $ | 639,345 |  |  | $ | 665,247 |
Return on common stockholders’ equity (GAAP) | 11.96 | % |  |  |  | 14.13 | % |  | 12.57 | % |  | 6.15 | % |  | 7.64 | %
Return on tangible common stockholders’ equity (non-GAAP) | 14.05 | % |  |  |  | 17.05 | % |  | 14.93 | % |  | 7.58 | % |  | 9.40 | %
Return on average tangible common stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible net income (non-GAAP) | $ | 25,942 |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,252 |  |  | $ | 82,673 |  |  | $ | 36,348 |  |  | $ | 62,512 |
Total average common stockholders' equity (GAAP) | $ | 839,258 |  |  |  |  | $ | 731,549 |  |  | $ | 817,774 |  |  | $ | 668,991 |  |  | $ | 692,524 |
Less: Average goodwill and other intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average goodwill | (93,483) |  |  |  |  | (93,483) |  |  | (93,483) |  |  | (73,560) |  |  | (78,582) |
Average other intangible assets | (12,212) |  |  |  |  | (18,255) |  |  | (13,785) |  |  | (15,317) |  |  | (15,811) |
Total average tangible common stockholders' equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 733,563 |  |  |  |  | $ | 619,811 |  |  | $ | 710,506 |  |  | $ | 580,114 |  |  | $ | 598,131 |
Return on average common stockholders’ equity (GAAP) | 12.03 | % |  |  |  | 14.50 | % |  | 12.97 | % |  | 6.90 | % |  | 8.55 | %
Return on average tangible common stockholders’ equity (non-GAAP) | 14.15 | % |  |  |  | 17.59 | % |  | 15.51 | % |  | 8.35 | % |  | 10.45 | %
Net interest margin - FTE basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (GAAP) | $ | 73,410 |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,486 |  |  | $ | 221,362 |  |  | $ | 168,356 |  |  | $ | 241,632 |
Taxable equivalent adjustment | 1,286 |  |  |  |  | 1,236 |  |  | 3,816 |  |  | 3,841 |  |  | 5,059 |
Net interest income - FTE basis (non-GAAP) | $ | 74,696 |  |  |  |  | $ | 69,722 |  |  | $ | 225,178 |  |  | $ | 172,197 |  |  | $ | 246,691 |
Average earning assets | $ | 6,947,500 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,434,653 |  |  | $ | 6,891,380 |  |  | $ | 6,127,755 |  |  | $ | 6,244,221 |
Net interest margin (GAAP) | 4.23 | % |  |  |  | 4.26 | % |  | 4.28 | % |  | 3.66 | % |  | 3.87 | %
Net interest margin - FTE basis (non-GAAP) | 4.30 | % |  |  |  | 4.31 | % |  | 4.36 | % |  | 3.75 | % |  | 3.95 | %
(1) For all periods presented tangible stockholders’ equity is the same as tangible common stockholders’ equity.

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| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  | For the year ended December 31,
($ in thousands, except share and per share amounts) | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2022
Tangible common stockholders’ equity to tangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets (GAAP) | $ | 7,756,875 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,052,917 |  |  | $ | 7,756,875 |  |  | $ | 7,052,917 |  |  | $ | 7,430,322 |
Less: Goodwill and other intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | (93,483) |  |  |  |  | (93,483) |  |  | (93,483) |  |  | (93,483) |  |  | (93,483) |
Other intangible assets | (11,813) |  |  |  |  | (17,825) |  |  | (11,813) |  |  | (17,825) |  |  | (15,806) |
Total tangible assets (non-GAAP) | $ | 7,651,579 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,941,609 |  |  | $ | 7,651,579 |  |  | $ | 6,941,609 |  |  | $ | 7,321,033 |
Tangible common stockholders’ equity (non-GAAP) (1) | $ | 738,423 |  |  |  |  | $ | 639,345 |  |  | $ | 738,423 |  |  | $ | 639,345 |  |  | $ | 665,247 |
Common stockholders' equity to total assets (GAAP) | 10.88 | % |  |  |  | 10.64 | % |  | 10.88 | % |  | 10.64 | % |  | 10.42 | %
Tangible common stockholders’ equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP) | 9.65 | % |  |  |  | 9.21 | % |  | 9.65 | % |  | 9.21 | % |  | 9.09 | %
Tangible common stockholders’ equity to tangible assets, reflecting net unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total tangible common stockholders' equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 738,423 |  |  |  |  | $ | 639,345 |  |  | $ | 738,423 |  |  | $ | 639,345 |  |  | $ | 665,247 |
Less: Net unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax | (5,001) |  |  |  |  | (3,810) |  |  | (5,001) |  |  | (3,810) |  |  | (4,295) |
Total tangible common stockholders’ equity less net unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax (non-GAAP) | $ | 733,422 |  |  |  |  | $ | 635,535 |  |  | $ | 733,422 |  |  | $ | 635,535 |  |  | $ | 660,952 |
Total tangible assets (non-GAAP) | $ | 7,651,579 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,941,609 |  |  | $ | 7,651,579 |  |  | $ | 6,941,609 |  |  | $ | 7,321,033 |
Less: Net unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax | (5,001) |  |  |  |  | (3,810) |  |  | (5,001) |  |  | (3,810) |  |  | (4,295) |
Total tangible assets less net unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax (non-GAAP) | $ | 7,646,578 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,937,799 |  |  | $ | 7,646,578 |  |  | $ | 6,937,799 |  |  | $ | 7,316,738 |
Tangible common stockholders’ equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP) | 9.65 | % |  |  |  | 9.21 | % |  | 9.65 | % |  | 9.21 | % |  | 9.09 | %
Tangible common stockholders’ equity to tangible assets reflecting net unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax (non-GAAP) | 9.59 | % |  |  |  | 9.16 | % |  | 9.59 | % |  | 9.16 | % |  | 9.03 | %
Net income excluding merger costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | $ | 25,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,513 |  |  | $ | 79,519 |  |  | $ | 34,612 |  |  | $ | 59,182 |
Add: Merger costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Merger related expenses | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,751 |  |  | 18,751 |
Income tax effect on merger related expenses | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,083) |  |  | (4,083) |
Provision for loan loss on Pioneer loans marked at a premium | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,884 |  |  | 2,884 |
Income tax effect on provision for loan loss on Pioneer loans marked at a premium | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (521) |  |  | (521) |
Total merger costs | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,031 |  |  | 17,031 |
Net income excluding merger costs (non-GAAP) | $ | 25,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,513 |  |  | $ | 79,519 |  |  | $ | 51,643 |  |  | $ | 76,213 |
Return on average total assets excluding merger costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average total assets (ROAA) (GAAP) | 1.34 | % |  |  |  | 1.52 | % |  | 1.42 | % |  | 0.70 | % |  | 0.88 | %
Add: Impact of merger costs, net of tax | — | % |  |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 0.34 | % |  | 0.25 | %
ROAA excluding merger costs (non-GAAP) | 1.34 | % |  |  |  | 1.52 | % |  | 1.42 | % |  | 1.04 | % |  | 1.13 | %
Return on average stockholders’ equity excluding merger costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average stockholders' equity (ROAE) (GAAP) | 12.03 | % |  |  |  | 14.50 | % |  | 12.97 | % |  | 6.90 | % |  | 8.55 | %
Add: Impact of merger costs, net of tax | — | % |  |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 3.39 | % |  | 2.46 | %
ROAE excluding merger costs (non-GAAP) | 12.03 | % |  |  |  | 14.50 | % |  | 12.97 | % |  | 10.29 | % |  | 11.01 | %
Efficiency ratio excluding merger related expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Efficiency ratio (GAAP) | 61.02 | % |  |  |  | 59.45 | % |  | 60.19 | % |  | 76.76 | % |  | 72.20 | %
Less: Impact of merger related expenses | — | % |  |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | (7.84) | % |  | (5.66) | %
Efficiency ratio excluding merger related expenses (non-GAAP) | 61.02 | % |  |  |  | 59.45 | % |  | 60.19 | % |  | 68.92 | % |  | 66.54 | %
Diluted earnings per share excluding merger costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share (GAAP) | $ | 1.00 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 3.13 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 2.48 |
Add: Impact of merger costs, net of tax | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 0.72 |
Diluted earnings per share excluding merger costs (non-GAAP) | $ | 1.00 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 3.13 |  |  | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 3.20 |
(1) For all periods presented tangible stockholders’ equity is the same as tangible common stockholders’ equity.

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Segments
Banking
Three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Income before income taxes decreased $1.1 million to $32.7 million for the third quarter of 2023, from $33.9 million for the same period in 2022. The period over period decrease was primarily driven by an increase in provision for credit losses and salary and employee benefits partially offset by an increase in net interest income. Net interest income increased $5.3 million to $73.5 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $68.2 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to organic growth in our loan portfolio. Provision for credit losses increased $3.1 million to $6.3 million for the third quarter of 2023, from $3.2 million for the same period in 2022 as a result of organic loan growth and a $2.9 million charge-off on a certain exited customer relationship. Salary and employee benefits increased $4.5 million to $27.7 million for the third quarter of 2023, from $23.2 million for the same period in 2022 on increased headcount, annual compensation increases, and higher incentive compensation resulting from increased year-to-date profitability. Identifiable assets for our Banking segment grew by $0.5 billion to $6.8 billion at September 30, 2023 from $6.3 billion for the same period in 2022. The growth in identifiable assets was primarily driven by organic growth in our loan portfolios.
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Income before income taxes increased $57.7 million to $108.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $50.7 million for the same period in 2022. The period over period increase was primarily driven by an increase in net interest income and a decrease in other noninterest expenses. Net interest income increased $53.0 million to $220.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $167.6 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to organic growth in our loan portfolio, an increase in interest earning assets resulting from the Pioneer merger, and an increase in net interest margin. The decrease in other noninterest expenses of $15.9 million was primarily due to merger-related expenses incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was partially offset by an increase in salary and employee benefits of $11.8 million. The increase to salary and employee benefits was due to increased headcount, annual compensation increases occurring early in 2023, and higher incentive compensation resulting from increased profitability.
Mortgage Operations
Three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Income before income taxes decreased $1.1 million to $1.2 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $2.2 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in revenue from mortgage banking services. Revenue from mortgage banking services decreased $6.5 million to $7.9 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $14.5 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to lesser fair value gains on our mortgage servicing rights portfolio, net of derivative activity. Total loan originations for sale were $0.2 billion for the third quarter of 2023, a decline of $0.1 billion from $0.3 billion for the same period in 2022. Identifiable assets for our Mortgage Operations segment grew by $0.2 billion to $0.9 billion at September 30, 2023 from $0.7 billion for the same period in 2022. The growth in identifiable assets was primarily driven by organic growth in our residential mortgage portfolio.
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Income (loss) before income taxes decreased $0.7 million to $(0.2) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $0.5 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to a decrease of $14.4 million in revenue from mortgage banking services partially offset by a decrease in salary and employee benefits of $11.0 million. Overall gains on sale of mortgage loans declined as a result of the decline in origination activity, continued margin compression, and a decline in the rate lock pipeline volume and valuation due to rising interest rates. The decrease in income related to our MSRs was primarily due to lesser fair value gains on our mortgage servicing rights portfolio, net of derivative activity. Total loan originations for sale were $0.6 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decline of $0.3 billion from $0.9 billion for the same period in 2022.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Our accounting and reporting estimates are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or “U.S. GAAP,” and conform to general practices within the banking industry. Estimates that are susceptible to significant changes include accounting for the allowance for credit losses and fair value measurements, both of which require significant judgments by management. Actual results could result in material changes to our consolidated financial condition or consolidated results of operations.
Certain policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. We have identified the determination of the allowance for credit losses and fair value measurements to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective or complex judgments and, as such, could be most subject to revision as new or additional information becomes available or circumstances change, including overall changes in the economic climate and/or market interest rates. Therefore, we consider these policies to be critical accounting estimates and discuss them directly with the Audit Committee of our board of directors. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments which required a change to our estimate of the allowance for credit losses.
There have been no significant changes to our fair value measurements critical accounting estimate described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of FirstSun—Critical Accounting Estimates” and the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing in the 2022 Form 10-K.
Our significant accounting policies are presented in “Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in the 2022 Form 10-K other than those policies revised for our adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures included with “Note 1 - Organization and Basis of Presentation” included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the other financial statement notes and in this discussion, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Recent accounting pronouncements and standards that have impacted or could potentially affect us are also discussed in “Note 1” of our audited consolidated financial statements.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Management maintains an ACL for loans based upon management’s estimate of the lifetime expected credit losses in the loan portfolio, as of the balance sheet date, excluding loans held for sale. Additionally, management maintains an ACL for held-to-maturity or available-for-sale debt securities, and other off-balance sheet credit exposures (e.g., unfunded loan commitments). For loans and unfunded loan commitments, the estimate of lifetime credit losses includes the use of quantitative models that incorporate forward-looking macroeconomic scenarios that are applied over the contractual lives of the portfolios, adjusted, as appropriate, for prepayments and permitted extension options using historical experience. For purposes of the ACL for lending commitments, such allowance is determined using the same methodology as the ACL for loans, while also taking into consideration the probability of drawdowns or funding, and whether such commitments are cancellable by us. The ACL for held-to-maturity and available-for-sale debt securities is measured using a risk-adjusted discounted cash flow approach that also considers relevant current and forward-looking economic variables and the ACL is limited to the difference between the fair value of the security and its amortized cost. Judgment is specifically applied in the determination of economic assumptions, length of the initial loss forecast period, the reversion of losses beyond the initial forecast period, usage of macroeconomic scenarios, probabilities of default, losses given default, amortization and prepayment rates, and qualitative factors, which may not be adequately captured in the loss model, as further discussed below.
The macroeconomic scenarios utilized by management include variables that have historically been key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses. These variables include, but are not limited to, unemployment rates, housing and commercial real estate prices, gross domestic product levels, corporate bond spreads and changes in equity market prices. Management derives the economic forecasts it uses in its ACL model from Moody’s Analytics. The latter has a large team of economics, database managers and operational engineers with a history of producing monthly economic forecasts for over 25 years.
Management has currently set an initial forecast period (“reasonable and supportable period”) of four years and a reversion period of one year, utilizing a straight-line approach and reverting back to the historical macroeconomic mean. After the
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reversion period, a historical loss forecast period covering the remaining contractual life, adjusted for prepayments, is used based on changes in key historical economic variables during representative historical expansionary and recessionary periods. Changes in economic forecasts impact the probability of default (“PD”), loss-given default (“LGD”), and exposure at default (“EAD”) for each instrument, and therefore influence the amount of future cash flows for each instrument that management does not expect to collect.
Further, management periodically considers the need for qualitative adjustments to the ACL. Qualitative adjustments may be related to and include, but not limited to, factors such as the following: (i) management’s assessment of economic forecasts used in the model and how those forecasts align with management’s overall evaluation of current and expected economic conditions; (ii) organization specific risks such as credit concentrations, collateral specific risks, nature, and size of the portfolio and external factors that may ultimately impact credit quality, and (iii) other limitations associated with factors such as changes in underwriting and loan resolution strategies, among others. The qualitative factors applied on January 1, 2023, and September 30, 2023, and the importance and levels of the qualitative factors applied, may change in future periods depending on the level of changes to items such as the uncertainty of economic conditions and management’s assessment of the level of credit risk within the loan portfolio as a result of such changes, compared to the amount of ACL calculated by the model. The evaluation of qualitative factors is inherently imprecise and requires significant management judgement.
The ACL can also be impacted by factors outside of management’s control, which include unanticipated changes in asset quality of the portfolio, such as deterioration in borrower delinquencies, or credit scores in our residential real estate and consumer portfolio. Further, the current fair value of collateral is utilized to assess the expected credit losses when a financial asset is considered to be collateral dependent.
Our process for determining the ACL is further discussed in “Note 1 – Organization and Basis of Presentation”, included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth components of our results of operations:

| As of and for the three months ended September 30, |  | As of and for the nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Net interest income | $ | 73,410 |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,486 |  |  | $ | 221,362 |  |  | $ | 168,356 |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 3,890 |  |  |  |  | 3,750 |  |  | 11,672 |  |  | 12,450 |  |  |
Noninterest income | 18,650 |  |  |  |  | 24,953 |  |  | 61,871 |  |  | 70,948 |  |  |
Noninterest expense | 56,176 |  |  |  |  | 55,548 |  |  | 170,485 |  |  | 183,683 |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 31,994 |  |  |  |  | 34,141 |  |  | 101,076 |  |  | 43,171 |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | 6,762 |  |  |  |  | 7,628 |  |  | 21,557 |  |  | 8,559 |  |  |
Net income | 25,232 |  |  |  |  | 26,513 |  |  | 79,519 |  |  | 34,612 |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.00 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 3.13 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  |
Return on average total assets | 1.34 | % |  |  |  | 1.52 | % |  | 1.42 | % |  | 0.70 | % |  |
Return on average stockholders' equity | 12.03 | % |  |  |  | 14.50 | % |  | 12.97 | % |  | 6.90 | % |  |
Net interest margin | 4.23 | % |  |  |  | 4.26 | % |  | 4.28 | % |  | 3.66 | % |  |
Net interest margin - FTE basis (non-GAAP) (1) | 4.30 | % |  |  |  | 4.31 | % |  | 4.36 | % |  | 3.75 | % |  |
Efficiency ratio | 61.02 | % |  |  |  | 59.45 | % |  | 60.19 | % |  | 76.76 | % |  |
Noninterest income to total revenue (2) | 20.26 | % |  |  |  | 26.71 | % |  | 21.84 | % |  | 29.65 | % |  |
(1) See section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP equivalent.
(2) Total revenue is net interest income plus noninterest income.

General
Our results of operations depend significantly on net interest income, which is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, consisting primarily of interest income on loans and investment securities and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, consisting primarily of deposits and borrowings. Our results of operations are also dependent on our generation of noninterest income, consisting primarily of income from mortgage banking services, service charges on deposit accounts, trust and investment advisory fees and credit and debit card fees. Other factors contributing to our results
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of operations include our provisions for credit losses, income taxes, and noninterest expenses, such as salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, amortization of intangible assets and other operating costs.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income, representing interest income less interest expense, is a significant contributor to our revenues and earnings. We generate interest income from interest and dividends on interest-earning assets, which are principally comprised of loans and investment securities. We incur interest expense from interest owed or paid on interest-bearing liabilities, including interest-bearing deposits, FHLB advances and other borrowings. Net interest income and margin are shaped by the characteristics of the underlying products, including volume, term and structure of each product. We measure and monitor yields on our loans and other interest-earning assets, the costs of our deposits and other funding sources, our net interest spread and our net interest margin. Net interest spread is the difference between rates earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is calculated as the annualized net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.
Interest earned on our loan portfolios is the largest component of our interest income. Our loan portfolios are presented at the principal amount outstanding net of deferred origination fees and unamortized discounts and premiums. Interest income is recognized based on the principal balance outstanding and the stated rate of the loan. Loan origination fees and certain direct origination costs are capitalized and recognized as an adjustment of the yield on the related loan. Non-PCD loans acquired are initially recorded at fair value and the resulting discount or premium are recognized as an adjustment of the yield on the related loans.
Our net interest income can be significantly influenced by a variety of factors, including overall loan demand, economic conditions, credit risk, the amount of non-earning assets including nonperforming loans and OREO, the amounts of and rates at which assets and liabilities reprice, variances in prepayment of loans and securities, exercise of call options on borrowings or securities, a general rise or decline in interest rates, changes in the slope of the yield-curve, and balance sheet growth or contraction.
Three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Our net interest income was $73.4 million for the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $4.9 million, or 7.2%, compared to the same period in 2022. Interest income on loans increased by $31.3 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Interest income on investment securities increased by $0.6 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Interest expense from total interest-bearing liabilities increased by $28.1 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
Total average loans grew to $6.2 billion at September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.7 billion or 12.1%, compared to September 30, 2022, due to organic growth in our loan portfolios. Yield on loans increased 149 basis points in the third quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to the rising interest rate environment and its impact on variable rate loans in the loan portfolio and higher yields on new originations.
Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $0.7 billion, or 15.6%, for the third quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily to support the growth in our loan portfolio. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $0.8 billion, or 19.4%, in the third quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Average FHLB borrowings decreased $0.1 billion, or 47.4%, in the third quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
Our net interest margin was 4.23% for the third quarter of 2023, compared to 4.26% for the same period in 2022, a decrease of 3 basis points. We experienced a 156 basis points increase in yield from earning assets while our total cost of funds increased by 224 basis points, for the third quarter of 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. In the third quarter of 2023, we saw the level of increase in our total cost of funds exceed the level of increase in yield from earning assets primarily as a result of the mix shift within our deposit base in certificates of deposits. While we expect our cost of funds to continue to rise in the fourth quarter of 2023, we anticipate the magnitude of increase in our cost of funds to be less than the level experienced in the third quarter of 2023.
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Our net interest income was $221.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $53.0 million, or 31.5%, compared to the same period in 2022. Interest income on loans increased by $114.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Interest income on investment securities increased by $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Interest expense from
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total interest-bearing liabilities increased by $69.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
Total average loans grew to $6.1 billion at September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.1 billion, compared to September 30, 2022, primarily due to organic growth in our loan portfolios and the Pioneer merger. Yield on loans increased 167 basis points for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to the rising interest rate environment and its impact on variable rate loans in the loan portfolio and higher yields on new originations.
Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $0.7 billion, or 18.3%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $0.6 billion, or 15.0%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Average FHLB borrowings increased $0.2 billion, or 160.8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
Our net interest margin was 4.28% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 3.66% for the same period in 2022, an increase of 62 basis points. We experienced a 193 basis point increase in yield from earning assets and our total cost of funds increased by 185 basis point for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
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The following tables set forth information related to our average balance sheet, average yields on assets, and average costs of liabilities for the periods presented. We derived these yields by dividing income or expense by the average balance of the corresponding assets or liabilities. We derived average balances from the daily balances throughout the periods indicated.
As of and for the three months ended September 30,:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
(In thousands) | Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Average Yield/Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Average Yield/Rate |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Earning Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1) | 6,180,684 |  |  | 99,565 |  |  | 6.44 | % |  | 5,512,846 |  |  | 68,270 |  |  | 4.95 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | 545,257 |  |  | 4,226 |  |  | 3.10 | % |  | 613,325 |  |  | 3,644 |  |  | 2.38 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and other assets | 221,559 |  |  | 2,984 |  |  | 5.39 | % |  | 308,482 |  |  | 1,849 |  |  | 2.40 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total earning assets | 6,947,500 |  |  | 106,775 |  |  | 6.15 | % |  | 6,434,653 |  |  | 73,763 |  |  | 4.59 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets | 557,988 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 519,663 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 7,505,488 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,954,316 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and NOW deposits | $ | 466,837 |  |  | $ | 3,813 |  |  | 3.27 | % |  | $ | 202,290 |  |  | $ | 495 |  |  | 0.98 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings deposits | 439,172 |  |  | 680 |  |  | 0.62 | % |  | 506,548 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 0.18 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market deposits | 2,026,028 |  |  | 7,997 |  |  | 1.58 | % |  | 2,617,452 |  |  | 1,632 |  |  | 0.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposits | 1,748,515 |  |  | 18,406 |  |  | 4.21 | % |  | 593,479 |  |  | 920 |  |  | 0.62 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | 4,680,552 |  |  | 30,896 |  |  | 2.64 | % |  | 3,919,769 |  |  | 3,274 |  |  | 0.33 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | 26,549 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 0.98 | % |  | 51,264 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 0.40 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits and repurchase agreements | 4,707,101 |  |  | 30,961 |  |  | 2.63 | % |  | 3,971,033 |  |  | 3,325 |  |  | 0.33 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB borrowings | 84,332 |  |  | 1,139 |  |  | 5.40 | % |  | 160,310 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 1.90 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term borrowings | 78,680 |  |  | 1,265 |  |  | 6.44 | % |  | 80,031 |  |  | 1,191 |  |  | 5.95 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 4,870,113 |  |  | 33,365 |  |  | 2.74 | % |  | 4,211,374 |  |  | 5,277 |  |  | 0.50 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 1,654,090 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,924,055 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 142,027 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,338 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity | 839,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 731,549 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 7,505,488 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,954,316 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 73,410 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,486 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest spread |  |  | 3.41 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.09 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  | 4.23 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.26 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin - FTE basis (non-GAAP) (2) |  |  | 4.30 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.31 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) Includes loans held-for-investment, including nonaccrual loans, and loans held-for-sale.
(2) See section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP equivalent

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As of and for the nine months ended September 30,:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
(In thousands) | Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Average Yield/Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Average Yield/Rate |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Earning Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1) | 6,144,057 |  |  | 283,486 |  |  | 6.15 | % |  | 5,015,680 |  |  | 168,713 |  |  | 4.48 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | 559,855 |  |  | 12,617 |  |  | 3.00 | % |  | 615,726 |  |  | 9,252 |  |  | 2.00 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and other assets | 187,468 |  |  | 7,607 |  |  | 5.41 | % |  | 496,349 |  |  | 3,687 |  |  | 0.99 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total earning assets | 6,891,380 |  |  | 303,710 |  |  | 5.88 | % |  | 6,127,755 |  |  | 181,652 |  |  | 3.95 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets | 553,628 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 473,909 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 7,445,008 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,601,664 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and NOW deposits | $ | 343,112 |  |  | $ | 7,171 |  |  | 2.79 | % |  | $ | 214,862 |  |  | $ | 848 |  |  | 0.53 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings deposits | 452,298 |  |  | 1,616 |  |  | 0.48 | % |  | 497,240 |  |  | 451 |  |  | 0.12 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market deposits | 2,142,301 |  |  | 18,939 |  |  | 1.18 | % |  | 2,567,406 |  |  | 3,644 |  |  | 0.19 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposits | 1,407,264 |  |  | 38,078 |  |  | 3.61 | % |  | 498,753 |  |  | 2,077 |  |  | 0.56 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | 4,344,975 |  |  | 65,804 |  |  | 2.02 | % |  | 3,778,261 |  |  | 7,020 |  |  | 0.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | 29,953 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 0.73 | % |  | 59,572 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits and repurchase agreements | 4,374,928 |  |  | 65,967 |  |  | 2.01 | % |  | 3,837,833 |  |  | 7,094 |  |  | 0.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB borrowings | 335,485 |  |  | 12,576 |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | 128,654 |  |  | 1,680 |  |  | 1.74 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term borrowings | 79,801 |  |  | 3,805 |  |  | 6.36 | % |  | 82,768 |  |  | 4,522 |  |  | 7.28 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 4,790,214 |  |  | 82,348 |  |  | 2.29 | % |  | 4,049,255 |  |  | 13,296 |  |  | 0.44 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 1,705,392 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,805,982 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 131,628 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77,436 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity | 817,774 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 668,991 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 7,445,008 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,601,664 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 221,362 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 168,356 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest spread |  |  | 3.59 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.51 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  | 4.28 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.66 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin - FTE basis (non-GAAP) (2) |  |  | 4.36 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) Includes loans held-for-investment, including nonaccrual loans, and loans held-for-sale.
(2) See section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP equivalent

67

Rate-Volume Analysis
The tables below present the effect of volume and rate changes on interest income and expense. Changes due to volume are changes in the average balance multiplied by the previous period’s average rate. Changes due to rate are changes in the average rate multiplied by the average balance from the prior period. The net changes attributable to the combined impact of both rate and volume have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.

| For the three months ended September 30, |  |
| 2023 Versus 2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to: |  |
(In thousands) | Rate |  | Volume |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Earning Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1) | $ | 22,310 |  |  | $ | 8,985 |  |  | $ | 31,295 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | 916 |  |  | (334) |  |  | 582 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash | 1,476 |  |  | (341) |  |  | 1,135 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total earning assets | 24,702 |  |  | 8,310 |  |  | 33,012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and NOW deposits | 2,129 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 3,318 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings deposits | 479 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market deposits | 6,647 |  |  | (282) |  |  | 6,365 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposits | 13,086 |  |  | 4,400 |  |  | 17,486 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | 22,341 |  |  | 5,281 |  |  | 27,622 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | 21 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits and repurchase agreements | 22,362 |  |  | 5,274 |  |  | 27,636 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB borrowings | 509 |  |  | (131) |  |  | 378 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term borrowings | 94 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 74 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 22,965 |  |  | 5,123 |  |  | 28,088 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 1,737 |  |  | $ | 3,187 |  |  | $ | 4,924 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) Includes loans held-for-investment, including nonaccrual loans, and loans held-for-sale. |  |  |  |  |  |

| For the nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2023 Versus 2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to: |  |
(In thousands) | Rate |  | Volume |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Earning Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1) | $ | 71,498 |  |  | $ | 43,275 |  |  | $ | 114,773 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | 4,111 |  |  | (746) |  |  | 3,365 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash | 4,555 |  |  | (635) |  |  | 3,920 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total earning assets | 80,164 |  |  | 41,894 |  |  | 122,058 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and NOW deposits | 5,552 |  |  | 771 |  |  | 6,323 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings deposits | 1,202 |  |  | (37) |  |  | 1,165 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market deposits | 15,795 |  |  | (500) |  |  | 15,295 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposits | 27,040 |  |  | 8,961 |  |  | 36,001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | 49,589 |  |  | 9,195 |  |  | 58,784 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | 104 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 89 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits and repurchase agreements | 49,693 |  |  | 9,180 |  |  | 58,873 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB borrowings | 5,859 |  |  | 5,037 |  |  | 10,896 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term borrowings | (559) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (717) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 54,993 |  |  | 14,059 |  |  | 69,052 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 25,171 |  |  | $ | 27,835 |  |  | $ | 53,006 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) Includes loans held-for-investment, including nonaccrual loans, and loans held-for-sale. |  |  |  |  |  |

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Provision for Credit Losses
We established an allowance for credit losses through a provision for credit losses charged as an expense in our consolidated statements of income. The provision for credit losses is the amount of expense that, based on our judgment, is required to maintain the allowance for credit losses at an adequate level to absorb expected losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date and that, in management’s judgment, is appropriate under GAAP. Our determination of the amount of the allowance for credit losses and corresponding provision for credit losses considers ongoing evaluations of the credit quality and level of credit risk inherent in our loan portfolio, levels of nonperforming loans and charge-offs, statistical trends and economic and other relevant factors. The allowance for credit losses is increased by the provision for credit losses and is decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries on prior loan charge-offs.
We had a provision for credit losses of $3.9 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $3.8 million for the same period in 2022. Included in the provision for credit losses for the third quarter of 2023 was $0.3 million of provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments, which was recorded in other noninterest expense for the same period in 2022.
We had a provision for credit losses of $11.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $12.5 million for the same period in 2022. Included in the provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $1.1 million of provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments, which was recorded in other noninterest expense for the same period in 2022. Included in the provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was a provision required on certain non-impaired loans acquired at a premium upon the closing of the Pioneer merger and the provision required for organic growth in the loan portfolio. The premium on certain of the loans acquired in our merger with Pioneer was due to higher contractual interest rates on such loans, compared to market interest rates on the closing date of the merger. The provision on the loans acquired at a premium was $2.9 million ($0.10 diluted earnings per share) during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This provision, however, was not due to credit deterioration on these loans since the closing date of the merger.
Noninterest Income
The following table presents noninterest income:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | $ | 5,475 |  |  | $ | 4,807 |  |  | $ | 15,848 |  |  | $ | 13,111 |  |  |  |  |
Credit and debit card fees | 2,996 |  |  | 3,103 |  |  | 9,034 |  |  | 8,508 |  |  |  |  |
Trust and investment advisory fees | 1,398 |  |  | 1,552 |  |  | 4,337 |  |  | 5,408 |  |  |  |  |
Income from mortgage banking services, net | 7,413 |  |  | 13,785 |  |  | 26,501 |  |  | 40,017 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 1,368 |  |  | 1,706 |  |  | 6,151 |  |  | 3,904 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest income | $ | 18,650 |  |  | $ | 24,953 |  |  | $ | 61,871 |  |  | $ | 70,948 |  |  |  |  |

Three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Our noninterest income decreased $6.3 million to $18.7 million for the third quarter of 2023 from $25.0 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in income from mortgage banking services, net.
Service charges on deposit accounts includes overdraft and non-sufficient funds charges, treasury management services provided to our business customers, and other maintenance fees on deposit accounts. For the third quarter of 2023, service charges on deposit accounts increased $0.7 million, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to increased treasury management service fee income compared to the same period in 2022.
Credit and debit card fees represent interchange income from credit and debit card activity and referral fees earned from processing fees on card transactions by our business customers. Credit and debit card fees decreased $0.1 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, as card transaction volumes were similar.
Trust and investment advisory fees represent fees we receive in connection with our investment advisory and custodial management services of investment accounts. Trust and investment advisory fees decreased $0.2 million for the third quarter of 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022.
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The components of income from mortgage banking services were as follows:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sale gains and fees from mortgage loan originations including loans held-for-sale changes in fair value and hedging | $ | 3,689 |  |  | $ | 3,942 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage servicing income | 3,954 |  |  | 4,234 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MSR capitalization and changes in fair value, net of derivative activity | (230) |  |  | 5,609 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from mortgage banking services, net | $ | 7,413 |  |  | $ | 13,785 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

For the third quarter of 2023, income from mortgage banking services decreased $6.4 million, compared to the same period in 2022. Total loan originations for sale were $200.1 million for the third quarter of 2023, a decline of $71.5 million from $271.6 million for the same period in 2022 leading to the decline in revenue related to net sale gains and fees from loan originations, including fair value changes in the held-for-sale portfolio and hedging activity. MSR capitalization and changes in fair value, net of derivative activity, decreased $5.8 million in the third quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease in revenue related to our MSRs was primarily the result of changes in market interest rates and our corresponding hedging positions. We recognize fair value adjustments to our MSR asset, which includes changes in assumptions to the valuation model and pay-offs and pay-downs of the MSR portfolio. We also maintain a hedging strategy to manage a portion of the risk associated with changes in the fair value of our MSR portfolio. Changes in fair value of the derivative instruments used to economically hedge the MSRs are also included as a component of income from mortgage banking services. Due to a number of factors and until we see a change in these factors, including rising interest rates, low inventory in the housing market, lower refinance volumes and a decrease in margin on loans sales, for the immediate future, we do not expect revenue from mortgage banking activities to return to levels seen in prior years which will reduce the amount of income from mortgage banking services, net, recorded in future periods in comparison to prior year periods.
Other noninterest income decreased $0.3 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to a write-down of an other real estate owned property.
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Our noninterest income decreased $9.1 million to $61.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $70.9 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in income from mortgage banking services, net.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, service charges on deposit accounts increased $2.7 million, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to increased treasury management service fee income compared to the same period in 2022.
Credit and debit card fees increased $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, due primarily to increased card transaction volumes.
Trust and investment advisory fees decreased $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to lower average assets under management.
The components of income from mortgage banking services were as follows:

|  |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net sale gains and fees from mortgage loan originations including loans held-for-sale changes in fair value and hedging |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,446 |  |  | $ | 16,639 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage servicing income |  |  |  |  | 11,614 |  |  | 11,071 |  |  |  |  |
MSR capitalization and changes in fair value, net of derivative activity |  |  |  |  | 3,441 |  |  | 12,307 |  |  |  |  |
Income from mortgage banking services, net |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,501 |  |  | $ | 40,017 |  |  |  |  |

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, income from mortgage banking services decreased $13.5 million, compared to the same period in 2022. Total loan originations for sale were $634.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decline of $262.9 million from $896.9 million for the same period in 2022. We retain servicing rights on the majority of mortgage loans that we sell, which drove the increase in servicing income of $0.5 million to $11.6
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million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $11.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. MSR capitalization and changes in fair value, net of derivative activity, decreased $8.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease in income related to our MSRs was primarily the result of lower relative increases in market interest rates used in estimating the fair value of MSRs, and our corresponding hedging positions.
Other noninterest income increased $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to an increase in the fair value of investments related to our deferred compensation plan.
Noninterest Expense
The following table presents noninterest expense:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Salary and employee benefits | $ | 33,968 |  |  | $ | 32,508 |  |  | $ | 103,073 |  |  | $ | 101,981 |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy and equipment | 8,216 |  |  | 8,216 |  |  | 24,338 |  |  | 22,802 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 899 |  |  | 935 |  |  | 3,993 |  |  | 2,197 |  |  |  |  |
Merger-related expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,751 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 13,093 |  |  | 13,889 |  |  | 39,081 |  |  | 37,952 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest expenses | $ | 56,176 |  |  | $ | 55,548 |  |  | $ | 170,485 |  |  | $ | 183,683 |  |  |  |  |

Three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Our noninterest expenses increased $0.6 million to $56.2 million for the third quarter of 2023, from $55.5 million for the same period in 2022.
Salary and employee benefits increased $1.5 million to $34.0 million for the third quarter of 2023, from $32.5 million for the same period in 2022. The increase is primarily due to annual compensation increases occurring earlier in 2023, partially offset by lower commissions related to our mortgage operations.
Other noninterest expenses decreased $0.8 million to $13.1 million for the third quarter of 2023, from $13.9 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to lower data processing expenses.
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Our noninterest expenses decreased $13.2 million to $170.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $183.7 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease is primarily due to the merger-related expenses of $18.8 million ($0.63 per diluted share) incurred for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to our merger with Pioneer that was completed on April 1, 2022.
Amortization of intangible assets increased $1.8 million to $4.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $2.2 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to accelerated amortization of the core deposit intangible asset recognized in conjunction with the merger with Pioneer. We periodically monitor intangible assets and goodwill for impairment.
Income Taxes
Three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
We had income tax expense for the third quarter of 2023 of $6.8 million, compared to income tax expense of $7.6 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease in income tax expense was due to our decreased income during the third quarter of 2023. Our effective tax rate was 21.1% for the third quarter of 2023, compared to 22.3% for the same period in 2022.
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
We had income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $21.6 million, compared to $8.6 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due to our increased income during the period
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ended September 30, 2023. Our effective tax rate was 21.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 19.8% for the same period in 2022.
Financial Condition
Balance Sheet
Our total assets were $7.8 billion and $7.4 billion at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Our total loans held-for-investment, net of deferred fees, costs, premiums and discounts were $6.2 billion at September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.3 billion from December 31, 2022, which was due to organic growth.
Investment Securities
Our securities portfolio is used to make various term investments, maintain a source of liquidity and serve as collateral for certain types of deposits and borrowings. We manage our investment portfolio according to written investment policies approved by our board of directors. Investment in our securities portfolio may change over time based on our funding needs and interest rate risk management objectives. Our liquidity levels take into account anticipated future cash flows and other available sources of funds, and are maintained at levels that we believe are appropriate to provide the necessary flexibility to meet our anticipated funding requirements.
Our investment securities portfolio consists of securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity. There were no trading securities in our investment portfolio as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. All available-for sale securities are carried at fair value and may be used for liquidity purposes should management consider it to be in our best interest.
Our securities available-for-sale decreased by $41.0 million to $496.0 million at September 30, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to amortization of the portfolio and a decrease in fair value due to the rising interest rate environment. During the period ended September 30, 2023, the securities held-to-maturity decreased $1.5 million to $37.4 million.
The following table is a summary of our investment portfolio as of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(In thousands) | Carrying Amount |  | % of Portfolio |  | Carrying Amount |  | % of Portfolio
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury | $ | 52,853 |  |  | 10.7 | % |  | $ | 56,649 |  |  | 10.5 | %
U.S. agency | 2,055 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 2,834 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 24,488 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 24,899 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Mortgage backed - residential | 100,553 |  |  | 20.3 | % |  | 116,135 |  |  | 21.6 | %
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 184,457 |  |  | 37.2 | % |  | 204,265 |  |  | 38.1 | %
Mortgage backed - commercial | 116,911 |  |  | 23.6 | % |  | 117,336 |  |  | 21.9 | %
Other debt | 14,675 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 14,855 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Total available-for-sale | $ | 495,992 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 536,973 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 25,500 |  |  | 68.2 | % |  | $ | 25,378 |  |  | 65.2 | %
Mortgage backed - residential | 7,859 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | 8,705 |  |  | 22.4 | %
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 4,051 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 4,818 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 37,410 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 38,901 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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The following table shows the weighted average yield to average life of each category of investment securities as of September 30, 2023:

(In thousands) | One year or less |  | One to five years |  | Five to ten years |  | After ten years
| Carrying Amount |  | Average Yield |  | Carrying Amount |  | Average Yield |  | Carrying Amount |  | Average Yield |  | Carrying Amount |  | Average Yield
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury | $ | 14,726 |  |  | 2.22 | % |  | $ | 25,354 |  |  | 1.28 | % |  | $ | 12,773 |  |  | 1.29 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
U.S. agency | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,190 |  |  | 6.58 | % |  | 865 |  |  | 6.24 | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 10,721 |  |  | 3.18 | % |  | 13,767 |  |  | 2.96 | %
Mortgage backed - residential | 118 |  |  | 4.77 | % |  | 34,458 |  |  | 2.38 | % |  | 41,868 |  |  | 1.81 | % |  | 24,109 |  |  | 2.46 | %
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 3,463 |  |  | 2.68 | % |  | 31,773 |  |  | 3.92 | % |  | 139,254 |  |  | 3.62 | % |  | 9,967 |  |  | 1.77 | %
Mortgage backed - commercial | 1,456 |  |  | 4.38 | % |  | 34,612 |  |  | 3.97 | % |  | 80,843 |  |  | 2.52 | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Other debt | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 11,990 |  |  | 2.82 | % |  | 2,685 |  |  | 3.78 | %
Total available-for-sale | $ | 19,763 |  |  | 2.48 | % |  | $ | 127,387 |  |  | 3.02 | % |  | $ | 298,314 |  |  | 2.93 | % |  | $ | 50,528 |  |  | 2.53 | %
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 1,023 |  |  | 2.05 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 24,477 |  |  | 3.52 | %
Mortgage backed - residential | — |  |  | — | % |  | 4,795 |  |  | 2.55 | % |  | 681 |  |  | 3.13 | % |  | 2,383 |  |  | 3.22 | %
Collateralized mortgage obligations | 261 |  |  | 2.00 | % |  | 3,790 |  |  | 2.71 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 261 |  |  | 2.00 | % |  | $ | 9,608 |  |  | 2.56 | % |  | $ | 681 |  |  | 3.13 | % |  | $ | 26,860 |  |  | 3.50 | %

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Loans
Our loan portfolio represents a broad range of borrowers primarily in our markets in Texas, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, primarily comprised of commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, residential real estate, and public finance loans. We have a diversified portfolio across a variety of industries, and the portfolio is generally centered in the states in which we have branch offices. Our lending focus continues to be on operating companies, including commercial and industrial loans and lines-of-credit, as well as owner occupied commercial real estate loans.
Total loans, net of deferred origination fees, premiums, and discounts as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $6.2 billion and $5.9 billion, respectively.
The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio, as of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(In thousands) | Amount |  | % of total loans |  | Amount |  | % of total loans
Commercial and industrial | $ | 2,459,358 |  |  | 39.8 | % |  | $ | 2,310,929 |  |  | 39.1 | %
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | 767,135 |  |  | 12.4 | % |  | 779,546 |  |  | 13.2 | %
Owner occupied | 631,352 |  |  | 10.2 | % |  | 636,272 |  |  | 10.8 | %
Construction and land | 329,433 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 327,817 |  |  | 5.5 | %
Multifamily | 114,535 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 102,068 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Total commercial real estate | 1,842,455 |  |  | 29.8 | % |  | 1,845,703 |  |  | 31.2 | %
Residential real estate | 1,059,074 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 1,003,931 |  |  | 17.0 | %
Public finance | 602,844 |  |  | 9.8 | % |  | 590,284 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Consumer | 37,681 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 42,588 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Other | 178,110 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 118,397 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Total loans | $ | 6,179,522 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,911,832 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Commercial and industrial loans include loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment and inventory purchases, and other expansion projects. These loans are made primarily in our market areas and are underwritten on the basis of the borrower’s ability to service the debt from revenue, and are generally extended under our normal credit standards, controls and monitoring systems.
Commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans include owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans to operating commercial and agricultural businesses, and include both loans for long-term financing of land and buildings and loans made for the initial development or construction of a commercial real estate project. Non-owner occupied CRE loans were 82.9% of the Company’s risk based capital, or 12.4% of total loans as of September 30, 2023. Non-owner occupied CRE loans associated with office space were $101.8 million, or 1.6% of total loans as of September 30, 2023. Owner occupied CRE loans associated with office space were $139.7 million, or 2.3% of total loans as of September 30, 2023.
Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers collateralized by a mortgage on a residence and include purchase money, refinancing, secondary mortgages, and home equity loans and lines of credit.
Public finance loans include loans to our charter school and municipal based customers.
Consumer loans include direct consumer installment loans, credit card accounts, overdrafts and other revolving loans.
Other loans consist of loans to nondepository financial institutions, lease financing receivables and loans for agricultural production.
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Maturities and Sensitivity of Loans to Changes in Interest Rates
The information in the following tables is based on the contractual maturities of individual loans, including loans that may be subject to renewal at their contractual maturity. Renewal of these loans is subject to review and credit approval, as well as modification of terms upon maturity. Actual repayments of loans may differ from the maturities reflected below because borrowers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. The following tables summarize the loan maturity distribution by type and related interest rate characteristics as of September 30, 2023:

(In thousands) | One year or less |  | After one through five years |  | After five through 15 years |  | After 15 years |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 305,811 |  |  | $ | 1,785,639 |  |  | $ | 338,542 |  |  | $ | 29,366 |  |  | $ | 2,459,358 |
Commercial real estate | 221,682 |  |  | 1,080,597 |  |  | 477,310 |  |  | 62,866 |  |  | 1,842,455 |
Residential real estate | 134,958 |  |  | 30,447 |  |  | 75,084 |  |  | 818,585 |  |  | 1,059,074 |
Public finance | — |  |  | 80,434 |  |  | 363,655 |  |  | 158,755 |  |  | 602,844 |
Consumer | 7,390 |  |  | 9,971 |  |  | 20,118 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 37,681 |
Other | 31,211 |  |  | 125,479 |  |  | 15,408 |  |  | 6,012 |  |  | 178,110 |
Total loans | $ | 701,052 |  |  | $ | 3,112,567 |  |  | $ | 1,290,117 |  |  | $ | 1,075,786 |  |  | $ | 6,179,522 |

(In thousands) | One year or less |  | After one through five years |  | After five through 15 years |  | After 15 years |  | Total |  | Total Loans Maturing After 1 Year
Loans maturing with: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed interest rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 6,536 |  |  | $ | 296,773 |  |  | $ | 224,723 |  |  | $ | 555 |  |  | $ | 528,587 |  |  | $ | 522,051 |
Commercial real estate | 108,909 |  |  | 711,214 |  |  | 232,678 |  |  | 2,673 |  |  | 1,055,474 |  |  | 946,565 |
Residential real estate | 98,924 |  |  | 22,248 |  |  | 56,354 |  |  | 321,627 |  |  | 499,153 |  |  | 400,229 |
Public finance | — |  |  | 80,432 |  |  | 360,003 |  |  | 158,755 |  |  | 599,190 |  |  | 599,190 |
Consumer | 5,570 |  |  | 7,419 |  |  | 20,118 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,107 |  |  | 27,537 |
Other | 4,118 |  |  | 26,235 |  |  | 15,400 |  |  | 6,012 |  |  | 51,765 |  |  | 47,647 |
Total fixed interest rate loans | $ | 224,057 |  |  | $ | 1,144,321 |  |  | $ | 909,276 |  |  | $ | 489,622 |  |  | $ | 2,767,276 |  |  | $ | 2,543,219 |
Floating or adjustable interest rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 299,275 |  |  | $ | 1,488,866 |  |  | $ | 113,819 |  |  | $ | 28,811 |  |  | $ | 1,930,771 |  |  | $ | 1,631,496 |
Commercial real estate | 112,773 |  |  | 369,383 |  |  | 244,632 |  |  | 60,193 |  |  | 786,981 |  |  | 674,208 |
Residential real estate | 36,034 |  |  | 8,199 |  |  | 18,730 |  |  | 496,958 |  |  | 559,921 |  |  | 523,887 |
Public finance | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3,652 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,654 |  |  | 3,654 |
Consumer | 1,820 |  |  | 2,552 |  |  | — |  |  | 202 |  |  | 4,574 |  |  | 2,754 |
Other | 27,093 |  |  | 99,244 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 126,345 |  |  | 99,252 |
Total floating or adjustable interest rate loans | $ | 476,995 |  |  | $ | 1,968,246 |  |  | $ | 380,841 |  |  | $ | 586,164 |  |  | $ | 3,412,246 |  |  | $ | 2,935,251 |
Total loans | $ | 701,052 |  |  | $ | 3,112,567 |  |  | $ | 1,290,117 |  |  | $ | 1,075,786 |  |  | $ | 6,179,522 |  |  | $ | 5,478,470 |

Allowance for Credit Losses
We maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level we believe is sufficient to absorb expected losses in our loan portfolio given the conditions at the time and our estimates of future economic conditions. Events that are not within our control, such as changes in economic factors, could change subsequent to the reporting date and could cause increases or decreases to the allowance. The amount of the allowance is affected by loan charge-offs, which decrease the allowance; recoveries on loans previously charged off, which increase the allowance; and the provision for credit losses charged to earnings, which increases the allowance.
In determining the provision for credit losses, management monitors fluctuations in the allowance resulting from actual charge-offs and recoveries and reviews the size and composition of the loan portfolio in light of current and anticipated economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available or as events change.
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The following table presents, by loan type, the changes in the allowance for credit losses:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  | For the year ended December 31, |  |
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2022 |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 77,362 |  |  | $ | 56,077 |  |  | $ | 65,917 |  |  | $ | 47,547 |  |  | $ | 47,547 |  |  |
Impact of adopting ASC 326 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,256 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Adjusted beginning balance | $ | 77,362 |  |  | $ | 56,077 |  |  | $ | 71,173 |  |  | $ | 47,547 |  |  | $ | 47,547 |  |  |
Loan charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | (2,963) |  |  | (223) |  |  | (3,751) |  |  | (2,173) |  |  | (2,321) |  |  |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Residential real estate | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |  | (122) |  |  |
Public finance | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Consumer | (136) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (268) |  |  | (117) |  |  | (144) |  |  |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total loan charge-offs | (3,099) |  |  | (300) |  |  | (4,019) |  |  | (2,412) |  |  | (2,587) |  |  |
Recoveries of loans previously charged-off: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 155 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 1,835 |  |  | 2,236 |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 9 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 388 |  |  |
Residential real estate | 627 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 648 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 221 |  |  |
Public finance | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Consumer | 12 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 62 |  |  |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total loan recoveries | 803 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 952 |  |  | 2,093 |  |  | 2,907 |  |  |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries | (2,296) |  |  | (149) |  |  | (3,067) |  |  | (319) |  |  | 320 |  |  |
Provision for credit losses (1) | 3,600 |  |  | 3,750 |  |  | 10,560 |  |  | 12,450 |  |  | 18,050 |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 78,666 |  |  | $ | 59,678 |  |  | $ | 78,666 |  |  | $ | 59,678 |  |  | $ | 65,917 |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses to total loans | 1.27 | % |  | 1.07 | % |  | 1.27 | % |  | 1.07 | % |  | 1.12 | % |  |
Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding | 0.15 | % |  | 0.01 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | 0.01 | % |  | (0.01) | % |  |
(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2023 we recorded a provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $290; there was $350 provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments for the three months ended September 30, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 we recorded a provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $1,112 and $475, respectively. For further information, see Note 4 - Loans. |  |

The following table presents net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding by loan category:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 0.42 | % |  | 0.02 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.02 | % |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | (0.27) | % |  | 0.01 | % |  | (0.09) | % |  | (0.02) | % |  |  |  |
Public finance | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Consumer | 1.23 | % |  | 0.15 | % |  | 0.73 | % |  | 0.21 | % |  |  |  |
Other | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |

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Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table presents the allocation of the allowance for credit losses by category and the percentage of the allocation of the allowance for credit losses by category to total loans listed as of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(In thousands) | Allowance Amount |  | % of loans in each category to total loans |  | Allowance Amount |  | % of loans in each category to total loans
Commercial and industrial | $ | 34,641 |  |  | 39.8 | % |  | $ | 40,785 |  |  | 39.1 | %
Commercial real estate | 23,102 |  |  | 29.8 | % |  | 19,754 |  |  | 31.2 | %
Residential real estate | 13,157 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 2,963 |  |  | 17.0 | %
Public finance | 5,641 |  |  | 9.8 | % |  | 1,664 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Consumer | 702 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 352 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Other | 1,423 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 399 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Total | $ | 78,666 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 65,917 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Nonperforming Assets
We have established policies and procedures to guide us in originating, monitoring and maintaining the credit quality of our loan portfolio. These policies and procedures are expected to be followed by our bankers and underwriters and exceptions to these policies require elevated levels of approval and are reported to our board of directors.
Nonperforming assets include all loans categorized as nonaccrual, accrual loans greater than 90 days past due, and other real estate owned and other repossessed assets. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued, or the loan is placed on nonaccrual, when the full collection of principal and interest is in doubt. We do not generally accrue interest on loans that are 90 days or more past due. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual, previously accrued but unpaid interest is reversed and charged against interest income and future accruals of interest are discontinued. Payments by borrowers for loans on nonaccrual are applied to loan principal. Loans are returned to accrual status when, in our judgment, the borrower’s ability to satisfy principal and interest obligations under the loan agreement has improved sufficiently to reasonably assure recovery of principal and the borrower has demonstrated a sustained period of repayment performance. In general, we require a minimum of six consecutive months of timely payments in accordance with the contractual terms before returning a loan to accrual status.
The following table sets forth our nonperforming assets as of:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 12,035 |  |  | $ | 9,494 |
Commercial real estate | 5,110 |  |  | 8,283 |
Residential real estate | 20,554 |  |  | 10,628 |
Consumer | 1 |  |  | 93 |
Other | 2,832 |  |  | 471 |
Total nonaccrual loans | 40,532 |  |  | 28,969 |
Accrual loans greater than 90 days past due | 211 |  |  | 98 |
Total nonperforming loans (1) | 40,743 |  |  | 29,067 |
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, net | 8,395 |  |  | 6,358 |
Total nonperforming assets | $ | 49,138 |  |  | $ | 35,425 |
Nonaccrual loans to total loans | 0.66 | % |  | 0.49 | %
Nonperforming loans to total loans (2) | 0.66 | % |  | 0.49 | %
Nonperforming assets to total assets (2) | 0.63 | % |  | 0.48 | %
Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans | 194.08 | % |  | 227.54 | %
(1) On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2022-02, whereby we no longer recognize or account for TDRs. The loans previously classified as accrual TDRs are no longer considered nonperforming. We have adjusted prior periods to reflect this change in accounting. (2) Nonperforming loans include nonaccrual loans and accrual loans greater than 90 days past due.

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Deposits
Deposits represent our primary source of funds. Total deposits increased by $0.6 billion to $6.3 billion at September 30, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022.
We are focused on growing our core deposits through relationship-based banking with our business and consumer clients. The following table presents our deposits by customer type as of:

($ in thousands) | September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2022
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest bearing deposit accounts | $ | 366,366 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 416,709 |
Interest-bearing deposit accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and NOW deposits | 33,340 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,940 |
Savings deposits | 356,890 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 418,101 |
Money market deposits | 1,149,365 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,375,671 |
Certificates of deposits | 1,366,255 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 662,831 |
Total interest-bearing deposit accounts | 2,905,850 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,482,543 |
Total consumer deposits | $ | 3,272,216 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,899,252 |
Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest bearing deposit accounts | $ | 1,244,284 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,403,781 |
Interest-bearing deposit accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and NOW deposits | 443,191 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 236,641 |
Savings deposits | 85,234 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33,753 |
Money market deposits | 859,516 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 907,379 |
Certificates of deposits | 77,228 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,874 |
Total interest-bearing deposit accounts | 1,465,169 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,218,647 |
Total business deposits | $ | 2,709,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,622,428 |
Wholesale deposits (1) | $ | 358,178 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 243,382 |
Total deposits | $ | 6,339,847 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,765,062 |
(1) Wholesale deposits consist of brokered deposits included in our consolidated balance sheets within interest-bearing accounts and in Note 7 - Deposits within certificates of deposits and savings and money market accounts.

The following table sets forth the average balance amounts and the average rates paid on deposits held by us:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Average Balance |  | Average Rate Paid |  | Average Balance |  | Average Rate Paid |  | Average Balance |  | Average Rate Paid |  | Average Balance |  | Average Rate Paid |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposit accounts | $ | 1,654,090 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 1,924,055 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 1,705,392 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 1,805,982 |  |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposit accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand accounts | 428,471 |  |  | 3.47 | % |  | 159,905 |  |  | 1.12 | % |  | 300,674 |  |  | 3.08 | % |  | 169,191 |  |  | 0.58 | % |  |  |  |
Savings accounts and money market accounts | 2,465,200 |  |  | 1.41 | % |  | 3,124,000 |  |  | 0.24 | % |  | 2,594,599 |  |  | 1.06 | % |  | 3,064,646 |  |  | 0.18 | % |  |  |  |
NOW accounts | 38,366 |  |  | 1.08 | % |  | 42,385 |  |  | 0.43 | % |  | 42,438 |  |  | 0.76 | % |  | 45,671 |  |  | 0.34 | % |  |  |  |
Certificate of deposit accounts | 1,748,515 |  |  | 4.21 | % |  | 593,479 |  |  | 0.62 | % |  | 1,407,264 |  |  | 3.61 | % |  | 498,753 |  |  | 0.56 | % |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing deposit accounts | 4,680,552 |  |  | 2.64 | % |  | 3,919,769 |  |  | 0.33 | % |  | 4,344,975 |  |  | 2.02 | % |  | 3,778,261 |  |  | 0.25 | % |  |  |  |
Total deposits | $ | 6,334,642 |  |  | 1.95 | % |  | $ | 5,843,824 |  |  | 0.22 | % |  | $ | 6,050,367 |  |  | 1.45 | % |  | $ | 5,584,243 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  |  |

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately $2.0 billion or 32.0% and $2.4 billion or 41.6%, respectively, of our deposit portfolio was uninsured. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately $1.6 billion or 25.4% and $1.7 billion or 28.7%, respectively, of our deposit portfolio was uninsured and uncollateralized. The uninsured and uninsured and uncollateralized amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank's regulatory reporting requirements.
We actively participate in the IntraFi Cash Service (“ICS”) / Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (“CDARS”) program which provides FDIC insurance coverage for clients that maintain larger deposit balances. Deposits in the ICS /
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CDARS program totaled $0.5 billion, or 8.1% of all deposits as of September 30, 2023, and $0.2 billion, or 4.1% of all deposits as of December 31, 2022.
The following table sets forth the portion of the Bank's time deposits, by account, that are in excess of the FDIC insurance limit, by remaining time until maturity, as of September 30,:

(In thousands) | 2023
Three months or less | $ | 41,374 |
Over three months through six months | 51,135 |
Over six through twelve months | 87,301 |
Over twelve months through three years | 74,610 |
Over three years | 664 |
Total | $ | 255,084 |

Liquidity
Liquidity refers to our ability to maintain cash flow that is adequate to fund operations, support asset growth, maintain reserve requirements and meet present and future obligations of deposit withdrawals, lending obligations and other contractual obligations.
FirstSun (Parent Company)
FirstSun has routine funding requirements consisting primarily of operating expenses, debt service, and funds used for acquisitions. FirstSun can obtain funding to meet its obligations from dividends collected from its subsidiaries, primarily the Bank, and through the issuance of varying forms of debt. At September 30, 2023, FirstSun had available cash and cash equivalents of $34.9 million and debt outstanding of $78.9 million. Management believes FirstSun has the ability to generate and obtain adequate amounts of liquidity to meet its requirements in the short-term and the long-term.
Federal banking laws regulate the amount of dividends that may be paid by banking subsidiaries without prior approval. The Bank may declare dividends without prior regulatory approval that do not exceed the total of retained net income for the current year combined with its retained net income for the preceding two years, subject to maintenance of minimum capital requirements. Prior regulatory approval to pay dividends was not required in 2022 or 2023 and is not currently required. At September 30, 2023, the Bank could pay dividends to FirstSun of approximately $165.5 million without prior regulatory approval. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Bank paid dividends totaling $26.0 million to FirstSun.
Bank
As more fully discussed in our 2022 Form 10-K, we regularly monitor our liquidity position and make adjustments to the balance between sources and uses of funds as we deem appropriate. At September 30, 2023, our liquid assets, which consist of cash and amounts due from banks and interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, amounted to $435.6 million, or 5.6% of total assets, compared to $307.9 million, or 4.1% of total assets, at December 31, 2022. The increase in our liquid assets was primarily due to an increase in cash held at the Federal Reserve. At September 30, 2023, approximately 82% of the investment securities portfolio was pledged as collateral to secure public deposits and repurchase agreements. Our unencumbered available-for-sale securities at September 30, 2023 were $91.4 million, or 1.2% of total assets, compared to $120.4 million, or 1.6% of total assets, at December 31, 2022.
The liability portion of our balance sheet serves as a primary source of liquidity. We plan to meet our future cash needs primarily through the generation of deposits. Customer deposits have historically provided a sizeable source of relatively stable and low-cost funds. At September 30, 2023, loans as a percentage of customer deposits were 97.5%, compared with 102.5% at December 31, 2022. For additional information related to our deposits, see Deposits section above. We are also a member of the FHLB and FRB, from which we can borrow for leverage or liquidity purposes. The FHLB and FRB requires that securities and qualifying loans be pledged to secure any advances. Liquidity sources available to us for immediate funding at September 30, 2023, are as follows:

FHLB borrowings available | $ | 1,051,446 |
Fed Funds lines | 1,980,993 |
Unused lines with other financial institutions | 279,908 |
Immediate funding availability | $ | 3,312,347 |

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Management believes the Bank has the ability to generate and obtain adequate amounts of liquidity to meet its requirements in the short-term and the long-term.
Capital
Stockholders’ equity at September 30, 2023 was $843.7 million, compared to $774.5 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $69.2 million, or 8.9%. The increase in stockholders’ equity relates primarily to net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. We did not pay a dividend to our common shareholders for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Capital Adequacy
We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Management routinely analyzes our capital to seek to ensure an optimized capital structure. For further information on capital adequacy see Note 14 - Regulatory Capital Matters to the consolidated financial statements.
Material Contractual Obligations, Commitments, and Contingent Liabilities
We have entered into contractual obligations in the normal course of business that involve elements of credit risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk.
The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations as of September 30, 2023. Further discussion of each obligation or commitment is included in the referenced note to the consolidated financial statements.

(In thousands) | Note Reference |  | Total |  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1 - 3 Years |  | 3 - 5 Years |  | More than 5 Years
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits without a stated maturity | 7 |  | $ | 4,563,278 |  |  | $ | 4,563,278 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Certificates of deposit | 7 |  | 1,776,569 |  |  | 1,347,310 |  |  | 418,262 |  |  | 8,038 |  |  | 2,959 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 8 |  | 25,868 |  |  | 25,868 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB LOC | 9 |  | 330,000 |  |  | 330,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated debt | 9 |  | 78,919 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78,919 |
Operating leases | 17 |  | 30,183 |  |  | 14,023 |  |  | 7,775 |  |  | 8,153 |  |  | 232 |

We are party to various derivative contracts as a means to manage the balance sheet and our related exposure to changes in interest rates, to manage our residential real estate loan origination and sale activity, and to provide derivative contracts to our clients. Since the derivative liabilities recorded on the balance sheet change frequently and do not represent the amounts that may ultimately be paid under these contracts, these liabilities are not included in the table of contractual obligations presented above. Further discussion of derivative instruments is included in Note 6 - Derivative Financial Instruments to the consolidated financial statements.
In the normal course of business, various legal actions and proceedings are pending against us and our affiliates which are incidental to the business in which they are engaged. Further discussion of contingent liabilities is included in Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements.
We are a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, commercial letters of credit and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The contractual or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement we have in particular classes of financial instruments. Further discussion of contingent liabilities is included in Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Refer to the discussion of market risks included in “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in the 2022 Form 10-K. There has been no material change in the types of market risks we face since December 31, 2022.
Management uses a simulation model to analyze the sensitivity of net interest income to changes in interest rates across various interest rate scenarios, which seeks to demonstrate the level of interest rate risk inherent in the existing balance sheet. The analysis holds the current balance sheet values constant and does not take into account management intervention.
Additionally our simulation model incorporates various key assumptions, which we believe are reasonable, but may have an impact on the results such as: (1) we assume certain correlation rates, often referred to as “deposit beta,” for interest-bearing deposits, wherein the rates paid to customers change relative to changes in benchmark interest rates, (2) cash flows and maturities of interest sensitive assets and liabilities, (3) re-pricing characteristics for market rate sensitive instruments, (4) prepayment rates and product mix of assets and liabilities, and (5) simulations do not contemplate any actions management may undertake in response to changes in interest rates. Because of limitations in any approach used to measure interest rate risk, simulation results are not intended to forecast actual results driven by the effect of a change in market rates but to better plan and execute appropriate asset-liability management strategies and manage our interest rate risk.
The primary impact of inflation on operations is reflected in increasing operating costs and non-interest expense. Our interest bearing assets and liabilities are monetary in nature and changes in interest rates will impact our performance on net interest margin more than changes in the general rate of inflation.
The effect on net interest income over a 12-month time horizon due to hypothetical changes in market interest rates is presented in the table below. In this interest rate shock simulation, as of the periods presented, interest rates have been adjusted by instantaneous parallel changes rather than in a ramp simulation, which applies interest rate changes over time. All rates, short-term and long-term, are changed by the same amount (e.g., plus or minus 100 basis points) resulting in the shape of the yield curve remaining unchanged.

| % Change in Net Interest Income As of September 30, |  | % Change in Economic Value of Equity As of September 30, |
Changes in Interest Rate (Basis Points) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
+300 | 6.8 | % |  | 14.1 | % |  | (12.7) | % |  | (7.5) | % |
+200 | 4.5 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  | (8.6) | % |  | (4.7) | % |
+100 | 2.2 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  | (4.5) | % |  | (2.2) | % |
Base | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |
-100 | — | % |  | (3.5) | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 1.6 | % |
-200 | (0.8) | % |  | N/A | (1) | 6.2 | % |  | N/A | (1)
-300 | (4.6) | % |  | N/A | (1) | 7.3 | % |  | N/A | (1)
(1) Given the level of market interest rates, these scenarios were not considered to be meaningful as of September 30, 2022. |

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
a.Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934) as of September 30, 2023. Based on that evaluation, we concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
b.Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
FirstSun and its subsidiaries are from time to time subject to claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. For further information regarding legal proceedings, see Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies under the subheading “Litigation” in our unaudited consolidated financial statements contained in this report. One or more unfavorable outcomes in any claim or litigation against us could have a material adverse effect for the period in which they are resolved. In addition, regardless of their merits or their ultimate outcomes, such matters are costly, divert management’s attention and may materially adversely affect our reputation, even if resolved in our favor.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in the 2022 Annual Report.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of FirstSun Capital Bancorp, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the proxy statement/prospectus contained in the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-258176) filed with the SEC on July 26, 2021).
3.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment dated November 3, 2021 to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of FirstSun (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended September 30, 2021).
3.3 |  | Bylaws of FirstSun Capital Bancorp as amended and restated through October 29, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended September 30, 2021).
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 |  | The following financial statements from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, were formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | FIRSTSUN CAPITAL BANCORP
|  |  | (Registrant)
|  |  | /s/ Neal E. Arnold
Date: | November 9, 2023 |
|  |  | Neal E. Arnold
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
|  |  | /s/ Robert A. Cafera, Jr.
Date: | November 9, 2023 |
|  |  | Robert A. Cafera, Jr.
|  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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