On September 23, 2019, the Company committed to a restructuring plan to improve the Company’s manufacturing productivity and rationalize its footprint. Under this plan, the Company will relocate and consolidate certain existing automotive manufacturing and, as a result, certain other activities, overall reducing the number of plants by two. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized expense of $4,863 for employee separation costs that will be paid pursuant to the terms of statutory requirements of the affected locations. Additionally, the Company recognized $2,087 of accelerated depreciation and fixed asset impairment.

The Company expects to incur total costs of between $20,000 and $24,000, of which between $17,000 and $21,000 are expected to be cash expenditures. The total expected costs include employee separation costs of between $9,000 and $11,000, capital expenditures of between $4,500 and $5,500 and non-cash expenses for accelerated depreciation and impairment of fixed assets of $3,000. The Company also expects to incur other transition costs including recruiting, relocation, and machinery and equipment move and set up costs of between $3,500 and $4,500. The actions under this plan are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2021. The actual timing, costs and savings of the Plan may differ materially from the Company’s current expectations and estimates.

As part of the Company’s continued efforts to optimize its cost structure, the Company has undertaken several discrete restructuring actions. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $2,942 and $6,598 of employee separation costs, respectively, and $1,360 and $2,869 of other related costs, respectively. These restructuring expenses were primarily associated with restructuring actions focused on the rotation of our manufacturing footprint to lower cost locations and the reduction of global overhead costs. These discrete restructuring actions are expected to approximate the total cumulative costs for those actions. The Company will continue to explore opportunities to improve its future profitability and competitiveness. These actions may result in the recognition of additional restructuring charges that could be material.

In June 2018, Gentherm completed the sale of its battery management systems division located in Irvine, California. A loss on the sale of $1,107 was recognized in restructuring expenses during the year ended December 31, 2018. An additional asset impairment loss of $425 was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2019.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, Gentherm recognized employee separation costs of $1,094, and $643 of other related costs associated with the closure of two leased facilities located in Azusa, California. The Company also recognized $1,400 in restructuring expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 for the disposal of long-lived assets controlled and used in Azusa, California.

The Company has recorded approximately $4,669 of restructuring expenses since inception of this program and it is considered complete.

During 2018, Gentherm launched a program to actively market GPT and CSZ-IC. Costs associated with the divestiture process were classified as restructuring. During the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $251 and $757 of employee separation costs, respectively, and $991 and $304 of other related costs, respectively.

The Company has recorded approximately $2,303 of restructuring expenses since inception of this program and it is considered substantially complete.

Restructuring expense by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Automotive	$	9,353	$	5,548	$	—
Industrial		1,838		5,607		—
Reconciling items		1,728		3,617		—
Total	$	12,919	$	14,772	$	—

The following table summarizes restructuring activity for all restructuring initiatives for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

	Employee Separation Costs			Accelerated Depreciation and Asset Impairment Charges			Other Related Costs			Total
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Additions, charged to restructuring expenses		8,449			2,507			3,816			14,772
Cash payments		(6,346	)		—			(3,348	)		(9,694	)
Non-cash utilization		—			(2,507	)		—			(2,507	)
Reclassification to lease liability		—			—			—			—
Currency translation		(24	)		—			—			(24	)
Balance at December 31, 2018		2,079			—			468			2,547
Additions, charged to restructuring expenses		8,056			2,512			2,351			12,919
Cash payments		(4,118	)		—			(2,636	)		(6,754	)
Non-cash utilization		—			(2,512	)		—			(2,512	)
Reclassification to lease liability		—			—			(112	)		(112	)
Currency translation		(23	)		—			—			(23	)
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	5,994		$	—		$	71		$	6,065