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As confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 21, 2024

This draft registration statement has not been publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and all information herein remains

strictly confidential.

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

MAZE THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 2836 |  | 82-2635018
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

171 Oyster Point Blvd., Suite 300

South San Francisco, California 94080

(650) 850-5070

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Jason Coloma, Ph.D.

Chief Executive Officer

Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

171 Oyster Point Blvd., Suite 300

South San Francisco, California 94080

(650) 850-5070

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Effie Toshav, Esq. Amanda Rose, Esq. Ryan Mitteness, Esq. Chelsea Anderson, Esq. Fenwick & West LLP 555 California Street San Francisco, California 94104 (415) 875-2300 |  | Alan Denenberg, Esq. Emily Roberts, Esq. Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP 1600 El Camino Real Menlo Park, California 94025 (650) 752-2000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the following box.☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer☐ |  | Accelerated filer☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☒
|  |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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Explanatory Note

Pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act, we are omitting our financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 because they relate to historical periods that we believe will not be required to be included in the prospectus at the time of the contemplated offering. We intend to amend the registration statement to include all financial information required by Regulation S-X at the date of such amendment before distributing a preliminary prospectus to investors.

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The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to completion, dated     , 2024

Preliminary prospectus

shares

Common stock

We are offering    shares of our common stock. This is our initial public offering and no public market currently exists for our common stock. We expect the initial public offering price to be between $    and $    per share.

We have applied to list our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “MAZE.”

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, we have elected to comply with certain reduced reporting requirements for this prospectus and may elect to do so in future filings.

|  | Per share |  |  | Total |
Initial public offering price |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1) |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Proceeds to Maze Therapeutics, Inc., before expenses |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |

(1) |  | See the section entitled “Underwriting” for a description of the compensation payable to the underwriters.

We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days after the date of this prospectus to purchase up to    additional shares of our common stock from us at the initial public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Please read the section entitled “Risk factors ” beginning on page 12 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of common stock against payment in New York, New York, on    , 2024.

J.P. Morgan |  | TD Cowen |  | Leerink Partners |  |  | Guggenheim Securities |

Prospectus dated    , 2024

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Table of contents

|  | Page |
Prospectus summary |  |  | 1 |
The offering |  |  | 8 |
Risk factors |  |  | 12 |
Special note regarding forward-looking statements |  |  | 79 |
Use of proceeds |  |  | 82 |
Dividend policy |  |  | 84 |
Capitalization |  |  | 85 |
Dilution |  |  | 88 |
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations |  |  | 91 |
Business |  |  | 107 |
Management |  |  | 147 |
Executive compensation |  |  | 158 |
Certain relationships and related party transactions |  |  | 171 |
Principal stockholders |  |  | 175 |
Description of capital stock |  |  | 178 |
Shares eligible for future sale |  |  | 184 |
Material U.S. federal income tax consequences to non-U.S. holders |  |  | 186 |
Underwriting |  |  | 191 |
Legal matters |  |  | 203 |
Experts |  |  | 203 |
Where you can find additional information |  |  | 203 |
Index to financial statements |  |  | F-1 |

Through and including    , 2024 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to a dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to an unsold allotment or subscription.

Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses we have prepared. We and the underwriters take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus or in any applicable free writing prospectus is current only as of its date, regardless of its time of delivery or the time of any sale of shares of our common stock.

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For investors outside of the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than the United States. Persons outside of the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of our common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.

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Prospectus summary

This summary highlights selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you should consider in making your investment decision. Before investing in our common stock, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes thereto and the information set forth under the sections entitled “Risk factors” and “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations,” in each case included in this prospectus. Some of the statements in this prospectus constitute forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See the section entitled “Special note regarding forward-looking statements” for additional information. Unless the context otherwise requires, we use the terms “Maze,” “the company,” “we,” “us” and “our” in this prospectus to refer to Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company harnessing the power of human genetics to develop novel, small molecule precision medicines for patients living with common diseases, with a focus on renal, cardiovascular and related metabolic diseases, including obesity. We are advancing a pipeline using our Compass platform, which allows us to identify and characterize genetic variants in disease and then link those variants to the biological pathways that drive disease in specific patient groups through a process we refer to as variant functionalization. Our Compass platform has been purpose-built to inform all phases of our drug discovery and development process through clinical trial design. We are currently advancing two wholly owned lead programs, MZE829 and MZE782, each of which represents a novel precision medicine-based approach for chronic kidney disease, or CKD. Our goal is to bring novel precision medicines to patients with common diseases, which is where we believe we can maximize our impact on human health.

CKD is a serious, progressive condition that affects approximately 37 million patients in the United States, where it is expected to be the fifth most prevalent chronic disease by 2040. Current treatments for CKD consider patients as falling into clinical categories and focus on slowing the progression of disease, but do not target the underlying genetic drivers of disease. Our lead programs are designed to phenocopy, or mimic, the protective effects of certain genetic variants that are associated with reduced disease burden and improved kidney function in distinct groups of CKD patients.

Our most advanced lead program, MZE829, is an oral, small molecule inhibitor of apolipoprotein L1, or APOL1, for the treatment of patients with APOL1 kidney disease, or AKD, which is estimated to affect over one million patients in the United States alone. Although the link between APOL1 variants and renal dysfunction has been known for over a decade, we have identified a new protective variant that underpins our therapeutic approach for MZE829 and may ultimately allow us to address a broader population of AKD than has previously been possible in the clinical setting. We expect to initiate a Phase 2 trial of MZE829 in     .

Our second lead program, MZE782, is a potentially first-in-class, oral, small molecule inhibitor of the solute transporter SLC6A19, a novel CKD target, with the potential to address approximately five million of the CKD patients in the United States with inadequate responses to currently available CKD therapies. Beyond its use as a potential standalone therapy, MZE782 may also provide a significant benefit to patients in combination with standard of care, including as a complementary treatment to current approved regimens or as an alternative option for those patients who do not adequately respond to today’s standard of care. We plan to submit an Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, to the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for MZE782 in    .

Our Compass platform supports end-to-end variant identification and functionalization capabilities as well as advanced research tools and methodologies for drug development. We believe the process of variant functionalization, or understanding how genetic variants function to affect the course of disease, is a foundational

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aspect of precision medicine and one of the core capabilities that sets us apart from others in the field. Furthermore, we believe we are the first company to implement these workflow elements/methodologies at scale.

Our pipeline

Our wholly owned pipeline consists of small molecule precision medicines for patients living with common diseases, with a focus on renal, cardiovascular and related metabolic, or CVRM, diseases, including obesity. In areas outside of our focus, we have additional programs in development through partnership arrangements and other third-party relationships, including MZE001 in Pompe disease with Shionogi & Co., Ltd., or Shionogi, and ATXN2 and UNC13A, each for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, with two separate biotechnology companies. Our pipeline is summarized below.

Our most advanced lead program, MZE829, is an oral, small molecule inhibitor of APOL1 for the treatment of patients with AKD, a subset of CKD estimated to affect over one million patients in the United States alone. Although the link between APOL1 variants and renal dysfunction has been known for over a decade, we have identified a new protective variant of the APOL1 gene, N264K. MZE829 is designed to phenocopy N264K and mimic its protective characteristics. Through our preclinical work in AKD, we have demonstrated MZE829’s potential as a disease modifying treatment for patients suffering from this disease. Preclinical in vivo studies demonstrated MZE829’s significant potency in a model of APOL1-induced kidney injury, suggesting the ability to explore the potential for greater efficacy and ultimately address a broader population of AKD than has previously been possible in the clinical setting. Additionally, MZE829 has demonstrated the potential to stop or reverse critical features of kidney disease, specifically the breakdown of the kidney’s filtering system and loss of protein in urine, or proteinuria. We expect to initiate a Phase 2 trial of MZE829 in    .

Our second most advanced lead program, MZE782, is a potentially first-in-class, oral, small molecule that targets the solute transporter, SLC6A19, with the potential to address approximately five million of the CKD patients in the United States with inadequate responses to currently available CKD therapies. Beyond its use as a potential standalone therapy, MZE782 may also provide a significant benefit to patients in combination with standard of care, including as a complementary treatment to current approved regimens or as an alternative option for those patients who do not adequately respond to today’s standard of care. We identified SLC6A19 using non-public sets of matched, genetic and longitudinal clinical data and discovered a bidirectional allelic series with variants that either improve or

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worsen renal function. We then applied variant functionalization techniques to understand the characteristics of the naturally occurring protective variants and designed our proprietary small molecule to mimic their inhibitory effects. We plan to apply a non-invasive biomarker strategy in our Phase 1 trial to establish proof of mechanism and to select doses for a Phase 2 trial. We expect to submit an IND to the FDA for MZE782 in     .

In addition to our two lead programs in CKD, our Compass platform has also produced a pipeline across other therapeutic areas and modalities, including MZE001, our first clinical program developed for the treatment of patients with Pompe disease. Within approximately three years, MZE001 progressed from discovery to the clinic and demonstrated proof of mechanism in a Phase 1 trial, suggesting its potential as an oral therapy for the treatment of patients with Pompe disease and demonstrating the potential of our Compass platform. Given our focus on common diseases, where we believe we can maximize our impact on human health, we strategically enter into partnerships with third parties to advance programs that address diseases outside of our core focus areas. In March 2024, following the completion of our Phase 1 trial, we exclusively licensed MZE001 to Shionogi for an upfront payment of $150 million and the potential for additional milestones and royalties. We have also exclusively licensed our ATXN2 and UNC13A programs for the treatment of ALS to other biotechnology companies. Additionally, we formed a spin-out company, Broadwing Bio LLC, or Broadwing, to develop therapeutic candidates treating ophthalmic diseases. We believe these collaborations validate the potential of our Compass platform and our ability to generate new targets and assets of therapeutic interest across a wide range of indications and therapeutic areas.

Our approach to precision medicine: Compass platform

Our Compass platform and its associated methodologies give us the ability to aggregate matched, genetic, and longitudinal clinical data at scale to identify genes associated with disease, utilizing a combination of private and publicly-available paired clinical data. More importantly, this process uncovers genetic variants of these genes that provide insight into a therapeutic approach to the applicable target. Using machine learning and statistical modeling, variant functionalization tools, and traditional and computational drug discovery technologies, targets are then prioritized based on their roles in biological pathways, their roles as potential drivers of disease, and their structural properties. These insights ultimately inform our clinical development and patient selection strategies, which we believe have the potential to improve the overall likelihood of technical, regulatory and commercial success of our precision medicine candidates. The power of our Compass platform and its methodologies is best exhibited through our clinical and preclinical programs and multiple contributions to the scientific community over the past five years.

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Our Compass platform follows a sequential, three phase workflow consisting of: (1) variant discovery, in which we analyze multiple large-scale genetic databases to identify relevant genetic variants; (2) variant function identification, in which we attempt to understand the linkage between genetic variants identified and the biology underpinning disease; and (3) translation into therapy, in which we develop the assays, models, molecules and data necessary to support advancing our programs into clinical development. This workflow creates an iterative learning loop that improves as we onboard, analyze and generate additional data.

A new era of precision medicine: Maze’s opportunity in common diseases

Over the past 20 years, significant advances in human genetics and in the understanding of the biological processes underpinning disease have opened the door to a multitude of potentially new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches, which we believe presents a unique opportunity for a new approach to precision medicine. More recently, the availability of matched, genetic, and longitudinal clinical data and advanced computational methods to analyze these data has enabled the characterization of genetic variants that are strongly correlated with disease susceptibility and severity. Advancements in functional genomics have also provided new tools to help unravel how genetic variants impact disease progression from a mechanistic perspective. Nevertheless, the process of successfully translating genetic insights into effective precision medicines is a challenge that has inspired our mission as a company as well as our name, Maze Therapeutics.

Based on insights from our Compass platform, we design our therapeutic candidates to modulate the target of interest, either by mimicking the beneficial effects of certain protective variants or by blocking the unwanted activity associated with toxic variants, to address the underlying biological drivers of disease. Our process of designing precision medicines that take into account the genetic drivers of disease in defined patient groups parallels many of the foundational principles of precision oncology, which has revolutionized the treatment landscape in cancer, and, we believe, may help streamline our development efforts and increase our odds of clinical success.

Our team and investors

Our leadership team and board of directors have significant experience discovering, developing and commercializing therapies. Our syndicate of investors has renowned life sciences experience and a shared, dedicated goal of transforming the lives of patients by creating a leading precision medicine company in the CVRM disease spaces.

Jason Coloma, Ph.D., M.P.H., our Chief Executive Officer, brings over 20 years of life science leadership experience. He most recently operated as a venture partner at Third Rock Ventures, LLC, or Third Rock Ventures, during which time he served as the Chief Operating Officer of Maze before being appointed CEO.

Harold Bernstein, M.D., Ph.D., our President, Research & Development and Chief Medical Officer, brings over 30 years of experience in scientific research, translational medicine and clinical development. Dr. Bernstein most recently was Chief Medical Officer and Head of Global Clinical Development at BioMarin Pharmaceuticals Inc. He previously served as Head of Translational Medicine at Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, or Vertex, and held roles of increasing responsibility at Merck and Co., Inc., including Head of Early Development for Cardiometabolic Diseases.

Atul Dandekar, our Chief Strategy Officer, brings over 20 years of experience in strategy, clinical development and commercialization. Mr. Dandekar most recently was VP, Global Franchise Head for Ophthalmology at Genentech, Inc., or Genetech, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, or Roche, and previously served as Senior Global Program Head in Neuroscience at Novartis AG.

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Since our inception, we have raised approximately $424.0 million from leading life science investors, including our 5% or greater stockholders, Third Rock Ventures, ARCH Venture Partners, Matrix Capital Management and Google Ventures.

Our strategy

We leverage our Compass platform to discover and develop precision medicines in subsets of common diseases to achieve improved treatment outcomes for patients. Our focus on common CVRM diseases, including obesity, is driven in part by the emerging understanding of the interconnectivity of these diseases. By focusing on these common diseases, we believe we can maximize our impact on human health.

The core elements of our business strategy are to:

• |  | Advance the clinical development of MZE829 and MZE782 for the treatment of CKD, a disease affecting a large patient population with high unmet need.

• |  | Leverage our proprietary Compass platform to expand our pipeline of precision medicine candidates.

• |  | Enhance our Compass platform and methodology.

• |  | Maximize the commercial potential of our pipeline.

Summary of risks affecting us

Our business and our ability to implement our business strategy are subject to numerous risks, as more fully described in the section entitled “Risk factors” immediately following this prospectus summary. You should read these risks before you invest in our common stock. We may be unable, for many reasons, including those that are beyond our control, to implement our business strategy. In particular, risks associated with our business include:

• |  | We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability. Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses and have not generated any revenue. We expect to incur continued losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

• |  | Even if this offering is successful, we will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations and achieve our goals. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on terms acceptable to us, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research or product development programs, any future commercialization efforts or other operations.

• |  | We are early in our development efforts and highly dependent on the success of our lead programs. If we are unable to commercialize our therapeutic candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

• |  | Preclinical and clinical drug development is a lengthy and expensive process, with uncertain timelines and outcomes. If preclinical studies or clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates are prolonged or delayed, we may be unable to obtain required regulatory approvals, and therefore be unable to commercialize our therapeutic candidates or any of our future therapeutic candidates on a timely basis or at all.

• |  | We may not be successful in applying our Compass platform to identify targets with therapeutic potential or to discover and develop safe, effective or commercially viable therapeutic candidates.

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• |  | Our Compass platform relies on access to high quality data repositories with paired genetic and clinical data and loss of such access, or the inability to use such data, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

• |  | We have entered, and may in the future enter, into strategic collaborations, transactions and licensing partnerships for research, development or commercialization of our programs, including our first therapeutic candidate MZE001, and we may not be able to realize the full value of these partnerships or our partnered programs.

• |  | We face significant competition in an environment of rapid technological change and there is a possibility that our competitors may achieve regulatory approval before us or develop therapies or technologies that are more advanced or effective than ours, which may harm our business and financial condition, and our ability to successfully market or commercialize our therapeutic candidates.

• |  | Our success depends in part on our and our partners’ ability to obtain, maintain, enforce and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. It is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights and technologies, and we may not be able to ensure their protection. If we are unable to adequately protect our technologies or obtain and maintain patent protection for our technologies and products or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technologies and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technologies and products may be impaired.

• |  | If we are sued for infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties, such litigation or disputes could be costly and time-consuming and could prevent or delay us from developing or commercializing our therapeutic candidates.

• |  | Certain of the diseases we, or which our partners, seek to treat have low prevalence and/or have available therapies, and it may be difficult for us or our partners to identify patients with these diseases or face competition in the recruitment of these limited groups of patients, which may lead to difficulties in enrolling clinical trials.

Corporate information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on August 29, 2017, originally under the name Genetic Modifiers NewCo, Inc. We changed our name on July 5, 2018 to Modulus Therapeutics, Inc. and on September 25, 2018, to Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Our principal executive offices are located at 171 Oyster Point Blvd., Suite 300, South San Francisco, California 94080, and our telephone number is (650) 850-5070. Our website address is www.mazetx.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this prospectus.

The mark “Maze Therapeutics,” the Maze logo, “Maze Compass” and all product names are our registered or common law trademarks. All other service marks, trademarks and trade names appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and tradenames referred to in this prospectus appear without the ® and ™ symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights, or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and tradenames.

Implications of being an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company

As a company with less than $1.235 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company,” or EGC, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An

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EGC may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

• |  | being permitted to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of reduced related “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” disclosure in this prospectus;

• |  | not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting;

• |  | reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation arrangements; and

• |  | exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We will remain an EGC until the earliest to occur of: (1) the last day of our fiscal year in which we have more than $1.235 billion in annual revenue; (2) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” as defined under Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act; (3) the date on which we have issued, in any three-year period, more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or (4) the last day of our fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering.

We have elected to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure obligations for EGCs in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in future filings. As a result, the information that we provide to our stockholders may be different than you might receive from other public reporting companies in which you hold equity interests.

The JOBS Act provides that an EGC can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, until those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an EGC or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Until the date that we are no longer an EGC or affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the exemption provided by Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, upon issuance of a new or revised accounting standard that applies to our financial statements and that has a different effective date for public and private companies, we will disclose the date on which adoption is required for non-EGCs and the date on which we will adopt the recently issued accounting standard. We are also a “smaller reporting company,” or SRC, meaning that the market value of our capital stock held by non-affiliates plus the proposed aggregate amount of gross proceeds to us as a result of this offering is less than $700.0 million and our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during our most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a SRC after this offering if either (i) the market value of our capital stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million or (ii) our annual revenue was less than $100.0 million during our most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our capital stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million. If we are a SRC at the time we cease to be an EGC, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to SRCs. Specifically, as a SRC, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and, similar to EGCs, SRCs have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

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The offering

Common stock offered by us | shares

Option to purchase additional shares | We have granted the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days after the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an additional     shares from us at the initial public offering price per share less the underwriting discounts and commissions.

Common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering | shares (or     shares, if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full).

Use of proceeds | We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $     million (or approximately $     million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full), based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

| We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, to fund the clinical development of MZE829, MZE782 and our other discovery and preclinical programs, to conduct research, to broaden the pipeline of product candidates, to fund the further development of our Compass platform, and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

| See the section entitled “Use of proceeds” for additional information.

Risk factors | You should read the section entitled “Risk factors” in this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.

Proposed Nasdaq Global Market symbol | “MAZE”

The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on (i)      shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024, including      shares that are unvested and subject to repurchase or forfeiture, (ii) the automatic conversion of all shares of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of     shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering and (iii) the automatic conversion of all principal and accrued and unpaid interest on our outstanding convertible promissory notes into      shares of our common stock immediately prior to

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the completion of this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $    per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and excludes:

• |  | shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024 under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2019 Plan, with a weighted-average exercise price of $     per share;

• |  | shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock granted after March 31, 2024 under our 2019 Plan, with a weighted-average exercise price of $    per share; and

• |  | shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans, consisting of:

| • |  | shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2019 Plan;

| • |  | shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2024 Plan, which will become effective immediately prior to the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part; and

| • |  | shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, which will become effective on the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Our 2024 Plan and our ESPP provide for automatic annual increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved thereunder, and our 2024 Plan provides for increases to the number of shares that may be granted thereunder based on shares under our 2019 Plan or 2018 Stock Option and Grant Plan, or the 2018 Plan, that expire, are tendered to or withheld by us for payment of an exercise price or for satisfying tax withholding obligations or are forfeited or otherwise repurchased by us. Upon completion of this offering, any remaining shares of our common stock available for issuance under our 2019 Plan will be added to the shares reserved under our 2024 Plan and we will cease granting awards under our 2019 Plan. See the section entitled “Executive compensation—Equity compensation plans and other benefit plans” for additional information.

Except as otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes or gives effect to:

• |  | the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of     shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

• |  | the automatic conversion of all principal and accrued and unpaid interest on our outstanding convertible promissory notes into    shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $   per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus;

• |  | a -for- reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock to be effected on    , 2024;

• |  | the filing and effectiveness of our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws in connection with the completion of this offering;

• |  | no exercise of outstanding options after March 31, 2024; and

• |  | no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock.

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Summary financial data

The following tables set forth our summary statements of operations and comprehensive loss and balance sheet data. The summary statement of operations and comprehensive loss data presented below for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 are derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary statement of operations and comprehensive loss data presented below for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2024 and balance sheet data as of March 31, 2024 are derived from our unaudited interim condensed financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following summary financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” and our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in any future period, and our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and balance sheet data as of March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of our results to be expected for the year ended December 31, 2024 or any future period. The summary financial data in this section are not intended to replace our financial statements and are qualified in their entirety by the financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | (in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | $ | 88,192 |  |  | $ | 73,945 |  |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
General and administrative |  |  | 22,834 |  |  |  | 24,606 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 111,026 |  |  |  | 98,551 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss from operations |  |  | (111,026 | ) |  |  | (98,551 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other income, net |  |  | 2,028 |  |  |  | 1,966 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,830 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss on impairment and dissolution of equity method investment |  |  | (2,400 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share in net loss of equity method investments |  |  | (3,542 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss and comprehensive loss |  | $ | (114,940 | ) |  | $ | (100,415 | ) |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Adjustment of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (114,940 | ) |  | $ | (100,415 | ) |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Net loss per share, basic and diluted(1) |  | $ | (5.93 | ) |  | $ | (4.55 | ) |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted(1) |  |  | 19,379,583 |  |  |  | 22,071,408 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(1) |  |  |  |  |  | $ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ |  |
Pro forma weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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(1) |  | See note 13 to our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details on the calculation of historical net loss per share and the weighted-average number of shares of common stock used in the computation of the per share data. The unaudited pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share were computed using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding, including the pro forma effect of the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock into shares of common stock, and the automatic conversion of the convertible promissory notes into common stock as of the beginning of the period.

|  | As of March 31, 2024 |
|  | Actual |  |  | Pro forma(1) |  |  | Pro forma as adjusted(2) |
|  | (in thousands) (unaudited) |
Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Working capital(3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible promissory notes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated deficit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) |  | Pro forma amounts give effect to (i) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of      shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering and (ii) the automatic conversion of all principal and accrued and unpaid interest on our outstanding convertible promissory notes into an aggregate of     shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus.

(2) |  | Pro forma as adjusted amounts reflect pro forma adjustments described in footnote (1) as well as the sale of     shares of our common stock in this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as adjusted information is illustrative only, and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total stockholders’ equity by $     million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares offered would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total stockholders’ equity by $     million, assuming that the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.

(3) |  | We define working capital as current assets less current liabilities.

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Risk factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before making your decision to invest in shares of our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this prospectus, including in the sections titled “Special note regarding forward-looking statements” and “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” and in our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of or that we deem immaterial may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed below will not occur. These events could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If that were to happen, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks related to our limited operating history, financial position and need for capital

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability. Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses and have not generated any revenue. We expect to incur continued losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Investment in drug development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. Our lead programs are still in early clinical and preclinical development, and we are subject to the risks of failure inherent in the development of therapeutic candidates based on novel technologies. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biotechnology industry. Furthermore, we do not expect to generate any revenue from commercial sales for the foreseeable future, and we expect to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future due to the cost of clinical trials, preclinical studies, research and development, and the regulatory approval process of our therapeutic candidates. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we incurred a net loss of $     million and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we incurred a net loss of $114.9 million and $100.4 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $     million. We expect to continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations.

Since our inception, we have focused substantially all of our efforts and financial resources on research and development activities for our programs and on establishing arrangements and collaborations with third parties for the development of our therapeutic candidates. To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and have financed our operations primarily through sales of our equity and convertible notes, as well as one-time, nonrefundable, upfront licensing payments.

Our prior losses, combined with expected future losses, have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital. We expect our research and development expenses to significantly increase in connection with clinical trials for our lead programs, MZE829 and MZE782, further development of our Maze Compass platform, or our Compass platform, planned preclinical studies, IND filings and clinical trials for future therapeutic candidates. We will also incur substantial additional expenses as we seek to expand our intellectual property portfolio, including through potential in-licensing opportunities, and hire additional personnel as we scale up our operations. Once we are a public company, we will incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties

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associated with developing pharmaceutical products, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all.

Our ability to become profitable depends upon our ability to generate revenue. To date, we have not generated any revenue apart from upfront licensing payments, and we do not know when, or if, we will generate any sales, milestone, or royalty revenue. We do not expect to generate additional significant revenue from licensing arrangements in the near term. We do not expect to generate significant revenue unless and until we obtain marketing approval for, and begin to sell, our therapeutic candidates.

To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in designing, developing and eventually commercializing products that generate significant revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including therapeutic candidate selection, preclinical testing and clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates, continuing to discover and develop additional therapeutic candidates, establishing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of preclinical and clinical supplies, obtaining regulatory approval for any therapeutic candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, manufacturing, marketing and selling any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement from government and third-party payors for any such products. We are only in the preliminary stages of development and clinical trials, and we may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability or meet outside expectations for our profitability.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses we will incur or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. If we decide to or are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions to perform preclinical studies or clinical trials in addition to those currently expected, or if there are any delays in establishing appropriate manufacturing arrangements for, in initiating clinical trials or preclinical studies for, or in the development of any of our therapeutic candidates, our expenses could increase materially and profitability could be further delayed.

Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. We expect our financial condition and operating results to fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, you should not rely upon the results of any quarterly or annual periods as indications of future operating performance. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product offerings or even continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Even if this offering is successful, we will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations and achieve our goals. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on terms acceptable to us, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research or product development programs, any future commercialization efforts or other operations.

Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting clinical trials and preclinical studies, is a very time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing research and development activities, particularly as we advance our developmental programs, advance our current clinical trial and preclinical studies, commence additional clinical trials and preclinical studies and expand the breadth of our Compass platform. In addition, even if we obtain marketing approval for any of our therapeutic candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product

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manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Furthermore, upon the closing of this offering, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional capital in connection with our continuing operations. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on favorable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our clinical and preclinical development, research and development programs, our commercialization plans or other operations.

As of March 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents were $     million. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least    . We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Changes beyond our control may occur that would cause us to use our available capital before that time, including changes in and progress of our development activities and changes in regulation. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

• |  | the costs associated with the type, scope, progress and results of research and discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our current or future therapeutic candidates, including MZE829 and MZE782;

• |  | the extent to which we develop, in-license or acquire other pipeline therapeutic candidates or technologies;

• |  | the number and development requirements of other therapeutic candidates that we may pursue, and other indications for our current therapeutic candidates that we may pursue;

• |  | the costs related to entering into partnerships or other arrangements with third parties;

• |  | the costs, timing and outcome of obtaining regulatory approvals of our current or future therapeutic candidates we may pursue;

• |  | the costs and fees associated with the discovery, acquisition or in-license of our products or technologies, including to maintain and expand our Compass platform;

• |  | the scope and costs of making arrangements with third-party manufacturers for preclinical, clinical and commercial supplies of our current or future therapeutic candidates;

• |  | the scope and costs involved in growing our organization to the size needed to allow for the research, development and potential commercialization of our current or future therapeutic candidates;

• |  | the costs associated with commercializing any approved therapeutic candidates, including establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

• |  | the costs associated with completing any post-marketing studies or trials required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;

• |  | the revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our current or future therapeutic candidates, if any are approved;

• |  | the costs associated with addressing any potential interruptions or delays resulting from factors related to overall global affairs, such as conflicts overseas;

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• |  | the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining, defending and enforcing our intellectual property and proprietary rights and defending intellectual property-related claims that we may become subject to, including any litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation;

• |  | the costs associated with potential product liability claims, including the costs associated with obtaining insurance against such claims and with defending against such claims; and

• |  | our ability to establish and maintain collaboration arrangements on favorable terms, if at all and the timing and amount of any milestone, royalty or other payments we are required to make or are eligible to receive under such collaborations, if any.

Even if this offering is successful, we will require additional capital for our research and development programs. Our ability to raise additional funds will be dependent on financial, economic and market conditions, geopolitical issues and other factors, over which we may have limited or no control. If adequate funds are not available on commercially acceptable terms when needed, we may be forced to delay, reduce or terminate our research and development activities of all or part of our research programs or therapeutic candidates or we may be unable to take advantage of future business opportunities. Furthermore, any additional capital-raising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our current and future therapeutic candidates, if approved. Changing circumstances, some of which may be beyond our control, could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, including purchasers of common stock in this offering, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or therapeutic candidates.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or therapeutic candidates, including granting licenses to our technologies, on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research, product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to third parties to develop and market therapeutic candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Our loan and security agreement provides our lender with a first priority lien against substantially all of our assets, except for intellectual property, and contains restrictive and financial covenants that may limit our operating flexibility.

Our loan and security agreement, dated June 27, 2022, between us and Banc of California (f/k/a Pacific Western Bank), as amended as of the date hereof, or the Loan Agreement, is a line of credit secured by a lien covering substantially all of our personal property, excluding intellectual property.

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The Loan Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, events of default and affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit or restrict our ability to, among other things, dispose of assets, make changes to our business, management, ownership or business locations, merge or consolidate, incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends or other distributions or repurchase equity, make investments and certain capital expenditures, and enter into certain transactions with affiliates, in each case subject to certain exceptions. Our ability to comply with these and other covenants is dependent on several factors, some of which are beyond our control.

While we have not drawn on the Loan Agreement to date, the restrictions and covenants in the Loan Agreement, as well as those contained in any future debt financing agreements that we may enter into, may restrict our ability to finance our operations and engage in, expand or otherwise pursue our business activities and strategies. Our ability to comply with these covenants and restrictions may be affected by events beyond our control, and breaches of these covenants and restrictions could result in a default under the Loan Agreement or under any future financing agreements that we may enter into, which would give our lenders the right to terminate their commitments to provide loans and to declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable.

Further, the interest rate for any future term loan drawn under the Loan Agreement will be based on the published prime rate, a floating rate, subject to a maximum rate equal to the greater of (i) 0.75% above the published prime rate as then in effect and (ii) 4.50%. The Federal Reserve has raised, and may in the future further raise, interest rates to combat the effects of recent high inflation. An increase in the prime rate resulting in interest rates above the set minimum rate would increase our debt service obligations, which could have a negative impact on our cash flow, financial position or operating results, or result in increased borrowing costs in the future.

Risks related to discovery and development of our therapeutic candidates

We are early in our development efforts and highly dependent on the success of our lead programs. If we are unable to commercialize our therapeutic candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

Our therapeutic candidates are in early stages of development. We do not have any products that are approved for sale in any jurisdiction. Our most advanced lead program, MZE829, is being tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial that was initiated in December 2023. We expect to submit an IND to the FDA for our second lead program, MZE782, in     . Our other programs are at an early research stage, with no therapeutic candidates identified. Our research programs may not result in viable therapeutic candidates for some time, if ever, and our therapeutic candidates in development may not achieve success in our current or any future clinical trials, or obtain regulatory approval.

Our ability to generate product revenues, which may not occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our therapeutic candidates. The success of our therapeutic candidates will depend on several factors, including, but not limited to:

• |  | timely and successful completion of, and timely enrollment of patients in, clinical trials with favorable results;

• |  | submission of new drug applications, or NDAs, or other regulatory applications, and receipt and related terms of regulatory approvals from applicable regulatory authorities, including the completion of any required post-marketing studies or trials and available funding to perform any post-marketing commitments;

• |  | raising additional funds necessary to complete clinical development of and commercialize our therapeutic candidates;

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• |  | timely and successful completion of preclinical studies with favorable results;

• |  | submission of INDs or other regulatory applications, and authorizations to initiate clinical trials from the FDA and foreign regulatory agencies;

• |  | demonstration of safety, efficacy and acceptable risk-benefit profiles of our therapeutic candidates to the satisfaction of the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities;

• |  | obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent, trade secret and other intellectual property and proprietary protection and regulatory exclusivity for our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | making arrangements with third-party suppliers and manufacturers for preclinical, clinical and commercial supplies of our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | developing and implementing marketing and reimbursement strategies, as well as adequate demand forecasts for supply and sales planning;

• |  | establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and launching commercial sales of our products, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others in a market where promotional sales approaches are rapidly moving to digital platforms;

• |  | acceptance of our products, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;

• |  | effectively competing with other therapies, including those that have not yet entered the market;

• |  | obtaining and maintaining third-party payor coverage and adequate reimbursement;

• |  | obtaining appropriate support from patient advocacy organizations;

• |  | addressing any delays in our clinical trials, or in the manufacture or distribution of our therapeutic candidates, if approved, resulting from any major natural disasters, health pandemics or significant political events; and

• |  | maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of the products following approval.

Many of these factors are beyond our control, and it is possible that none of our therapeutic candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval, even if we expend substantial time and resources seeking such approval. Even if we do obtain regulatory approval, it is possible that one or more of these factors could cause significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our therapeutic candidates, which would materially harm our business.

Additionally, clinical or regulatory setbacks to other companies developing similar products or within adjacent fields, may impact the clinical development of and regulatory pathway for our current or future therapeutic candidates, or may negatively impact the perceptions of value or risk of our technologies.

Preclinical and clinical drug development is a lengthy and expensive process, with uncertain timelines and outcomes. If preclinical studies or clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates are prolonged or delayed, we may be unable to obtain required regulatory approvals, and therefore be unable to commercialize our therapeutic candidates or any of our future therapeutic candidates on a timely basis or at all.

We have limited experience designing and implementing clinical trials. Our most advanced lead program, MZE829, is being tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial that was initiated in December 2023. We expect to submit an IND to the FDA for our second most advanced lead program, MZE782, in   . Failure to design any one of our

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clinical trials adequately, or incorrect assumptions about the design of the trial, could adversely affect the ability to initiate the trial, enroll patients, complete the trial, or use the clinical trial’s results to support an application for regulatory approval, as well as lead to increased or unexpected costs.

Our programs are in the early stages of development, and the risk of failure is high. Our programs may fail to identify potential therapeutic candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons. We are unable to predict when or if our programs will lead to therapeutic candidates or when or if our therapeutic candidates will prove effective and safe in humans or will obtain marketing approval. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of any of our therapeutic candidates, we must complete preclinical development and then conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our therapeutic candidates in humans. Our potential therapeutic candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects in animal model studies, may not show promising signals of therapeutic effect in such experiments or studies, or may have other characteristics that may make the therapeutic candidates impractical to manufacture, unmarketable, or unlikely to receive marketing approval.

We are currently focused on advancing the development of our lead programs, MZE829 and MZE782; however, even with significant investment of time and funding to advance these therapeutic candidates, we cannot guarantee that our clinical and preclinical development efforts will be successful. The start or end of a clinical trial may be delayed or halted due to delays in or failure to obtain regulatory approval to commence the trial, delays in or failure to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical research organizations, or CROs, or clinical trial sites, delays in or failure to obtain Institutional Review Board, or IRB, approval at each site, changing regulatory requirements, manufacturing challenges, clinical sites or CROs deviating from the trial protocol or failing to comply with regulatory requirements or meet contractual obligations, slower than anticipated patient enrollment, changing standards of care, availability or prevalence of use of a comparative therapeutic or required prior therapy, clinical outcomes, failure of patients to complete the trial or return for post-treatment follow-up, or financial constraints. Delays or difficulties in patient enrollment or difficulties in retaining trial participants can result in increased costs, longer development times, requirements to manufacture additional drug supply, or termination of a clinical trial.

Clinical trials of a new therapeutic candidate require the enrollment of a sufficient number of patients, which may include patients who are suffering from the disease the therapeutic candidate is intended to treat and who meet other eligibility criteria, which may require genetic testing of prospective patients. Rates of patient enrollment are affected by many factors, including the size of the patient population, the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial, the age and condition of the patients, the stage and severity of disease, the nature of the protocol, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, and the availability of effective treatments or competing academic and other clinical trials for the relevant disease.

A therapeutic candidate can unexpectedly fail at any stage of preclinical and clinical development. The historical failure rate for therapeutic candidates is high due to scientific feasibility, safety, efficacy, changing standards of medical care, and other variables. The novelty of our Compass platform may mean our failure rates are higher than historical norms. We will have to conduct additional trials in our proposed indications to support any future regulatory submissions. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles despite promising results in earlier, smaller clinical trials. Moreover, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. We do not know whether our clinical trials will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety with respect to the proposed indication for use that is sufficient to receive regulatory approval or market our therapeutic candidates. To the extent that the results of the clinical trials are not satisfactory to the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies for supporting a marketing application, we may be required to expend significant resources, which may not be available to us, to conduct additional clinical trials in support of potential approval of our therapeutic candidates.

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We, the FDA, an IRB, an independent ethics committee, or EC, or other applicable regulatory authorities may suspend clinical trials of a therapeutic candidate at any time for various reasons, including a belief that subjects participating in such trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or adverse side effects. Similarly, an IRB or EC may suspend a clinical trial at a particular trial site. We may not have the financial resources to continue development of, or to enter into collaborations for, a therapeutic candidate if we experience any problems or other unforeseen events delaying or preventing clinical development or regulatory approval of, or our ability to commercialize, therapeutic candidates, including:

• |  | negative or inconclusive results from our clinical trials, or the clinical trials of others for therapeutic candidates similar to ours, leading to a decision or requirement to conduct additional preclinical testing or clinical trials or abandon a program;

• |  | serious and unexpected drug-related side effects experienced by participants in our clinical trials or by individuals using therapeutics similar to our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | serious drug-related side effects experienced in the past by individuals using therapeutics similar to our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | delays in submitting IND applications or clinical trial applications, or comparable foreign applications, or delays or failure in obtaining the necessary approvals from regulators or IRBs to commence a clinical trial, or a suspension or termination of a clinical trial once commenced;

• |  | conditions imposed by the FDA or comparable foreign authorities, such as the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;

• |  | delays or difficulty in enrolling research subjects in clinical trials, for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, change in priorities for clinical trial sites, the clinical trials of other therapeutic candidates or approval of a competitor’s product for the same indication;

• |  | high drop-out rates of research subjects;

• |  | inadequate supply or quality of therapeutic candidate or therapeutic candidate components, or materials or other supplies necessary for the conduct of our clinical trials, including those owned, manufactured, or provided by companies other than ours;

• |  | greater than anticipated clinical trial costs, including the cost of any approved drugs used in combination with our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | poor effectiveness of our therapeutic candidates during clinical trials;

• |  | unfavorable FDA or other regulatory agency inspection and review of a clinical trial site;

• |  | failure of our third-party contractors or investigators to comply with regulatory requirements or otherwise meet their contractual obligations in a timely manner, or at all;

• |  | delays and changes in regulatory requirements, policies, and guidelines, including the imposition of additional regulatory oversight around clinical testing generally or with respect to our technology in particular; or

• |  | varying interpretations of data by the FDA and similar foreign regulatory agencies.

If we are impacted by one or more of these factors and are unable to remediate the issue in a timely manner or at all, then we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully obtain regulatory approvals for our therapeutic candidates. Without regulatory approval, we will be unable to commercialize our therapeutic candidates, which would materially harm our business and potentially make it impossible to continue our operations.

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Results of preclinical studies or early-stage clinical trials of any therapeutic candidates may not be predictive of the results of future preclinical studies or clinical trials.

Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to the outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later preclinical studies or clinical trials or of clinical trials of the same therapeutic candidates in other indications, and interim or preliminary results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. For example, even if successful, the results of our preclinical studies of our lead programs may not be predictive of the results of outcomes in subsequent clinical trials on human subjects. Later-stage clinical trials could differ in significant ways from early-stage clinical trials, including changes to inclusion and exclusion criteria, efficacy endpoints, dosing regimen and statistical design.

If we encounter delays or difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials and/or retaining patients in clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of external reasons beyond our control, including supply chain disruptions, staffing shortages and other business and economic disruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, natural disasters, including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires, as well as other disruptions resulting from the impact of public health factors, including pandemics or other health crises, business disruptions of our strategic partners, third-party manufacturers, suppliers and other third parties upon which we rely. Our therapeutic candidates are developed using a precision medicine approach intended to identify specific genetic targets amenable to therapeutic intervention in common diseases. As a result, the potential population of patients eligible for enrollment in our clinical trials will be smaller than the population eligible for enrollment in trials targeting the entire population with the disease, and it may be difficult to identify and enroll adequate numbers of patients in our trials. For example, our therapeutic candidate MZE829 is targeted to treat kidney disease associated with genetic variations in the APOL1 gene, which are most prevalent in people of West African ancestry, including many who identify as Black, African American, Afro-Caribbean and Latina/Latino, which narrows the patient population eligible for enrollment in these trials.

In addition, the eligibility criteria of our clinical trials will further limit the pool of available trial participants. For our therapeutic candidate MZE829, we depend on and expect to perform genetic screening in order to identify candidates with the applicable genetic variations for our clinical trials. As we expect future therapeutic candidates to also target specific genetic subgroups of common conditions, as identified through our Compass platform, it is likely that future therapeutic candidates will also require identification of patients with the applicable genotype, which will require genetic screening and further costs and timing delays in identifying patients eligible for our clinical trials. Genetic screening could involve more time consuming, costly and invasive procedures than patients may be willing to accept. If patients are not willing to undergo genetic screening, or any other eligibility criteria we have for our clinical trials, it would lead to greater costs and/or timing delays for us in order to identify eligible and the necessary patients for our clinical trials. The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients who remain in the trial until completion of treatment and adequate follow-up. In general, the enrollment and retention of patients depends on many factors, including, but not limited to:

• |  | inability to enroll, or delay in enrollment of, patients due to infectious disease outbreaks and public health crises;

• |  | the patient eligibility criteria defined in the protocol;

• |  | the perceived risks and benefits of the therapeutic candidate being studied;

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• |  | the size of the patient population required for analysis of the trial’s primary endpoints;

• |  | the proximity of patients to trial sites;

• |  | the design of the trial;

• |  | the ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;

• |  | the ability to obtain and maintain patient consent;

• |  | geopolitical events in countries where we have or seek to have clinical trial sites;

• |  | reporting of the preliminary results of any of our clinical trials;

• |  | potential approval and commercial availability of a competitor’s product for the same indication; and

• |  | the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of the trials before completion of treatment and adequate follow-up.

In addition, our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials for therapeutic candidates that are in the same therapeutic areas as our therapeutic candidates, and this competition will reduce the number and types of patients available to or retained by us because patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one or more of our competitors. Other biopharmaceutical companies are currently conducting clinical trials, and may in the future conduct clinical trials, that compete for the same patient population as us. Since the number of qualified clinical investigation sites is limited, and often associated with a small number of academic centers, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials at such clinical trial sites. Unanticipated geopolitical events in countries where we may seek to have clinical trial sites could also negatively impact our ability to enroll or retain patients in our trials.

Our therapeutic candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could halt their clinical development, prevent their regulatory approval, require expansion of the trial size, limit their commercial potential, or result in significant negative consequences.

If serious adverse events or undesirable side effects arise, we could be required to suspend, delay, or halt our clinical trials. Additionally, serious adverse events or undesirable side effects could cause regulatory authorities to deny approval or require us to limit development of that therapeutic candidate to certain uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. Undesirable side effects could also result in an expansion in the size of our clinical trials, increasing the expected costs and timeline of our clinical trials. Side effects that are observed during trials, whether treatment related or not, could also affect patient recruitment for future trials or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Many compounds that initially show promise in clinical or preclinical testing are later found to cause undesirable or unexpected side effects that prevent further development of the compound.

Further, if serious adverse events or undesirable side effects are identified during development or after approval and are determined to be attributed to any of our therapeutic candidates, we may be required to develop Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, to ensure that the benefits of treatment with such therapeutic candidate outweigh the risks for each potential patient. A REMS may include, among other things, a communication plan to health care practitioners, patient education, extensive patient monitoring or distribution systems and other processes that would make our therapeutic candidate more restricted or costly to distribute to patients.

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Our two lead programs are intended to treat chronic kidney disease, or CKD, which is a progressive condition associated with severe and often life-threatening co-morbidities. Clinical trials that involve patients with significant co-morbidities are associated with increased risks as such participants may be particularly susceptible to safety and toxicity risks. In addition, these side effects may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating medical staff, as safety and toxicity monitoring may be complicated and difficult to manage, which could result in patient death or other significant issues. Additionally, it can be difficult to determine if the serious adverse or unexpected side effects were caused by our therapeutic candidate or another factor, especially in subjects who may suffer from other medical conditions and take other medications.

Any of these occurrences may materially harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

We may not be successful in applying our Compass platform to identify targets with therapeutic potential or to discover and develop safe, effective or commercially viable therapeutic candidates.

We use our Compass platform to identify and prioritize potential drug targets, to assess the likelihood that we can develop a therapeutic candidate that interacts with the applicable target to elicit the desired therapeutic effect, and to transition these insights efficiently into well-supported therapeutic candidates. We believe our use of our Compass platform, which identifies and prioritizes targets using statistical modeling, variant functionalization tools, and traditional and computational drug discovery technologies, augmented with machine learning and artificial intelligence, or AI, increases our likelihood of producing therapies that provide meaningful clinical benefit, but past success in identifying potential therapeutic candidates does not assure similar future success with our other programs. We may not succeed in applying our Compass platform to identify targets or promising therapeutic candidates in the future. We therefore cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to successfully identify additional therapeutic candidates or advance any of our programs or future therapeutic candidates into clinical development, nor can we provide any assurance whether the application of our Compass platform will result in the ultimate regulatory approval of any of our therapeutic candidates.

Efforts to identify, acquire or in-license, and then develop therapeutic candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not any therapeutic candidates are ultimately identified. We apply our Compass platform to discover potential genetic targets for which we may be able to develop precision therapeutic candidates. Our efforts may initially show promise in identifying potential targets linked to diseases or conditions, yet fail to yield therapeutic candidates for clinical development or regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

• |  | the platform methodology used may not be successful in identifying potential therapeutic candidates;

• |  | competitors may develop alternatives that render any therapeutic candidates we develop obsolete;

• |  | any therapeutic candidates we develop may nevertheless be covered by third parties’ patents or other exclusive rights;

• |  | a therapeutic candidate may be shown, in subsequent preclinical or clinical investigations, to have harmful side effects or characteristics that indicate it is unlikely to be effective, or otherwise would not meet applicable regulatory criteria;

• |  | a therapeutic candidate may not be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at an acceptable cost, or at all; and

• |  | a therapeutic candidate may not be accepted as safe and/or effective by physicians, patients, the medical community or third-party payors.

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Certain of the diseases we, or which our partners, seek to treat have low prevalence and/or have available therapies, and it may be difficult for us or our partners to identify patients with these diseases or face competition in the recruitment of these limited groups of patients, which may lead to difficulties in enrolling clinical trials.

Genetically defined diseases generally, and especially some of those which our out-licensed programs target, including Pompe disease, have low prevalence and incidence. This could pose obstacles to the timely recruitment, enrollment and retention of a sufficient number of eligible patients into our partners’ trials or limit a therapeutic candidate’s commercial potential, and thus the milestone payments and royalties we would receive for those licenses. Other companies have ongoing clinical trials for therapeutic candidates that treat the same indications as our wholly owned and our out-licensed therapeutic candidates, and patients who otherwise would be eligible for our or our partners’ planned clinical trials instead may enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ therapeutic candidates. In addition, where there are currently available therapies or if our competitors’ therapeutic candidates gain regulatory approval and become commercially available, patients may be reluctant to enroll in a clinical trial. As more companies begin to focus attention and resources on therapeutic candidates to treat the same indications as the ones we have out-licensed, our licensees may experience delays or be unable to successfully recruit and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients in their clinical trials.

Our licensees’ inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients with these diseases into their planned clinical trials would result in significant delays and could cause them to not initiate or abandon one or more clinical trials altogether, potentially depriving us of milestone payments and royalties potentially associated with these licenses.

We may experience delays in commencing and completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and/or commercialization of our therapeutic candidates.

Before we can initiate clinical trials of a therapeutic candidate in any indication, we must submit the results of preclinical studies to the FDA or to comparable foreign authorities, along with other information, including information about the therapeutic candidate’s chemistry, manufacturing and controls, and our proposed clinical trial protocol, as part of an IND or comparable foreign regulatory filings.

The FDA may require us to conduct additional preclinical studies for any therapeutic candidate before it allows us to initiate clinical trials under any IND, which may lead to additional delays and increase the costs of our preclinical development programs.

Any delays in the commencement or completion of preclinical studies or clinical trials could significantly affect our development costs. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical studies or clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to obtain marketing approval or commercialize our therapeutic candidates, including, but not limited to:

• |  | regulators, IRBs or ECs may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;

• |  | the FDA may disagree as to the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

• |  | we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable preclinical studies or clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective CROs and prospective trial sites;

• |  | the cost of our preclinical studies and clinical trials may be greater than we anticipate, and we may lack adequate funding to continue preclinical studies and clinical trials;

• |  | our third-party partners may fail to obtain regulatory approval of companion diagnostic tests on which we may rely, if required, on a timely basis, or at all;

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• |  | our third-party contractors may fail to meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or may fail to comply with regulatory requirements;

• |  | we may have to suspend or terminate clinical trials for various reasons, including a finding by us or by a Data Monitoring Committee that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

• |  | our therapeutic candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, or have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, and we may decide, or our investigators, regulators or IRBs/ECs may require us, to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, or delay, halt or abandon our development programs;

• |  | our clinical trials may be negatively impacted or delayed by changes to clinical trial protocol;

• |  | the supply or quality of our therapeutic candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials may be insufficient or inadequate and result in delays or suspension of our clinical trials; and

• |  | global health crises or geopolitical conflict may increase the likelihood that we encounter such difficulties or delays in initiating, enrolling, conducting or completing our planned clinical trials.

Delays, including delays caused by the above factors and other factors described in this “Risk factors” section, can be costly and could negatively affect our ability to complete preclinical studies or clinical trials or obtain timely marketing approvals. We do not know whether any of our planned preclinical studies or clinical trials will begin on or be completed on a timely basis, or at all. For example, the FDA may place a partial or full clinical hold on any of our clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including safety concerns and noncompliance with regulatory requirements. If we are not able to complete successful clinical trials, we will not be able to obtain regulatory approval and will not be able to commercialize our therapeutic candidates.

Significant preclinical or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our therapeutic candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which may impair our ability to successfully commercialize our therapeutic candidates and harm our business and results of operations.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular therapeutic candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on therapeutic candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and therapeutic candidates that we identify for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other therapeutic candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions and spending on current and future research and development programs may not yield any commercially viable products or profitable market opportunities, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular therapeutic candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that therapeutic candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty collaborations or arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such therapeutic candidate.

If ethical and other concerns surrounding the use of genetic information become widespread, there may be limitations on our ability to access genetic information for our Compass platform.

One of the pillars of our Compass platform is our ability to access and aggregate numerous and varied genomic and phenotypic data collections, particularly those that pair genetic and clinical data. Genetic testing to provide

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this data has given rise to ethical questions and controversies regarding confidentiality and the appropriate uses of the resulting information. For these reasons, governmental authorities may call for limits on or regulate the use of genetic data, including by limiting the compilation of genetic information or prohibiting testing for genetic predisposition to various conditions, particularly for those that have no known cure. Some of the major data sources of genetic and clinical data for our Compass platform derive from publicly funded and managed databases. One of our key objectives is to continue to augment our access to diverse sources of genetic information from multiple population groups. If our access to these additional sources of human genetic data becomes restricted, due to governmental limitations or otherwise, the capability of our Compass platform may be reduced, and we may be unable to continue to recognize the benefits of our Compass platform on our expected timeframe, or at all, which would have a negative effect on our business or financial condition.

Interim, topline and preliminary data from preclinical studies and clinical trials that we or our partners announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we or our partners may make public interim, topline or preliminary data from our or their preclinical studies and clinical trials that are based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, of which, the results, related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data or accumulation of additional data. Interim, topline or preliminary data from clinical trials that we or our partners may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Interim, preliminary or topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the interim, preliminary or topline data that were previously made public. As a result, interim, topline and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between interim, topline or preliminary data and final data could significantly harm our reputation and business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Further, regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, analyses or conclusions, or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular drug candidate, and our company in general. If the interim, topline, or preliminary data that we report differ from actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval of, and commercialize, any of our current or future therapeutic candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we do not achieve our projected development goals in the time frames we announce or expect, the development of our therapeutic candidates may be delayed and, as a result, our stock price may decline.

From time to time, we estimate the timing of the anticipated accomplishment of various scientific, clinical, regulatory and other therapeutic development goals, which we sometimes refer to as milestones. These milestones may include the commencement or completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials and the submission of regulatory filings. From time to time, we may publicly announce the expected timing of some of these milestones. All of these milestones are and will be based on numerous assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions, or analyses. The actual timing of these milestones can vary dramatically compared to our assumptions and estimates, in some cases for reasons beyond our control. If we do not meet these milestones as publicly announced, or at all, the commercialization of our therapeutics may be delayed or never achieved, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects and may cause our stock price to decline.

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Risks related to our reliance on third parties

Our Compass platform relies on access to high quality data repositories with paired genetic and clinical data and loss of such access, or the inability to use such data, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We rely on non-exclusive access to third-party data sources of genetic and paired clinical data for our Compass platform, including, among others, the University of Helsinki, Queen Mary University, the UK Biobank, Biobank Japan and the Million Veteran Program, as well as specialized databases such as the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort which is managed by the National Institute for Diabetic, Digestive and Kidney Diseases and other genetic data sets we have acquired or may acquire access to in the future. Our ability to access data from these and similar sources is vital to all phases of our Compass platform, including target identification and variant functionalization.

For the most part, we do not control the quantity or type of data that is stored in genetic data repositories, and we may only have access to summary level or aggregate data. Some institutions only provide access to their data for limited purposes, or will require us to make results publicly available. We cannot guarantee that our access to any particular source of genetic or paired clinical data will be available in the future, or that the data that is available will meet the needs of our business strategy or our Compass platform.

We pay substantial membership fees to access certain genetic data repositories. Our memberships provide us with certain preferred access to non-public data, as well as some oversight of the biobanks through membership in the steering committees for these organizations. Most of the other members of these consortiums are larger and better resourced than we are. Any termination of our arrangements with these organizations would require us to rely more heavily on less well-developed resources or require us to invest in finding alternative, and potentially more costly, genetic data resources, if such resources are available at all, and could delay or impair our research and development efforts.

Furthermore, while any loss of access to these or similar genetic data repositories may not directly impact the development of our lead programs, we cannot predict the effects such loss could have on our preclinical and clinical studies and development efforts and our ability to discover and develop additional therapeutic candidates, or optimize our future clinical trials.

While we have not identified any licenses that are required to conduct our genomics work to date, we may in the future identify a third-party technology we need to license to expand or continue to operate our Compass platform. For example, certain aspects of our Compass platform make use of CRISPR Cas9 technology at the early research stages, and while the patent coverage of such technology remains uncertain, certain institutions that have rights in CRISPR Cas9 patents have sought and may in the future seek to obtain license fees from biotechnology companies like ours. If we were unable to license or otherwise obtain access to such technology on reasonable terms or at all, and we were required to cease operation of our Compass platform, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We have entered, and may in the future enter, into strategic collaborations, transactions and licensing partnerships for research, development or commercialization of our programs, including our first therapeutic candidate MZE001, and we may not be able to realize the full value of these partnerships or our partnered programs.

Our Compass platform has identified, and may identify in the future, genetic targets and therapeutic candidates outside of our core area of focus in common diseases. Our business strategy includes seeking strategic collaborations to advance these targets. For example, in 2024 we granted exclusive licenses to advance two programs related to targets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS—ATXN2 and UNC13A—to other

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biotechnology companies, as well as an exclusive license with a pharmaceutical partner, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., or Shionogi, to advance our first clinical stage therapeutic candidate, MZE001.

We may face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners, and negotiating partnership or collaboration terms that are favorable to us, and the negotiation process may be time-consuming and complex. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic partnership or other alternative arrangements for our programs and therapeutic candidates because they may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort and third parties may not view our therapeutic candidates as having the requisite potential to obtain marketing approval. Certain kinds of strategic transactions, including exclusive licenses, may be subject to regulation, including the need for review by regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, which can add substantially to the time and expense of completing a transaction. For example, in 2023, the FTC conducted an investigation of our proposed exclusive license of the MZE001 program to Genzyme Corporation, a subsidiary of Sanofi, and ultimately filed an action to enjoin the transaction. If we are unable to license or collaborate on our programs, we may have to curtail the development of the therapeutic candidate for which we are seeking a partner, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, increase our expenditures and undertake development activities at our own expense, or accept terms that are for a lower value than we believe the asset is worth.

In our arrangements with third parties, we have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our partners dedicate to the development or commercialization of our therapeutic candidates. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our partners’ abilities and efforts to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements to meet regulatory and development milestones, and if a product is approved, to commercialize it.

Partnerships involving development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates, including our existing exclusive license to Shionogi, pose numerous risks to us, including the following:

• |  | partners have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations and may not perform their obligations as expected;

• |  | partners may de-emphasize or elect not to pursue development or commercialization programs based on studies or trials results, changes in the partners’ strategic focus, including as a result of a sale or disposition of a business unit or development function or a business combination involving the partner, or available funding or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;

• |  | partners may delay or abandon preclinical studies or clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates, provide insufficient funding for such programs, repeat or conduct new studies or trials or require a new formulation of a therapeutic candidate;

• |  | partners could independently develop, or develop with third parties, therapeutic candidates that compete directly or indirectly with our therapeutic candidates if the partners believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;

• |  | a partner with marketing and distribution rights to multiple therapeutic candidates may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of our therapeutic candidates relative to others;

• |  | partners may not recognize, properly obtain, maintain, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights or may use our intellectual property in such a way as to invite litigation or other intellectual property-related proceedings that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or expose us to potential litigation or other intellectual property-related proceedings;

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• |  | disputes may arise between the partners and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;

• |  | partnerships may be terminated by the partner, and, if terminated, may result in our need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable therapeutic candidates; and

• |  | the strategic arrangements we have entered into may not lead to development or commercialization of our therapeutic candidates in the most efficient manner or at all.

Failure to recognize the benefit of strategic collaborations or partnerships we have entered or may enter in the future could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We face risks associated with new companies we may create, such as joint ventures and spin-outs.

Part of our business model includes creating business partnerships and new corporate entities to develop and potentially commercialize therapeutic targets identified through our Compass platform that are outside of our core area of expertise. For example, in 2021, we formed a spin-out company with Alloy Therapeutics, Inc., or Alloy, to develop antibody therapies for ANGPTL7 and another undisclosed target in ophthalmic disease. Going forward, we may create or acquire interests in more joint venture enterprises, spin-outs, and other entities to execute our business strategy. These business collaborations involve risks that our partners may:

• |  | have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with or adverse to ours;

• |  | take actions contrary to our requests or contrary to our policies or objectives, including actions that may violate applicable law;

• |  | be unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations under the relevant joint venture and spin-out agreements;

• |  | have financial or business difficulties;

• |  | consume the time and attention of our senior executives, who may serve on the board of such companies;

• |  | take actions that may harm our reputation; or

• |  | have disputes with us as to the scope of their or our rights, responsibilities and obligations.

We will not be able to fully control all aspects of the operations of these partnerships or entities, and we may not have full visibility or control over the operations of these enterprises, including their business decisions, compliance practices or their filing, maintenance, protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights, among others. For example, although we have certain opt-in rights to jointly develop and commercialize certain therapeutic candidates developed through our spin-out company with Alloy, we do not have the power to control the operations of Alloy, which owns the applicable programs and therapeutic candidates and the associated intellectual property rights. In addition, if these entities seek further financing, we may be required to contribute additional cash to maintain our equity stake in these entities or our equity stake may be diluted and our investment impaired.

Our present partnerships or spin outs may not be successful. We may have disputes or encounter other problems with respect to our present or future partners, and our agreements may not be effective or enforceable in resolving these disputes. We may not be able to resolve such disputes and solve such problems in a timely manner or on favorable economic terms, or at all. Any failure by us to address these potential disputes or conflicts of interest effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

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We rely on third parties to conduct current and future clinical trials, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily or at all, including failing to meet deadlines for completing such trials, failing to satisfy legal or regulatory requirements or terminating the relationship.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party CROs to conduct any current and future clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates. We currently do not plan to conduct any clinical trials independently. Agreements with these CROs might terminate for a variety of reasons, including for their failure to perform. Entry into alternative arrangements, if necessary, could significantly delay our product development activities.

Our reliance on these CROs for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols in the applicable IND. Moreover, the FDA requires compliance with standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected, and we will be responsible for ensuring our clinical trials are conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulation, including good clinical practices.

If these CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct the clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our therapeutic candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our therapeutic candidates, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We rely on third parties to manufacture our clinical product supplies and therapeutic candidates and we may not be able to obtain adequate supplies at a reasonable cost or in a timely way.

The process of manufacturing pharmaceutical products is complex and highly regulated. We do not have any manufacturing facilities or plans to establish manufacturing capabilities in the near future. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties, including foreign manufacturers, for the manufacture of our therapeutic candidates for preclinical and clinical testing, development purposes, to support regulatory application submissions, as well as for commercial manufacture if any of our therapeutic candidates obtain marketing approval. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our therapeutic candidates or such quantities at an acceptable cost or quality, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts. In addition, global health crises or geopolitical conflict may result in disruptions to the operations or an extended shutdown of certain businesses, which could include certain of our contract manufacturers. Further, as our therapeutic candidates are developed through preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials towards approval and commercialization, we are likely to alter various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods, to optimize processes and results, which may result in additional cost or delay.

We have only limited supply arrangements in place with respect to our therapeutic candidates, and these arrangements do not extend to Phase 3 clinical or commercial supply. We acquire many key materials on a purchase order basis. As a result, we may not have long-term committed arrangements with respect to aspects of our therapeutic candidates and other materials. We will need to establish one or more agreements with third parties to develop and scale up the drug manufacturing process, conduct testing, and generate data to support a regulatory submission, and may be unable to do so on favorable terms. If we obtain marketing approval for any of our therapeutic candidates, we will need to establish an agreement for commercial manufacture with a third party.

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Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including, but not limited to:

• |  | reliance on the third party for regulatory, compliance and quality assurance;

• |  | reliance on the third party for product development, analytical testing, and data generation to support regulatory applications;

• |  | operations of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers could be disrupted by conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including the bankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier, the issuance of an FDA Form 483 notice or warning letter, or other enforcement action by FDA or other regulatory authority;

• |  | the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party;

• |  | the possible infringement, misappropriation, violation or unauthorized disclosure of our intellectual property and proprietary rights, including our trade secrets, know-how and other confidential information;

• |  | the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us;

• |  | competition with other companies for access to manufacturing capacity;

• |  | carrier disruptions or increased costs that are beyond our control; and

• |  | failure to deliver our products under specified storage conditions and in a timely manner.

Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP, regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside of the United States. If the FDA determines that our contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, are not in compliance with FDA laws and regulations, including those governing cGMPs, the FDA may not approve an NDA until the deficiencies are corrected or we replace the manufacturer in our application with a manufacturer that is in compliance. Moreover, our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, seizures or recalls of therapeutic candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products. In addition, approved products and the facilities at which they are manufactured are required to maintain ongoing compliance with extensive FDA requirements and the requirements of other similar agencies, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP requirements. As such, our CMOs are subject to continual review and periodic inspections to assess compliance with cGMPs. Furthermore, although we do not have day-to-day control over the operations of our CMOs, we are responsible for ensuring compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including cGMPs.

Further, we rely on third parties located in China for some of our contract manufacturing, and we expect to continue to use such third-party manufacturers for such purposes. For any activities conducted in China, we are exposed to the possibility of product supply disruption and increased costs in the event of changes in the policies of the United States or Chinese governments, political unrest or unstable economic conditions in China. Any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as export controls, capital controls or tariffs, new legislation or regulations, renegotiation of existing trade agreements, or any retaliatory trade actions due to recent or future trade tension, may impede, delay, limit, or increase the cost of manufacturing our therapeutic candidates. Such events could result in our clinical or commercial supply of drug, packaging and other services being interrupted or limited, which could harm our business.

In addition, our third-party manufacturers and suppliers are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of

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waste products, and failure to comply with such laws and regulations could result in significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for such third parties. Based on the severity of regulatory actions that may be brought against these third parties in the future, our clinical or commercial supply of drug and packaging and other services could be interrupted or limited, which could harm our business.

Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or marketing approval. We do not currently have arrangements in place for redundant supply or a second source for bulk drug substance. If our current CMOs for preclinical and clinical testing cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace such CMOs. Although we believe that there are several potential alternative manufacturers who could manufacture our therapeutic candidates, we may incur added costs and delays in identifying and qualifying any such replacement manufacturer or be able to reach agreement with any alternative manufacturer. Further, our third-party manufacturers may experience manufacturing or shipping difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of natural disasters, labor disputes, unstable political environments, or global health crises. If our current third-party manufacturers cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace such manufacturers and we may be unable to replace them on a timely basis or at all.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our therapeutic candidates may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any products that obtain marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

Our reliance on third parties requires us to share certain of our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor or other third party will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

Our reliance on third parties may require us to share certain of our proprietary technology and confidential information, including trade secrets, with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements, and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our partners, advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors or other third parties, are intentionally or inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets and despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, a competitor’s or other third party’s discovery of our proprietary technology and confidential information or other unauthorized use or disclosure of such technology or information would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks related to government regulation

The FDA regulatory approval process is lengthy and time-consuming.

The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, import, export, marketing and distribution of our therapeutic candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States. Our current lead programs, MZE829 and MZE782, are both small molecules and will be regulated as drugs. We are not permitted to market any drug in the United States until we receive approval of the respective NDA. We have not previously submitted an NDA to the FDA or made similar submissions to comparable foreign regulatory agencies. An NDA must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and

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supporting information to establish the therapeutic candidate’s safety and effectiveness for each desired indication, which takes many years to collect through clinical and preclinical testing of the therapeutic candidate and is subject to a high failure rate. Further, the NDA must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls for the product, including storage and handling of the product. The manufacturing facility is also required to maintain a compliance status acceptable to the FDA. In addition, even if such clinical trials are successfully completed, we cannot guarantee that the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory agencies will interpret the results as we do, and more trials could be required before we submit an NDA, or other foreign marketing application. Further, if there are any controversial findings in the data, the FDA may call an advisory committee meeting to discuss the product with outside experts, which may further delay approval of our therapeutic candidates.

We, as a company, have limited experience in submitting INDs in the United States and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval to initiate clinical trials in any other jurisdiction. Nor do we have experience in manufacturing or in quality assurance in order to market our therapeutic candidates in the United States or in any other jurisdiction.

We have limited experience in submitting INDs in the United States and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval to initiate clinical trials in any other jurisdiction. Nor do we have experience in manufacturing or in quality assurance in order to market a drug and we expect to rely on third-party CROs, CMOs or other third-party consultants or vendors to assist us in this process. Our inexperience may result in failure or delay in obtaining permission to initiate clinical trials or in obtaining marketing approval for our therapeutic candidates. If we are unable to obtain regulatory and marketing approval for our therapeutic candidates, or experience significant delays in our efforts to do so, our business could be substantially harmed.

Our failure to obtain marketing approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent our therapeutic candidates from being marketed abroad, and any approval we are granted for our therapeutic candidates in the United States would not assure approval of therapeutic candidates in foreign jurisdictions.

In order to market and sell our products in any jurisdiction outside the United States, we must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the United States generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it is required that the product be approved for reimbursement before such product can be approved for sale in that country. We may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may not be able to submit for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

If we decide to pursue a fast track designation by the FDA, it may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

Some of our therapeutic candidates may be intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions and may demonstrate the potential to address an unmet medical need for such conditions, and as such they would be eligible for expedited processes within the FDA such as fast track designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant such designation, so even if we believe a particular therapeutic candidate is eligible for this designation, we cannot guarantee that the FDA would decide to grant it. Even if we do receive fast track designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval. The FDA may withdraw

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Fast Track Designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.

If we decide to pursue accelerated approval for any of our therapeutic candidates, it may not lead to a faster regulatory review or approval process and does not increase the likelihood that our therapeutic candidates will receive marketing approval.

As part of our business strategy, we may pursue accelerated approval for one or more of our therapeutic candidates. Under the FDA’s accelerated approval program, the FDA may approve a drug for a serious or life-threatening illness that provides meaningful product benefit to patients over existing treatments based upon a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. We may seek accelerated approval for one or more of our therapeutic candidates on the basis of a surrogate endpoint that we believe is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit.

If any of our therapeutic candidates receive accelerated approval from the FDA, we will be required to undergo one or more confirmatory clinical trials. If such a therapeutic candidate fails to meet its safety and efficacy endpoints in such confirmatory clinical trials, the FDA may withdraw the accelerated approval.

Recently, the accelerated approval pathway has come under scrutiny within the FDA and by Congress. The FDA has put increased focus on ensuring that confirmatory studies are conducted with diligence and, ultimately, that such studies confirm clinical benefit. In addition, the enactment of The Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act, or FDORA, included provisions related to the accelerated approval pathway. Pursuant to FDORA, the FDA is authorized to require a post-approval study to be underway prior to approval or within a specified time period following approval. FDORA also requires the FDA to specify conditions of any required post-approval study and requires sponsors to submit progress reports for required post-approval studies and any conditions required by the FDA. FDORA enables the FDA to initiate enforcement action for the failure to conduct with due diligence a required post-approval study, including a failure to meet any required conditions specified by the FDA or to submit timely reports.

There is no assurance that any therapeutic candidate will successfully advance through its confirmatory clinical trial(s). Therefore, even if a therapeutic candidate receives accelerated approval from the FDA, such approval may be withdrawn at a later date.

Even if we, or any of our partners, obtain marketing approval for our therapeutic candidates, the terms of approvals, ongoing regulation of our product, including enforcement of post-marketing requirements by regulatory agencies or other post-approval restrictions, may require the expenditure of substantial resources, which could materially impair our ability to generate revenue. If we, or any of our partners or manufacturers, fail to comply with all regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our products, when and if any of them are approved, we could be subject to substantial penalties, including withdrawal of our product from the market.

Any therapeutic candidate for which we, or any partners obtain marketing approval, as well as the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include, but are not limited to, restrictions governing promotion of an approved product, submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding

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maintenance of records and documents, and requirements regarding drug distribution and the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping.

For instance, even if marketing approval of a product is granted, the FDA may impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of a product, including the adoption and implementation of a REMS.

We, or any of our partners, must also comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotion for any of our therapeutic candidates for which we or they obtain marketing approval. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the therapeutic candidate’s approved labeling. Thus, we, and any partners, will not be able to promote any products we develop for indications or uses for which they are not approved.

In addition, manufacturers of approved products and those manufacturers’ facilities are required to ensure that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMPs, which include requirements relating to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and reporting requirements. We, our third-party manufacturers, and any partners and their third-party manufacturers, and our CMOs would be subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA to monitor and ensure compliance with cGMPs.

Accordingly, assuming we, or any partners, obtain marketing approval for one or more of our therapeutic candidates, we, any partners and our CMOs will continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance and quality control. If we are not able to comply with post-approval regulatory requirements, we could have the marketing approvals for our products withdrawn by regulatory authorities and our ability to market any future products could be limited, which could adversely affect our ability to achieve or sustain profitability. As a result, the cost of compliance with post-approval regulations may have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition.

The FDA as well as other federal and state agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice, enforce and closely regulate compliance with all requirements governing drug products, including those requirements pertaining to marketing and promotion of drugs in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling and manufacturing of products in accordance with cGMP requirements. For example, the FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability. Violations of such requirements may lead to investigations alleging violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other statutes, including the False Claims Act and other federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws as well as state consumer protection laws. Our failure to comply with all regulatory requirements, and later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, may yield various results, including:

• |  | litigation involving patients using our products;

• |  | restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;

• |  | modifications to the labeling or restrictions on the marketing of a product;

• |  | restrictions on distribution or use;

• |  | requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;

• |  | warning or untitled letters;

• |  | withdrawal or recall of the product from the market;

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• |  | refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

• |  | fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;

• |  | suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

• |  | damage to relationships with any potential partners;

• |  | unfavorable press coverage and damage to our reputation;

• |  | refusal to permit the import or export of our products;

• |  | product seizure; or

• |  | injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Non-compliance by us or any future partner with regulatory requirements, including safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance, and with requirements related to the development of our products can also result in significant financial penalties.

If generic versions of our small molecule therapeutic candidates are approved, our revenue and results of operations would be adversely affected.

The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, permits the FDA to approve abbreviated NDAs, or ANDAs, for generic versions of small molecule branded drugs. We refer to this process as the ANDA process. The ANDA process permits a competitor to obtain marketing approval for a drug with the same active ingredient as a branded drug but does not generally require the conduct and submission of clinical efficacy studies for the generic product. In place of such clinical studies, an ANDA applicant usually needs only to submit data demonstrating that its product is bioequivalent to the branded product. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments require an ANDA applicant seeking FDA approval of its proposed generic product prior to the expiration of any patents we may list in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (commonly known as the Orange Book) to certify that the applicant believes that our patents are invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of the drug for which the application has been submitted (a Paragraph IV certification) and notify us of such certification (a Paragraph IV notice).

Pursuant to the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, with regard to a drug that has received five years of marketing exclusivity as a result of being a new chemical entity, or NCE, FDA cannot receive any ANDA seeking approval of a generic version of that drug during the five-year period of exclusivity unless the application contains a Paragraph IV certification, in which case the application may be submitted one year prior to expiration of the NCE exclusivity. Accordingly, potential competitors will be permitted to submit ANDA applications for proposed generic versions of any small molecule products for which we obtain approval four or five years from the date of such approval was granted.

Upon receipt of a Paragraph IV notice, the Hatch-Waxman Amendments allow us, with proper basis, to bring an action for patent infringement against the ANDA filer, asking that the proposed generic product not be approved until after our patents expire. If we commence a lawsuit within 45 days from receipt of the paragraph IV notice, the Hatch-Waxman Amendments provide a 30-month stay, during which time the FDA cannot finally approve the ANDA application. If the litigation is resolved in favor of the ANDA applicant during the 30-month stay period, the stay will be lifted and the FDA may approve the ANDA if it is otherwise ready for approval. The discovery, trial and appeals process in such a lawsuit is costly, time consuming, and may result in generic competition if the ANDA applicant prevails.

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Our current and future relationships with customers and third-party payors may be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, transparency, health privacy, and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to significant penalties, including criminal, civil, and administrative penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, including physicians, and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any therapeutic candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with such healthcare providers, third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research, as well as, market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may be applicable to our business include the following:

• |  | the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid;

• |  | the federal civil, including the False Claims Act, which can be enforced by civil whistleblower or qui tam actions on behalf of the government, and criminal false claims laws and the civil monetary penalties law, prohibit individuals or entities from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented false or fraudulent claims for payment by a federal government program, or making a false statement or record material to payment of a false claim or avoiding, decreasing or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government;

• |  | the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private), and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statements in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters;

• |  | HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their implementing regulations, impose requirements on certain covered healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses as well as their respective business associates that perform services for them that involve the use, or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information, relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of such individually identifiable health information;

• |  | the federal transparency requirements under the ACA, requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies to report to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to payments and other transfers of value provided to, and ownership and investment interests held by, physicians, as defined by such law, and their immediate family members; and

• |  | analogous state laws and regulations such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws and analogous non-U.S. fraud and abuse laws and regulations, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers. Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance regulations promulgated by the federal government and may require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers, marketing expenditures, or drug pricing,

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| including price increases. State and local laws require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives. State and non-U.S. laws that also govern the privacy and security of personal information (including health information in some circumstances), many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional integrity reporting and oversight obligations, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil and administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Recently enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our therapeutic candidates and may affect pricing and third-party payment for our therapeutic candidates and decrease the prices we may obtain.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could, among other things, prevent or delay marketing approval of our therapeutic candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect pricing and third-party payment for our therapeutic candidates, which could negatively affect our ability to profitably sell any therapeutic candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.

Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our therapeutic candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

In addition, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny recently over the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products.

Several healthcare reform initiatives culminated in the enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act in August 2022, which allows, among other things, the Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, to negotiate the selling price of a statutorily specified number of drugs and biologics each year that CMS reimburses under Medicare Part B and Part D. Only high-expenditure single-source drugs that have been approved for at least 7 years (11 years for single-source biologics) can qualify for negotiation, with the negotiated price taking effect two years after the selection year. Negotiations for Medicare Part D products begin in 2024 with the negotiated price taking effect in 2026, and negotiations for Medicare Part B products begin in 2026 with the negotiated

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price taking effect in 2028. In August 2023, HHS announced the ten Medicare Part D drugs and biologics that it selected for negotiations, and by October 1, 2023, each manufacturer of the selected drugs signed a manufacturer agreement to participate in the negotiations. HHS will announce the negotiated maximum fair prices by September 1, 2024, and this price cap, which cannot exceed a statutory ceiling price, will come into effect on January 1, 2026. A drug or biological product that has an orphan drug designation for only one rare disease or condition will be excluded from the Inflation Reduction Act’s price negotiation requirements, but loses that exclusion if it has designations for more than one rare disease or condition, or if is approved for an indication that is not within that single designated rare disease or condition, unless such additional designation or such disqualifying approvals are withdrawn by the time CMS evaluates the drug for selection for negotiation. The Inflation Reduction Act also imposes rebates on Medicare Part B and Part D drugs whose prices have increased at a rate greater than the rate of inflation. In addition, the law eliminates the “donut hole” under Medicare Part D beginning in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost and establishing a new manufacturer discount program, which requires manufacturers that want their drugs to be covered by Medicare Part D to provide statutorily defined discounts to Part D enrollees. The Inflation Reduction Act also extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in ACA marketplaces through plan year 2025. The Inflation Reduction Act permits the Secretary of HHS to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. Manufacturers that fail to comply with the Inflation Reduction Act may be subject to various penalties, some significant, including civil monetary penalties. These provisions are taking effect progressively starting in 2023, although they may be subject to legal challenges. For example, the provisions related to the negotiation of selling prices of high-expenditure single-source drugs and biologics have been challenged in multiple lawsuits. Thus, it is unclear how the Inflation Reduction Act will be implemented but it will likely have a significant impact on the pharmaceutical industry and the pricing of our products and therapeutic candidates. The adoption of restrictive price controls in new jurisdictions, more restrictive controls in existing jurisdictions or the failure to obtain or maintain timely or adequate pricing could also adversely impact revenue. We expect pricing pressures will continue globally.

In addition, at the state level, individual states have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures may be adopted in the future. Such reform measures may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our products.

Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our therapeutic candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

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Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain, or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved, or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, the FDA’s ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s ability to perform routine functions. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new therapeutic candidates to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities.

Our research and development activities could be affected or delayed as a result of possible restrictions on animal testing.

Certain laws and regulations require us to test our therapeutic candidates on animals before initiating clinical trials involving humans. Animal testing activities have been the subject of controversy and adverse publicity. Animal rights groups and other organizations and individuals have attempted to stop animal testing activities by pressing for legislation and regulation in these areas and by disrupting these activities through protests and other means. To the extent the activities of these groups are successful, our research and development activities may be interrupted, delayed, or become more expensive.

Even if we are able to commercialize a drug candidate, coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available or such drug candidate may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, which would harm our business.

The regulations that govern regulatory approvals, pricing, and reimbursement for drug products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug product before it can be marketed or may require us or our partners to conduct clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of our therapeutic candidates to other therapies to obtain reimbursement or pricing approval. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after regulatory approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription drug product pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a drug in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the drug, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenue we are able to generate from the sale of the drug in that country. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various EU member states, and parallel trade, such as arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products, if approved in those countries. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more therapeutic candidates, even if any of our current or future therapeutic candidates obtain regulatory approval.

Our ability to commercialize any drugs successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these drugs and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, such

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as government authorities, private health insurers, and other organizations. Even if we succeed in bringing one or more drugs to market, these drugs may not be considered cost-effective, and the amount reimbursed for any drugs may be insufficient to allow us to sell our drugs on a competitive basis. Moreover, in the United States, no uniform policy requirement for coverage and reimbursement for drugs exists among third-party payors, which may result in significant variations in coverage and reimbursement from payor to payor. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more drug products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. If the price we are able to charge for any drugs we develop, or the coverage and reimbursement provided for such drugs, is inadequate in light of our development and other costs, our return on investment could be affected adversely.

Laws and regulations governing any international operations we may have in the future may preclude us from developing, manufacturing and selling certain therapeutic candidates outside of the United States and require us to develop and implement costly compliance programs.

If we expand our operations outside of the United States, we must dedicate additional resources to comply with numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which we plan to operate. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of such third party in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the company, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.

Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presents particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions.

Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the United States, or the sharing with certain non-U.S. nationals, of information classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products and technical data relating to those products. If we expand our presence outside of the United States, it will require us to dedicate additional resources to comply with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing, manufacturing or selling certain therapeutic candidates outside of the United States, which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.

Failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial civil and criminal penalties and suspension or debarment from government contracting. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, also may suspend or bar issuers from trading securities on U.S. exchanges for violations of the FCPA’s accounting provisions.

If we, or any third-party contractors we engage, fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business.

We and our third-party contractors are subject to numerous foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and radioactive and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of

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these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination, discharge or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination, discharge or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources, including any available insurance. We could be subject to civil damages and criminal penalties in the event of an improper or unauthorized release of, or exposure of individuals to, hazardous materials. Further, it is possible that the materials we use could contaminate another party’s property. In addition, claimants may sue us for injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed our total assets and our ability to pay the liability.

In addition, our leasing and operation of real property may subject us to liability pursuant to certain of these laws or regulations. Under existing U.S. environmental laws and regulations, current or previous owners or operators of real property and entities that disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances may be held strictly, jointly and severally liable for the cost of investigating or remediating contamination caused by hazardous substance releases, even if they did not know of and were not responsible for the releases.

We could incur significant costs and liabilities which may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results for failure to comply with such laws and regulations, including, among other things, civil or criminal fines and penalties, property damage and personal injury claims, costs associated with upgrades to our facilities or changes to our operating procedures, or injunctions limiting or altering our operations.

Although we maintain liability insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability, including claims that may arise from pollution from chemical, radioactive or biological materials, or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials. Our partners may also be working with various types of hazardous materials in connection with our collaborations.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations, which are becoming increasingly more stringent, may impair our research, development or production efforts. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

We are subject to certain U.S. and certain foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions and other trade laws and regulations. We can face serious consequences for violations.

U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions and other trade laws and regulations prohibit, among other things, companies and their employees, agents, CROs, CMOs, legal counsel, accountants, consultants, contractors and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or receiving directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to or from recipients in the public or private sector. Violations of these laws can result in substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, imprisonment, the loss of trade privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences. We have and expect to continue to have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities and other organizations. We also expect our non-U.S. activities, including those in China, to increase over time. We expect to continue to rely on third parties for research, preclinical studies and clinical trials and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations and other marketing approvals. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our personnel, agents, or partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have prior knowledge of such activities.

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Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.

We are, and may in the future be, subject to stringent and changing obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse business consequences.

In the ordinary course of business, we collect, receive, store, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, share and otherwise process (which we refer to as process or processing) certain personal information and other sensitive information, including our proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, employee data, intellectual property, data we or our CROs collect about trial participants in connection with clinical trials, and other sensitive data. The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving and we are and may increasingly become subject to numerous data privacy and security obligations, such as various state, federal and foreign laws, regulations, guidance, directives, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contractual requirements and other obligations that govern the processing of sensitive or confidential information by us and on our behalf, and we may be subject to new or additional data protection laws and regulations and face increased scrutiny from regulators as our business grows. The legislative and regulatory landscape for data privacy and security continues to evolve in jurisdictions worldwide, and there has been an increasing focus on these issues with the potential to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Various federal, state, local and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies, or self-regulatory organizations, may expand current laws, rules or regulations, enact new laws, rules or regulations or issue revised rules or guidance regarding data privacy and security that could result in regulatory investigations, fines or injunctions, as well as civil claims including class actions, and reputational damage. Implementation standards, interpretation, and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or perception of their requirements may have on our business. This evolution may create uncertainty in our business, affect our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions or to process personal information, necessitate the acceptance of more onerous obligations in our contracts, result in liability or impose additional costs on us. The cost of compliance with these laws, regulations and standards is high and is likely to increase in the future. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, our internal or external policies and procedures or our contracts governing our processing of personal information could result in negative publicity, government investigations and enforcement actions, claims by third parties and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws, including data breach notification laws, data privacy laws, and other similar laws. For example, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have enacted breach notification laws that may require us to notify patients, customers, employees or regulators in the event of unauthorized access to or disclosure of personal or confidential information experienced by us or our service providers. These laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is difficult and may be costly. Moreover, HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, imposes among other things, certain requirements relating to the privacy, security, transmission, and breach of individually identifiable health information. We may obtain health information from third parties (including research institutions from which we obtain clinical trial data) that are subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we could be subject to significant penalties if we violate HIPAA.

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Certain states have also adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, which govern the processing of health-related and other personal information. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020), or CCPA, imposes obligations on businesses that meet certain thresholds that process the personal information of California residents (including employees based in California). These obligations include, but are not limited to, providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording California residents certain rights related to their personal information, which includes a private right of action for certain data breaches. Although the CCPA exempts some data processed in the context of clinical trials, the CCPA could increase compliance costs and potential liability. The 2020 amendments to the CCPA also created the California Privacy Protection Agency, a new enforcement agency whose sole responsibility is to enforce the CCPA and is empowered to create new CCPA regulations. Other states, such as Virginia, Indiana, Oregon, Texas, Tennessee, Montana, Iowa, Delaware, Connecticut, Utah, Washington and Colorado, have also passed comprehensive privacy laws, and similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels. In addition to government activity and private rights of actions provided by some of the state privacy laws, privacy advocacy groups and technology and other industries are considering various new, additional or different self-regulatory standards that may place additional burdens on us.

Around the world, many countries have privacy and data protection laws that create potentially complex compliance issues for us, our future customers, and strategic partners. For example, outside the United States, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, or EU GDPR, and the United Kingdom’s GDPR, or UK GDPR, impose strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals. For example, under the EU GDPR, government regulators may impose temporary or definitive bans on data processing, as well as fines of up to €20 million or 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater. Such fines would be in addition to (i) the rights of individuals to sue for damages in respect of any data privacy breach which causes them to suffer harm, (ii) the right of individual member states to impose additional sanctions over and above the administrative fines specified in the GDPR and (iii) the ability of supervisory authorities to impose orders requiring companies to modify their practices. If we are found not to be compliant with the GDPR or similar requirements, we may be subject to significant fines and the risk of civil litigation. Among other requirements, the GDPR and UK GDPR (and certain other foreign jurisdictions) regulate the cross-border transfer of personal data, which could make it more difficult to transfer information across jurisdictions (such as transferring or receiving personal data that originates in the EU or the United Kingdom to countries such as the United States which are not considered by the EU or United Kingdom to provide adequate protection of personal data). In October 2022, the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, or EU-U.S. DPF, was implemented, and the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision on July 10, 2023 that set conditions for personal data transfers from the EU to certified companies in the United States without additional safeguards in place. However, this decision will likely face legal challenges and ultimately may be invalidated by the Court of Justice of the EU. On October 12, 2023, a UK-U.S. Data Bridge came into force to operate as an extension of the EU-U.S. DPF to facilitate transfers of personal data between the United Kingdom and certified entities in the United States. Such Data Bridge could not only be challenged, but also may be affected by any challenges to the EU-U.S. DPF. Furthermore, in June 2021, the European Commission adopted new standard contractual clauses under the GDPR for transfers of personal data outside the European Economic Area to countries that the European Commission has not deemed to provide an adequate level of protection for such personal data. While we strive to adhere to all requirements to transfer information across jurisdictions using safeguards endorsed by government guidance (such as using the Standard Contractual Clauses approved by the European Commission), we must still adapt to changing guidance and will follow any anticipated litigation closely. As the regulatory guidance and enforcement landscape in relation to data transfers continue to develop, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory

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investigations or fines; we may have to stop using certain tools and vendors and make other operational changes; we may have to implement revised standard contractual clauses for existing arrangements within required time frames; and/or it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Any such changes in the law related to the use of personal information or data could compromise our ability to develop an adequate marketing strategy and pursue our growth strategy effectively or even prevent us from providing certain products in jurisdictions in which we currently operate or may operate in the future. Complying with these numerous, complex, conflicting, and often changing regulations is expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with any data privacy or security laws, whether by us, one of our CROs, CMOs, partners or another third party, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects., financial condition, results of operations and prospects, including but not limited to: investigation costs; material fines and penalties; compensatory, special, punitive and statutory damages; litigation; consent orders regarding our privacy and security practices; requirements that we provide notices, credit monitoring services and/or credit restoration services or other relevant services to impacted individuals; adverse actions against our licenses to do business; reputational damage; and injunctive relief.

In addition to data privacy and security laws, we are also bound by other contractual obligations related to data privacy and security that could prove to be more burdensome as laws and regulations evolve. We may also be contractually required to indemnify and hold harmless third parties from the costs or consequences of non-compliance with any laws, rules and regulations or other legal obligations relating to privacy or any inadvertent or unauthorized use or disclosure of data that we store or handle as part of operating our business. Any of these events could adversely affect our reputation, business, or financial condition, including but not limited to: loss of customers; interruptions or stoppages in our business operations (including clinical trials); inability to process personal information or to operate in certain jurisdictions; limited ability to develop or commercialize our products; expenditure of time and resources to defend any claim or inquiry; adverse publicity; or substantial changes to our business model or operations.

We cannot assure you that our CROs, CMOs or other third-party service providers with access to our or our suppliers’, manufacturers’, clinical trial participants’ and employees’ sensitive information in relation to which we are responsible will not breach contractual obligations imposed by us, or that they will not experience data security incidents, which could have a corresponding effect on our business, including putting us in breach of our obligations under privacy laws and regulations and/or which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We cannot assure you that our contractual measures and our own privacy and security-related safeguards will protect us from the risks associated with the third-party processing of such information. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Although we endeavor to comply with our public statements and documentation regarding our handling of personal information, we may at times fail to do so or be perceived to have failed to do so. Our publication of our privacy policies and other statements we publish that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security can subject us to potential state and federal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair or misrepresentative of our actual practices. Any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws, rules or regulations, industry standards, contractual or other legal obligations, or any actual, perceived or suspected cybersecurity incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of personal information or other data, may result in enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, significant fines, penalties and censure, claims for damages by customers and other affected individuals, regulatory inquiries and investigations or adverse publicity and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Risks related to commercialization of our therapeutic candidates

We face significant competition in an environment of rapid technological change and there is a possibility that our competitors may achieve regulatory approval before us or develop therapies or technologies that are more advanced or effective than ours, which may harm our business and financial condition, and our ability to successfully market or commercialize our therapeutic candidates.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on intellectual property. While we believe that our platform and our knowledge, experience and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions, among others.

Any therapeutic candidates that we or our partners successfully develop and commercialize may compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future that are approved to treat the same indications for which we or they may obtain approval for our therapeutic candidates. It is also possible that we or our partners may face competition from other pharmaceutical approaches as well as other types of therapies. The key competitive factors affecting the success of all our programs, if approved, include, but are not limited to their efficacy, safety, convenience, adoption by prescribers, price, level of generic competition, and availability of reimbursement.

We may face competition from companies developing therapies for CKD and related nephropathies, including but not limited to established therapies including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, or RAAS, inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1, or GLP-1 agonists, as well as novel mechanisms such as therapies being developed by various companies targeting different pathways implicated in CKD progression.

While there are currently no approved therapies for APOL1 kidney disease, or AKD, we are aware of companies advancing therapeutic candidates in clinical trials that target APOL1, such as inaxaplin, which is in a Phase 3 clinical trial.

Our second most advanced lead program, MZE782, is a small molecule targeting SLC6A19, a novel target in CKD. While there are no currently approved therapies directly modulating SLC6A19, we may face competition from other companies pursuing programs targeting SLC6A19 or alternative approaches for renal indications.

Many of our current or potential competitors, either alone or with their collaboration partners, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and marketing approved products than we do. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Mergers and acquisitions in the biopharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

Further, precision medicine is a rapidly developing field, with increasing usage within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry of machine learning and AI technologies to analyze genetic data. While we believe our Compass platform has advantages over potential competitors based on our experience in variant functionalization, our access to genetic databases, and the length of time that we have been engaged in developing precision medicine, other companies may have greater resources or the ability to acquire more advanced technology to identify targets and may acquire access to the same genetic data that we utilize. We

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may not be able to keep up with the pace of innovation that is occurring in our field, and we may face increasing competition in developing precision medicines.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other applicable regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

Even if our Compass platform is effective as a research tool, we may be unable to develop or commercialize new drugs, therapies or other products based on discoveries from our Compass platform.

Even if our Compass platform performs its intended functions, we may be unable to use the discoveries resulting from the platform to produce new therapies. Despite recent scientific advances in the life sciences and our improved understanding of biology, the roles of genes and proteins and their involvement in diseases and in other life processes is not well understood. Therefore, notwithstanding any potential promising results in earlier studies or clinical trials, we may face significant setbacks in current or future studies or clinical trials. If we are unable to use our platform discoveries platform to develop and market new drugs or therapies, our business may fail or we may never become profitable.

We, or the third parties we rely on, may be unable to develop the diagnostic tests or clinical assays to successfully advance our therapeutic candidates through clinical trials or commercialization.

Some or all of our therapeutic candidates may require companion diagnostic tests for clinical trials or commercialization. If we are unable to successfully develop the applicable companion diagnostic tests, experience significant delays in doing so, or rely on third parties in the development of such companion diagnostic tests, or if we are required by the FDA to obtain approval of a companion diagnostic test in connection with approval of any of our therapeutic candidates, and we do not obtain or face delays in obtaining FDA approval of a companion diagnostic test, the full commercial potential of our therapeutic candidates and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

Our approach to drug discovery and developing therapeutic candidates relies on human genetics and functional genomics to identify targets for therapeutic intervention as well as predictive biomarkers to evaluate the effects of our therapeutic candidates. For those therapeutic candidates that advance to clinical trials, predictive biomarkers, such as a specific genetic screen, may become necessary for subject selection and thus may require the incorporation of a diagnostic test, or companion diagnostic, into our clinical trial design. If required, we may engage one or more third-party partners to co-develop the necessary companion diagnostic.

If safe and effective use of any of our therapeutic candidates depends on a companion diagnostic test, then the FDA generally will require approval or clearance of that companion diagnostic, before or at the same time that the FDA approves our therapeutic candidates, if at all. According to FDA guidance, if the FDA determines that a companion diagnostic device is essential to the safe and effective use of a novel therapeutic product or indication, the FDA generally will not approve the therapeutic product or new therapeutic product indication if the companion diagnostic is not also approved or cleared for that indication. If a satisfactory companion diagnostic is not commercially available, we may be required to create or obtain one that would be subject to regulatory approval requirements. In the past, FDA has issued guidance on the development of companion diagnostics generally as well as for specific disease categories. We will continue to evaluate the impact of FDA guidance on our companion diagnostic development and strategy. This guidance and any future guidance or policies from the FDA and other regulatory authorities may impact our development of a companion diagnostic for our therapeutic candidates and result in delays in regulatory approval. We may be required to conduct additional studies or clinical trials to support a broader claim. Also, to the extent other approved diagnostics

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are able to broaden their labeling claims to include our approved drug products, we may be forced to abandon our companion diagnostic development plans or we may not be able to compete effectively upon approval, which could adversely impact our ability to generate revenue from the sale of our approved products and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We expect to rely on third parties for the design, development and manufacture of companion diagnostic tests for our therapeutic candidates that require such tests. If the FDA, EMA or a comparable regulatory authority requires approval of a companion diagnostic for any of our therapeutic candidates, whether before or after the therapeutic candidate obtains marketing approval, we, and/or future partners, may encounter difficulties in developing and obtaining approval for such therapeutic candidate. If we or our third-party partners experience any delay in developing or obtaining regulatory approval of a companion diagnostic, we may be unable to enroll enough patients in future clinical trials, the development of our therapeutic candidates may be adversely affected or we may not obtain marketing approval, and we may not realize the full commercial potential of our therapeutic candidates.

We currently have no marketing and sales organization and have no experience as a company in commercializing products, and we may need to invest significant resources to develop these capabilities. If we are unable to establish marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our products, we may not be able to generate product revenue.

We do not have a sales or marketing infrastructure and have no experience in the sale, marketing or distribution of biopharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for any therapeutic candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, we will need to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, either by ourselves or through collaboration or other arrangements with third parties.

There are risks involved with establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a therapeutic candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have incurred these commercialization expenses prematurely or unnecessarily. These efforts may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.

Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our products on our own include, but not limited to:

• |  | our inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales, marketing, reimbursement, customer service, medical affairs, and other support personnel;

• |  | the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and

• |  | unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.

If we are unable to establish our own sales and marketing capabilities, our revenue from product sales and our profitability, if any, are likely to be lower than if we ourselves were to market and sell any products that we develop. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to market and sell our therapeutic candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are acceptable to us. Any of these third parties may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we do not establish sales and marketing capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our therapeutic candidates.

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Even if any of our therapeutic candidates receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

If any of our therapeutic candidates receives marketing approval, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success. If our therapeutic candidates do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our therapeutic candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

• |  | the efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments;

• |  | the acceptance of our therapeutic candidates as front-line treatment for various indications;

• |  | the prevalence and severity of any side effects, in particular compared to alternative treatments;

• |  | limitations or warnings contained in the labeling approved for our therapeutic candidates by the FDA;

• |  | the size of the target patient population;

• |  | the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;

• |  | our ability to offer our products for sale at competitive prices;

• |  | the convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;

• |  | the strength of marketing, sales and distribution support;

• |  | publicity for our therapeutic candidates and alternative treatments;

• |  | the existence of distribution and/or use restrictions, such as through a REMS;

• |  | the availability of third-party payor coverage, adequate reimbursement and favorable pricing policies;

• |  | the timing of any required marketing approval;

• |  | support from patient advocacy groups; and

• |  | any restrictions on the use of our products together with other medications.

Even if our therapeutic candidates were to display a favorable efficacy and safety profile in preclinical studies and clinical trials, market acceptance of such therapeutic candidates will not be fully known until after they are launched.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any therapeutic candidates that we may develop alone or with partners.

Clinical development does not always fully characterize the safety and efficacy profile of a new medicine, and it is always possible that a drug or biologic, even after regulatory approval, may exhibit unforeseen side effects. We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our therapeutic candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any claims that our therapeutic candidates caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

• |  | decreased demand for any therapeutic candidates that we may develop;

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• |  | injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

• |  | initiation of investigations by regulators;

• |  | withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

• |  | significant time and costs to defend the related litigation;

• |  | diversion of management and scientific resources from our business operations;

• |  | substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

• |  | loss of revenue;

• |  | reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; and

• |  | the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop.

As a clinical-stage company, we currently hold product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could decrease our cash and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our estimated market opportunities for our therapeutic candidates are subject to numerous uncertainties and may prove to be inaccurate. If we have overestimated the size of our market opportunities, our future growth may be limited.

Our estimated addressable markets and market opportunities for our therapeutic candidates are based on a variety of inputs, including data published by third parties, our own market insights and internal market intelligence, and internally generated data and assumptions. We have not independently verified any third-party information and cannot be assured of its accuracy or completeness. Market opportunity estimates, whether obtained or derived from third-party sources or developed internally, are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove not to be accurate, particularly given the relatively early stage of our therapeutic candidates. Although we believe our market opportunity estimates are reasonable, such information is inherently imprecise. In addition, our assumptions and estimates of market opportunities are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including but not limited to those described in this prospectus. If this third-party or internally generated data prove to be inaccurate or if we make errors in our assumptions based on that data, or if the facts underlying our assumptions change over time, our actual market may be more limited than we estimate it to be. In addition, these inaccuracies or errors may cause us to misallocate capital and other critical business resources, which could harm our business. The estimates of our market opportunities included in this prospectus should not be taken as indicative of our ability to grow our business.

Moreover, prices for novel approved treatments must often be set high in order to recover the sponsor’s development and manufacturing costs, fund additional research and achieve profitability, and we may be unable to obtain the price necessary to achieve these things. We may also need to fund patient support programs upon the marketing of a therapeutic candidate, which would negatively affect the revenue of a therapeutic candidate. We may be unable to maintain or obtain sufficient therapy sales volumes at a price high enough to justify our development efforts and our sales, marketing and manufacturing expenses.

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Risks related to our business operations

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key employees, to engage advisors and consultants and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries depends upon our ability to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. We are highly dependent on the development and management expertise of our scientific founders who are leading researchers in genetics and bioinformatics, as well as the other principal members of our management, scientific and clinical team. We currently do not maintain key person insurance on these individuals. Although we have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers, each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time.

Moreover, we might not be able to attract or retain qualified management and other key personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area where we are headquartered, and we may be required to expend significant financial resources in our employee recruitment and retention efforts. Many pharmaceutical companies with whom we compete for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and longer operating histories in the industry than we do. They also may provide candidates with more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will harm our ability to implement our business strategy and achieve our business objectives.

In addition, we have scientific and clinical advisors and consultants who assist us in formulating our development and clinical strategies. These advisors and consultants are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us. In addition, our advisors and consultants may have arrangements with other companies to assist those companies in developing products or technologies that may compete with ours.

We will need to grow our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, and as we transition into operating as a public company, we expect to expand our employee base for managerial, operational, financial and other resources. In addition, we have limited experience in clinical development and, as our therapeutic candidates enter and advance through preclinical studies and clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, regulatory and manufacturing capabilities or contract with other organizations to provide these capabilities for us. We have to manage additional relationships with partners, suppliers and other organizations as part of our ongoing and anticipated clinical trials, and we expect to continue to have to manage additional relationships with partners, suppliers and other organizations in the future. Our ability to manage our operations and future growth will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures. We may not be able to implement improvements to our management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. In addition, we may need to expand our facilities, including laboratory operations, and may be unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Our inability to successfully manage our growth and expand our operations could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Our current or future employees, clinical trial investigators, CROs, CMOs, consultants, vendors and partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory requirements, violations of regulatory standards, and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of misconduct by our current or future employees, clinical trial investigators, CROs, CMOs, consultants, vendors and partners. Misconduct by these parties could include fraud or intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (i) FDA regulations or those of comparable foreign regulatory agencies, (ii) manufacturing or clinical standards, (iii) federal and state health and data privacy, security, fraud and abuse, government price reporting, transparency reporting requirements, and other healthcare laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, (iv) sexual harassment and other workplace misconduct, or (v) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation, or improper or unauthorized use of AI or machine learnings tools that result in the disclosure of confidential information or reliance on inaccurate information.

We have adopted a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees prior to completion of this offering, as well as a disclosure program and other applicable policies and procedures, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with laws or regulations. If any actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, such actions could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional integrity reporting and oversight obligations, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

Our business is dependent on the integrity of information technology systems and failure of such systems could disrupt our business.

Like most companies, we depend on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our information technology and communications systems and those of our third-party vendors, contractors or consultants. Such systems may fail or suffer security breaches, cyberattacks, loss or leakage of data and other disruptions, which could cause adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not limited to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; and other adverse consequences.

We, and third parties on whom we depend, are increasingly dependent on information technology systems, infrastructure and data to operate our and their businesses. In the ordinary course of business, we process confidential information (including but not limited to intellectual property, proprietary business data and patient data). It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We also have outsourced elements of our information technology systems and operations to third parties, and as a result we rely on and manage a number of third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants who have access to and process our confidential information.

Although we are still in the process of implementing our internal security controls, policies and other measures, we take steps designed to detect, mitigate, and remediate vulnerabilities in our information systems (such as our hardware and/or software, including that of third parties upon which we rely). We may not, however, detect and remediate all such vulnerabilities including on a timely basis. Further, we may experience delays in

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developing and deploying remedial measures and patches designed to address identified vulnerabilities. Despite the implementation of these security measures, our information technology systems and those of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants have been in the past and may be in the future potentially vulnerable to breakdown or other damage or interruption from service interruptions, system malfunction, accidents by our employees or third-party service providers, natural disasters, terrorism, war, global pandemics, and telecommunication and electrical failures. We may also experience security incidents from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, third-party vendors, contractors, consultants, business partners and/or other third parties, including theft, fraud or unauthorized access to or use of our information technology systems, or attack or damage from hacking, cyberattacks or supply chain attacks by malicious third parties and sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors (including the deployment of harmful computer viruses and malware, ransomware, denial or degradation-of-service attacks, phishing attacks and other social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information), which may compromise our system infrastructure, or that of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants, impede our ability to conduct business, delay our financial reporting or lead to data leakage.

While we have a security consultant provide annual assessments on our systems vulnerabilities, the risk of a security incident or disruption, particularly through cyberattacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. We may not be able to anticipate all types of security threats, nor implement preventive measures effective against all such security threats. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups such as external service providers, organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations, or hostile foreign governments or agencies. Cyberattacks or security incidents could remain undetected for an extended period, which could potentially result in significant harm to our information technology systems, as well as unauthorized access to the information stored on and transmitted by our information technology systems. Even if identified, the full extent of a cyberattack or security incident may not be determined immediately and we may be unable to adequately investigate or remediate incidents or breaches due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. Moreover, recovery of our information technology systems may be additionally hampered where we have outsourced the operation of information technology systems and information storage to third parties. Any breach, loss or compromise of confidential information may also subject us to liability, government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits, and inspections); breach notification and additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing sensitive information (including personal data); litigation (including class action litigation); indemnification obligations; negative publicity; reputational harm; monetary fund diversions; diversion of management attention; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss; and other similar harms. Security incidents and attendant consequences may prevent or cause customers to stop using our products, deter new customers from using our products, and negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our business. If the information technology systems of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants become subject to disruptions or security incidents, we may have insufficient recourse against such third parties and we may have to expend significant resources to mitigate the impact of such an event, and to develop and implement protections to prevent future events of this nature from occurring.

Further, remote work has become more common and has increased risks to our information technology systems and data, as more of our employees utilize network connections, computers and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in transit and in public locations.

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Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or those of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants, or security breaches could result in the loss, misappropriation and/or unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of, or the prevention of access to, confidential information (including trade secrets or other intellectual property or proprietary business information) and claims by our counterparties that we have failed to comply with legal or contractual obligations, which could result in financial, legal, business, and reputational harm to us.

There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate to protect us from liabilities and damage and we may not have adequate insurance coverage to cover losses, or all types of costs, expenses and losses, we could incur with respect to security breaches or disruptions. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage, or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

We utilize third-party open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source software licenses could adversely affect our business, subject us to litigation, or create potential liability.

Our Compass platform utilizes software licensed by third parties under any one or more open source licenses, including the Apache 2.0 License, MIT, BSD variants, and others, and we expect to continue to incorporate open source software in our business in the future. We cannot ensure that we have effectively monitored our use of open source software, or validated the quality or source of such software, or that we are in compliance with the terms of the applicable open source licenses or our current policies and procedures.

Companies that incorporate open source software into their products have, from time to time, faced claims challenging the use of open source software and compliance with open source license terms. We could be subject to similar suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software or claiming non-compliance with open source licensing terms, which could result in litigation that may cause us to be required to disclose our proprietary source code based on our modifications of open source code, incur expenses and be liable for damages and such litigation could distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Furthermore, there are an increasing number of open source software license types, almost none of which have been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that such licenses to which we are subject to could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide our products or services. If we are held to have breached or failed to fully comply with any of the terms and conditions of an open-source software license, we could face claims for breach of contract, intellectual property infringement or misappropriation or other liability, or be required to seek costly licenses from third parties that may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. By the terms of certain open source licenses, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software, and to make our proprietary software available under open source licenses, if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner. In the event that portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our Compass platform, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our Compass platform, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our Compass platform. Disclosing our proprietary source code could allow our competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Furthermore, any such re-engineering or other remedial efforts could require

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significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to successfully complete any such re-engineering or other remedial efforts.

Further, in addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open source software carries greater technical and legal risks than does the use of third-party commercial software. For example, open source software is generally provided without any representations, indemnity, support or warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement or the quality of the code, including the existence of security vulnerabilities. In addition, certain open source licenses require that source code for software programs that interact with such open source software be made available to the public at no cost and that any modifications or derivative works to such open source software continue to be licensed under the same terms as the open source software license. To the extent that our Compass platform depends upon the successful operation of open source software, any undetected errors or defects in open source software that we use could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our systems and injure our reputation. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our Compass platform. Any of the foregoing risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The use of new and evolving technologies, such as AI in our operations may require us to expend material resources and may present risks and challenges that can impact our business, including by posing security and other risks to our confidential information, proprietary information and personal information, any of which may result in reputational harm and liability, or otherwise adversely affect our business.

We incorporate AI solutions, including machine learning, into our Compass platform. There are significant risks involved in utilizing AI and no assurance can be provided that the usage of AI will enhance our business or assist our business in becoming more efficient or profitable. The use of certain AI technology can give rise to intellectual property risks, including compromising the privacy and security of our proprietary technologies and leading to claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other violation. In addition, AI may have errors or inadequacies that are not easily detectable. If the data used to train AI or the content, analyses, or recommendations that AI applications assist in producing are or are alleged to be deficient, inaccurate, incomplete, overbroad or biased, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Additionally, we expect to see increasing government and supranational regulation and ethical concerns related to AI use, which may also significantly increase the burden and cost of research, development and compliance in this area. The rapid evolution of AI will require the application of significant resources to design, develop, test and maintain our technology and products to help ensure that AI is implemented in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and in a socially responsible manner and to minimize any real or perceived unintended harmful impacts. The legal landscape and subsequent legal protection for the use of AI remains uncertain, and development of the law in this area could impact our ability to enforce our proprietary rights or protect against infringing uses. If we do not have sufficient rights to use the data on which AI relies or to the outputs produced by AI applications, we may incur liability through the violation of certain laws, third-party privacy or other rights or contracts to which we are a party.

Our third-party vendors, contractors and consultants may also incorporate AI tools into their own offerings, and the providers of these AI tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards, including with respect to intellectual property, privacy and data security. Further, bad actors around the world use increasingly sophisticated methods, including the use of AI, to engage in illegal activities involving the theft and misuse of personal information, confidential information and intellectual property. Any of these effects could damage our reputation, result in the loss of valuable property and information, cause us to breach applicable laws and regulations, and adversely impact our business.

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Our ability to use our net operating loss and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred substantial losses during our history and do not expect to become profitable in the near future, and we may never achieve profitability. Unused federal net operating losses generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 will not expire and may be carried forward indefinitely but the deductibility of such federal net operating losses in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 is limited to 80% of current year taxable income. In addition, both our current and our future unused losses and other tax attributes (such as research credits) may be subject to limitation under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code if we undergo, or have undergone, an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in our equity ownership by certain stockholders over a three-year period. As of December 31, 2023, we had a Section 382 study prepared which covered the period from inception through March 2024. The study concluded that several ownership changes occurred since the inception of the Company. However, it was determined that the annual available NOLs under Section 382 will be sufficient to utilize in their entirety prior to their respective expiration years. It is possible that we may undergo additional ownership changes in the future, including as a result of the offering or future transactions or events that may be outside of our control. As a result, even if we attain profitability, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset our post-change income or taxes may be limited. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax attributes. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of net operating losses is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. As a result of the foregoing, even if we attain profitability, we may be unable to use all or a material portion of our net operating losses and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows.

We may engage in strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses and present significant distractions to our management.

From time to time, we may consider strategic transactions, such as acquisitions of companies, businesses or assets, joint ventures and spin-outs. Additional potential transactions that we may consider include a variety of different business arrangements, including spin-offs, strategic partnerships, restructurings, divestitures, business combinations and investments. Any such transaction may require us to incur non-recurring or other charges, may increase our near term or long-term expenditures and may pose significant integration challenges or disrupt our management or business, which could adversely affect our operations and financial results. For example, these transactions may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including, but not limited to:

• |  | exposure to unknown liabilities;

• |  | incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to pay for acquisitions;

• |  | write-downs of assets or goodwill or impairment charges;

• |  | increased amortization expenses;

• |  | difficulty and cost in integrating the operations, systems and personnel of any acquired businesses with our operations, systems and personnel;

• |  | impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers of any acquired businesses due to changes in management and ownership; and

• |  | inability to retain key employees of any acquired businesses.

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Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, which could lead to a decline in our stock price.

Our results of operations and stock price could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. For example, a global financial crisis could cause extreme volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets. Similarly, increased volatility in interest rates and the debt and equity markets, instability in the global banking system, global health crises and pandemics and geopolitical conflict could cause significant instability and disruptions in the capital and credit markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our therapeutic candidates and in our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy also could strain our partners and our suppliers, possibly resulting in development or supply disruption. We cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the foregoing, and the current economic climate and financial market conditions generally, could adversely impact our business.

Risks related to intellectual property

Our success depends in part on our and our partners’ ability to obtain, maintain, enforce and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. It is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights and technologies, and we may not be able to ensure their protection. If we are unable to adequately protect our technologies or obtain and maintain patent protection for our technologies and products or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technologies and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technologies and products may be impaired.

Our commercial success will depend in large part on our and our partners’ obtaining, maintaining, enforcing and protecting patent, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property and proprietary protection in the United States and other countries for our technologies. Our proprietary technologies include our Compass platform, genetic targets identified by our Compass platform, machine learning used by our Compass platform, our methods for developing and testing our therapeutic candidates, our therapeutic candidates themselves, and any therapeutic compounds, molecules or agents related to such therapeutic targets, including their respective components, formulations, combination therapies, methods used to manufacture them and methods of treatment. Our commercial success will also depend, in large part, on successfully defending our trademarks, trade secrets, owned patents and patent applications and other intellectual property rights against third-party challenges. We seek to protect our intellectual property position by, among other methods, filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our technologies, inventions and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our intellectual property position. Our ability to stop unauthorized third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell, importing or otherwise commercializing our technologies or therapeutic candidates is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property or proprietary rights that cover these activities. If we or our current or future partners are unable to secure and maintain patent, trade secret or other intellectual property or proprietary protection for any technologies or therapeutic candidates we or they develop, or if the scope of the protection secured is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technologies or therapeutic candidates similar or identical to ours, and our ability to commercialize any technologies or therapeutic candidates we or our partners may develop or to otherwise compete effectively may be adversely affected.

We have filed patent applications, both in the United States and internationally, protecting our inventions related to our MZE829 and MZE782 candidates as well as our out-licensed programs. We currently own two issued U.S. patents. We have eight pending U.S. provisional patent applications, ten pending Patent Cooperation

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Treaty, or PCT, patent applications, seven pending U.S. non-provisional patent applications, and over fifty pending foreign patent applications. Our MZE001 patent portfolio has been exclusively out-licensed to Shionogi, who also has the exclusive right to make decisions regarding the prosecution and enforcement of patents or patent applications within that portfolio. Our ATXN2 and UNC13A patent portfolios have been exclusively licensed to other biotechnology companies, who have the exclusive right to make decisions regarding the prosecution and enforcement of those respective portfolios.

A provisional patent application is not eligible to become an issued patent until, among other things, we file a non-provisional patent application within 12 months of filing such provisional application. If we fail to do so, we may lose our priority date with respect to the provisional patent application and any patent protection on the inventions disclosed in the provisional patent application. The PCT system allows a single application to be filed within 12 months of the original priority date of the patent application, and for the designation of all of the PCT member states in which national patent applications can later be pursued based on the international patent application filed under the PCT. A PCT application is not eligible to become an issued patent until, among other things, we file one or more national stage patent applications within the applicable time limit, which is generally 30 or 31 months from the PCT application’s earliest priority date, depending on the jurisdiction, in the countries in which we seek patent protection. If we fail to file a national phase application in a PCT member state, we may lose our priority date in that member state with respect to the subject matter disclosed in the PCT application, as well as any patent protection in that member state on the inventions disclosed in the PCT application. While we generally intend to timely file non-provisional and national phase patent applications, as applicable, we cannot predict whether any of our current or future patent applications relating to any therapeutic targets, therapeutic candidates or technologies we have identified or may identify in the future will result in the issuance of patents that effectively protect our therapeutic targets, therapeutic candidates or technologies. If we or our partners do not successfully obtain patent protection, or, even if we or they do obtain patent protection, if the scope of the patent protection obtained with respect to any therapeutic target, therapeutic candidate and technology is not sufficiently broad, we or our partners may be unable to prevent others from using our technology or from developing or commercializing technology and products similar or identical to ours or our partners’.

The patenting process is expensive and time-consuming, and we and our current or future partners may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. In addition, we or our partners may not pursue or obtain patent protection in all relevant jurisdictions, particularly in markets where translation costs are high. It is also possible that we or our partners will fail to identify patentable aspects of our or their research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Although we seek to enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, consultants, independent contractors, advisors, CMOs, CROs, hospitals, independent treatment centers, suppliers, partners and other third parties, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection. In addition, publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our current or future patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Moreover, in circumstances, including with respect to our exclusive out-licensing of our MZE001, ATXN2 and UNC13A patent portfolios, where we do not have the right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, defense or enforcement of patents or patent applications covering technologies that we currently, or may in the future, license from or license to third parties, we will be reliant on our licensors or licensees to do so. If our partners are not fully cooperative or disagree with us as to

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the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, defense or enforcement of any licensed patent rights, such patent rights could be compromised.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and has been the subject of much litigation in recent years. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability, and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications, if any, may not result in issued patents. Moreover, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Even if patent applications we license or own currently or in the future issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Any patents that we may own or in-license may be challenged, narrowed, circumvented, or invalidated by third parties. Consequently, we do not know whether any of our therapeutic candidates or technologies will be protectable or remain protected by valid and enforceable patents. In addition, any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from using our technologies or from developing competing therapeutic candidates in a non-infringing manner. In addition, given the amount of time required for the development, testing, and regulatory review of new therapeutic candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent rights may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity, or enforceability, and any patents we may own or in-license in the future may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. We may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, revocation, reexamination, post-grant review, inter partes review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, invalidate, or hold unenforceable, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technologies or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. Moreover, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention or in post-grant challenge proceedings, such as oppositions in a foreign patent office, that challenge priority of invention or other features of patentability. Such challenges may result in loss of patent rights, loss of exclusivity, or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technologies and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technologies and therapeutic candidates. Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.

Moreover, some of the patents and patent applications we may own or in-license in the future may be co-owned with third parties. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such third-party co-owners’ interest in such patents or patent applications, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technologies. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of our patents in order to enforce such patents against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

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Changes to the patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other biopharmaceutical companies, our success may be heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity and is therefore costly, time consuming and inherently uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States or other jurisdictions could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. For example, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, which was signed into law in September 2011, made a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law, affecting the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefining prior art and providing more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents. In addition, the Leahy-Smith Act has transformed the U.S. patent system from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. The first-to-file provisions require patent applicants such as us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application and be diligent in filing patent applications. However, circumstances could prevent us from promptly filing patent applications on our inventions. Similar legislation could make it more difficult to obtain patent protection for our inventions and increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our or our future collaboration partners’ patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our or our future collaboration partners’ issued patents, if any, all of which could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, the patent positions of companies in the development and commercialization of biologics and pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, once obtained. Additionally, there have been recent proposals for additional changes to the patent laws of the United States and other countries that, if adopted, could impact our ability to enforce our intellectual property. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a material adverse effect on and weaken our ability to obtain and enforce new patents and patents that we or our collaboration partners might obtain in the future.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Although we have issued patents in the United States and pending patent applications in the United States and other countries, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, enforcing and defending patents in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our therapeutic candidates, and our patents, the patents of our current and future partners, or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

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Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many foreign countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or our partners’ patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents or the patents of our partners at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications or the patent applications of our partners at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.

Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we or our partners are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

If we are sued for infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties, such litigation or disputes could be costly and time-consuming and could prevent or delay us from developing or commercializing our therapeutic candidates.

Our commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our therapeutic candidates and use our technologies without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property and other proprietary rights of third parties. If any third-party patents, patent applications or other intellectual or proprietary rights are enforced against us and found to be valid, enforceable and cover our therapeutic candidates or their compositions, methods of use or manufacturing, third parties owning such intellectual or proprietary rights could seek an injunction prohibiting our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our therapeutic candidates and technologies, or we may be required to pay damages, which could be substantial, and we would not be free to manufacture, use or market our therapeutic candidates or to do so without obtaining a license, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

We may in the future become party to, or threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property or proprietary rights with respect to our therapeutic candidates and technologies we use in our business. Our competitors or other third parties may assert infringement, misappropriation or other claims against us alleging, for example, that our therapeutic candidates or technologies we use in our business are covered by their patents. We cannot be certain that we do not infringe existing patents or that we will not infringe patents that may be granted in the future. Our competitors in both the United States and abroad, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained or may in the future apply for or obtain, patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell, if approved, our therapeutic candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, and as we gain greater visibility and market exposure as a public company, the risk increases that our existing therapeutic candidates and any other therapeutic candidates that we may develop or technologies we use in our business may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties. Furthermore, because patent applications can take many years to issue and may be confidential for 18 months or more after filing, and because patent claims can be revised before issuance, there may be applications now pending which may later

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result in issued patents that may be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of our therapeutic candidates or technologies we use in our business. If a patent holder believes our therapeutic candidates or technologies we use in our business infringe on its patent rights, the patent holder may sue us even if we have received patent protection for our therapeutic candidates or technologies.

There is a substantial amount of intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and we may become party to, or threatened with, litigation or other adversarial proceedings regarding intellectual property or proprietary rights with respect to our therapeutic candidates and technologies, including interference proceedings or post-grant challenges before the USPTO. Third parties may also assert infringement, misappropriation or other claims against us based on existing or future intellectual property or proprietary rights. The outcome of intellectual property litigation and other disputes is subject to uncertainties that cannot be adequately quantified in advance. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have produced a significant number of patents, and it may not always be clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of technologies, products or methods of using or manufacturing products. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. Our analysis of these issues, including interpreting the relevance or the scope of claims in a patent or a pending application, determining applicability of such claims to our technologies or therapeutic candidates, predicting whether a third party’s pending patent application will issue with claims of relevant scope, and determining the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant to our therapeutic candidates may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop, manufacture, use and market our therapeutic candidates or technologies.

If we were sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our therapeutic candidates, technologies or methods of use, manufacturing or other applicable activities either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, and we may not be successful in doing so. Proving invalidity or unenforceability may be difficult. For example, in the United States, proving invalidity requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents. Even if we believe third-party intellectual property claims are without merit, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor on questions of infringement, validity, enforceability or priority. In addition, we may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion.

If we are found to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate a third party’s intellectual property or proprietary rights and we are unsuccessful in demonstrating that such intellectual property or proprietary rights are invalid or unenforceable, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing, using or commercializing the infringing therapeutic candidate or technology. Alternatively, we may be required to obtain a license from such third party in order to use the infringing technology and continue developing, manufacturing or marketing the infringing therapeutic candidate. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain such a license, it could be granted on non-exclusive terms, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing, royalty and other payments. In addition, we could be found liable for significant monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed such third-party patent rights. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our therapeutic candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Litigation and other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims, with or without merit, are unpredictable and generally expensive and time consuming and are likely to divert significant resources from our core business, including distracting our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Moreover, such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities.

We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating or from successfully challenging our intellectual property rights. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that we, or our employees or consultants have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Some of our employees and consultants are currently or have been previously employed at universities or research institutions, or at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. These employees and consultants may have executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements, or similar agreements, in connection with such other current or previous employment. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property or personnel or sustain damages. Such intellectual property could be awarded to a third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to develop and commercialize our therapeutic candidates or technologies. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all and may not be exclusive to us. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management. Any of the foregoing would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

While it is our policy to require our employees, consultants and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own, which may result in claims by or against us related to the ownership of such intellectual property. In addition, such agreements may not be self-executing and the intellectual property subject to such agreements may not be assigned to us without additional assignments being executed, and we may fail to obtain such additional assignments. Any invention assignment agreements we have with third parties, employees, consultants or contractors may be breached, and it may be difficult or

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impossible to enforce them. In addition, we have several sponsored research agreements relating to our research and development efforts with various academic institutions. Some of these academic institutions may not have intellectual property assignments or similar agreements with their employees and consultants, or may not permit their employees to assign intellectual property outside the academic institution, which may result in claims by or against us related to ownership of any intellectual property. Accordingly, we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our senior management and scientific personnel, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent offices, and any future patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other government fees on issued patents and patent applications are due to be paid to the USPTO and patent offices in foreign countries in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. In addition, the USPTO and patent offices in foreign countries require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements during the patent application process. We may rely on partners to pay these fees due to U.S. and non-U.S. patent agencies and to comply with other requirements with respect to licensed patents and patent applications. While an inadvertent lapse may, in some jurisdictions and under certain circumstances, be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete and irrevocable loss of a patent or patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In such an event, our competitors and other third parties might be able to enter the market with similar or identical products or technologies, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, the value of our therapeutic candidates and technologies could be materially adversely affected and our business would be harmed.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely upon trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary know-how and trade secrets in part by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to such knowledge, such as our employees, consultants, independent contractors, advisors, CMOs, CROs, suppliers, partners and other third parties. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our proprietary know-how or trade secrets. Additionally, our confidentiality agreements and other contractual protections may not be adequate to protect our intellectual property from unauthorized disclosure, third-party infringement or misappropriation (such as a cybersecurity breach). Any party with whom we have executed such an agreement may breach that agreement and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable.

In addition, some courts in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Even if we are successful in protecting the confidentiality of our trade secrets, others may

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independently develop the same information or technology, or may be able to discern or reverse engineer our proprietary information or technology from public sources of information. Additionally, though our agreements with third parties typically restrict their ability to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets, our agreements may contain certain limited publication rights. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we would have no right to prevent such third party, or those to whom they communicate such technology or information, from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in any agreements under which we may license intellectual property rights to or from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our current partners or any future licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We have and may in the future from time to time enter into license or collaboration agreements with third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of therapeutic candidates. Such agreements may impose numerous obligations, such as development, diligence, payment, commercialization, non-compete, funding, milestone, royalty, sublicensing, patent prosecution, enforcement and other obligations on us and may require us to meet development timelines, or to exercise commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize licensed products, in order to maintain the licenses. In spite of our best efforts, our current partners or any future licensors might conclude that we have materially breached any of our license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technologies covered by these license agreements.

Any termination of these licenses, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize our therapeutic candidates, and competitors or other third parties would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization of certain of our therapeutic candidates.

Disputes may also arise between us and our current partners or any future licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including, but not limited to:

• |  | the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

• |  | whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate intellectual property rights of the licensor or licensee that are not subject to the licensing agreement;

• |  | our right to sublicense patent and other rights to third parties under collaborative development relationships;

• |  | our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates, and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

• |  | the priority of invention of any patented technology; and

• |  | the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our future licensors and us and our partners.

The agreements under which we may license intellectual property or technology from third parties are likely to be complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the

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scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we may license prevent or impair our ability to maintain future licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected therapeutic candidates. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we cannot acquire or license rights to use technologies on reasonable terms or at all, we may not be able to commercialize our current or any future products or technologies.

In the future, we may identify third-party intellectual property and technology we may need to license in order to engage in our business, including to develop or commercialize new products or technologies, and the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use this technology. However, such licenses may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. The licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and several more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater development or commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Even if such licenses are available, we may be required to pay the licensor in return for the use of such licensor’s technology, including up-front payments, ongoing maintenance fees, payments based on certain milestones such as development and regulatory events and sales volumes, or royalties. In addition, such licenses may be non-exclusive, which could give our competitors and other third parties access to the same intellectual property licensed to us. Moreover, we could encounter delays in the introduction of products while we attempt to develop alternatives. Failure to obtain any of these licenses on favorable terms could prevent us from commercializing our current and any future therapeutic candidates and technologies. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we do not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for any therapeutic candidates we may develop, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any therapeutic candidates we may develop, one or more of our U.S. patents, if issued, may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Action of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent extension term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process, although the amount of available extension to any specific patent eligible for patent term extension depends on a variety of factors, including the date on which the patent issues and certain dates related to the regulatory review period. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. To the extent we have in-licensed any U.S. patents, we may not have control over the patent term extension process and may rely on our partners to obtain a patent term extension. Moreover, under the agreements pursuant to which we out-license our MZE001, ATXN2 and UNC13A patent portfolios, the applicable licensees have the sole right to apply for patent term extensions with respect to the licensed patents and patent applications. If we or our partners are unable to obtain patent term

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extension or if the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce any patents we may own or in-license in the future, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful and any patents we may own or in-license in the future covering our therapeutic candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in courts or patents offices.

Competitors and other third parties may infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate our intellectual property rights. To counter infringement, misappropriation or other violations, we may be required to file infringement, misappropriation or other claims in order to enforce our intellectual property rights, which can be expensive and time-consuming and divert the time and attention of our management and business and scientific personnel. In addition, many of our adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we can. Our ability to enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components or methods that are used in connection with their products and services. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a third party’s product or service.

We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful. In such a proceeding, a court may decide that an asserted patent is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that the asserted patent or other intellectual property right does not cover the third-party technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more asserted patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put related patent applications at risk of not issuing.

If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent we may own or in-license in the future covering one or more of our therapeutic candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our therapeutic candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States or elsewhere, defendant counterclaims challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of asserted patents are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of subject matter eligibility, lack of novelty, obviousness, lack of adequate written description or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO or any other applicable patent office, or made a misleading statement during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar validity claims before the USPTO in post-grant proceedings such as reexaminations, inter partes review or post-grant review, or oppositions or similar proceedings in foreign patent offices, in parallel with litigation or even outside the context of litigation. Such proceedings could result in the revocation of, cancellation of, or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our therapeutic candidates or technology. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our current or future therapeutic candidates. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business.

In addition, interference, derivation or other proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our current or

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future patents or patent applications. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or if a non-exclusive license is offered and our competitors or other third parties gain access to the same technology.

Our defense of litigation or interference, derivation or other proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. Even if we establish infringement, the court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead award only monetary damages, which may or may not be an adequate remedy. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

We intend to use registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names to brand and market ourselves and our products. We may design or create new trademarks and apply to register them, but our trademark applications may not be approved in the United States or any other relevant jurisdiction. Our trademarks and trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic, lapsed or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other marks. Third parties may oppose or attempt to cancel our trademark applications or trademarks, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Competitors or other parties in our industry may adopt trademarks or trade names similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, third parties may infringe our trademarks and we may not have adequate resources to enforce our trademark rights. If we attempt to enforce our trademarks and assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential commercial or competitive threats.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

• |  | others may be able to make products similar to any therapeutic candidates we may develop or utilize similar technologies that are not covered by the claims of patents that we may license or may own in the future;

• |  | we, or any current or future partners, might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by an issued patent or pending patent application that we may license or own in the future;

• |  | we, or any current or future partners, might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our or their inventions;

• |  | others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating any of our owned or licensed intellectual property and proprietary rights;

• |  | it is possible that our pending patent applications or those that we may own or license in the future will not lead to issued patents;

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• |  | it is possible that there are prior public disclosures that could invalidate any patent we may own or license in the future;

• |  | issued patents that we may hold rights to in the future may not provide us with any competitive advantage, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors or other third parties;

• |  | our competitors or other third parties might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have intellectual property rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our commercial markets;

• |  | we may not develop technologies or therapeutic candidates that are patentable;

• |  | the patents or pending or future patent applications of others, if issued, may harm our business; and

• |  | we may choose not to file a patent application in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent application covering such intellectual property.

Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks related to our common stock and this offering

No public market for our common stock currently exists, and an active and liquid trading market for our common stock may never develop. As a result, you may not be able to resell your shares of our common stock at or above the initial public offering price.

Prior to this offering, no market for our common stock existed and an active trading market for our common stock may never develop or be sustained following this offering. The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined through negotiations with the underwriters and the negotiated price may not be indicative of the market price of our common stock after this offering. This price will not necessarily reflect the price at which investors in the market will be willing to buy and sell shares of our common stock following this offering, and the market value of our common stock may decrease from the initial public offering price. As a result of these and other factors, you may be unable to resell your shares of our common stock at or above the initial public offering price. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares of common stock at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair market value of your shares of common stock. Furthermore, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of our common stock and may impair our ability to enter into strategic collaborations or acquire companies or products by using our shares of common stock as consideration.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our common stock following this offering may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are outside of our control. As a result of this volatility, you may not be able to sell your shares of common stock at or above the initial public offering price. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including the other risks described in this “Risk factors” section and the following:

• |  | results of preclinical studies or clinical trials by us or those of our competitors or by existing or future partners;

• |  | the timing and enrollment status of our clinical trials;

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• |  | the use and adequacy of our cash reserves;

• |  | changes in the development status of our therapeutic candidates, including variations in the level of expense related to the development of our programs or funding support by us or by existing or future partners;

• |  | regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries, especially changes in laws or regulations applicable to our business;

• |  | the success of competitive products or technologies;

• |  | introductions and announcements of new therapeutic candidates by us, our existing or future collaboration partners, or our competitors, and the timing of these introductions or announcements;

• |  | actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our therapeutic candidates, preclinical studies, clinical trials, manufacturing process or sales and marketing terms;

• |  | actual or anticipated variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

• |  | the success of our efforts to acquire or in-license additional technologies or therapeutic candidates;

• |  | our execution of any collaboration, licensing or similar arrangements, and the timing of payments we may make or receive under existing or future arrangements or the termination or modification of any such existing or future arrangements;

• |  | announced or completed significant acquisitions, strategic collaborations, joint ventures, spin-outs or capital commitments by us or our competitors;

• |  | developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property and proprietary rights;

• |  | the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

• |  | changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

• |  | actual or anticipated changes in earnings estimates or changes in stock market analyst recommendations regarding our common stock, other comparable companies or our industry generally;

• |  | our failure or the failure of our competitors to meet analysts’ projections or guidance that we or our competitors may give to the market;

• |  | speculation in the press or investment community;

• |  | share price and fluctuations of trading volume of our common stock;

• |  | fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

• |  | sales of shares of our common stock by us, insiders or our stockholders;

• |  | our ability or inability to raise additional capital and the terms on which we raise it;

• |  | the concentrated ownership of our common stock;

• |  | changes in accounting principles;

• |  | natural disasters, terrorist acts, acts of war and other calamities;

• |  | political instability, including the occurrence of a temporary federal government shutdown;

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• |  | the impact of geopolitical tensions and ongoing regional military conflicts;

• |  | a severe or prolonged economic downturn; and

• |  | general economic and geopolitical conditions, including changing interest rates, disruptions in the capital and credit markets, market volatility and inflation.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the markets for pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have been often unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the issuer. Furthermore, the trading price of our common stock may be adversely affected by third parties trying to drive down the market price. Short sellers and others, some of whom post anonymously on social media, may be positioned to profit if our stock declines and their activities can negatively affect our stock price. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The realization of any of the above risks or any of a broad range of other risks, including those described in this “Risk factors” section, could have a dramatic and adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against public companies following declines in the market price of their securities. This risk is especially relevant for biopharmaceutical companies, which have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and our resources, which could harm our business.

You will experience immediate and substantial dilution with respect to the common stock you purchase in this offering and may experience additional dilution in the future.

You will experience immediate and substantial dilution with respect to the common stock you purchase in this offering. If you purchase common stock in this offering, assuming an initial public offering price of $    per share, the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and that the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional common stock in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution of $    per share, representing the difference between the assumed initial public offering price of $    per share and our pro forma net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2024 after giving effect to this offering, and the conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock and outstanding subordinated promissory convertible notes upon the completion of this offering. Following the completion of this offering, investors purchasing common stock in this offering will have contributed     % of the total amount invested by stockholders since inception, but will only own     % of the shares of common stock outstanding.

Moreover, we issued options in the past to acquire common stock at prices below the initial public offering price. As of March 31, 2024, there were      shares of common stock subject to outstanding options. To the extent these outstanding options and options granted in the future are ultimately exercised, you will incur further dilution.

For a further description of the dilution you will experience immediately after this offering, see the section entitled “Dilution.”

A sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Based on      shares of our capital stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024, upon completion of this offering, we will have a total of     shares of common stock outstanding. Of these shares, only     shares of common stock sold in this offering, or     shares if the underwriters exercise their

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option to purchase additional shares in full, will be freely tradable, without restriction, in the public market immediately after this offering. Each of our officers, directors and substantially all of our stockholders have entered or will enter into lock-up agreements with the underwriters that restrict their ability to sell or transfer their shares. The lock-up agreements pertaining to this offering will expire 180 days from the date of this prospectus. However, the representatives of the underwriters may, in their sole discretion, permit our officers, directors and other stockholders who are subject to the lock-up agreements to sell shares prior to the expiration of the lock-up agreements. After the lock-up agreements expire, based on shares outstanding as of March 31, 2024, up to an additional     shares of common stock will be eligible for sale in the public market, approximately      of which are held by our officers, directors and their affiliated entities, and will be subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. In addition,      shares of common stock that are subject to outstanding options as of March 31, 2024 will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements, the lock-up agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act.

After this offering, the holders of an aggregate of     shares of our outstanding common stock as of March 31, 2024 will have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders. We also intend to register shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity incentive plans. Once we register these shares, they will be able to be sold freely in the public market upon issuance, subject to the 180-day lock-up period under the lock-up agreements described above and in the section entitled “Underwriting.” See the section titled “Description of capital stock— Registration rights” for additional information.

We cannot predict what effect, if any, sales of our shares in the public market or the availability of shares for sale will have on the market price of our common stock. However, future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, including shares issued upon exercise of our outstanding options, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We also expect that significant additional capital may be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To raise capital, we may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity-linked securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale and issuance of shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into shares of our common stock, our stockholders will be diluted. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares of our common stock intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock.

We will have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use the proceeds in ways you and other stockholders may approve of.

Our management will have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section “Use of proceeds,” and you will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the use of these proceeds. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether we are using the proceeds appropriately. Our management might not apply our net proceeds in ways that ultimately increase the value of your investment. If we do not invest or apply the net proceeds from this offering in ways that enhance stockholder value, we may fail to achieve expected financial results, which could cause our stock price to decline. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our company, our common stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no or few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our common stock could be impacted negatively. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if our current or future clinical trials, preclinical studies and operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of such analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause a decline in our stock price or trading volume.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Based on the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of     , prior to this offering, our executive officers, directors, holders of 5% or more of our capital stock and their respective affiliates beneficially owned     % of our voting stock and, upon the completion of this offering, that same group will hold     % of our outstanding voting stock (assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares). The voting power of this group may increase to the extent they convert shares of non-voting common stock they hold into common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if acting together, will continue to have significant influence over the outcome of corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, amendment of our organizational documents, any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and any other significant corporate transaction. The interests of these stockholders may not be the same as or may even conflict with your interests. For example, these stockholders could delay or prevent a change of control of our company, even if such a change of control would benefit our other stockholders, which could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company or our assets and might affect the prevailing market price of our common stock.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. For example, our directors or executive officers could inadvertently fail to disclose a new relationship or arrangement causing us to fail to make any related-party transaction disclosures. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. In addition, we do not have a risk management program or processes or procedures for identifying and addressing risks to our business in other areas.

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Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could prevent or delay an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our restated certificate of incorporation and our restated bylaws that will be in effect upon completion of this offering contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors who are not nominated by current members of our board of directors or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. These provisions:

• |  | establish a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board of directors are elected at one time;

• |  | permit only the board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill vacancies on the board of directors;

• |  | provide that directors may only be removed “for cause” and only with the approval of two-thirds of our stockholders;

• |  | require super-majority voting to amend some provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws;

• |  | authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;

• |  | eliminate the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;

• |  | prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

• |  | prohibit cumulative voting; and

• |  | establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company. Section 203 imposes certain restrictions on mergers, business combinations and other transactions between us and holders of 15% or more of our common stock.

The exclusive forum provisions in our organizational documents may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

Our restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect upon completion of this offering, to the fullest extent permitted by law, will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for: any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our restated certificate of incorporation, or our restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision does not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. It could apply, however, to a suit that falls within one or more of the categories enumerated in the exclusive forum provision.

This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage

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lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provisions contained in our restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Our restated bylaws will provide that the federal district courts of the United States will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the Federal Forum Provision, including for all causes of action asserted against any defendant named in such complaint. For the avoidance of doubt, this provision is intended to benefit and may be enforced by us, directors, officers, other employees, agents, and the underwriters to any offering giving rise to such complaint, and any other professional person or entity whose profession gives authority to a statement made by that person or entity and who has prepared or certified any part of the documents underlying the offering. Our decision to adopt a Federal Forum Provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law. While federal or other state courts may not follow the holding of the Delaware Supreme Court or may determine that the Federal Forum Provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of the Federal Forum Provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court, and our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. In addition, neither the exclusive forum provision nor the Federal Forum Provision applies to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court, and our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to our exclusive forum provisions, including the Federal Forum Provision. These provisions may limit a stockholders’ ability to bring a claim, and may result in increased costs for a stockholder to bring such a claim, in a judicial forum of their choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, other employees or agents, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, other employees or agents.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

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General risk factors

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an EGC or SRC, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC, or Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain sufficient coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers. The increased costs may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products once commercialized. Moreover, these rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.

We are an “EGC” and a “SRC” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to EGCs or SRCs will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “EGC” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an EGC, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not EGCs, including (i) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and our periodic reports and proxy statements and (iii) exemptions from the requirements of holding nonbinding advisory stockholder votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not approved previously. In addition, as an EGC, we are only required to provide two years of audited financial statements and two years of selected financial data in this prospectus.

We could be an EGC for up to five fiscal years following the completion of this offering; provided, however, certain circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer,” which occurs when the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $700 million, if we have total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more, or if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during any three-year period before that time.

Under the JOBS Act, EGCs can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Until the date that we are no longer an “EGC” or affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the exemption provided by Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, upon issuance of a new or revised accounting standard that applies to our financial statements and that has a different effective date for public and private companies, we will disclose the date on which adoption is required for non-EGCs and the date on which we will adopt the recently issued accounting standard.

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We are also a “SRC.” We may continue to be a SRC after this offering if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million. If we are a SRC at the time we cease to be an EGC, we may continue to rely on the same exemptions from certain disclosure requirements, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and the option to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our share price may be more volatile.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile. The stock market in general, and Nasdaq-listed and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

Unstable market and economic conditions and adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults or nonperformance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our current and projected business operations, and its financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, the global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. The financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict, terrorism or other geopolitical events. Sanctions imposed by the United States and other countries in response to such conflicts, including the one in Ukraine, may also adversely impact the financial markets and the global economy, and any economic countermeasures by the affected countries or others could exacerbate market and economic instability. Russia’s ongoing incursion of Ukraine has created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and is expected to have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. In addition, adverse developments that affect financial institutions, such as events involving liquidity that are rumored or actual, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, in March 2023, Silicon Valley Bank was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver. The closure of any additional national or regional commercial banks could lead to further economic instability. Although The Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC have taken steps to mitigate these risks, widespread demands for customer withdrawals or other liquidity needs of financial institutions for immediately liquidity may still occur in the future.

Although we have not experienced any adverse impact to our liquidity or to our current and projected business operations, financial condition or results of operations, uncertainty remains over liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry, and our business, our business partners, or industry as a whole may be adversely impacted in ways that we cannot predict at this time. Inflation and rapid increases in interest rates

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have led to a decline in the trading value of previously issued government securities with interest rates below current market interest rates.

In addition, if any of our suppliers or other parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds pursuant to such instruments or lending arrangements with any financial institution, such parties’ ability to pay their obligations to us or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us could be adversely affected.

Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition or results of operations.

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, or regulations could be enacted at any time, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, or regulations could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. Future changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net deferred tax assets relating to our operations, the taxation of foreign earnings, and the deductibility of expenses could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets, could result in significant one-time charges, and could increase our future U.S. tax expense. For example, for tax years beginning after December 31, 2021, current law requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize certain research and development expenditures over five years if incurred in the United States and fifteen years if incurred in foreign jurisdictions, rather than deducting them concurrently. Although there have been legislative proposals to repeal or defer the capitalization requirement to later years, there can be no assurance that the provision will be repealed or otherwise modified.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our management will be required to report upon the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with the annual report for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. When we lose our status as an “EGC” or “SRC” and become an “accelerated filer” or a “large accelerated filer,” our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. This process will be time-consuming, costly and complicated.

There may be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

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Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. For example, our directors or executive officers could inadvertently fail to disclose a new relationship or arrangement, causing us to fail to make the required related-party transaction disclosures. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. In addition, we do not have a risk management program or processes or procedures for identifying and addressing risks to our business in other areas.

We, or the third parties upon whom we depend, may be adversely affected by earthquakes, fires, power shortages or other natural disasters our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not provide adequate protection or coverage.

Our current operations are primarily located in the San Francisco Bay Area. Any unplanned event, such as earthquake, flood, fire, explosion, extreme weather condition, epidemic, power shortage, telecommunication failure or other natural or man-made accident or incident that results in our being unable to fully utilize our facilities, or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, may have a material and adverse effect on our ability to operate our business, particularly on a daily basis, and have significant negative consequences on our financial and operating conditions. Loss of access to these facilities may result in increased costs, delays in the development of our therapeutic candidates or interruption of our business operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure such as our research facilities or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. Our disaster recovery and business continuity plans may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and prospects. As part of our risk management policy, we maintain insurance coverage at levels that we believe are appropriate for our business. However, in the event of an accident or incident at these facilities, we cannot assure you that the amounts of insurance will be sufficient to satisfy any damages and losses. If our facilities, or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, are unable to operate because of an accident, incident or for any other reason, even for a short period of time, any or all of our research and development programs may be harmed. Any such business interruption could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Special note regarding forward-looking statements

This prospectus, including the sections entitled “Prospectus summary,” “Risk factors,” “Use of proceeds,” “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations,” and “Business,” contains forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “expect” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Risk factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Moreover, we operate in a competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, among other things, statements about:

• |  | the timing of our preclinical studies and clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | our ability to develop and obtain regulatory approval for our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | estimates of our addressable market and market growth;

• |  | our expectations regarding demand for, and market acceptance of, our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | our ability to use our Compass platform to identify new therapeutic targets and advance such targets into clinical development;

• |  | our ability to maintain and expand access to human genetics data;

• |  | our ability to compete effectively with existing competitors and new market entrants;

• |  | the potential effects of extensive government regulations relating to our industry;

• |  | our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce intellectual property and proprietary rights;

• |  | our ability to operate our business without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights and proprietary technology of third parties;

• |  | our ability to establish and maintain collaborations;

• |  | our ability to expand our pipeline of therapeutic candidates;

• |  | our ability to attract and retain key management and technical personnel;

• |  | general economic, industry and market conditions, including rising interest rates, inflation, uncertainty with respect to the federal debt ceiling and budget and the related potential for government shutdowns, instability in the global banking system, volatile market conditions, supply chain delays, and the ongoing labor shortage;

• |  | the impact of natural disasters, terrorist activity, pandemics, regional conflicts around the world and the global responses thereto and other events beyond our control on any of the above or any other aspect of our business operations;

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• |  | our expectations regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements, and our needs for additional financing; and

• |  | our expected use of the net proceeds from this offering.

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this prospectus to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

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Market and industry data

This prospectus contains estimates and other statistical data made by independent parties and by us relating to our industry and the markets in which we operate, including our general expectations and market position, market opportunity, the incidence of certain medical conditions and other industry data. These data, to the extent they contain estimates or projections, involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates or projections. Industry publications and other reports we have obtained from independent parties generally state that the data contained in these publications or other reports have been obtained in good faith or from sources considered to be reliable, but they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such data. The industry in which we operate is subject to risks and uncertainties due to a variety of factors, including those described in the section entitled “Risk factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in these publications and reports.

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Use of proceeds

We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $    million, or approximately $    million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, assuming an initial public offering price of $    per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $    per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $    million, assuming the number of shares of our common stock offered, as set forth on the cover of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of our common stock offered would increase (decrease) the net proceeds that we receive from this offering by $    million, assuming that the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.

We currently intend to use the net proceeds we receive from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, as follows:

• |  | approximately $     to $     million to fund the clinical development of MZE829 through     ;

• |  | approximately $     to $     million to fund the clinical development of MZE782 through     ;

• |  | approximately $     to $     million to fund the further development of additional common disease programs in CVRM indications, including preclinical studies, IND enabling studies and initiation of clinical trials, as well as further development of our Compass platform; and

• |  | the remainder for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

Based on our planned use of the net proceeds from this offering, we estimate such funds, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will be sufficient for us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through    . We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

The expected use of the net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions. The amounts we actually expend in these areas, and the timing thereof, may vary significantly from our current intentions and will depend on a number of factors, including the success of research and development efforts, the results and timing of any future preclinical studies and clinical trials, the product approval process with the FDA and other regulatory agencies, any new collaborations or licenses we may enter into, cash generated from future operations and actual expenses to operate our business. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds of this offering to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, products, or technologies, or to obtain the right to use such complementary technologies. We have no commitments with respect to any acquisition or investment, and we are not currently involved in any negotiations with respect to any such transaction.

As a result, we cannot predict with any certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds or the amounts that we will actually spend on the uses set forth above. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and investors will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering.

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The expected net proceeds of this offering will not be sufficient for us to fund any of our therapeutic candidates through regulatory approval, and we will need to raise substantial additional capital to complete the development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates.

Pending the uses described above, we intend to invest the net proceeds from this offering in short-term, investment-grade interest-bearing securities such as money market accounts, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government.

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Dividend policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, the terms of the Loan Agreement place restrictions on our ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock.

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Capitalization

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of March 31, 2024:

• |  | on an actual basis;

• |  | on a pro forma basis, giving effect to (i) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of      shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering and the related reclassification of the carrying value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock to permanent equity immediately prior to the completion of this offering, (ii) the automatic conversion of all principal and accrued and unpaid interest on our outstanding convertible promissory notes into     shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $   per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and (iii) the filing and effectiveness of our restated certificate of incorporation in connection with the completion of this offering; and

• |  | on a pro forma as adjusted basis giving further effect to (i) the pro forma adjustments described above, and (ii) the sale of     shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $     per share, the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The pro forma as adjusted information set forth below is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

You should read this table together with the section entitled “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” and our financial statements and related notes, each included elsewhere in this prospectus.

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|  | As of March 31, 2024 |
|  | Actual |  |  | Pro forma |  |  | Pro forma as adjusted |
|  |  |  |  | (unaudited) |
|  | (in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Convertible promissory notes |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Redeemable convertible preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share;     shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual;     shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share;     shares authorized,      shares issued and outstanding, actual;     shares authorized,      shares issued and outstanding, pro forma;     shares authorized,     shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated deficit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capitalization |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) each of our pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in-capital, total stockholders’ equity (deficit) and total capitalization by approximately $    million, assuming that the number of shares of our common stock offered remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of our common stock offered would increase (decrease) each of our pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in-capital, total stockholders’ equity (deficit) and total capitalization by approximately $    million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock in full, our pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity (deficit) and total capitalization would increase by approximately $    million.

The shares of our common stock issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma adjusted in the table above includes    unvested restricted shares subject to repurchase.

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The table above excludes the following shares:

• |  | shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024 under our 2019 Plan, with a weighted-average exercise price of $     per share;

• |  | shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock granted after March 31, 2024 under our 2019 Plan, with a weighted-average exercise price of $    per share; and

• |  | shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans, consisting of:

| • |  | shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2019 Plan;

| • |  | shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2024 Plan, which will become effective immediately prior to the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part; and

| • |  | shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our ESPP, which will become effective on the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Our 2024 Plan and our ESPP provide for automatic annual increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved thereunder, and our 2024 Plan provides for increases to the number of shares that may be granted thereunder based on shares under our 2019 Plan or 2018 Plan that expire, are tendered to or withheld by us for payment of an exercise price or for satisfying tax withholding obligations or are forfeited or otherwise repurchased by us. See the section entitled “Executive compensation—Equity compensation plans and other benefit plans” for additional information.

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Dilution

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock in this offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.

Net tangible book deficit per share is determined by dividing our total tangible assets less our total liabilities and redeemable convertible preferred stock by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding. Our historical net tangible book deficit as of March 31, 2024 was $     million, or $     per share, based on   shares of our common stock outstanding as of that date.

Our pro forma net tangible book value as of March 31, 2024 was $     million, or $     per share of our common stock. Our pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets (which excludes deferred offering costs) less our total liabilities and divided by the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024, after giving effect to (i) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of      shares of common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering and (ii) the automatic conversion of all principal and accrued and unpaid interest on our outstanding convertible promissory notes into     shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus.

Net tangible book value dilution per share to new investors in this offering represents the difference between the initial public offering price per shares of our common stock and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after completion of this offering. After giving effect to (i) the pro forma adjustments set forth above and (ii) our sale in this offering of    shares of our common stock at an assumed initial public offering price of $    per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2024 would have been approximately $    million, or $    per share of our common stock. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $    per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $    per share to investors in this offering, as illustrated in the following table:

Assumed initial public offering price, per share |  |  |  |  |  | $ |  |
Historical net tangible book deficit per share as of March 31, 2024 |  | $ |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase attributable to pro forma adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors in this offering |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilution per share to new investors in this offering |  |  |  |  |  | $ |  |

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $    per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by $    million, or $    per share and the dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to new investors in this offering by $    per share, assuming the number of shares offered, as set forth on the cover of this prospectus, remains the same,

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and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. Similarly, each increase of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of our common stock offered in this offering would increase our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by approximately $    million, or approximately $    per share, and would decrease dilution per share to new investors in this offering by approximately $    per share and each decrease of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of our common stock offered in this offering would decrease our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by approximately $    million, or approximately $    per share, and would increase dilution per share to new investors in this offering by approximately $    per share, assuming the assumed initial public offering price per share remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. The pro forma as adjusted information is illustrative only, and we will adjust this information based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

If the underwriters exercise their option in full to purchase additional shares of our common stock, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering would be $     per share, the increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to existing stockholders would be $     per share and the dilution to new investors in this offering would be $     per share.

The following table shows, as of March 31, 2024, on a pro forma as adjusted basis described above, the differences between the existing stockholders and the new investors purchasing shares in this offering with respect to the number of shares purchased from us, the total consideration paid, which includes net proceeds received from the issuance of common and redeemable convertible preferred stock, cash received from the exercise of stock options, and the value of any stock issued for services and the average price paid per share (in thousands, except share and per share data, and percentages):

|  | Shares purchased |  |  | Total consideration |  |  | Weighted- average price per share |
|  | Number |  |  | Percent |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Existing stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |
New investors |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0% |  |  | $ |  |  |  |  | 100.0% |  |  |  |  |

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $    per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) total consideration paid by new investors and total consideration paid by all stockholders by approximately $    million, assuming that the number of shares offered, as set forth on the cover of this prospectus, remains the same. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of our common stock offered in this offering would increase (decrease) total consideration paid by new investors and total consideration paid by all stockholders by approximately $    million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same.

In addition, to the extent that any outstanding options are exercised, investors in this offering will experience further dilution.

Except as otherwise indicated, the above discussion and tables assume no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock in full, our existing stockholders would own    % and our new investors would own    % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding upon the completion of this offering.

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The number of shares of our common stock that will be outstanding after this offering is based on      shares of our common stock after giving effect to the conversion of our redeemable convertible preferred stock and the conversion of our convertible promissory notes as of March 31, 2024, and excludes the following:

• |  | shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024 under our 2019 Plan, with a weighted-average exercise price of $     per share;

• |  | shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock granted after March 31, 2024 under our 2019 Plan, with a weighted-average exercise price of $    per share;

• |  | shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans, consisting of:

| • |  | shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2019 Plan;

| • |  | shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2024 Plan, which will become effective immediately prior to the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part; and

• |  | shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our ESPP, which will become effective on the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Our 2024 Plan and ESPP provide for automatic annual increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved thereunder, and our 2024 Plan provides for increases to the number of shares that may be granted thereunder based on shares under our 2019 Plan or 2018 Plan that expire, are tendered to or withheld by us for payment of an exercise price or for satisfying tax withholding obligations or are forfeited or otherwise repurchased by us. See the section entitled “Executive compensation—Equity compensation plans and other benefit plans” for additional information.

To the extent that these outstanding stock options are exercised, new stock options are issued or we issue additional shares of our common stock in the future, there will be further dilution to new investors. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital because of market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

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Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon our current plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the section entitled “Special note regarding forward-looking statements.” Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those set forth under the section entitled “Risk factors.”

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company harnessing the power of human genetics to develop novel, small molecule precision medicines for patients living with common diseases, with a focus on CVRM diseases, including obesity. We are advancing a pipeline using our Compass platform, which allows us to identify and characterize genetic variants in disease and then link those variants to the biological pathways that drive disease in specific patient groups through a process we refer to as variant functionalization. Our Compass platform has been purpose-built to inform all phases of our drug discovery and development process through clinical trial design. We are currently advancing two wholly owned lead programs, MZE829 and MZE782, each of which represents a novel precision medicine-based approach for CKD. Our goal is to bring novel precision medicines to patients with common diseases, which is where we believe we can maximize our impact on human health.

Since our inception, we have focused substantially all of our efforts and financial resources on research and development activities for our programs and on establishing arrangements and collaborations with third parties for the development of our therapeutic candidates. To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and we do not expect to generate any revenue from commercial sales for the foreseeable future. Except for the one-time, nonrefundable upfront payments we received pursuant to the license agreements we entered into with several biotechnology companies in 2024, including the exclusive license agreement with Shionogi & Company, Ltd., or Shionogi, we expect to continue incurring significant operating losses for the foreseeable future due to the cost of research and development, clinical trials, preclinical studies and the regulatory approval process for our therapeutic candidates.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant net losses and negative cash flows from operations. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we incurred net losses of $114.9 million and $100.4 million, respectively, and during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2024, we incurred net losses of $     million and $     million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $     million and do not expect positive cash flows from operations in the foreseeable future. We expect to continue incurring significant expenses and increasing losses for the foreseeable future. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from period to period, depending on the timing of and expenditures on our planned research and development activities, as well as upon revenue from our license agreements. We expect our research and development expenses to significantly increase in connection with clinical trials for our lead programs, MZE829 and MZE782, further development of our Compass platform, planned preclinical studies, and INDs and clinical trials for future therapeutic candidates. We will also incur substantial additional expenses as we seek to expand our intellectual property portfolio, including through potential in-licensing opportunities, and hire additional personnel as we scale up our operations. Once we are a public company, we will incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

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As of March 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $     million. Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through issuances of redeemable convertible preferred stock, license agreements with biotechnology companies and issuances of convertible promissory notes. In 2024 to date, we have received one-time, nonrefundable upfront payments of $167.5 million in the aggregate from such license agreements, including our exclusive license agreement with Shionogi.

We will require substantial additional capital to develop our therapeutic candidates and fund operations for the foreseeable future. Until such time as we can generate sufficient revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and licensing arrangements. We are party to a loan and security agreement that provides us with a line of credit of up to $50.0 million. To date, we have not drawn down any funds from this debt facility and do not currently intend to do so. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on favorable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our clinical and preclinical development, research and development programs, our commercialization plans or other operations. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors including the pace and results of our development efforts. We cannot assure you that we will ever be profitable or generate positive cash flows from operating activities.

We selectively pursue strategic collaborations related to the development of certain targets, therapeutic programs, or disease areas where we believe third-party expertise or resources could be beneficial. In 2021 we formed a spin-out company, Broadwing, with Alloy to develop therapeutic antibody therapies for ANGPTL7 and another undisclosed target in ophthalmic disease, informed by our Compass platform. We retain certain opt-in rights to jointly develop and commercialize certain therapeutic candidates developed through Broadwing with Alloy.

Exclusive license agreement

Exclusive license agreement with Shionogi

In March 2024, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the License Agreement, with Shionogi, pursuant to which we granted Shionogi an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize MZE001 and certain other small molecule compounds modulating glycogen synthase 1, or the Licensed Products. As consideration for the licensed rights and the transfer of know-how and materials, we received an upfront payment of $150 million. The License Agreement also requires that Shionogi pay us up to $275 million in the aggregate in milestone payments upon the completion of certain clinical and regulatory milestones and up to $330 million in the aggregate in milestone payments if certain sales milestones are achieved. The License Agreement also requires that Shionogi pay us tiered royalties ranging from percentages in the low double-digits to high teens on net sales of Licensed Products, subject to certain deductions.

The License Agreement will expire on a Licensed-Product by Licensed-Product and country-by-country basis upon the expiration of the royalty term for such Licensed Product, which will be the latest of the date when there are no remaining valid claims covering the applicable Licensed Product, the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the applicable Licensed Product, or 11 years after the first commercial sale of the applicable Licensed Product, subject to earlier termination by the parties. Upon expiration of the License Agreement, the licenses granted to Shionogi will become fully paid-up, perpetual, irrevocable and royalty-free. Shionogi may terminate the License Agreement for convenience following a notice period and either party may terminate the License Agreement for bankruptcy or an uncured material breach. Upon termination of the License Agreement

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by Shionogi for convenience or by us for Shionogi’s bankruptcy or uncured material breach, Shionogi will grant us a non-exclusive, worldwide license under certain patent rights and know-how controlled by Shionogi as of the effective date of termination, solely as necessary to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize the Licensed Products in any field, and Shionogi will assign to us all regulatory materials and regulatory approvals relating to the Licensed Products. In consideration for these reversion rights, we would be required to pay to Shionogi certain reversion royalties on any sales of the Licensed Products.

Components of results of operations

Operating expenses

Our operating expenses since inception have consisted solely of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Research and development expenses

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of external and internal expenses incurred in connection with our research activities and preclinical and clinical development programs. These expenses include, but are not limited to:

• |  | salaries, benefits and other employee-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel engaged in research and development functions;

• |  | fees paid to vendors that conduct certain research and development activities on our behalf;

• |  | fees paid to CMOs in connection with the production of research products and clinical trial materials;

• |  | fees paid to CROs in connection with clinical trials as well as preclinical and toxicology studies;

• |  | other expenses associated with laboratory supplies and other materials;

• |  | professional service fees for consulting and related services; and

• |  | facility costs, depreciation, and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities and other supplies.

We recognize research and development expenses as they are incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are capitalized and expensed as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed. We have not historically broken out our direct costs between our clinical programs and our preclinical programs. Additionally, our internal costs, employees and infrastructure are not directly tied to any one program and are deployed across multiple programs. As such, we do not track indirect costs on a specific program basis.

At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of, and obtain regulatory approval for, MZE829, MZE782 and any of our other potential therapeutic candidates.

Our research and development expenses may vary significantly based on a variety of factors, such as:

• |  | the timing and progress of clinical development activities for our therapeutic candidates;

• |  | the timing and progress of preclinical development activities;

• |  | the number and scope of preclinical and clinical programs we decide to pursue;

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• |  | our ability to hire clinical, regulatory, manufacturing, quality assurance and scientific personnel;

• |  | potential additional trials requested by regulatory agencies;

• |  | the costs and fees associated with the discovery, acquisition or in-license of our products or technologies, including to maintain and expand our Compass platform;

• |  | our ability to establish clinical manufacturing capabilities or secure adequate supply of product from third-party manufacturers;

• |  | the extent to which we establish additional strategic collaborations or other arrangements; and

• |  | the impact of any business interruptions to our operations or to those of the third parties with whom we work.

A change in the outcome of any of these and other variables with respect to the development of any of our therapeutic candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of such therapeutic candidate. We expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue to identify and develop potential additional therapeutic candidates and as our existing therapeutic candidates, including MZE829 and MZE782, move into later stages of clinical development, which typically have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development or preclinical development due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials.

The process of conducting the necessary preclinical and clinical research and development to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time-consuming and the successful development of our therapeutic candidates is highly uncertain. The actual probability of success for our therapeutic candidates may be affected by a variety of factors. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our therapeutic candidates. Further, a number of factors, including those outside of our control, could adversely impact the timing and duration of our therapeutic candidates’ development, which could increase our research and development expenses.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in executive, finance, accounting, corporate development, and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees, professional fees paid for accounting, auditing, consulting, tax, and investor relations services, insurance costs, and facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, and following this offering will include public company expenses such as costs associated with compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will continue to increase significantly in the foreseeable future as additional administrative personnel and services are required to manage these functions of a public company and as our pipeline of therapeutic candidates expands.

Interest and other income, net

Interest and other income, net consists of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents, interest expense, foreign currency re-measurement and transaction gains and losses. We expect interest income to increase as a result of the one-time, nonrefundable upfront payments of $167.5 million in the aggregate that we received pursuant to the license agreements we entered into with several biotechnology companies in 2024, including the exclusive license agreement with Shionogi. However, interest income may vary each reporting

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period depending on our average cash deposits, money market fund balances, and other investment balances during the period and prevailing market interest rates. We expect foreign currency gains and losses to vary each reporting period depending on the fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes

The convertible promissory notes issued from December 2023 through March 31, 2024 contain automatic conversion features that are triggered upon a qualified preferred stock financing or a qualified public offering. We elected to apply the fair value option, as per Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Section 825-10, to the outstanding convertible promissory notes issued. As such, the convertible promissory notes are recognized at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the convertible promissory notes was $20.1 million as of December 31, 2023. We recorded a loss of $3.8 million, reflecting the change in the fair value of the convertible promissory notes in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2023. The impact of interest expense on the convertible promissory notes is included within the changes in fair value. We expect the changes in fair value to vary each reporting period while the convertible promissory notes are outstanding.

Net loss on impairment and dissolution of equity method investment and share in net loss of equity method investments

The net loss on impairment and dissolution of equity method investment relates to the dissolution in October 2022 of Contour Therapeutics LLC, or Contour, an entity in which we had a 30% equity interest. We no longer record any carrying value or losses related to this investment because of its dissolution. Share in net loss of equity method investments consists of our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses and other comprehensive income or loss of our equity method investees based on our ownership percentage of common stock, common stock equivalents or preferred stock during the respective reporting period. Because we have no obligation to provide cash financing or other financial support to our other equity method investee, Broadwing, and the carrying value of that investment was reduced to zero in 2022, no additional losses were recorded in 2023.

Results of operations

Comparisons of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023

|  | Year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
|  | (in thousands) |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | $ | 88,192 |  |  | $ | 73,945 |  |  | $ | (14,247 | )
General and administrative |  |  | 22,834 |  |  |  | 24,606 |  |  |  | 1,772 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 111,026 |  |  |  | 98,551 |  |  |  | (12,475 | )
Loss from operations |  |  | (111,026 | ) |  |  | (98,551 | ) |  |  | 12,475 |
Interest and other income, net |  |  | 2,028 |  |  |  | 1,966 |  |  |  | (62 | )
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,830 | ) |  |  | (3,830 | )
Net loss on impairment and dissolution of equity method investment |  |  | (2,400 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,400 |
Share in net loss of equity method investments |  |  | (3,542 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,542 |
Net loss and comprehensive loss |  | $ | (114,940 | ) |  | $ | (100,415 | ) |  | $ | 14,525 |

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Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses were $88.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $73.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of $14.2 million was primarily due to a decrease of $17.7 million in clinical trial, manufacturing and outside research and development services which were higher in fiscal year 2022 based on the progression of our preclinical programs and our Phase 1 clinical trial for MZE001 in healthy volunteers that we completed in 2022. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of personnel related costs of $2.8 million, including higher non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million, based on an overall increase in headcount, as well as an increase in facilities, depreciation, and other expenses of $0.7 million.

|  | Year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
|  | (in thousands) |
Clinical trial expenses |  | $ | 9,612 |  |  | $ | 3,664 |  |  | $ | (5,948 | )
Manufacturing expenses |  |  | 9,101 |  |  |  | 4,061 |  |  |  | (5,040 | )
Outside research and development services |  |  | 18,204 |  |  |  | 11,455 |  |  |  | (6,749 | )
Employee related expenses |  |  | 31,357 |  |  |  | 34,140 |  |  |  | 2,783 |
Facilities, depreciation, and other expenses |  |  | 19,918 |  |  |  | 20,625 |  |  |  | 707 |
Total research and development expenses |  | $ | 88,192 |  |  | $ | 73,945 |  |  | $ | (14,247 | )

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses were $22.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $24.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $1.8 million was primarily due to higher legal costs.

Interest and other income, net

Interest and other income, net was $2.0 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, reflecting an immaterial change year over year.

Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes

The convertible promissory notes issued in December 2023 contain automatic conversion features that are triggered upon a qualified preferred stock financing or a qualified public offering. We elected to apply the fair value option to the convertible promissory notes issued. As such, the convertible promissory notes are recorded at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value recognized in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in fair value of the convertible promissory notes resulted in a loss of $3.8 million.

Net loss on impairment and dissolution of equity method investment

In December 2020, we and BridgeBio Pharma LLC, or BridgeBio, completed the formation of a joint venture entity, Contour, pursuant to which we and BridgeBio received a 30% and 70% equity interest in Contour, respectively. In May 2022, we and BridgeBio entered into an agreement wherein BridgeBio was formally released from providing any further cash to Contour under its commitment to the joint venture, and as a result, we were released from our commitment liability to provide in-kind services to Contour. Accordingly, in June 2022, we determined our investment in Contour was impaired and recorded a loss on impairment of

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$5.4 million. Contour was dissolved in October 2022. As we were released from our commitment liability to provide in-kind services to Contour, we recorded a corresponding gain of $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in an overall net loss on impairment and dissolution of our equity method investment in Contour of $2.4 million.

Share in net loss of equity method investments

Share in net loss of equity method investments was $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which represents the proportionate share of the net losses of our equity method investees based on our percentage of common stock ownership during the respective reporting period. Our share of Broadwing’s losses exceeded the carrying amount of our equity investment during the year ended December 31, 2022. Accordingly, no additional losses under the equity method were recorded in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and capital resources

Liquidity

Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and we do not expect to generate any revenue from commercial sales for the foreseeable future, if at all. We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. We anticipate that we will continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements of redeemable convertible preferred stock, one-time, nonrefundable upfront payments made to us in connection with our entry into license agreements and through private placements of convertible promissory notes. As of March 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $   million and an accumulated deficit of $   million. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with the estimated net proceeds from this offering, will enable us to fund our planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through  . We have based this estimate on our current assumptions, which may prove to be wrong, and we may exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

As of March 31, 2024, we had convertible promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount of $   million outstanding, and an aggregate amount of $   million of interest was accrued and unpaid. The notes have a stated interest rate of 8% on the principal amount and mature in December 2026. Upon the closing of the offering to which this prospectus relates, the aggregate principal amount of the convertible promissory notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest through the conversion date, will automatically convert into shares of common stock at a conversion price equal to 80% of the price per share paid by purchasers in this offering. The convertible promissory notes contain other conversion and settlement provisions if an initial public offering does not occur before the maturity date.

Funding requirements

We do not expect to generate any meaningful future revenue unless and until we obtain regulatory approval and commercialize any of our current or future therapeutic candidates, including MZE829 and MZE782, or receive additional potential revenue from the achievement of milestones and royalties under our existing license agreements or potential additional partnerships, and we do not know when, or if at all, that will occur. We will continue to require additional capital to develop our therapeutic candidates and fund operations for the foreseeable future. Our primary uses of cash are to fund our operations, which consist primarily of research and development expenses related to our programs, and to a lesser extent, general and administrative expenses. We expect our expenses to continue to increase in connection with our ongoing activities as we

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continue to develop MZE829, MZE782 and our other discovery and preclinical programs, seek to broaden the pipeline of our product candidates and further develop our Compass platform. In addition, upon the completion of this offering, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

We may seek to raise capital through private or public equity or debt financings, license and collaboration agreements or other arrangements, or through other sources of financing. Adequate additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategies. We anticipate that we will need to raise substantial additional capital, the requirements of which will depend on many factors, including:

• |  | the costs associated with the type, scope, progress and results of research and discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our current or future therapeutic candidates, including MZE829 and MZE782;

• |  | the extent to which we develop, in-license or acquire other pipeline therapeutic candidates or technologies;

• |  | the number and development requirements of other therapeutic candidates that we may pursue, and other indications for our current therapeutic candidates that we may pursue;

• |  | the costs related to entering into partnerships or other arrangements with third parties;

• |  | the costs, timing and outcome of obtaining regulatory approvals of our current or future therapeutic candidates we may pursue;

• |  | the costs and fees associated with the discovery, acquisition or in-license of our products or technologies, including to maintain and expand our Compass platform;

• |  | the scope and costs of making arrangements with third-party manufacturers for preclinical, clinical and commercial supplies of our current or future therapeutic candidates;

• |  | the scope and costs involved in growing our organization to the size needed to allow for the research, development and potential commercialization of our current or future therapeutic candidates;

• |  | the cost associated with commercializing any approved therapeutic candidates, including establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

• |  | the cost associated with completing any post-marketing studies or trials required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;

• |  | the revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our current or future therapeutic candidates, if any are approved;

• |  | the costs associated with addressing any potential interruptions or delays resulting from factors related to overall global affairs, such as conflicts overseas;

• |  | the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining, defending and enforcing our intellectual property and proprietary rights and defending intellectual property-related claims that we may become subject to, including any litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation;

• |  | the costs associated with potential product liability claims, including the costs associated with obtaining insurance against such claims and with defending against such claims; and

• |  | our ability to establish and maintain collaboration arrangements on favorable terms, if at all and the timing and amount of any milestone, royalty or other payments we are required to make or are eligible to receive under such collaborations, if any.

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If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants that restrict our operations including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, make certain investments, and engage in certain merger, consolidation or asset sale transactions. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our proprietary technology, future revenue streams, research programs or therapeutic candidates, including granting licenses to our proprietary technologies, on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce and/or terminate our product development programs or any future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market therapeutic candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Contractual obligations and commitments

We have an operating lease for a facility in South San Francisco, California with office and laboratory space, which serves as our corporate headquarters. The lease terminates in November 2030 and provides for one option to extend the lease term for an additional period of eight years.

We have entered into consortium agreements with the University of Helsinki and Queen Mary University to access genomic information from patient samples and genetic and paired clinical data. As of March 31, 2024, we are obligated to pay $  million under these agreements through the year ended December 31, 2027.

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with third-party contract organizations for preclinical trials, non-clinical trials and testing, and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination following a certain period after notice.

Cash flows

Comparisons of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023

The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash for the periods presented below:

|  | Year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
|  | (in thousands) |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (99,203 | ) |  | $ | (86,827 | ) |  | $ | 12,376 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (3,170 | ) |  |  | (441 | ) |  |  | 2,729 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 1,728 |  |  |  | 16,385 |  |  |  | 14,657 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | $ | (100,645 | ) |  | $ | (70,883 | ) |  | $ | 29,762 |

Net cash used in operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $99.2 million and $86.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to our net loss of $114.9 million, a net change in our operating assets and liabilities of

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$3.2 million, offset by $19.0 million in non-cash charges such as depreciation, stock-based compensation, lease expense and losses related to our equity method investments. The net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to our net loss of $100.4 million, a net change in our operating assets and liabilities of $6.3 million, offset by $19.9 million in non-cash charges such as depreciation, stock-based compensation, lease expense and the change in fair value of the convertible promissory notes.

Net cash used in investing activities

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $3.2 million, which consisted of $2.0 million used to purchase property and equipment and $1.2 million of contributions for our investments in equity method investees. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.4 million, which related to the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $1.7 million, which consisted of proceeds from the issuance of our Series C Preferred Stock of $1.6 million and $0.1 million from the exercise of stock option awards, net of repurchases.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $16.4 million, which consisted of net proceeds from the issuance of convertible promissory notes of $16.2 million and $ 0.2 million from the exercise of stock option awards, net of repurchases.

Critical accounting policies, significant judgments and use of estimates

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.

Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we believe that the following critical accounting policies are most important to the preparation of our financial statements and to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Research and development expenses

We expense all research and development expenses as incurred. Research and development expenses include personnel costs related to research and development activities, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, costs related to research and preclinical studies, costs associated with the conduct of clinical trials, consulting fees, laboratory supplies, facility costs, and fees paid to other entities that conduct certain research and development activities on our behalf. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are capitalized and expensed as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed.

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We estimate and accrue certain research and development expenses as part our process of preparing our financial statements. This process involves:

• |  | identifying services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost;

• |  | estimating and accruing expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to us at the time; and

• |  | periodically confirming the accuracy of our estimates with selected service providers and making adjustments, if necessary.

We base our expenses related to preclinical studies and clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with vendors that conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation and vary from contract to contract, which may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the completion of scientific milestones. In accruing expenses, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or amount of prepaid expense accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed could vary from actuals and result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period.

For the periods presented, we have experienced no material changes in our estimates of accrued research and development expenses after a reporting period. However, due to the nature of estimates, there can be no assurance that we will not make changes to our estimates in the future as we become aware of additional information about the status or conduct of our clinical studies and other research and development activities.

Stock-based compensation expense

We account for stock-based compensation expense by measuring and recognizing compensation expense for all share-based awards made to employees and non-employees based on estimated grant date fair values. We use the straight-line method to allocate compensation cost to reporting periods over the requisite service period for service-based awards, which is generally the vesting period. We recognize actual forfeitures by reducing the stock-based compensation expense in the same period as the forfeitures occur.

We use the estimated fair value of our common stock to determine the fair value of restricted stock awards, or RSAs, on the date of grant. We estimate the fair value of service-based options to employees and non-employees using the Black-Scholes option-pricing valuation model, or Black-Scholes model. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the fair value of common stock, expected term, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividend yield, which are described in greater detail below.

Estimating the fair value of service-based options as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes model is affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex variables. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value of common stock and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These

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inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. These inputs are as follows:

• |  | Fair value of common stock—Historically, as there has been no public market for our common stock, the fair value of our common stock was determined by our board of directors based in part on valuations of our common stock prepared by a third-party valuation specialist. See the subsection entitled “Common stock valuations” below.

• |  | Expected term—The expected term represents the period that our stock option grants are expected to be outstanding and is determined using the simplified method (based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term). We have very limited historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior for our stock option grants.

• |  | Expected volatility—Since we are a privately-held company and do not have any trading history for our common stock, the expected volatility was estimated based on the average volatility for comparable publicly traded biopharmaceutical companies over a period equal to the expected term of the stock option grants. The comparable companies were chosen based on their similar size, life cycle stage, or area of specialty. We will continue to apply this process until enough historical information regarding the volatility of our own stock price becomes available.

• |  | Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of the stock options.

• |  | Expected dividend yield—We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

For stock options granted to non-employee consultants, the fair value of these stock options is also measured using the Black-Scholes model reflecting the same assumptions as applied to employee stock options in each of the reported periods, other than the expected term which is assumed to be the remaining contractual life of the stock option.

We estimate the fair value of awards that contain market-based conditions using a Monte-Carlo option pricing model at the date of grant using similar input assumptions as the Black-Scholes model while incorporating Level 3 inputs related to probability estimates of the market conditions being satisfied. Compensation expense related to awards with a market-based condition is recognized regardless of whether the market condition is ultimately satisfied, and compensation expense is not reversed if the achievement of the market condition does not occur.

We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected volatility, expected terms, and interest rates utilized for our stock-based compensation expense calculations on a prospective basis.

Stock-based compensation expense for employees and non-employees is reflected in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Research and development |  | $ | 3,727 |  |  | $ | 5,315 |
General and administrative |  |  | 3,009 |  |  |  | 3,432 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 6,736 |  |  | $ | 8,747 |

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As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, there was $17.7 million and $16.4 million, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options and RSAs for which the cost was expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.87 years and 2.52 years, respectively.

Common stock valuations

The grant date fair value of our common stock has been determined by our board of directors with the assistance of management and an independent third-party valuation specialist. The grant date fair value of our common stock was determined using valuation methodologies which utilizes certain assumptions including probability weighting of events, volatility, time to liquidation, a risk-free interest rate, and an assumption for a discount for lack of marketability (Level 3 inputs). In determining the fair value of our common stock, the methodologies used to estimate our enterprise value were performed using methodologies, approaches, and assumptions consistent with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or the Practice Aid. The methodology to determine the fair value of our common stock included estimating the fair value of the enterprise using a market approach, which estimates the fair value of a company by including an estimation of the value of the business based on guideline public companies under a number of different scenarios. The assumptions used to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock are based on numerous objective and subjective factors, combined with management judgment, including external market conditions affecting the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry and trends within the industry; our stage of development; the rights, preferences and privileges of our redeemable convertible preferred stock relative to those of our common stock; the prices at which we sold shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock; our financial condition and operating results, including our levels of available capital resources; the progress of our research and development efforts and business strategy; equity market conditions affecting comparable public companies; general U.S. market conditions; and the lack of marketability of our common stock.

The Practice Aid identifies various available methods for allocating enterprise value across classes and series of capital stock to determine the estimated fair value of common stock at each valuation date. In accordance with the Practice Aid, we considered the following methods:

• |  | Option Pricing Method. Under the Option Pricing Method, or OPM, shares are valued by creating a series of call options with exercise prices based on the liquidation preferences and conversion terms of each equity class. The estimated fair values of the preferred and common stock are inferred by analyzing these options.

• |  | Hybrid Method. The hybrid method is a Probability-Weighted Expected Return Method, or PWERM, where the equity value in one of the scenarios is calculated using the OPM. The PWERM is a scenario-based analysis that estimates value per share based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns, considering each of the possible outcomes available to us, as well as the economic and control rights of each share class.

Based on our early stage of development and other relevant factors, we determined that an OPM was the most appropriate method for allocating our enterprise value to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock for valuations prior to the fourth quarter of 2020. After this date, we used the hybrid method to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock. The hybrid method is appropriate for a company expecting a near-term liquidity event. In determining the estimated fair value of our common stock, we considered the fact that our stockholders could not freely trade our common stock in the public markets. Accordingly, we applied discounts to reflect the lack of marketability of our common stock based on the weighted-average expected time to liquidity.

Application of these approaches involves the use of estimates, judgment, and assumptions that are highly complex and subjective, such as those regarding our expected future revenue, expenses, and cash flows,

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discount rates, market multiples, the selection of comparable companies, and the probability of future events. Changes in any or all of these estimates and assumptions, or the relationships between those assumptions, impact our valuations as of each valuation date and may have a material impact on the valuation of common stock. The assumptions underlying these valuations represent our management’s best estimate at the time of the valuation, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors or expected outcomes change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different.

Once a public trading market for our common stock has been established in connection with the closing of this offering, it will no longer be necessary for our board of directors to estimate the fair value of our common stock in connection with our accounting for stock option grants and other such awards we may grant, as the fair value of our common stock will be determined based on the quoted market price of our common stock.

Convertible promissory notes

From December 2023 through March 31, 2024, we issued convertible promissory notes to various existing investors. We elected the fair value option under ASC 825 and record these convertible promissory notes at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss each reporting period. We measure the fair value of the convertible promissory notes based on significant estimates, including volatility, discount yield, variables for the timing of the related conversion events and other probability estimates. The impact of interest expense on the convertible promissory notes is included with the changes in fair value.

Emerging growth company status

We are an EGC. The JOBS Act permits companies with EGC status to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of these accounting standards until they would apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an EGC or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates.

In addition, we intend to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if, as an EGC, we intend to rely on such exemptions, we are not required to, among other things: (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended; (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-EGCs under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis); and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation.

We will remain an EGC under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (i) the last date of our fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, (ii) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” as defined under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in

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non-convertible debt securities during the previous three years, or (iv) the last day of our first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of this offering.

Recent accounting pronouncements

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses and also issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance under ASU No. 2018-19, ASU No. 2019-04, ASU No. 2019-05, ASU No. 2019-11, and ASU No. 2020-02, or collectively Topic 326. This guidance requires that financial assets measured at amortized cost be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. Topic 326 also eliminates the concept of “other-than-temporary” impairment when evaluating available-for-sale debt securities and instead focuses on determining whether any impairment is a result of a credit loss or other factors. An entity will recognize an allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities rather than an other-than-temporary impairment that reduces the cost basis of the investment. We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2023, with no material impact to our financial statements and disclosures.

New accounting pronouncements—not yet adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which will require disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities. The amendments do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual reporting beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, and for interim periods thereafter. We are currently evaluating the incremental disclosures that will be required in the footnotes to the financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require incremental income tax disclosures on an annual basis for all public entities. The amendments require that public business entities disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items meeting a quantitative threshold. The amendments also require disclosure of income taxes paid to be disaggregated by jurisdiction, and disclosure of income tax expense disaggregated by federal, state and foreign. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual reporting beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. We are currently evaluating the incremental disclosures that will be required in our financial statements.

Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk

Interest rate risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. As of March 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $    million consisting of bank deposits and money market accounts. Due to the short-term duration of our cash equivalents, an immediate 10% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on their fair market value.

Foreign currency exchange risk

All of our employees and our operations are currently located in the United States and our expenses are generally denominated in U.S. dollars. However, we have entered into a limited number of contracts with

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vendors for research and development services that permit us to satisfy our payment obligations in U.S. dollars (at prevailing exchange rates) but have underlying payment obligations denominated in foreign currencies, primarily the Euro and British Pound. We are subject to foreign currency transaction gains or losses on our contracts denominated in foreign currencies. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded an immaterial foreign currency transaction gain. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded a foreign currency transaction gain/loss of $  million. To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses have not been material to our financial statements, and we have not had a formal hedging program with respect to foreign currency. We believe a hypothetical 1% increase or decrease in exchange rates during any of the periods presented would not have a material effect on our financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Effects of inflation

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and other research and development costs. We believe that inflation has not had a material effect on our financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

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Business

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company harnessing the power of human genetics to develop novel, small molecule precision medicines for patients living with common diseases, with a focus on renal, cardiovascular and related metabolic, or CVRM, diseases, including obesity. We are advancing a pipeline using our Compass platform, which allows us to identify and characterize genetic variants in disease and then link those variants to the biological pathways that drive disease in specific patient groups through a process we refer to as variant functionalization. Our Compass platform has been purpose-built to inform all phases of our drug discovery and development process through clinical trial design. We are currently advancing two wholly owned lead programs, MZE829 and MZE782, each of which represents a novel precision medicine-based approach for chronic kidney disease, or CKD. Our goal is to bring novel precision medicines to patients with common diseases, which is where we believe we can maximize our impact on human health.

CKD is a serious, progressive condition that affects approximately 37 million patients in the United States, where it is expected to be the fifth most prevalent chronic disease by 2040. Current treatments for CKD consider patients as falling into clinical categories and focus on slowing the progression of disease, but do not target the underlying genetic drivers of disease. Our lead programs are designed to phenocopy, or mimic, the protective effects of certain genetic variants that are associated with reduced disease burden and improved kidney function in distinct groups of CKD patients.

Our most advanced lead program, MZE829, is an oral, small molecule inhibitor of apolipoprotein L1, or APOL1, for the treatment of patients with APOL1 kidney disease, or AKD, which is estimated to affect over one million patients in the United States alone. Although the link between APOL1 variants and renal dysfunction has been known for over a decade, we have identified a new protective variant that underpins our therapeutic approach for MZE829 and may ultimately allow us to address a broader population of AKD than has previously been possible in the clinical setting. We expect to initiate a Phase 2 trial of MZE829 in     .

Our second lead program, MZE782, is a potentially first-in-class, oral, small molecule inhibitor of the solute transporter SLC6A19, a novel CKD target, with the potential to address approximately five million of the CKD patients in the United States with inadequate responses to currently available CKD therapies. Beyond its use as a potential standalone therapy, MZE782 may also provide a significant benefit to patients in combination with standard of care, including as a complementary treatment to current approved regimens or as an alternative option for those patients who do not adequately respond to today’s standard of care. We plan to submit an Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, to the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for MZE782 in    .

Our Compass platform supports end-to-end variant identification and functionalization capabilities as well as advanced research tools and methodologies for drug development. We believe the process of variant functionalization, or understanding how genetic variants function to affect the course of disease, is a foundational aspect of precision medicine and one of the core capabilities that sets us apart from others in the field. Furthermore, we believe we are the first company to implement these workflow elements/methodologies at scale.

Our pipeline

Our wholly owned pipeline consists of small molecule precision medicines for patients living with common diseases, with a focus on CVRM diseases, including obesity. In areas outside of our focus, we have additional programs in development through partnership arrangements and other third-party relationships, including MZE001 in Pompe disease with Shionogi & Co., Ltd., or Shionogi, and ATXN2 and UNC13A, each for amyotrophic

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lateral sclerosis, or ALS, with two separate biotechnology companies. Our pipeline is summarized in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Our pipeline

Our most advanced lead program, MZE829, is an oral, small molecule inhibitor of APOL1 for the treatment of patients with AKD, a subset of CKD estimated to affect over one million patients in the United States alone. Although the link between APOL1 variants and renal dysfunction has been known for over a decade, we have identified a new protective variant of the APOL1 gene, N264K. MZE829 is designed to phenocopy N264K and mimic its protective characteristics. Through our preclinical work in AKD, we have demonstrated MZE829’s potential as a disease modifying treatment for patients suffering from this disease. Preclinical in vivo studies demonstrated MZE829’s significant potency in a model of APOL1-induced kidney injury, suggesting the ability to explore the potential for greater efficacy and ultimately address a broader population of AKD than has previously been possible in the clinical setting. Additionally, MZE829 has demonstrated the potential to stop or reverse critical features of kidney disease, specifically the breakdown of the kidney’s filtering system and loss of protein in urine, or proteinuria. We expect to initiate a Phase 2 trial of MZE829 in     .

Our second most advanced lead program, MZE782, is a potentially first-in-class, oral, small molecule that targets the solute transporter, SLC6A19, with the potential to address approximately five million of the CKD patients in the United States with inadequate responses to currently available CKD therapies. Beyond its use as a potential standalone therapy, MZE782 may also provide a significant benefit to patients in combination with standard of care, including as a complementary treatment to current approved regimens or as an alternative option for those patients who do not adequately respond to today’s standard of care. We identified SLC6A19 using non-public sets of matched, genetic and longitudinal clinical data and discovered a bidirectional allelic series with variants that either improve or worsen renal function. We then applied variant functionalization techniques to understand the characteristics of the naturally occurring protective variants and designed our proprietary small molecule to mimic their inhibitory effects. We plan to apply a non-invasive biomarker strategy in our Phase 1 trial to establish proof of mechanism and to select doses for a Phase 2 trial. We expect to submit an IND to the FDA for MZE782 in   .

In addition to our two lead programs in CKD, our Compass platform has also produced a pipeline across other therapeutic areas and modalities, including MZE001, our first clinical program developed for the treatment of patients with Pompe disease. Within approximately three years, MZE001 progressed from discovery to the clinic

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and demonstrated proof of mechanism in a Phase 1 trial, suggesting its potential as an oral therapy for the treatment of patients with Pompe disease and demonstrating the potential of our Compass platform. Given our focus on common diseases, where we believe we can maximize our impact on human health, we strategically enter into partnerships with third parties to advance programs that address diseases outside of our core focus areas. In March 2024, following the completion of our Phase 1 trial, we exclusively licensed MZE001 to Shionogi for an upfront payment of $150 million and the potential for additional milestones and royalties. We have also exclusively licensed our ATXN2 and UNC13A programs for the treatment of ALS to other biotechnology companies. Additionally, we formed a spin-out company, Broadwing Bio LLC, or Broadwing, to develop therapeutic candidates treating ophthalmic diseases. We believe these collaborations validate the potential of our Compass platform and our ability to generate new targets and assets of therapeutic interest across a wide range of indications and therapeutic areas.

Our approach to precision medicine: Compass platform

Our Compass platform and its associated methodologies give us the ability to aggregate matched, genetic, and longitudinal clinical data at scale to identify genes associated with disease, utilizing a combination of private and publicly-available paired clinical data. More importantly, this process uncovers genetic variants of these genes that provide insight into a therapeutic approach to the applicable target. Using machine learning and statistical modeling, variant functionalization tools, and traditional and computational drug discovery technologies, targets are then prioritized based on their roles in biological pathways, their roles as potential drivers of disease, and their structural properties. These insights ultimately inform our clinical development and patient selection strategies, which we believe have the potential to improve the overall likelihood of technical, regulatory and commercial success of our precision medicine candidates. The power of our Compass platform and its methodologies is best exhibited through our clinical and preclinical programs and multiple contributions to the scientific community over the past five years.

Figure 2: The three phases of our Compass platform and key differentiating features

Our Compass platform follows a sequential, three phase workflow consisting of: (1) variant discovery, in which we analyze multiple large-scale genetic databases to identify relevant genetic variants; (2) variant function identification, in which we attempt to understand the linkage between genetic variants identified and the biology underpinning disease; and (3) translation into therapy, in which we develop the assays, models, molecules and data necessary to support advancing our programs into clinical development. This workflow creates an iterative learning loop that improves as we onboard, analyze and generate additional data.

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A new era of precision medicine: Maze’s opportunity in common diseases

Over the past 20 years, significant advances in human genetics and in the understanding of the biological processes underpinning disease have opened the door to a multitude of potentially new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches, which we believe presents a unique opportunity for a new approach to precision medicine. More recently, the availability of matched, genetic, and longitudinal clinical data and advanced computational methods to analyze these data has enabled the characterization of genetic variants that are strongly correlated with disease susceptibility and severity. Advancements in functional genomics have also provided new tools to help unravel how genetic variants impact disease progression from a mechanistic perspective. Nevertheless, the process of successfully translating genetic insights into effective precision medicines is a challenge that has inspired our mission as a company as well as our name, Maze Therapeutics.

Based on insights from our Compass platform, we design our therapeutic candidates to modulate the target of interest, either by mimicking the beneficial effects of certain protective variants or by blocking the unwanted activity associated with toxic variants, to address the underlying biological drivers of disease. Our process of designing precision medicines that take into account the genetic drivers of disease in defined patient groups parallels many of the foundational principles of precision oncology, which has revolutionized the treatment landscape in cancer, and, we believe, may help streamline our development efforts and increase our odds of clinical success.

Our team and investors

Our leadership team and board of directors have significant experience discovering, developing and commercializing therapies. Our syndicate of investors has renowned life sciences experience and a shared, dedicated goal of transforming the lives of patients by creating a leading precision medicine company in the CVRM disease spaces.

Jason Coloma, Ph.D., M.P.H., our Chief Executive Officer, brings over 20 years of life science leadership experience. He most recently operated as a venture partner at Third Rock Ventures, LLC, or Third Rock Ventures, during which time he served as the Chief Operating Officer of Maze before being appointed CEO.

Harold Bernstein, M.D., Ph.D., our President, Research & Development and Chief Medical Officer, brings over 30 years of experience in scientific research, translational medicine and clinical development. Dr. Bernstein most recently was Chief Medical Officer and Head of Global Clinical Development at BioMarin Pharmaceuticals Inc. He previously served as Head of Translational Medicine at Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, or Vertex, and held roles of increasing responsibility at Merck and Co., Inc., including Head of Early Development for Cardiometabolic Diseases.

Atul Dandekar, our Chief Strategy Officer, brings over 20 years of experience in strategy, clinical development and commercialization. Mr. Dandekar most recently was VP, Global Franchise Head for Ophthalmology at Genentech, Inc., or Genentech, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, or Roche, and previously served as Senior Global Program Head in Neuroscience at Novartis AG.

Since our inception, we have raised approximately $424.0 million from leading life science investors, including our 5% or greater stockholders, Third Rock Ventures, ARCH Venture Partners, Matrix Capital Management and Google Ventures. Prospective investors should not rely on the investment decisions of our existing investors, as these investors may have different risk tolerances and strategies and purchased their shares in prior offerings at prices lower than the price offered to the public in this offering. In addition, some of these investors may not be subject to reporting requirements under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and, thus, prospective investors may not necessarily know the total amount of investment by

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each of our existing investors and if and when our existing investors may decide to sell any of their shares. See the sections titled “Certain relationships and related person transactions” and “Principal stockholders” for more information on prior purchases by and current holdings of these stockholders.

Our strategy

We leverage our Compass platform to discover and develop precision medicines in subsets of common diseases to achieve improved treatment outcomes for patients. Our focus on common CVRM diseases, including obesity, is driven in part by the emerging understanding of the interconnectivity of these diseases. By focusing on these common diseases, we believe we can maximize our impact on human health.

The core elements of our business strategy are to:

• |  | Advance the clinical development of MZE829 and MZE782 for the treatment of CKD, a disease affecting a large patient population with high unmet need. We are currently advancing our two lead proprietary programs, MZE829 and MZE782, both novel approaches to treating CKD, which affects approximately 37 million patients in the United States alone. MZE829 is an oral, small molecule inhibitor of APOL1 for the treatment of patients with AKD. We expect to initiate a Phase 2 trial of MZE829 in    . MZE782 is a potentially first-in-class, oral, small molecule inhibitor of SLC6A19 with the potential to be used as an option for those patients who do not adequately respond to today’s standard of care, or as a complementary treatment to current approved regimens. We expect to submit an IND to the FDA for MZE782 in    .

• |  | Leverage our proprietary Compass platform to expand our pipeline of precision medicine candidates. We plan to add new programs into our pipeline by applying our Compass platform to identify novel drug targets in subsets of common diseases with significant unmet need within CVRM therapeutic areas. Our Compass platform aims to leverage new genetic insights to identify well-validated targets and discover therapeutic agents designed to mimic the activity of protective genetic variants, correct the effects of toxic genetic variants, or target genetic modifiers and ultimately guide the development of these potential new medicines. We will continue evaluating strategic partnering opportunities that can complement our internal capabilities. Our goal is to bring novel precision medicines to patients with common diseases, which is where we believe we can maximize our impact on human health.

• |  | Enhance our Compass platform and methodology. We continue to make investments in our Compass platform and improve our drug development process through access to non-public, matched, genetic and longitudinal clinical data, development of variant functionalization tools, and application of cutting edge computational and experimental drug discovery tools (e.g., Cryogenic electron microscopy, or Cryo-EM, virtual screening and machine learning DNA encoded libraries). We plan to enhance our Compass platform to remain at the forefront of genetically informed drug development and continue to access relevant biobanks and other repositories of genetic and clinical data.

• |  | Maximize the commercial potential of our pipeline. We plan to independently advance MZE829 and MZE782 towards commercialization in geographies where we believe we can ultimately be successful on our own. We intend to build a highly targeted sales forces in these geographies to support the adoption of these treatments. Given the magnitude of the global market opportunity, we will maximize the value of these programs by partnering with third parties on therapeutic candidates in geographies we believe are better served by the resources and expertise of other biopharmaceutical companies.

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Background

Overview of precision medicine

Human evolution has given rise to significant genetic diversity worldwide. Because of population migrations and mixing, genetic drift, and founder effects, different populations carry distinct genetic variants. Certain of these variants increase an individual’s susceptibility to disease, while other variants can protect individuals from disease. Using the tools of modern human genetics, the scientific community is learning how variations in different genes may impact disease at an unprecedented pace.

Therapeutic targets supported by human genetic evidence are more likely to yield treatments that provide clinical benefit to patients. Precision medicine holds the promise of therapeutics specifically tailored to address the particular drivers of an individual patient’s disease state to optimize treatment outcome, but the realization of this promise through clinical implementation has proven elusive. Although more than 100,000 associations between particular genomic regions and specific diseases have been identified, developing medicines to target the drivers of a disease remains challenging. This is due to difficulties in selecting the most pharmacologically relevant genomic associations, difficulties in identifying the mechanism by which these genomic associations cause diseases and challenges in developing therapeutics for newly identified targets.

Addressing differences in response to treatment requires a more advanced understanding of and appreciation for the molecular complexity of disease. This is particularly true for common diseases, the complexity of which can be vast. A disease may involve thousands of genes across multiple cell types in different parts of the body. Because current clinical diagnostic technologies do not have the capability to assess change at such scale, current translational research or clinical practice cannot address disease complexity at this level.

We believe that we are pioneering the effort to translate genetic insights into therapeutic innovations by leveraging the technological convergence between biological sciences and information technology, and that our approach to drug discovery and development significantly mitigates its inherent risks with the key feature of variant functionalization. We leverage our Compass platform to discover and develop precision medicines in subsets of common diseases to achieve improved treatment outcomes for patients. Our focus on CVRM diseases, including obesity, is driven in part by the emerging understanding of the interconnectivity of these diseases.

Overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD is a serious, progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time, posing significant health risks and economic burdens. CKD affects approximately 37 million patients in the United States, where it is expected to be the fifth most prevalent chronic disease by 2040, and an estimated 700 million patients worldwide. CKD manifests through various stages, culminating in end-stage renal disease, or ESRD, necessitating dialysis or kidney transplantation for survival. Current treatments for CKD consider patients as falling into clinical categories and focus on slowing disease progression, but do not target the underlying genetic drivers of disease.

In the early stages of CKD, most patients may not have symptoms. However, as kidney function gradually diminishes over time, health problems such as high blood pressure, anemia, muscle weakness and nerve damage, kidney failure and cardiovascular, or CV, disease may develop, leading to premature death. Once the disease progresses to ESRD, the only definitive treatment is kidney transplant, with dialysis serving as a bridge to transplant. As of 2018, the five-year survival rate for all people in the United States who started dialysis was under 50%, presenting a significant and urgent need for alternative treatments for CKD. In addition to the significant impacts on patients and their families, this disease has put a significant burden on the healthcare

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system in the United States, with more than 550,000 patients requiring dialysis and approximately 230,000 patients living with a kidney transplant. An estimated 14% of the United States population has CKD, with the Medicare program spending an outsized amount, more than 24% or $130 billion of total yearly expenditures, on patients with CKD.

Individuals of African ancestry are at significantly greater risk of developing ESRD than individuals of European ancestry, and account for approximately 33% of patients who experience kidney failure in the United States. The cumulative risk of ESRD is approximately 7.5% of Americans with African ancestry as compared to approximately 2% of Americans with European ancestry. Understanding the genetic drivers of this difference in CKD progression may accelerate the development of treatment strategies and reduce the excess burden.

CKD can also increase the risk of CV diseases, such as heart failure, or HF. Depending on the stage of CKD and the age of the patient, up to 50% of patients diagnosed with CKD will also experience HF. CKD patients who are more likely to develop HF typically have similar risk factors including diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. If CKD is identified and addressed early enough, treatment can help slow disease progression, preserve renal function and reduce CV complications, including HF.

Limitations of current CKD therapies

Despite advances in medical science, current treatments for CKD consider patients as falling into clinical categories and focus on slowing disease progression but do not target the underlying genetic drivers of disease.

In addition to lifestyle modifications, the standard of care for CKD includes three main categories of treatment:

• |  | Established therapies that slow progression: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, or RAAS, inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1, or GLP-1 agonists.

• |  | Medications that mitigate the effects of CKD: medicines to control blood pressure, blood glucose levels, anemia, bone and mineral disorders, fluid overload, and levels of cholesterol and other lipids.

• |  | Dialysis and kidney transplantation: the typical final treatment option for ERSD patients.

Only 50% to 70% of CKD patients respond to lifestyle modification and standard of care treatment, and ultimately almost all CKD patients progress to ESRD. Furthermore, existing therapies are associated with adverse side effects and patients experience substantial healthcare costs. Given the escalating prevalence of CKD, and its profound impact on patient well-being and healthcare systems, there exists a critical and pressing need for innovative treatments capable of halting or reversing disease progression, improving patient outcomes, and mitigating the socioeconomic burden associated with CKD.

Our two lead wholly owned programs, MZE829 and MZE782, are novel precision medicine-based approaches for CKD that inhibit APOL1 and SLC6A19, respectively. Our CKD programs are designed to modulate these targets directly, either by mimicking the beneficial effects of certain protective variants or by blocking the unwanted activity associated with toxic variants, to address the underlying biological drivers of disease. We believe this approach has the potential to be disease modifying and ultimately lead to better treatment outcomes for patients living with CKD.

Overview of APOL1 kidney disease (AKD)

AKD is a life threatening, genetically driven form of CKD. People who have high-risk coding variants in both copies of the APOL1 gene have a heightened risk of developing CKD. Patients who develop AKD have one or both

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of the two high-risk variants of the APOL1 gene, G1 and G2, in both copies of their APOL1 gene, which can lead to kidney injury and interference with the kidney’s ability to filter harmful substances from the blood.

Figure 3: Prevalence of AKD and associated risk factors

The high-risk APOL1 gene variants are most prevalent in people of West African ancestry, including many who identify as Black, African American, Afro-Caribbean and Latina/Latino. These high-risk APOL1 gene variants likely evolved to protect individuals from Human African trypanosomiasis, or HAT, which causes sleeping sickness. HAT is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and caused by protozoan parasites transmitted by infected tsetse fly bites. Without treatment, HAT is usually fatal.

In the United States, approximately six million, or 13%, of African Americans have mutations of both copies of the high-risk APOL1 gene variants, and are at risk for developing AKD. It is currently estimated that approximately 20%, or over one million, of those individuals have AKD.

APOL1 is a channel-forming innate immunity protein found in circulating high-density lipoproteins in humans and certain primates. In addition to circulating forms, APOL1 is also found locally in kidney endothelial cells and podocytes. Circulating APOL1 mediates resistance to infection from the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The high-density lipoprotein particle binds to the cell membrane of the parasite, allowing for the uptake of APOL1, which forms a pH-gated cation channel in the membrane of the lysosome. The lysosome then swells and ruptures into the body of the parasite, resulting in its demise. The G1 and G2 variants of APOL1 evolved in response to parasites that became resistant to normal APOL1. However, individuals with two copies of the G1 and/or G2 variants were found to be at higher risk for developing CKD and progressing to ESRD.

Rare individuals lacking APOL1 altogether appear to have no higher risk of developing CKD than the general population, suggesting that AKD is the result of toxicity associated with the risk variants, rather than APOL1 inactivation. This observation also suggests that it may be safe to inhibit APOL1 activity to reduce the risk and progression of AKD.

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AKD has various clinical presentations, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, or FSGS, hypertension-associated kidney disease, HIV-associated nephropathy and lupus nephritis. Published third-party studies and internal analysis also suggest that AKD may be responsible for increasing the likelihood of progression to ESRD in individuals with diabetes.

AKD represents a significant unmet medical need, as there are currently no approved therapies that address its underlying genetic causes or efficacious treatment options for individuals with high-risk APOL1 gene variants.

Third-party clinical trials evaluating the use of a small molecule APOL1 inhibitor have demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful reduction in proteinuria at 13 weeks compared to baseline in APOL1-mediated FSGS patients. All clinical trials to date have been limited to AKD patients in the nephrotic or sub-nephrotic range, who represents a small percentage of the AKD population, and have excluded patients with hypertensive kidney disease and diabetes, who make up the majority of AKD patients.

Role of SLC6A19 in kidney disease

SLC6A19 encodes the protein BoAT1, a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter expressed primarily in the proximal tubule of the kidney and on the brush border of the small intestine. In the kidney, SLC6A19 plays a role in minimizing the excretion of amino acids in urine by transporting these key nutrients from the urine back into the bloodstream. We identified SLC6A19 as a potentially novel therapeutic target for CKD based the finding that loss-of-function variants in SLC6A19 were associated with improved renal function and protection from CKD.

As shown in Figure 4 below, while treatment strategies for patients with CKD have evolved with the use of RAAS inhibitors and more recently SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists, of the approximately 14 million CKD patients in the United States with clinical symptoms requiring treatment, only approximately 7 million are receiving treatment. Of these, we estimate that up to five million patients may have an inadequate response and could benefit from novel treatments. Additionally, we believe there is potential for SLC6A19-based therapies to be used either alone or in combination with other available treatment options in an even larger group of CKD patients.

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Figure 4: Initial target populations for MZE782 in the United States

Our lead programs for CKD: MZE829 and MZE782

Our wholly owned pipeline consists of small molecule precision medicines for patients living with common diseases, with a focus on CVRM diseases, including obesity. Our two lead wholly owned programs, MZE829 and MZE782, are novel precision medicine-based approaches for CKD that inhibit APOL1 and SLC6A19, respectively.

MZE829 for APOL1 kidney disease (AKD)

Our most advanced lead program, MZE829, is an oral, small molecule inhibitor of APOL1 that seeks to treat patients with AKD, a subset of CKD estimated to affect over one million patients in the United States alone. Our approach to treating AKD aims to block the ability of APOL1 to conduct current at the cell membrane. Based on compelling human genetics and functional genomics data derived from our Compass platform linking the role of the G1 and G2 APOL1 risk variants to CKD, along with a further understanding of APOL1’s function and clinical observation of its localization, we believe a pore-blocking strategy will reduce ion conductance in podocytes and thus reduce APOL1-associated renal toxicity.

While the genetic link between APOL1 and kidney disease has been well established, the mechanism by which it induces kidney injury remained unclear for over a decade. Through our Compass platform and the research we have conducted with our partners, we have identified the mechanism of a naturally occurring genetic variant of APOL1, called N264K. When present, this variant has been shown to reduce the conductance of ions through the APOL1 pore in the presence of the high-risk G1 and G2 APOL1 alleles, thereby suppressing the toxicity of APOL1 in kidney cells and reducing disease progression.

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The genesis of our therapeutic hypothesis was based upon human genetics involving an individual from Ghana who developed an atypical trypanosome infection. Under normal circumstances, protections afforded by APOL1 would have prevented infection from this particular trypanosome. However, a third party’s sequencing of the APOL1 gene from this individual revealed that the genetic mutation responsible for N264K occurred in a separate part of the APOL1 gene from where the disease-driving mutations occur and established that the mutation resulted in the inability of APOL1 to direct the elimination of trypanosomes. This led us to consider whether the mechanism by which APOL1 promoted trypanosome lysis may also have a causal connection to toxicity in kidney disease. We tested the consequences of the N264K variant in cultured kidney cells, in which expression of the G1 and G2 APOL1 risk variants are toxic. When the risk variant of APOL1 was altered to contain the N264K variant, its toxicity in kidney cells was substantially reduced.

To further validate the finding, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 121,492 participants of African ancestry from the Million Veteran Program, or MVP, to determine if the presence of N264K modified the association between the G1 and G2 risk variants and CKD and ESRD. As depicted in Figure 5 below, the results showed a strong association between N264K and a statistically significant risk reduction (p < 0.001) of CKD (left) and ESRD (right) among carriers of the G1 and G2 risk variants. The results were further replicated by research from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center’s Biobank (BioVU; n= 14,386) and the National Institute of Health’s All of Us program (All of Us; n= 14,704), also reflected in Figure 5 below. A meta-analysis across all cohorts demonstrated a 57% reduced risk of CKD and an 81% reduced risk of ESRD in APOL1 high-risk patients carrying the N264K protective variant.

Figure 5: APOL1 N264K variant shown to protect against AKD (CKD) and ESRD

We then used human kidney cell models to demonstrate that the N264K mutation blocked APOL1 pore-forming function and ion conductance, and reduced toxicity of the APOL1 high-risk mutations (the G2 variant shown in Figure 6 below). We generated kidney cell lines in which expression of the toxic G2 APOL1 protein was induced with doxycycline. We then measured calcium ion flow into these cells using a calcium sensitive fluorescent protein. As demonstrated in the left panel below, an increase in calcium uptake occurred in cells where expression of the G2 variant was induced (G2, +Dox) but not in cells in which G2 was not expressed (G2, -Dox). This demonstrated that the G2 APOL1 variant can form an ion permeable pore in the plasma membrane of these cells. As shown in the right panel below, cells designed to express a version of toxic G2 APOL1 with the N264K mutation (G2 N264K) did not show evidence of increased ion flux in the presence of doxycycline. This demonstrated that the protective APOL1 variant N264K blocked G2 APOL1 dependent ion flux in a cell model as

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measured by calcium uptake, demonstrating that N264K acts by impairing APOL1 pore function. These data informed our therapeutic hypothesis for the treatment of AKD by phenocopying the effects of the N264K variant and blocking the unregulated ion flow that occurs in the presence of the high risk APOL1 variants, G1 and G2.

Figure 6: Protective N264K variant corrected ungated ion flux that occurs with G2 risk variant

Discovery of MZE829

In order to validate the assertion that inhibition of pore function would limit toxicity, we conducted several small molecule screening campaigns. These screens resulted in our identification of several chemical series that were capable of blocking the influx of ions through APOL1. Kidney cells expressing APOL1 were exposed to pore-blocking molecules from our lead series at a range of concentrations at two different resting membrane potentials. Measurement of the current flowing through the APOL1 pore showed that these molecules inhibited the flow of current in a dose dependent manner.

Further, in studies to assess the ability of our lead compounds to protect against APOL1-mediated toxicity, human kidney cells expressing the G1 and G2 APOL1 risk variants were cultured in the presence and absence of our lead compounds. As the concentration of our lead series APOL1 inhibitor increased, the rate of kidney cell toxicity decreased and kidney cell viability percentage increased in a dose dependent manner.

Conducting the various in vitro and cell-based assays allowed us to evaluate potency and effect of APOL1 compounds. While these assays are informative, they are limited, artificially constructed systems, and often provide incomplete data on how the compounds may interact in a human setting. Because of these complexities, we believe a humanized in vivo mouse model measuring proteinuria reduction is the preferred surrogate for patient improvement. We conducted an in vivo experiment with our development candidate, MZE829, using a transgenic mouse model that simulates human disease with two copies of high-risk APOL1 alleles that drive high levels of proteinuria in response to an inflammatory stimulus driven by expression of interferon gamma.

Findings from this study demonstrated the potential of MZE829 to ameliorate disease manifestations of AKD, specifically proteinuria and the histopathological manifestations of kidney damage. In this study, we treated mice homozygous for a bacterial artificial chromosome, or BAC, transgene expressing the G2 APOL1 variant with interferon gamma to induce APOL1 expression in the kidney. This treatment led to G2 APOL1 upregulation and kidney injury that could be monitored by urinary albumin excretion or urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, or

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uACR. Mice were treated with interferon gamma and MZE829, and urine was collected from 24 through 48 hours after treatment. As shown in Figure 7 below, MZE829 dose dependently blocked APOL1 induced kidney injury in this translationally relevant G2 APOL1 BAC transgenic mouse model as measured by decreases in uACR.

Figure 7: MZE829 inhibited APOL1 dependent proteinuria, as measured by uACR, in a model of AKD

We also compared MZE829 to an independently synthesized sample of the publicly disclosed structure of inaxaplin, or VX-147, in this mouse model of AKD. Different doses of MZE829 and the synthesis of inaxaplin were given to mice treated with interferon gamma. uACR and free plasma drug concentrations were determined for each dose group, and the exposure-response relationships for both compounds was analyzed as shown in Figure 8 below. The free plasma drug concentrations associated with a 50% reduction in uACR was approximately 100 times lower for MZE829 compared to the synthesis of inaxaplin. These data demonstrated that MZE829 was substantially more potent than our synthesis of inaxaplin in a translationally relevant animal model, and suggest that meaningful efficacy in the clinic may be achievable at lower levels of free drug. Therefore, we believe MZE829 may be more suitable for clinical exploration in a broader range of patients, with lower risk of off-target safety effects.

Figure 8: MZE829 was approximately 100 times more potent than an independently synthesized sample of inaxaplin in a model of AKD

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While the mouse model of AKD described above simulated acute onset and treatment of disease, we also developed additional models that more closely resemble chronic disease. In these models, mice harboring BAC transgenes with one copy each of both G1 and G2 were exposed to an adeno-associated virus chronically expressing interferon gamma to produce the manifestations of AKD in humans. Treatment after seven days of continuing interferon expression with a mouse-tool compound (MZ-302) with similar pharmacochemical characteristics to MZE829 demonstrated the ability to significantly reduce uACR in a dose-dependent manner, as shown in Figure 9 below, with almost complete reversal after three weeks of treatment.

Figure 9: Reversal of established proteinuria, as measured by uACR, by a Maze APOL1 inhibitor (MZ-302) in a chronic mouse model of AKD

Treatment also was shown to resolve kidney tissue abnormalities (disruption of glomeruli, or glomerulosclerosis as shown in insets) within the same time frame, as reflected in Figure 10 below. This demonstrated that in both acute and chronic mouse models of AKD, our specific and potent APOL1 inhibitors were able to both arrest and reverse disease, providing further validation of our therapeutic hypothesis.

Figure 10: Treatment with MZ-302, a Maze APOL1 inhibitor, significantly reduced glomerular scarring in a chronic mouse model of AKD

MZE829 clinical trials

We are currently evaluating MZE829 in a Phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy volunteers with single ascending and multiple ascending dose cohorts. The objective of the Phase 1 trial is to

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assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of MZE829 in healthy volunteers and select doses for a potential Phase 2 trial in AKD patients. As a part of the Phase 1 program, we are also investigating potential drug-drug interactions to guide the use of standard-of care medicines in Phase 2.

Based on the Phase 1 trial results, we plan to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with AKD to determine which patients may derive a clinically significant benefit from MZE829. We expect the Phase 2 clinical trial to be a basket design, including AKD patients carrying the two high-risk APOL1 alleles (G1, G2), stratified by clinical phenotype and level of proteinuria, as well as patients who have type 2 diabetes. We intend to enroll patients with a wide array of characteristics to reflect the full range of AKD. The trial will include patients from the more severe patient population with nephrotic range proteinuria, as in FSGS, patients with lower levels of proteinuria and hypertensive nephropathy, and patients with proteinuria and diabetic kidney disease, a subpopulation that genetic analyses of the N264K protective variant suggest could benefit from an APOL1-directed therapy.

Figure 11: Maze plans to explore an expanded population of AKD patients in the United States in clinical trials

Our Phase 2 evaluation of MZE829 clinical development will aim to address a larger population than current third-party clinical trials, which are limited to patients in the nephrotic or sub-nephrotic range only, comprised of non-diabetic patients with FSGS and a small portion of patients with hypertensive nephropathy and heavy proteinuria.

Data from Phase 2 are intended to demonstrate proof of concept and provide appropriate criteria for selection of patient populations and dose range in a subsequent pivotal clinical program.

Phase 2 endpoints

We intend to use reduction of proteinuria, as measured by the percentage of subjects with a 30% or greater reduction from baseline in uACR at week 12, as a primary endpoint for the Phase 2 trial. uACR is a sensitive measure of proteinuria in earlier stages of glomerular kidney disease, particularly in hypertension and diabetes, and has been used to assess risk of CV disease.

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Patient identification and selection

We expect to use clinical genotyping to identify individuals who carry the APOL1 G1 and G2 mutations in connection with enrollment of our Phase 2 clinical trial. Additionally, the APOL1 G1 and G2 variants are included in most currently used standard genetic screening panels for kidney disease. We do not intend to genotype participants for the N264K variant as this is a rare finding and these individuals are unlikely to meet the criteria for AKD as they are relatively protected. We are currently exploring the development of an APOL1 G1/G2 companion diagnostic for commercialization. Various sponsors, including kidney societies, patient advocacy groups, academic programs and other biopharmaceutical companies, are currently conducting global genotyping efforts. These are promoted by the Kidney Health Initiative, a public-private partnership among the FDA, the American Society of Nephrology, and other member organizations, including us. We believe that these genotyping efforts will increase as additional positive data and potential therapies become available.

MZE782 for CKD, targeting SLC6A19

We believe that MZE782 is a potentially first-in-class, oral, small molecule targeting the solute transporter, SLC6A19, with the potential to address approximately five million of the CKD patients in the United States who have inadequate responses to currently available CKD therapies. Beyond its use as a potential standalone therapy, MZE782 may also provide a significant benefit to patients in combination with standard of care, including as a complementary treatment to current approved regimens, or as an alternative option for those patients who do not adequately respond to the current standard of care. We plan to apply a non-invasive biomarker strategy in our Phase 1 trial in healthy volunteers to establish proof of mechanism and select doses for a Phase 2 trial in CKD patients. We expect to submit an IND to the FDA for MZE782 in    .

Using our Compass platform, we identified SLC6A19 as a target through genetic association with a bidirectional allelic series that included genetic variants that either improve or worsen renal function. We then applied variant functionalization techniques to understand the characteristics of the naturally occurring protective variants, and designed a small molecule inhibitor to mimic those protective characteristics. Using computational tools integrated with established small molecule screening methods, we were able to identify a lead compound series. Cryo-EM structural analysis revealed a novel allosteric binding site that allowed for further optimization toward a lead compound. This approach facilitated the identification of our development candidate, MZE782, with a 250-fold increase in potency relative to earlier compounds in development.

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Identification of SLC6A19 as a therapeutic target using our Compass platform

SLC6A19 emerged as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of CKD based on our analyses of independent sets of human genetic data matched with longitudinal clinical data for kidney health. Through these analyses, we identified a link between loss-of-function variants in SLC6A19 with improved renal function and protection from CKD. As illustrated in Figure 12 below, SLC6A19 variants plotted by allele frequency on the X-axis were statistically significantly associated (p< 5x10-8 ) with improvement in kidney function (as measured by decreases in serum creatinine) on the Y-axis. One loss-of-function missense variant (D173N) had the largest beneficial effect on kidney function.

Figure 12: Analysis of matched clinical-genetic data from the UK Biobank prioritized novel CKD target SLC6A19

Analysis of the D173N loss-of-function variant and gain-of-function Expression Quantitative Trait Loci, or eQTLs, across the UK Biobank data set established a bidirectional allelic series (both protective and risk alleles) for kidney function. As shown in Figure 13 below, loss-of-function D173N variant was associated with decreased levels of serum creatinine and cystatin C, as well as increased eGFR, consistent with better kidney function. An eQTL that leads to higher levels of SLC6A19 expression was associated with increased levels of serum creatinine and cystatin C and lower eGFR, consistent with worse kidney function. Missense variants that decrease SLC6A19 activity and eQTLs that increase SLC6A19 activity have directionally opposite effects across multiple distinct biomarkers of kidney function supporting the model that loss of function in SLC6A19 protects from CKD.

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Figure 13: SLC6A19 variants had bidirectional and consistent effects across biomarkers of renal function

Preclinical models of SLC6A19 inhibition

To gain further confidence in SLC6A19 as a relevant therapeutic target for improving kidney health, we generated a preclinical knockout mouse model to recapitulate the effects of the loss-of-function protective variants. As demonstrated in the histopathological images in Figure 14 below, the kidney from a representative wild type mouse (far left) showed marked damage, as indicated by vacuolization (excessive white spaces) in the kidney parenchyma along with breakdown of the normal architecture of glomeruli (the filtration units in the kidney) in response to treatment with the proximal tubule toxin, aristolochic acid, or AAI. In contrast, the kidney from a representative SLC6A19 knockout mouse (inner left) showed normal kidney parenchyma with healthy glomeruli in response to AAI treatment. This demonstrated protection of the kidney from AAI damage in mice that did not express SLC6A19.

Further, complete knockout of SLC6A19 in this model was well tolerated with normal kidney parenchyma (far right), and no impact on body weight, eGFR or other measures of kidney health, or function of other organs. In addition, Hartnup syndrome, a genetic disorder in which individuals are homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in SLC6A19, is characterized by benign loss of amino acids in urine. Patients with Hartnup syndrome can live healthy lives with appropriate dietary supplementation. Heterozygous Hartnup carriers are clinically normal without intervention. Together, these observations provide in vivo evidence that pharmacologic inhibition of SLC6A19 function could be well tolerated in patients with CKD and protect the kidney from injury.

Figure 14: Targeted genetic knockout of SLC6A19 in a preclinical model protected against AAI-induced kidney injury

Correlation of SLC6A19 inhibition with clinically meaningful effect

Individuals with one copy of the D173N variant displayed clinically meaningful protection of kidney function in the UK Biobank data set. Functionalization of this variant enabled us to estimate the degree of inhibition required for a clinically significant effect. SCL6A19 harboring the protective D173N variant and other variants associated with SLC6A19 loss-of-function were expressed in a Xenopus oocyte system. Introduction of the D173N mutation resulted in an approximately 50% decrease in transporter activity as measured by uptake of the neutral amino acid, leucine, a natural cargo for the transporter, compared to wild type SLC6A19. Because a protective effect on kidney function is seen in the presence of a single copy of the D173N variant, these data suggest that a clinically meaningful effect could be seen with as little as 50% inhibition of the target.

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Discovery of MZE782

Based on our genetic analyses, loss-of-function variants were protective against kidney dysfunction in human beings against kidney injury in the preclinical AAI treatment model. As a result, we launched a drug discovery program to identify small molecule inhibitors of SLC6A19 function. Inhibitors of SLC6A19 were identified in a screen of 200,000 compounds in a cellular fluorometric membrane potential assay. Several hit series were identified (potencies <10 µM), and the acquisition of dozens of Cryo-EM protein-ligand complex structures revealed that all compounds bound in a specific, cryptic allosteric pocket. Structurally enabled hybridization of the hit series and further optimization using a cellular radiometric leucine uptake assay produced compounds with potencies <500 nM. Further lead optimization benefited from the introduction of polarity which allowed for the best balance of potency and in vivo pharmacokinetic performance. Ultimately, our efforts resulted in MZE782, with an IC50 < 300 nM reflecting a ten-fold improvement in potency compared to the initial hit.

Development of translational biomarkers of SLC6A19 inhibition

Because SLC6A19 transports (and therefore, reabsorbs) neutral amino acids from the urine back into the bloodstream, the excretion of neutral amino acids in the urine should allow for the measure of SLC6A19 inhibition in the kidney. A mouse tool compound, MZ-401, was dosed at 100, 300 and 1000 milligrams per kilogram in a mouse model of phenylketonuria, Pahenu2, in which circulating levels of phenylalanine, or Phe, are elevated. Urine was collected for eight hours post-dose and urinary levels of Phe, glutamine, or Gln, and creatinine were determined by an LC-MS assay. As depicted in Figure 15 below, we observed dose dependent increases in urinary Phe (left) and Gln (right) normalized to creatinine. Although the levels of circulating Phe, but not Gln, are elevated in this specific mouse strain, we believe these data still confirm the utility of urinary excretion of neutral amino acids as a relevant pharmacodynamic measure with which to establish an exposure-response with SLC6A19 inhibition. MZ-401 induced dose dependent increases in urinary phenylalanine and glutamine, consistent with >50% target engagement based on genetic analysis of humans and mice.

Figure 15: A Maze SLC6A19 inhibitor (MZ-401) achieved a response consistent with >50% target engagement based on dose dependent increases in urinary neutral amino acids

MZE782 clinical development plans

We expect our first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial for MZE782 to be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single and multiple ascending dose study in healthy volunteers that will evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as measured by urinary excretion of known SLC6A19 cargo, e.g., neutral amino acids. We expect the Phase 1 trial to demonstrate clinical proof of mechanism and inform our approach to dose selection for subsequent Phase 2 trials in CKD patients. We expect to submit an IND to the FDA for MZE782 in   .

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Based on supporting data from Phase 1, our current plan is for Phase 2 to focus on CKD patients with inadequate response to the current standard of care. Our ongoing analysis of matched genetic-clinical-metabolomic data in CKD cohorts and exploration of metabolite profiles in these data sets as well as in our Phase 1 cohort may lead to potential approaches to further stratify patient sub-populations for our Phase 2 program.

Other development opportunities including small molecule research in CVRM

In addition to our two lead programs in CKD, we have research and development efforts underway for our next-generation programs in common diseases. We are focusing our early research efforts and evaluating genetic targets in CVRM diseases, including obesity, driven in part by the emerging understanding of the interconnectivity of these common diseases.

For kidney disease, we plan to continue to explore the multiple targets that we have identified, and apply the knowledge and methodologies built from the development of MZE829 and MZE782 to explore additional indications and targets.

Patients who are more likely to develop CKD and other diseases such as HF typically have similar comorbidities, including obesity, and we believe our precision medicine approach through our Compass platform will allow for additional targets in these therapeutic areas. We aspire to ultimately guide the development of new medicines utilizing new genetic insights to identify valid targets and discover therapeutic agents designed to mimic the activity of protective genetic variants or correct the effects of toxic genetic variants. We expect that our commitment to a pragmatic development approach will improve the likelihood of success and patient impact.

In metabolism, we have identified a key set of potential targets to address obesity and are utilizing our statistical, computational and functional genomics research engine to explore non-central nervous system-driven mechanisms that affect body mass index and weight distribution. With our programs, we will look to complement the existing CKD therapy of GLP-1 agonists, which are primarily driven by a central nervous system mechanism of action, and potentially address the unmet needs of patients who do not respond or cannot tolerate the current therapeutic options, or seek a maintenance option for ongoing weight control.

Our partnered programs

Using our Compass platform, we have validated targets and new therapeutic approaches targeting diseases outside of our core focus areas, including neurology, ophthalmology and rare diseases. We have entered into partnership arrangements with third parties with respect to several of these targets. These programs are not only sources of revenue, but also demonstrate the power of our Compass platform.

MZE001 for Pompe disease

Our first program to enter the clinic, MZE001, has the potential to be a novel therapeutic approach to treating Pompe disease. MZE001 is an investigational oral, small molecule inhibitor of muscle-specific glycogen synthase, or glycogen synthase 1, which is encoded by the gene glycogen synthase 1, aimed at reducing the glycogen concentration in muscles.

Pompe disease is a rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the gene coding for acid alpha-glucosidase that can lead to the buildup of glycogen, a complex sugar, in skeletal, respiratory and cardiac muscle resulting in progressive weakness, HF and respiratory compromise. Shionogi, the licensee for this program, estimates that approximately 50,000 patients are living with Pompe disease worldwide.

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The Compass platform enabled Maze to progress a therapeutic candidate, MZE001, from discovery to the clinic within approximately three years. Our first-in-human trial, which was completed in December 2022, demonstrated proof of mechanism in healthy volunteers, suggesting MZE001’s potential as an oral therapy for the treatment of patients with Pompe disease. MZE001 has the potential to be used either as a monotherapy or as an add-on to enzyme replacement therapy, the current standard of care.

In March 2024, we exclusively licensed MZE001 to Shionogi for the rights to develop and commercialize MZE001. Under the terms of the agreement, Shionogi acquired an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize MZE001 as well as related compounds, know-how and intellectual property. Shionogi paid an upfront fee of $150 million, and we will be eligible to receive milestone payments based on development, regulatory and commercial achievements plus tiered royalties based upon future net sales.

Application of our Compass platform to advance MZE001

The buildup of glycogen in skeletal, respiratory and cardiac muscle tissues is the primary driver of disease progression in patients with Pompe disease. While enzyme replacement therapy, the current standard of care, has brought significant benefit to patients, glycogen accumulation in muscle continues to allow the disease to progress, specifically impacting ambulation and respiratory function, and has been only partially effective at clearing toxic glycogen accumulation in these tissues.

Inhibition of muscle glycogen synthase is a form of substrate reduction therapy, which has the potential to decrease muscle glycogen synthesis and its subsequent accumulation. By leveraging large sources of matched, genetic and longitudinal clinical data with our Compass platform, we sought to address longstanding questions around safety and efficacy that previously precluded the development of a substrate reduction therapy, and designed MZE001 to address the therapeutic gap in current standard of care.

While glycogen synthase 1 has long been a therapeutic target of interest, there were two main challenges to previous drug targeting efforts. First, there were concerns about the unknown clinical safety implications of chronically lowering muscle glycogen levels. Second, glycogen synthase 1 is a complex protein, closely related to liver-specific glycogen synthase 2, which plays an important role in glucose control. While both enzymes are tetramers made up of two asymmetric dimers, their molecular structures were unknown. As a result, efforts to target glycogen synthase 1 without inhibiting glycogen synthase 2 had proven difficult. Through the use of our Compass platform, we were able to overcome both of these challenges.

First, our Compass platform provided insight into the impact of chronic reduction in muscle glycogen levels and identified a likely therapeutic window. PPP1R3A, a gene that encodes the protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A, is a key regulatory protein in the glycogen metabolic pathway. A common variant in the PPP1R3A gene involving a frameshift mutation predicted to lead to a truncated form of the protein was previously identified in healthy European individuals. In a study using magnetic resonance spectroscopy in individuals with this PPP1R3A gene variant, those heterozygous for the mutation were found to have chronically lower levels of muscle glycogen, by as much as 65%. These individuals were not found to have any associated clinical abnormalities. We were able to confirm and expand on this finding using our Compass platform by analyzing a much larger data set of individuals with the PPP1R3A gene variant, including a small number of individuals homozygous for the PPP1R3A frameshift mutation. In both heterozygous and homozygous states, no clinically relevant differences in exercise capacity, cardiac function or glucose levels could be detected compared to reference control populations. These findings provided reassurance that a wide therapeutic index would support substrate reduction therapy for Pompe disease.

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Second, our Compass platform used both novel chemical matter and advanced molecular visualization technologies, including Cryo-EM, to solve the molecular structure of glycogen synthase 1. This identified a previously cryptic allosteric binding site that ultimately informed the development of a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor, MZE001.

Neurology portfolio: ATXN2 and UNC13A

Overview of ALS

ALS is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the upper and lower motor neurons, ultimately resulting in the loss of muscle control. Gradual onset of progressive muscle weakness is the most common initial symptom, which leads to difficulty in speaking, chewing, swallowing and breathing. The time from first symptom to diagnosis is approximately 12 months with death, typically from neuromuscular respiratory failure, occurring within three to five years of symptom onset. Up to 50% of patients with ALS develop cognitive impairment associated with frontotemporal dementia, or FTD. The cumulative lifetime risk of ALS is about 1 in 400 and the incidence is one to two per 100,000 people per year, equating to about 5,760 to 6,400 new diagnoses annually. The total number of cases is approximately five per 100,000 people and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates the prevalence of ALS in the United States is approximately 16,000 patients.

While many of the genetic drivers underlying ALS are known, a high variability in disease phenotype is observed. A small number of ALS patients live well beyond the three to five-year life expectancy. With differences in life expectancy not explained by the underlying mutations, genetic modifiers are likely present.

ATXN2 program

In earlier studies of model organisms, we identified ATXN2 as a genetic modifier whereby the inhibition was shown to limit the toxicity of a protein, TDP-43, found to be pathologically aggregated in up to 97% of all ALS patients. We subsequently validated the function of ATXN2 as a genetic modifier using our Compass platform. We utilized our functional genomics and human genetics tools to develop a microRNA gene therapy that targets ATXN2 to reduce aggregation of TDP-43.

In May 2024, we exclusively licensed our ATXN2 program to a biotechnology company. As consideration for such license, we received upfront payment, and we will be eligible to receive milestone payments upon the completion of certain regulatory, development and commercial achievements, as well as royalties based upon future annual net sales.

UNC13A program

Genome-wide association studies have established that single genetic traits, or variants, in the UNC13A gene are associated with ALS and FTD in humans, but how those variants increase the risk for disease was previously unknown. Maze and its partners uncovered a connection between genetic variation in UNC13A, a gene critical to the function of the nervous system, and the abnormal build-up of TDP-43, a hallmark molecular characteristic of ALS and FTD. These findings were published in Nature, and fill a long-standing gap in the understanding of how ALS and FTD, two serious neurodegenerative diseases that have no known cures or broadly effective treatments, develop. These findings were further validated in in vitro models that showed that removal of TDP-43 from the nucleus causes cryptic exons to form in UNC13A which, in turn, decreased the levels of the UNC13A protein. We built our Compass platform with the aim of finding genetic insights like this, which is a key step in translating such genetic insights into therapies for patients.

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In April 2024, we exclusively licensed our UNC13A program to a biotechnology company focused on neurogenerative diseases. As consideration for such license, we received an upfront payment, and we will be eligible to receive milestone payments upon the completion of certain development, regulatory and commercial achievements, as well as royalties based upon future annual net sales.

Ophthalmology portfolio

Our work in ophthalmology is another example of the application of our Compass platform and variant functionalization at work, where we identified and characterized the genetic relevance of ANGPTL7 as a potential drug target for certain ophthalmic diseases like glaucoma. We identified certain genetic variants that enabled us to derive insight into how natural human genetic diversity correlates with the clinical diagnosis of glaucoma and with enhanced elevated or diminished reduced intraocular pressure, a risk factor for glaucoma and glaucoma risk. Next, we identified targets for therapeutic intervention with an established role in human biology. Out of these targets, we found multiple rare protein-altering variants in one putative target, the gene ANGPTL7, that were associated with lower IOP and reduced risk for glaucoma. In November 2020, together with Alloy Therapeutics, Inc., or Alloy, we created Broadwing, a spin-out company to develop antibody therapies for ANGPTL7 and another undisclosed target in ophthalmic disease for geographic atrophy, targets that were genetically validated by our Compass platform. We made an initial cash and in-kind contributions, including facilities and operational services, to Broadwing in exchange for a 50% equity interest. Alloy contributed cash and its antibody discovery services for the other 50% equity interest.

Our Compass platform

Our pipeline of precision medicine candidates is built upon our Compass platform. Our Compass platform supports end-to-end variant identification and functionalization capabilities and methodologies for drug development, and has been purpose-built to inform different phases of our drug discovery and development process through clinical trial design. We believe we are the first company to implement these elements at scale, which may provide us with an advantage in successfully developing precision medicines across a range of indications.

We believe variant functionalization, the process of understanding how genetic variants affect the function of a target protein, is a foundational aspect of precision medicine. Variant functionalization through our Compass platform allows us to elevate drug discovery tractability considerations as a component of target selection. Our approach to developing new, transformational therapies for common diseases is premised on understanding how genetic variants impact the function of target proteins, which in turn provides insight into how best to modulate the identified target variant and an understanding of patient populations that will benefit. We believe this approach enables highly predictive identification and validation of those genetically supported targets that are most likely to have clinical relevance and actionability, thereby increasing the probability for clinical success and accelerating the expansion of our candidate pipeline.

In addition to variant functionalization, our Compass platform and its associated methodologies give us the ability to aggregate matched, genetic and longitudinal clinical datasets at scale to identify genes associated with disease, but more importantly, to determine how genetic variants of these genes provide insight into a therapeutic approach to the applicable target. Targets are then prioritized based on their roles in biological pathways, their roles as potential drivers of disease, and their structural properties, using machine learning and statistical modeling, variant functionalization tools, and traditional and computational drug discovery technologies. These insights ultimately inform our clinical development and patient selection strategies, which we believe have the potential to improve the overall likelihood of technical, regulatory and commercial success of our medicines. The power of our platform and its methodologies is best exhibited through our clinical and preclinical programs, and multiple contributions to the scientific community over the past five years.

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We have built and utilized the Compass platform upon the confluence of three ongoing advancements to gain an understanding of the relationship between genes, the protein products encoded by these genes, and specific, observable human characteristics, or traits and to translate these insights into innovative therapeutics. These trends are: the increasing availability of human genetic data paired with clinical data; the rapid evolution of experimental functional genomic technologies that can probe gene function and interactions between genes in parallel; and advances in computational power and speed that enable the integration and analysis of vast amounts of data.

In summary, the Compass platform provides us with a differentiated ability to: analyze and visualize the vast and proliferating volume of patient-level genetic data and paired clinical data worldwide with efficiency and speed, augmented with advanced data science tools and technologies; experimentally validate and characterize the linkages between specific genes and diseases identified through our data mining activities and the strategic application of advanced functional genomic technologies; and apply insights derived through variant functionalization and structure-based design to develop an optimal therapy for the intended target.

Competition

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on intellectual property. While we believe that our Compass platform and our knowledge, experience and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions, among others.

Any therapeutic candidates that we or our partners successfully develop and commercialize may compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future that are approved to treat the same indications for which we or our partners may obtain approval for our or their therapeutic candidates. It is also possible that we or our partners may face competition from other pharmaceutical approaches as well as other types of therapies. The key competitive factors affecting the success of all our programs, if approved, include, but are not limited to be their efficacy, safety, convenience, adoption by prescribers, price, level of generic competition, and availability of reimbursement.

We may face competition from companies developing therapies for CKD and related nephropathies, including but not limited to:

• |  | Established therapies: including RAAS inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists.

• |  | Novel mechanisms: various companies developing therapies targeting different pathways implicated in CKD progression.

While there are currently no approved therapies for AKD, we are aware of companies advancing therapeutic candidates in clinical trials that target APOL1.

Our second most advanced lead program, MZE782, is a small molecule targeting SLC6A19, a novel target in CKD. While there are no currently approved therapies directly modulating SLC6A19, we may face competition from other companies pursuing programs targeting SLC6A19 or alternative approaches for renal indications.

Many of our current or potential competitors, either alone or with their collaboration partners, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and marketing approved products than we do.

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These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Mergers and acquisitions in the biopharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through partnership arrangements with large and established companies.

Further, precision medicine is a rapidly developing field, with increasing usage within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry of machine learning and AI technologies to analyze genetic data. While we believe our Compass platform has advantages over potential competitors based on our experience in variant functionalization, our access to genetic databases, and the length of time that we have been engaged in developing precision medicine, other companies may have greater resources or the ability to acquire more advanced technology to identify targets and may acquire access to the same genetic data that we utilize. We may not be able to keep up with the pace of innovation that is occurring in our field, and we may face increasing competition in developing precision medicines.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other applicable regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

Intellectual property

Intellectual property is of vital importance in our field and in biotechnology generally. We seek to protect and enhance proprietary technologies, inventions, and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business by seeking, maintaining, and defending intellectual property rights, including patent rights. We may also seek to rely on regulatory protection afforded through inclusion in expedited development and review, data exclusivity, market exclusivity and/or patent term extensions where available.

Our commercial success will depend in part on obtaining and maintaining patent protection of our current and future therapeutic candidates and the methods used to develop and manufacture them, as well as successfully defending our patents against third-party challenges, and operating without infringing on, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property and proprietary rights of others. The development of our therapeutic candidates is at a relatively early stage and as a consequence, our patent portfolio is also at an early stage. We cannot be sure that patents will be granted based on our currently pending patent applications or patent applications we may file in the future. Nor can we be sure that any of our granted patents or patents that may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our therapeutic candidates, technologies and processes. In addition, any patents that we may hold, whether owned or licensed, may be challenged, circumvented or invalidated by third parties.

The term of individual patents depends upon the law in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries, including the United States, the term of a patent is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application, unless otherwise extended or adjusted. U.S. non-provisional applications and/or Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, applications may be filed that claim priority to an earlier-filed patent application, provided that the earlier-filed patent application was filed within 12 months of the U.S. non-provisional or PCT filing date. The PCT system allows for the designation of PCT member states in which national or regional patent applications may later be pursued. A PCT application cannot mature into a patent

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until, among other things, one or more national or regional stage patent applications are filed within the applicable time limit, which is generally 30 or 31 months from the PCT application’s earliest priority date, depending on the jurisdiction.

The ability to obtain patent protection and the degree of such protection depends on several factors, including whether an invention is directed to patentable subject matter, the novelty and non-obviousness of the claimed invention, and the ability to satisfy the requirements of applicable patent laws, such as enablement and written description, in addition to other administrative requirements for obtaining a patent. In addition, the claim scope in a patent application may be significantly narrowed before a patent is issued, and the scope of issued claims can be reinterpreted or further altered even after patent issuance. Consequently, we may not obtain or maintain adequate patent protection for any of our proprietary technologies or current or future therapeutic candidates.

In addition to patent protection, we also rely on trade secrets, know-how, other proprietary information and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect and maintain the confidentiality of trade secrets and other proprietary information to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection. For example, we seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. However, such security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for such breaches. We also seek to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets by entering into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and other parties who have access to such information. These agreements generally provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. Our agreements with employees also generally provide that all inventions conceived by the employee in the course of employment with us or from the employee’s use of our confidential information are our exclusive property. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our trade secrets or other proprietary information or has been involved in the development of intellectual property. Additionally, these agreements can be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. Moreover, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors, and to the extent that our employees, consultants, contractors or partners use intellectual property or proprietary information owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to our intellectual property rights. For all of these reasons, we may not be able to adequately protect proprietary information, trade secrets, know-how and inventions important to the development of our business.

The intellectual property positions of biotechnology companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. Our commercial success will also depend in part on avoiding infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property and proprietary rights of third parties. Third-party patents could require us to alter our development or commercial strategies, or our products or processes, obtain licenses or cease certain activities. Our breach of any license agreements or our failure to obtain a license to proprietary rights required to develop or commercialize our future products may have a material adverse impact on us. For more information regarding the risks related to intellectual property, see “Risk factors—Risks related to intellectual property.”

Our policy is to seek patent protection for the technologies, inventions and improvements that we develop and that we consider important to the advancement of our business. As of June 5, 2024, we have two issued U.S. patents, including a patent covering MZE001, which expires in 2042 unless extended or otherwise adjusted, and a patent covering MZE829, which expires in 2043 unless extended or otherwise adjusted. We have eight

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pending U.S. provisional patent applications, ten pending PCT patent applications, seven pending U.S. non-provisional patent applications, and over fifty pending foreign patent applications.

We have exclusively licensed our GYS1 patent portfolio to Shionogi. We have exclusively licensed our patent portfolios relating to ATXN2 gene therapy and UNC13A ASOs to other biotechnology companies. Pursuant to these agreements, we no longer have control of the prosecution of the issued patents and pending patent applications in each of these portfolios. We cannot guarantee that our licensees will successfully develop, obtain marketing authorization for, or commercialize products that would result in our receiving royalties pursuant to such license agreements.

Manufacturing

We do not have any clinical manufacturing facilities. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, including foreign CMOs, for clinical manufacturing of MZE829, MZE782 and our future therapeutic candidates, as well as for commercial manufacturing if our therapeutic candidates receive marketing approval.

We use multiple CMOs, including foreign CMOs, to manufacture our clinical-stage therapeutic candidates to conduct our clinical trials. As part of our strategy, we seek to develop or advance therapeutic candidates that can be produced cost-effectively at contract manufacturing facilities without the need for unusual manufacturing equipment. All of our current therapeutic candidates are small molecule drug products that we believe will require between 12 and 14 months to manufacture from initiation of drug substance manufacturing to completion of drug product, assuming we are able to obtain manufacturing slots with the appropriate CMOs.

We expect to enter into commercial supply agreements with commercial manufacturers prior to any potential approval of any of our therapeutic candidates. We believe our current CMOs are able to adequately support manufacturing for our current and planned clinical trials and additional CMOs may be onboarded at later stages of clinical development and commercialization.

To the extent any of our therapeutic candidates require companion diagnostics, which are assays or tests to identify an appropriate patient population, we generally rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to manufacture such assays or tests.

Governmental regulation and product approval

Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries and jurisdictions, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, post-approval monitoring and reporting, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. The processes for obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States and in foreign countries and jurisdictions, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations and other regulatory authorities, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

FDA approval process

In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Pharmaceutical products—such as small molecule drugs and biological products, or

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biologics—used for the prevention, treatment, or cure of a disease or condition of a human being are subject to regulation under the FDCA. Failure to comply with applicable United States requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as clinical hold, FDA refusal to approve pending new drug applications, or NDAs, warning or untitled letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution.

Pharmaceutical product development for a new product or certain changes to an approved product in the United States typically involves preclinical laboratory and animal tests, the submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before clinical testing may commence, and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of the drug for each indication for which FDA approval is sought. Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease.

Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation, and toxicity, as well as animal trials to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements, including Good Laboratory Practices. The results of preclinical testing are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND along with other information, including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls, and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long-term nonclinical tests, such as tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals, may continue after the IND is submitted. A 30-day waiting period after the submission of each IND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If the FDA has neither commented on nor questioned the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted: (i) in compliance with federal regulations; (ii) in compliance with GCP, an international standard meant to protect the rights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators, and monitors; as well as (iii) under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on U.S. patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND.

The FDA may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time, or impose other sanctions, if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with FDA regulations or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. Imposition of a clinical hold may be full or partial. The study protocol and informed consent information for patients in clinical trials must also be submitted to an Institutional Review Board, or IRB, for approval. The IRB will also monitor the clinical trial until completed. The IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements, or may impose other conditions. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether a trial may move forward at designated checkpoints based on access to certain data from the trial.

Clinical trials to support NDAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In Phase 1, the initial introduction of the drug into healthy human subjects or patients, the product is tested to assess safety, dosage tolerance, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with drug exposure, and to obtain early evidence of a treatment effect if possible. Phase 2 usually involves trials in a limited patient population to determine the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication, determine optimal dose and regimen, and to identify common adverse effects and safety risks. If a compound demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase 2 evaluations, Phase 3 trials are undertaken to obtain additional information about clinical effects and

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confirm efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product. In most cases, the FDA requires two adequate and well-controlled Phase 3 clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the drug. In rare instances, a single Phase 3 trial may be sufficient when either (1) the trial is a large, multicenter trial demonstrating internal consistency and a statistically very persuasive finding of a clinically meaningful effect on mortality, irreversible morbidity or prevention of a disease with a potentially serious outcome and confirmation of the result in a second trial would be practically or ethically impossible or (2) the single trial is supported by other confirmatory evidence. Approval on the basis of a single trial may be subject to a requirement for additional post-approval studies.

In addition, the manufacturer of an investigational drug in a Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trial for a serious or life-threatening disease is required to make available, such as by posting on its website, its policy on evaluating and responding to requests for expanded access to such investigational drug.

After completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing and distribution of the product may begin in the United States. The NDA must include the results of all preclinical, clinical, and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls. The cost of preparing and submitting an NDA is substantial. The submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee. Under an approved NDA, the applicant is also subject to an annual program fee. These fees typically increase annually. The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be filed based on the FDA’s determination that it is adequately organized and sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is filed, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals to complete the review of NDAs. Most applications are classified as Standard Review products that are reviewed within ten months of the date the FDA files the NDA; applications classified as Priority Review are reviewed within six months of the date the FDA files the NDA. An NDA can be classified for Priority Review when the FDA determines the drug has the potential to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and, if approved, would be a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness compared to available therapies. The review process for both standard and priority reviews may be extended by the FDA for three or more additional months to consider certain late-submitted information, or information intended to clarify information already provided in the NDA submission.

The FDA may also refer applications for novel drugs, as well as drugs products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to be reviewed by an advisory committee—typically a panel that includes clinicians, statisticians and other experts—for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the NDA should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but generally follows such recommendations. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs, is satisfactory and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the claimed indication.

After the FDA evaluates the NDA and completes any clinical and manufacturing site inspections, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the NDA submission and may require substantial additional testing, or information, in order for the FDA to reconsider the application for approval. If, or when, those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing and distribution of the drug with specific prescribing information for

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specific indications. As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks to patients. A REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure a product’s safe use, or ETASU. An ETASU can include, but is not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing the product, dispensing the product only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient-specific registries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. Moreover, the FDA may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the product’s safety or efficacy.

Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved NDA, including changes in indications, product labeling, manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA, or supplement to an approved NDA, before the change can be implemented. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing original NDAs.

Fast track designation and priority review

FDA is required to facilitate the development, and expedite the review, of drugs that are intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition for which there is no effective treatment and which demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast track designation may be granted for products that are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition for which there is no effective treatment and preclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast track designation applies to both the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. Any product submitted to FDA for marketing, including under a fast track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review.

Priority review may be granted for products that are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety and effectiveness compared to available therapies. FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review.

Accelerated approval

Accelerated approval may be granted for a product that is intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and that generally provides a meaningful therapeutic advantage to patients over existing treatments. A product eligible for accelerated approval may be approved on the basis of either a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. In clinical trials, a surrogate endpoint is a measurement of laboratory or clinical signs of a disease or condition that substitutes for a direct measurement of how a patient feels, functions, or survives. The accelerated approval pathway is most often used in settings in which the course of a disease is long and an extended period of time is required to measure the intended clinical benefit of a product, even if the effect on the surrogate or intermediate clinical endpoint occurs rapidly. Thus, accelerated approval has been used extensively in the development and approval of products for treatment of a variety of cancers in which the goal of therapy is generally to improve survival or decrease morbidity and the

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duration of the typical disease course requires lengthy and sometimes large studies to demonstrate a clinical or survival benefit. The accelerated approval pathway is contingent on a sponsor’s agreement to conduct additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the product’s clinical benefit. The FDA must specify conditions for the post-approval study which may include details regarding enrollment targets, the study protocol and study milestones. These confirmatory trials must be completed with due diligence and the FDA may require that the trial be designed, initiated, and/or fully enrolled prior to submission of the application or approval. Sponsors are also required to submit regular reports regarding the progress of conducting these post-approval studies. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies in accordance with FDA’s conditions and with due diligence, or submit the progress reports as well as failure to confirm a clinical benefit during post-marketing studies, would allow the FDA to undertake enforcement action or withdraw the product from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for product candidates approved under accelerated approval regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA.

Disclosure of clinical trial information

Sponsors of clinical trials of FDA-regulated products, including drugs, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information on the website www.clinicaltrials.gov. Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, trial sites and investigators, and other aspects of a clinical trial are then made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligated to disclose the results of their clinical trials after completion. Disclosure of the results of clinical trials can be delayed in certain circumstances for up to two years after the date of completion of the trial. Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the progress of clinical development programs as well as clinical trial design.

Pediatric information

Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, NDAs or supplements to NDAs must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the drug is safe and effective. The FDA may grant full or partial waivers, or deferrals, for submission of data. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA does not apply to any drug with orphan product designation except a product with a new active ingredient that is a molecularly targeted cancer product intended for the treatment of an adult cancer and directed at a molecular target determined by FDA to be substantially relevant to the growth or progression of a pediatric cancer that is subject to an NDA submitted on or after August 18, 2020.

The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, or BPCA, provides a six-month extension of any exclusivity-patent or non-patent-for a drug if certain conditions are met. Conditions for exclusivity include the FDA’s determination that information relating to the use of a new drug in the pediatric population may produce health benefits in that population, FDA making a written request for pediatric studies, and the applicant agreeing to perform, and reporting on, the requested studies within the statutory timeframe. Applications under the BPCA are treated as priority applications, with all of the benefits that designation confers.

Post-approval requirements

Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to certain post-approval requirements. For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the Internet. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling.

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Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic safety summary reports are required following FDA approval of an NDA. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, REMS, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or the FDA may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs after approval. Drugs manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects a drug’s manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the areas of production and quality-control to maintain compliance with cGMPs. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with required regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered.

The Hatch-Waxman amendments

Orange book listing

Under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch Waxman Amendments, NDA applicants are required to identify to FDA each patent whose claims cover the applicant’s drug or approved method of using the drug. Upon approval of a drug, the applicant must update its listing of patents to the FDA in timely fashion and each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book.

Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited by potential generic competitors in support of approval of an abbreviated NDA, or ANDA. An ANDA provides for marketing of a drug product that has the same active ingredient(s), strength, route of administration, and dosage form as the listed drug and has been shown through bioequivalence testing to be therapeutically equivalent to the listed drug. An approved ANDA product is considered to be therapeutically equivalent to the listed drug. Other than the requirement for bioequivalence testing, ANDA applicants are not required to conduct, or submit results of, preclinical or clinical tests to prove the safety or effectiveness of their drug product. Drugs approved under the ANDA pathway are commonly referred to as “generic equivalents” to the listed drug and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug pursuant to each state’s laws on drug substitution.

The ANDA applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents identified for the reference listed drug in the Orange Book. Specifically, the applicant must certify to each patent in one of the following ways: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the new product. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents, or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable, is called a Paragraph IV certification. For patents listed that claim an approved method of use, under certain circumstances the ANDA applicant may also elect to submit a statement certifying that its proposed ANDA label does not contain (or carves out) any language regarding the patented method-of-use rather than certify to a listed method-of-use patent, which is called a Section VIII statement. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents through a Paragraph IV certification, the ANDA application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired. If the ANDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA-holder and patentee(s) once the ANDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA (referred to as the “notice letter”). The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in

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response to the notice letter. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of the receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA until the earlier of 30 months from the date the notice letter is received, expiration of the patent, the date of a settlement order or consent decree signed and entered by the court stating that the patent that is the subject of the certification is invalid or not infringed, or a decision in the patent case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant.

The ANDA application also will not be approved until any applicable non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product has expired. In some instances, an ANDA applicant may receive approval prior to expiration of certain non-patent exclusivity if the applicant seeks, and FDA permits, the omission of such exclusivity-protected information from the ANDA prescribing information.

Exclusivity

Upon NDA approval of a new chemical entity, or NCE, which is a drug that contains no active moiety that has been approved by FDA in any other NDA, that drug receives five years of marketing exclusivity during which FDA cannot receive any ANDA seeking approval of a generic version of that drug unless the application contains a Paragraph IV certification, in which case the application may be submitted one year prior to expiration of the NCE exclusivity. If there is no listed patent in the Orange Book, there may not be a Paragraph IV certification, and, thus, no ANDA for a generic version of the drug may be filed before the expiration of the exclusivity period.

Certain changes to an approved drug, such as the approval of a new indication, the approval of a new strength, and the approval of a new condition of use, are associated with a three-year period of exclusivity from the date of approval during which FDA cannot approve an ANDA for a generic drug that includes the change. In some instances, an ANDA applicant may receive approval prior to expiration of the three-year exclusivity if the applicant seeks, and FDA permits, the omission of such exclusivity-protected information from the ANDA package insert.

Patent term extension

The Hatch Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. Patent term extension, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. After NDA approval, owners of relevant drug patents may apply for the extension. The allowable patent term extension depends on a number of factors and is on a case by case basis, generally calculated as half of the drug’s testing phase (the time between IND application and NDA submission) and all of the review phase (the time between NDA submission and approval) that occurs after patent issuance up to a maximum of five years and subject to the 14 year cap. The time can be reduced for any time FDA determines that the applicant did not pursue approval with due diligence.

The United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. However, the USPTO may not grant an extension because of, for example, an applicant failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than requested.

The total patent term after the extension may not extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be enforced during the extension period. The application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent, and for

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patents that might expire during the application phase, the patent owner may request an interim patent extension. An interim patent extension increases the patent term by up to one year and may be renewed up to four times. For each interim patent extension granted, the post-approval patent extension is reduced by one year. The director of the USPTO must determine that approval of the drug covered by the patent for which a patent extension is being sought is likely. Interim patent extensions are not available for a drug for which an NDA has not been submitted.

FDA approval and regulation of companion diagnostics

If safe and effective use of a therapeutic product depends on an in vitro diagnostic, then the FDA generally will require approval or clearance of that diagnostic, known as a companion diagnostic, before or at the same time that the FDA approves the product. In August 2014, the FDA issued final guidance clarifying the requirements that will apply to approval of therapeutic products and in vitro companion diagnostics. According to the guidance, if FDA determines that a companion diagnostic device is essential to the safe and effective use of a new therapeutic product or indication, FDA generally will not approve the therapeutic product or new therapeutic product indication if the companion diagnostic device is not approved or cleared for that indication.

Approval or clearance of the companion diagnostic device will ensure that the device has been adequately evaluated and has adequate performance characteristics in the intended population. The review of in vitro companion diagnostics in conjunction with the review of a therapeutic product will, therefore, likely involve coordination of review by CDER and the FDA’s Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health.

Under the FDCA, in vitro diagnostics, including companion diagnostics, are regulated as medical devices. In the United States, the FDCA and its implementing regulations, and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern, among other things, medical device design and development, preclinical and clinical testing, premarket clearance or approval, registration and listing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, advertising and promotion, sales and distribution, export and import, and post-market surveillance. Unless an exemption applies, diagnostic tests require marketing clearance or approval from the FDA prior to commercial distribution. The two primary types of FDA marketing authorization applicable to a medical device are premarket notification, also called 510(k) clearance, and premarket approval, or PMA. The vast majority of companion diagnostics require PMA approval.

The PMA process, including the gathering of clinical and preclinical data and the submission to and review by the FDA, can take several years or longer. It involves a rigorous premarket review during which the applicant must prepare and provide the FDA with reasonable assurance of the device’s safety and effectiveness and information about the device and its components regarding, among other things, device design, manufacturing and labeling. PMA applications are subject to an application fee. In addition, PMAs for certain devices must generally include the results from extensive preclinical and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of the device for each indication for which FDA approval is sought. In particular, for a diagnostic, a PMA application typically requires data regarding analytical and clinical validation studies. As part of the PMA review, the FDA will typically inspect the manufacturer’s facilities for compliance with the Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which imposes elaborate testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance requirements.

PMA approval is not guaranteed, and the FDA may ultimately issue a not approvable letter to a PMA submission based on deficiencies in the application and require additional clinical trial or other data that may be expensive and time-consuming to generate and that can substantially delay approval. If the FDA’s evaluation of the PMA application is favorable, the FDA typically issues an approvable letter requiring the applicant’s agreement to specific conditions, such as changes in labeling, or specific additional information, such as submission of final labeling, in order to secure final approval of the PMA. If the FDA’s evaluation of the PMA or manufacturing

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facilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny approval of the PMA or issue a not approvable letter. A not approvable letter will outline the deficiencies in the application and, where practical, will identify what is necessary to make the PMA approvable. The FDA may also determine that additional clinical trials are necessary, in which case the PMA approval may be delayed for several months or years while the trials are conducted and then the data submitted in an amendment to the PMA. If the FDA concludes that the applicable criteria have been met, the FDA will issue a PMA for the approved indications, which can be more limited than those originally sought by the applicant. The PMA can include post-approval conditions that the FDA believes necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device, including, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale and distribution. Once granted, PMA approval may be withdrawn by the FDA if compliance with post approval requirements, conditions of approval or other regulatory standards are not maintained, or problems are identified following initial marketing.

After a device is placed on the market, it remains subject to significant regulatory requirements. Medical devices may be marketed only for the uses and indications for which they are cleared or approved. Device manufacturers must also register their establishments and list their devices with the FDA. A medical device manufacturer’s manufacturing processes and those of its suppliers are required to comply with the applicable portions of the QSR, which cover the methods and documentation of the design, testing, production, processes, controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging and shipping of medical devices. Domestic and foreign facility records and manufacturing processes are subject to periodic unscheduled inspections by the FDA.

Other U.S. healthcare laws and compliance requirements

In the United States, pharmaceutical and biotechnology company activities are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including but not limited to, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, (e.g., the Office of Inspector General and the Office for Civil Rights), the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, and individual U.S. Attorney offices within the DOJ, and state and local governments. For example, sales, marketing and scientific/educational grant programs, may have to comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions of the Social Security Act, the federal false claims laws, the privacy and security provisions of the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, and similar state laws, each as amended, as applicable.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person or entity, from knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering, recommending or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term remuneration has been interpreted broadly to include anything of value. The Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, and/or formulary managers on the other. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution. The exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly and practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchasing or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all of its facts and circumstances. Practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for protection under a statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor. In addition, the statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors are subject to change.

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Additionally, the intent standard under the Anti-Kickback Statute was amended by the ACA, to a stricter standard such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the ACA codified case law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act (discussed below).

The civil monetary penalties statute imposes penalties against any person or entity who, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.

Federal false claims laws, including the federal civil False Claims Act, prohibit, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to, or approval by, the federal government or knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government. As a result of a modification made by the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, a claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. In addition, manufacturers can be held liable under the civil False Claims Act even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims. Pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for, among other things, allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the companies’ marketing of the product for unapproved, and thus generally non-reimbursable, uses and purportedly concealing price concessions in the pricing information submitted to the government for government price reporting purposes.

HIPAA created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud or to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any money or property owned by, or under the control or custody of, any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by trick, scheme or device, a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

Also, many states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.

Data privacy and security regulations by both the federal government and the states in which business is conducted may also be applicable. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, imposes among other things, certain requirements relating to the privacy, security, transmission and breach of individually identifiable health information. HIPAA requires covered entities to limit the use and disclosure of protected health information to specifically authorized situations, and requires covered entities to implement security measures to protect health information that they maintain in electronic form. Among other things, HITECH made HIPAA’s security standards directly applicable to business associates, independent contractors or agents of covered entities that receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also created four new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.

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In addition, certain states have also adopted data privacy and security laws and regulations, which govern the processing of health-related and other personal information. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues. For example, CCPA, imposes obligations on businesses that meet certain thresholds that process the personal information of California residents (including employees based in California). These obligations include, but are not limited to, providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording California residents certain rights related to their personal information, including the ability to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for a private right of action for certain data breaches, which may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. Although the CCPA exempts some data processed in the context of clinical trials, the CCPA could increase compliance costs and potential liability. The 2020 amendments to the CCPA also created the California Privacy Protection Agency, a new enforcement agency whose sole responsibility is to enforce the CCPA and is empowered to create new CCPA regulations. Other states have also passed comprehensive privacy laws, and similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the local and federal levels, including discussion in the U.S. of a new comprehensive federal data privacy law. In addition to government activity and private rights of actions provided by some of the state privacy laws, privacy advocacy groups and technology and other industries are considering various new, additional or different self-regulatory standards that may place additional burdens on companies.

Internationally, many countries have privacy and data protection laws that create potentially complex compliance issues . For example, the EU GDPR and UK GDPR impose strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals, including, for example, requirements to establish a legal basis for processing, higher standards for obtaining consent from individuals to process their personal data, more robust disclosures to individuals and a strengthened individual data rights regime, requirements to implement safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data that requires the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards, shortened timelines for data breach notifications to appropriate data protection authorities or data subjects, limitations on retention and secondary use of information, increased requirements pertaining to health data, regulation of the transferring of personal data across jurisdiction and additional obligations when third-party processors are contracted in connection with the processing of the personal data. EU member states are tasked under the EU GDPR to enact, and have enacted, certain implementing legislation that adds to and/or further interprets the EU GDPR requirements and potentially extends the obligations and potential liability for failing to meet such obligations. Under the EU GDPR, government regulators may impose temporary or definitive bans on data processing, as well as fines of up to €20 million or 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater. Such fines would be in addition to (i) the rights of individuals to sue for damages in respect of any data privacy breach which causes them to suffer harm, (ii) the right of individual member states to impose additional sanctions over and above the administrative fines specified in the GDPR and (iii) the ability of supervisory authorities to impose orders requiring companies to modify their practices.

Additionally, the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act within the ACA, and its implementing regulations, require that certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biological and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) report annually to CMS information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made or distributed to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, the physicians and teaching hospitals and to report annually certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Manufacturers are also required to report such information regarding its relationships with physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified registered nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologist assistants and certified nurse midwives during the previous year.

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Commercial distribution of products requires compliance with state laws that require the registration of manufacturers and wholesale distributors of drug in a state, including, in certain states, manufacturers and distributors who ship products into the state even if such manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state. Some states also impose requirements on manufacturers and distributors to establish the pedigree of product in the chain of distribution, including some states that require manufacturers and others to adopt new technology capable of tracking and tracing product as it moves through the distribution chain. In addition, several states have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to establish marketing compliance programs, file periodic reports with the state, make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and other activities, and/or register their sales representatives, as well as to prohibit pharmacies and other healthcare entities from providing certain physician prescribing data to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for use in sales and marketing, and to prohibit certain other sales and marketing practices. Certain local jurisdictions also require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures. Sales and marketing activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

Violation of any of the federal and state healthcare laws described above or any other governmental regulations may result in penalties, including without limitation, significant civil, criminal and/or administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, imprisonment, injunctions, private “qui tam” actions brought by individual whistleblowers in the name of the government, refusal to enter into government contracts, oversight monitoring, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits and future earnings.

Coverage, pricing and reimbursement

Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any product candidates for which regulatory approval is obtained. In the United States and markets in other countries, sales of any products for which regulatory approval is received for commercial sale will depend, in part, on the extent to which third-party payors provide coverage, and establish adequate reimbursement levels for such products. In the United States, third-party payors include federal and state healthcare programs, private managed care providers, health insurers and other organizations. The process for determining whether a third-party payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price of a product or for establishing the reimbursement rate that such a payor will pay for the product. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price, examining the medical necessity and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical products, therapies and services, in addition to questioning their safety and efficacy. Expensive pharmaco-economic studies may need to be conducted in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of product candidates, in addition to the costs required to obtain the FDA approvals. Product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. A payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the product. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable the maintenance of price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on investment in product development.

Different pricing and reimbursement schemes exist in other countries. In the EU, governments influence the price of pharmaceutical products through their pricing and reimbursement rules and control of national health care systems that fund a large part of the cost of those products to consumers. Some jurisdictions operate

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positive and negative list systems under which products may only be marketed once a reimbursement price has been agreed. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on health care costs has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert a commercial pressure on pricing within a country.

The marketability of any product candidates for which regulatory approval is received for commercial sale may suffer if the government and other third-party payors fail to provide coverage and adequate reimbursement. In addition, emphasis on managed care in the United States has increased and is expected to continue to increase the pressure on healthcare pricing. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which regulatory approval is received, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

Healthcare reform

Healthcare reforms that have been adopted, and that may be adopted in the future, could result in further reductions in coverage and levels of reimbursement for pharmaceutical products, increases in rebates payable under U.S. government rebate programs and additional downward pressure on pharmaceutical product prices. Healthcare reform proposals recently culminated in the enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act, which will eliminate, beginning in 2025, the coverage gap under Medicare Part D by significantly lowering the enrollee maximum out-of-pocket cost and requiring manufacturers to subsidize, through a newly established manufacturer discount program, 10% of Part D enrollees’ prescription costs for brand drugs below the out-of-pocket maximum, and 20% once the out-of-pocket maximum has been reached. The Inflation Reduction Act will also allow HHS to directly negotiate the selling price of a statutorily specified number of drugs each year that CMS reimburses under Medicare Part B and Part D. Only high-expenditure single-source drugs that have been approved for at least 7 years (11 years for biologics) can qualify for negotiation, with the negotiated price taking effect two years after the selection year. Negotiations for Medicare Part D products begin in 2024 with the negotiated price taking effect in 2026, and negotiations for Medicare Part B products begin in 2026 with the negotiated price taking effect in 2028. In August 2023, HHS announced the ten Medicare Part D drugs and biologics that it selected for negotiations, and by October 1, 2023, each manufacturer of the selected drugs signed a manufacturer agreement to participate in the negotiations. HHS will announce the negotiated maximum fair prices by September 1, 2024, and this price cap, which cannot exceed a statutory ceiling price, will come into effect on January 1, 2026. A drug or biological product that has an orphan drug designation for only one rare disease or condition will be excluded from the Inflation Reduction Act’s price negotiation requirements, but loses that exclusion if it has designations for more than one rare disease or condition, or if is approved for an indication that is not within that single designated rare disease or condition, unless such additional designation or such disqualifying approvals are withdrawn by the time CMS evaluates the drug for selection for negotiation. The Inflation Reduction Act also imposes rebates on Medicare Part B and Part D drugs whose prices have increased at a rate greater than the rate of inflation. The Inflation Reduction Act permits the Secretary of HHS to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. Manufacturers that fail to comply with the Inflation Reduction Act may be subject to various penalties, some significant, including civil monetary penalties. The Inflation Reduction Act also extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in ACA marketplaces through plan year 2025. These provisions are taking effect progressively starting in 2023, although they may be subject to legal challenges. For example, the provisions related to the negotiation of selling prices of high-expenditure single-source drugs and biologics have been challenged in multiple lawsuits. Thus, while it is unclear how the

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Inflation Reduction Act will be implemented, it will likely have a significant impact on the pharmaceutical industry and the pricing of pharmaceutical products, particularly pharmaceutical products indicated for prevalent conditions. It is unclear to what extent other statutory, regulatory, and administrative initiatives will be enacted and implemented in the future.

Employees and human capital resources

As of March 31, 2024, we had   employees,   of whom were full-time and   of whom were engaged in research and development activities. Approximately   of our employees hold Ph.D., M.D. or other advanced degrees.   of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be an asset.

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. It is important that we not only attract and retain the best and brightest diverse talent, but also ensure they remain engaged and can thrive in an environment that is committed to helping them grow, succeed and contribute directly to achieving our purpose. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and motivate personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards in order to increase the success of our Company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities in the furtherance of our objectives. We also strive to foster career growth and internal mobility by providing a broad range of training, mentoring and other development opportunities.

Facilities

Our corporate headquarters is located at 171 Oyster Point Blvd., Suite 300, South San Francisco, California, where we lease and occupy approximately 67,000 square feet of office and laboratory space. Our lease, entered into on September 27, 2019, has a term of approximately 10 years.

We believe our existing facility is sufficient for our needs for the foreseeable future. To meet the future needs of our business, we may lease additional or alternate space, and we believe suitable additional or alternative space will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms.

Legal proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings. We are not currently a party to any litigation or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are probable to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

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Management

Executive officers and directors

The following table provides information, including ages as of March 31, 2024, regarding our executive officers and directors:

Name |  | Age |  |  | Position
Executive Officers: |  |  |  |  |  |
Jason Coloma, Ph.D. |  |  | 48 |  |  | Chief Executive Officer and Director
Harold S. Bernstein, M.D., Ph.D. |  |  | 64 |  |  | President, Research and Development and Chief Medical Officer
Atul Dandekar |  |  | 53 |  |  | Chief Strategy Officer
Non-Employee Directors: |  |  |  |  |  |
Charles Homcy, M.D. |  |  | 75 |  |  | Chairman of the Board, Director
Nancy C. Andrews, M.D., Ph.D. |  |  | 65 |  |  | Director
Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, Ph.D.(4) |  |  | 34 |  |  | Director
Sekar Kathiresan, M.D. |  |  | 52 |  |  | Director
Jonathan Lim, M.D. |  |  | 52 |  |  | Director
Richard Scheller, Ph.D. |  |  | 70 |  |  | Director
Catherine Angell Sohn, Pharm. D. |  |  | 71 |  |  | Director
Daniel Spiegelman |  |  | 64 |  |  | Director
Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D. |  |  | 49 |  |  | Director
Andy Tran |  |  | 29 |  |  | Director

(1) |  | Member of the Compensation Committee.

(2) |  | Member of the Audit Committee.

(3) |  | Member of the Nominating and Governance Committee.

(4) |  | Dr. Bulik-Sullivan has indicated to us that he intends to resign from the Board of Directors prior to the public filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Executive officers

Jason Coloma, Ph.D., has served as our President, Chief Executive Officer, and member of our board of directors since July 2019. Prior to that, he served as a venture partner at Third Rock Ventures, a venture capital firm, from June 2016 to July 2019. Previously, he held several roles at Roche, a multinational healthcare company, and Genentech, a biotechnology company, between August 2007 and July 2016, including Vice President & Global Therapeutic Area Head of Oncology Partnering as well as Global Head of Research Technology Partnering. Before joining Roche and Genentech, Dr. Coloma was a consultant in the life sciences practice at L.E.K. Consulting LLC, a global strategy consulting firm. He also worked in research at the University of California, San Francisco, and Cytokinetics, Incorporated, late-stage biopharmaceutical company. Dr. Coloma holds a Ph.D. and M.P.H. from the University of California, Berkeley, an M.B.A. from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, and a B.S. in Biology from the University of San Francisco.

Harold S. Bernstein M.D., Ph.D., has served as our President, Head of Research and Development, and Chief Medical Officer since October 2022. Prior to working at our company, Dr. Bernstein was Chief Medical Officer,

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Head of Global Clinical Development and Senior Vice President of Worldwide Research and Development at BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., global biotechnology company, from October 2021 to September 2022. Before that, Dr. Bernstein served as Head of Translational Medicine and Vice President of Global Medicines Development and Medical Affairs at Vertex, a biopharmaceutical company, from October 2017 to September 2021. Prior to that, Dr. Bernstein served as Head of Cardiometabolic Diseases Early Clinical Development and Executive Director at Merck & Co., Inc., multinational pharmaceutical company, from January 2013 to September 2017. Since July 2013, Dr. Bernstein has served as Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics (Cardiology) at the Mindich Child Health Development Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Dr. Bernstein also served as Professor of Pediatrics and a Senior Investigator at the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) from January 1997 to June 2013. Dr. Bernstein holds an A.B. in Biological Sciences from Harvard College and an M.Phil., Ph.D. and M.D. from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

Atul Dandekar has served as our Chief Strategy Officer since March 2021. In this role, Mr. Dandekar is responsible for our business development, partnering, portfolio management and corporate strategy. Prior to working at our company, Mr. Dandekar held various positions at Genentech, a biotechnology corporation, including Vice President and Head of Global Ophthalmology Business Franchise, from January 2014 to March 2021. Prior to Genentech, Mr. Dandekar served in various positions at Novartis AG, a multinational pharmaceutical corporation, from February 2007 to December 2013, most recently as its Senior Global Program Head, Neurology. He is the co-founder of Ollin Biosciences, a private biotechnology company. Since March 2021, Mr. Dandekar has served as a director at Broadwing, a private biotechnology company. Mr. Dandekar holds a bachelor’s degree in medicine and a masters in marketing from Mumbai University, as well as a post-graduate marketing degree from Monash University.

Non-employee directors

Charles Homcy, M.D., has served as the chairman of our board of directors since June 2018. Dr. Homcy previously served as a partner at Third Rock Ventures, a venture capital firm, from September 2010 to October 2019 where he currently serves in an advisory capacity. Dr. Homcy is also a co-founder of BridgeBio Pharma, Inc., a publicly traded biotechnology company, and has served as a member of its board of directors since November 2018, as Chairman of Pharmaceuticals since February 2019, and as lead director since February 2020. In 2003, Dr. Homcy co-founded Portola Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a clinical biotechnology company, and served as President and Chief Executive Officer until 2010. Prior to that, Dr. Homcy served as director and the President of Research and Development at Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. He was previously President of the medical research division of American Cyanamid & Chemical Corporation’s American Cyanamid-Lederle Laboratories. Dr. Homcy was a clinical professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco Medical School, and attending physician at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Hospital from 1997 to 2008. He was previously a member of the Cardiac Unit of the Massachusetts General Hospital and an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Homcy holds an A.B. in Biology and an M.D. from Johns Hopkins University and is an Emeritus Trustee. Dr. Homcy is a co-founder of multiple privately held biotechnology companies including Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., MyoKardia, Inc., Relay Therapeutics, Inc., Pliant Therapeutics Inc., and Marea Therapeutics. We believe Dr. Homcy is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his significant experience building and leading successful biotechnology companies and his scientific expertise.

Nancy C. Andrews, M.D., Ph.D., has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2021. Dr. Andrews has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer at Boston Children’s Hospital since December 2021. She is also Professor in Residence of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She was previously at Duke University from October 2007 to December 2021, where she served as Dean of the School of

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Medicine, Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology. From 2003 to 2007, she served as Dean for Basic Sciences and Graduate Studies and Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard University Medical School. From 1999 to 2003, she served as director of the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology M.D./Ph.D. Program, and the principal investigator of its MSTP grant. From 1993 to 2006, she was a biomedical research investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Dr. Andrews is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, and the National Academy of Sciences, where she currently serves as Home Secretary. She has also served on the board of trustees of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the MIT Corporation. Since July 2018, she has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Dyne Therapeutics, Inc., clinical-stage muscle disease company. Dr. Andrews has also served on the board of directors of Novartis AG, a multinational pharmaceutical corporation since February 2015, and Charles River Laboratories, Inc, a pharmaceutical company, since February 2020. She received her B.S. and M.S. from Yale University, her Ph.D. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and her M.D. from Harvard Medical School. We believe Dr. Andrews is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to her extensive scientific leadership and expertise in oncology, genetics, and pediatric research.

Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2019. From 2019 to 2023, Dr. Bulik-Sullivan served as a partner at GV, a venture capital firm. Before GV, he led machine learning at Gritstone Oncology, Inc. from October 2015 to November 2018. Prior to that, Dr. Bulik-Sullivan served as a bioinformatics analyst at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard from 2013 to 2015. His research has been published in journals including Nature, Science, Nature Biotechnology and Nature Genetics. Dr. Bulik-Sullivan holds a B.A. in Mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley and a Ph.D. in Statistical Genetics from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. We believe Dr. Bulik-Sullivan is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his experience as a venture capital investor and his scientific expertise.

Sekar Kathiresan, M.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2022. Dr. Kathiresan is the co-founder and since July 2019 has served as the Chief Executive Officer and as member of the board of directors of Verve Therapeutics, Inc. Since July 2022, Dr. Kathiresan has served on the board of directors of Relay Therapeutics, Inc. From June 1997 until September 2021, Dr. Kathiresan served as a Physician (Cardiology) at Massachusetts General Hospital, where he was also the Director of Preventative Cardiology from June 2006 to June 2016 and the Director of the Center for Genomic Medicine from April 2016 to June 2019. Dr. Kathiresan has served as an Honorary Physician in the Department of Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital since September 2021. Dr. Kathiresan served as a Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical school from July 2018 to July 2021 and is currently at Lecturer in Medicine at Harvard Medical School. From February 2008 to June 2019, Dr. Kathiresan served as a Principal Investigator at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, where he also served as a Co-Director of the Program in Medical and Population Genetics from June 2014 to June 2019. Dr. Kathiresan holds a B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School. We believe that Dr. Kathiresan is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his significant medical expertise and his significant experience researching genetics and CV disease.

Jonathan Lim, M.D., has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2019. Dr. Lim has served as a Venture Partner at ARCH Venture Partners, LLC, a venture capital firm, since December 2018. Dr. Lim co-founded Erasca, Inc., a clinical-stage precision oncology company, in July 2018 and currently serves as the Chairman of its board of directors and Chief Executive Officer. Since December 2018, Dr. Lim has also served as the Chairman and Co-founder at Boundless Bio, Inc., a biotechnology company. Dr. Lim is also the Managing Partner and Founder of City Hill, LLC, a venture capital firm. Previously, Dr. Lim co-founded Ignyta, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, in 2011 and served as the Chairman of its board of directors, President and Chief Executive Officer until its acquisition by Roche, a multinational healthcare company, in December 2018. He also previously served as Chairman and Co-founder of Bonti, Inc., a clinical-stage biotechnology company, from

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August 2015 until its October 2018 acquisition by Allergan PLC, a pharmaceutical company; Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder of Eclipse Therapeutics, LLC, a private biotechnology company, from 2011 until its 2012 acquisition by Bionomics Ltd., clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company; and President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman-then-Director of Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc., a biotechnology company, from 2003 to 2010. From 2001 to 2003, Dr. Lim was a management consultant at McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm, where he specialized in the healthcare industry. From 1999 to 2001, Dr. Lim was a recipient of a National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral Fellowship, during which time he conducted clinical outcomes research at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Lim’s prior experience also includes two years of clinical training in general surgery at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Dr. Lim received an M.P.H. in Health Care Management from Harvard University, an M.D. from McGill University, and a B.S. and M.S. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University. We believe Dr. Lim is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his significant experience building and leading successful biotechnology companies and his scientific and clinical expertise.

Richard Scheller, Ph.D., has served as a member of our board of directors since June 2019. Dr. Scheller is currently the Chair of Research and Development at BridgeBio Pharma Inc., a biotechnology company, a role he has served since January 2019, and served as a member of its board of directors from January 2018 to February 2021. He was previously the Head of Therapeutics and Chief Scientific Officer at 23andMe, Inc., a personal genomics company, from 2015 to 2019 and since early 2019 has served on that company’s board of directors. He also serves on the board of directors of Alector, Inc. From 2001 to 2014, Dr. Scheller spent 14 years at Genentech, a biotechnology company, where he was Executive Vice President of Research and Early Development. From 1982 to 2001, Dr. Scheller served on the faculty of Stanford University as a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and was an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute of Stanford University Medical Center. Since 2004, Dr. Scheller has served as an adjunct professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco. He has published more than 200 primary research papers during his career. Dr. Scheller received the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience (2010) and is a Member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine. Dr. Scheller received a Ph.D. in Chemistry from California Institute of Technology and a B.S. in Biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. We believe Dr. Scheller is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his significant experience building and leading successful biotechnology companies and his scientific expertise.

Catherine Angell Sohn, Pharm. D., has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2021. Since January 2011, Dr. Sohn has consulted for pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device and consumer healthcare companies in the areas of business strategy, business development, strategic product development and commercial launch at Sohn Health Strategies, LLC, which she founded and serves as President. Since March 2023, Dr. Sohn has served on the board of directors of Altimmune Inc, a public biopharmaceutical company, and she is a non-executive chair at BioEclipse Therapeutics, a privately held biotechnology company. Dr. Sohn serves on the board of directors of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc, a global biopharmaceutical company. Dr. Sohn served at GlaxoSmithKline plc and its predecessor companies, SmithKline Beecham and SK&F, most recently as Senior Vice President. From 1994 to 1998, she was Vice President of Worldwide Strategic Product Development for Cardiovascular, Pulmonary and Metabolic Therapeutic Areas. Earlier in her career, as an entrepreneur within a large company, she started the U.S. Vaccine Business and led the launch of SmithKline Beecham’s first vaccine in the United States and helped shape the global vaccine portfolio pipeline as a member of the International Vaccine Steering Committee. Dr. Sohn received a Pharm. D. from the University of California, San Francisco, a Corporate Directors Certificate from Harvard Business School, a Certificate of Professional Development from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and a Certificate from Berkeley Law for ESG: Navigating the Board’s Role, and is a Certified Licensing Professional Emeritus. Since 2016, she has also

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served as an Adjunct Professor at the University of California, San Francisco. We believe Dr. Sohn is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on her significant experience building and leading successful biopharmaceutical portfolios, her business development expertise and her governance experience as a public company board member.

Daniel Spiegelman has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2020. From May 2012 to February 2020, Mr. Spiegelman served as the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Biomarin Pharmaceuticals Inc., a global biotechnology company. From 1998 to 2009, Mr. Spiegelman served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at CV Therapeutics, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company acquired in 2009 by Gilead Sciences, Inc., a research-based biopharmaceutical company. From 1991 to 1998, Mr. Spiegelman was an employee at Genentech, serving most recently as its Treasurer. Mr. Spiegelman serves on the board of directors of several publicly traded biopharmaceutical companies, including as the Audit Committee Chairman at Spruce Biosciences, Inc. since September 2020, as the Audit Committee Chairman at Kyverna Therapeutics, Inc. since April 2021, and on the board of directors of vTv Therapeutics Inc. since June 2024. Mr. Spiegelman has also served on the board of directors of Tiizona Therapeutics, Inc., a privately held biotechnology company since May 2019. Mr. Spiegelman previously served as a member of the boards of directors of a number of additional publicly traded and privately held biotechnology companies, including, but not limited to, Affymax, Inc., Relypsa Inc, Anthera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Cascadian Therapeutics, Inc. Mr. Spiegelman received his B.A. in Economics and M.B.A. from Stanford University. We believe Mr. Spiegelman is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his significant experience and his significant insights into financial strategy and organizational development.

Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2018. Dr. Tong is currently a partner with Third Rock Ventures, where he has worked since May 2016. Since 2022, Dr. Tong has served as a member of the board of directors at Rapport Therapeutics, Inc. From 2018 to 2021, he served as a member of the board of directors of Nurix Therapeutics, Inc. and Asher Biotherapeutics, and as Chairman of the board of directors of Ambys Medicines, Inc. Prior to joining Third Rock Ventures, from 2016 to 2017, Dr. Tong served as Executive Chairman of the board of directors of Delinia, Inc. (acquired by Celgene Corporation in 2017), a company developing novel therapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. From 2010 to 2015, he was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Nora Therapeutics, Inc. Prior to that, from 2001 to 2010, he was a member of the founding management team at Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. where he led its corporate as well as product development activities. Earlier in his career, Dr. Tong worked at McKinsey & Company and was a founding researcher at the Harvard Bauer Center for Genomics Research Over the course of his career, Dr. Tong has raised significant capital from both equity markets and pharma partnerships, led teams from preclinical through Phase 3 development, and developed integrated science/business strategies for building innovative biotechnology companies. Dr. Tong received his educational training at the interface of molecular biology, organic chemistry, and medicine. He holds an A.B. in Biochemical Sciences from Harvard College, an A.M. in Chemistry from Harvard University, a M.M.S. in Medicine from Harvard Medical School and a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Harvard University. He brings significant operational experience in building and growing early-stage biotechnology companies. We believe Dr. Tong is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his significant experience building and leading successful biotechnology companies and his scientific expertise.

Andy Tran has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2021. Since May 2021, Mr. Tran has worked for Matrix Capital Management, a technology and life sciences investment firm, and currently serves as a Principal. From April 2018 to April 2021, Mr. Tran served as an Investment Partner at Andreessen Horowitz’s (a16z) Bio Fund, an investment fund investing in early-stage ventures in the life sciences. Mr. Tran currently serves as a member of the board of directors at GentiBio, Inc., an early stage biotherapeutics company, since September 2021. Mr. Tran also serves as a Board Observer at Recode Therapeutics. In addition, over the past several years, Mr. Tran has led investments in and served as a board observer of various private

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biotechnology companies including Scribe Therapeutics Inc., a genetic medicines company, insitro, a biopharmaceutical company, Genesis Therapeutics Inc., a biotechnology company, Asimov, Inc., a biotechnology company, and Freenome Holdings, Inc., a biotechnology company. Prior to that, Mr. Tran served in the Global Technology Investment Banking Group at Morgan Stanley from June 2017 to April 2018. From 2013 to 2017, Mr. Tran worked as a biomedical researcher at Harvard Medical School in the Department of Genetics and Synthetic Biology. Mr. Tran holds a B.A. in Bioengineering and Computer Science from Harvard University. We believe Mr. Tran is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his significant insight into building and leading successful biotechnology portfolios, working with and serving on the boards of multiple biotechnology companies, and his business development expertise.

Election of executive officers

Our executive officers are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of, our board of directors.

Family relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.

Board composition

Our board of directors currently consists of eleven members and following completion of this offering will consist of     members.     of our directors are independent within the meaning of the independent director guidelines of Nasdaq. Pursuant to our current certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated stockholders agreement, Dr. Bulik-Sullivan, Dr. Homcy, Dr. Tong and Mr. Tran have been designated to serve as members of our board of directors. Dr. Bulik-Sullivan was designated by GV 2019, L.P., Dr. Homcy and Dr. Tong were designated by Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and Mr. Tran was designated by Matrix Capital Management Master Fund LP. The amended and restated stockholders agreement and the provisions of our current certificate of incorporation that govern the election and designation of our directors will terminate in connection with this offering, after which no contractual obligations will concern the election of our directors.

Classified board of directors

In accordance with the terms of our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws that will become effective upon the completion of this offering, our board of directors will be divided into three staggered classes of directors. At each annual meeting of our stockholders, a class of directors will be subject to re-election for a three-year term. As a result, only one class of directors will be elected at each annual meeting of our stockholders, with the other classes continuing for the remainder of their respective three-year terms. Our directors will be divided among the three classes as follows:

• |  | the Class I directors will be    ,    and    and their terms will expire at the first annual meeting of our stockholders held following the completion of the offering;

• |  | the Class II directors will be    ,    and    and their terms will expire at the second annual meeting of our stockholders held following the completion of the offering; and

• |  | the Class III directors will be    ,    and    and their terms will expire at the third annual meeting of our stockholders held following the completion of the offering.

Each director’s term continues until the election and qualification of his or her successor, or his or her earlier death, resignation or removal. Our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws that will be in

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effect upon the completion of this offering authorize only our board of directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors. Any increase or decrease in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of the directors. This classification of our board of directors may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control of our company. See the section entitled “Description of capital stock—Anti-takeover provisions—Restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaw provisions” for additional information.

Director independence

In connection with this offering, we have applied to list our common stock on Nasdaq. Under the Nasdaq listing rules, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors within one year following the company’s listing date. In addition, the Nasdaq listing rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating and governance committees be independent. Under the Nasdaq listing rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of that company’s board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.

Audit committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors or any other board committee: (i) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries or (ii) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries. We intend to satisfy the audit committee independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 as of the completion of this offering. Additionally, compensation committee members must not have a relationship with us that is material to the director’s ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a compensation committee member.

Our board of directors has undertaken a review of the independence of each director and considered whether each director has a material relationship with us that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. As a result of this review, our board of directors determined that all of our directors, except for Dr. Coloma and Dr. Homcy, are “independent directors” as defined under the current Nasdaq listing standards and SEC rules and regulations. In making these determinations, our board of directors reviewed and discussed information provided by the directors and us with regard to each director’s business and personal activities and relationships as they may relate to us and our management, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director and the transactions involving them as described in the section entitled “Certain relationships and related party transactions.”

Leadership structure of the board

Our corporate governance guidelines provide our board of directors with flexibility to combine or separate the positions of chair of the board of directors and Chief Executive Officer. This structure allows our Chief Executive Officer to focus on our day-to-day business while our chairman leads our board of directors in its fundamental role of providing advice to, and oversight of, management. We believe Dr. Homcy is especially qualified for this role based on his operational and risk oversight expertise through his significant experience building and leading successful biotechnology companies and his scientific expertise. Further, our board of directors believes such separation is appropriate, as it enhances the accountability of the Chief Executive Officer to the board of directors. Dr. Homcy currently serves as the chairman of our board of directors and Dr. Coloma currently serves as our Chief Executive Officer. Our board of directors also intends to appoint a lead independent director to

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preside over executive sessions of the board and provide feedback to management, which will further strengthen the independence of the board of directors from management. Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may seek input from our stockholders on the leadership structure of the board of directors.

Role of board in risk oversight process

Risk assessment and oversight are an integral part of our governance and management processes. Our board of directors encourages management to promote a culture that incorporates risk management into our corporate strategy and day-to-day business operations. Management discusses strategic and operational risks at regular management meetings, and conducts specific strategic planning and review sessions during the year that include a focused discussion and analysis of the risks facing us. Throughout the year, senior management reviews these risks with the board of directors at regular board meetings as part of management presentations that focus on particular business functions, operations or strategies, and presents the steps taken by management to mitigate or eliminate such risks.

Our board of directors does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through our board of directors as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of our board of directors that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. While our board of directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, our audit committee is responsible for overseeing our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures. The audit committee also approves or disapproves any related person transactions. Our nominating and corporate governance committee monitors the effectiveness of our corporate governance guidelines and other compliance policies, as well as climate and other corporate sustainability risks. Our compensation committee assesses and monitors whether any of our compensation policies and programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking.

Committees of the board of directors

Our board of directors has an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and governance committee, each of which will have the composition and responsibilities described below as of the completion of this offering. Each of the below committees has a written charter approved by our board of directors. Upon completion of this offering, copies of each charter will be posted on the investor relations page of our website at www.mazetx.com. The reference to our website address in this prospectus does not include or incorporate by reference the information on our website into this prospectus. Members that serve on these committees will serve until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors.

Audit committee

Effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, our audit committee will be composed of     ,      and     , with      as the chairperson of our audit committee. Our board of directors has determined that the composition of our audit committee meets the requirements for independence under the current Nasdaq listing standards and SEC rules and regulations, and that each member of our audit committee is financially literate. In addition, our board of directors has determined that      is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 407(d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Act. This designation does not impose on him or her any duties, obligations or liabilities that are greater than are generally imposed on members of our audit committee and our board of directors. Our audit committee is directly responsible for, among other things:

• |  | selecting and hiring our independent registered public accounting firm;

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• |  | the qualifications, independence and performance of our independent registered public accounting firm;

• |  | the preparation of the audit committee report to be included in our annual proxy statement;

• |  | our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;

• |  | our controls and procedures for mitigating cybersecurity and other information technology risks, including our plans to respond to data breaches;

• |  | our accounting and financial reporting processes, including our financial statement audits and the integrity of our financial statements; and

• |  | reviewing and approving related-person transactions.

Compensation committee

Effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, our compensation committee will be composed of     ,      and     , with      as the chairperson of our compensation committee. Our board of directors has determined that each member of our compensation committee is a non-employee director, as defined by Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act, and meets the requirements for independence under the current Nasdaq listing standards and SEC rules and regulations. Our compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

• |  | evaluating, recommending, approving and reviewing executive officer compensation arrangements, plans, policies and programs;

• |  | evaluating and recommending non-employee director compensation arrangements for determination by our board of directors;

• |  | administering our cash-based and equity-based compensation plans; and

• |  | overseeing our compliance with regulatory requirements associated with the compensation of directors, executive officers and employees.

Nominating and governance committee

Effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, our nominating and governance committee will be composed of    ,      and     , with      as the chairperson of our nominating and governance committee. Our board of directors has determined that each member of our nominating and governance committee meets the requirements for independence under the current Nasdaq listing standards. Our nominating and governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

• |  | identifying, considering and recommending candidates for membership on our board of directors;

• |  | overseeing the process of evaluating the performance of our board of directors; and

• |  | advising our board of directors on environmental, social other corporate governance and compliance matters.

Compensation committee interlocks and insider participation

None of the members of our compensation committee has been an officer or employee of our company. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past year has served, as a member of the board of directors or

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compensation committee (or other board committee performing equivalent functions) of any entity that has one or more of its executive officers serving on our board of directors or compensation committee. See the section entitled “Certain relationships and related party transactions” for additional information. Prior to establishing the compensation committee, our full board of directors made decisions relating to the compensation of our officers.

Code of business conduct and ethics

Prior to the completion of this offering, our board of directors will adopt a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including our Chief Executive Officer, President and other executive and senior officers. The full text of our code of business conduct and ethics will be posted on the investor relations page of our website at www.mazetx.com. The reference to our website address in this prospectus does not include or incorporate by reference the information on our website into this prospectus. We intend to disclose future amendments to certain provisions of our code of business conduct and ethics, or waivers of these provisions, on our website at www.mazetx.com or in public filings to the extent required by the applicable rules.

Non-employee director compensation

Our employee directors have not received any compensation or reimbursement of any expenses (other than customary expenses in connection with the attendance of meetings of our board of directors) for their services as directors for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation paid to certain of our non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Name |  | Fees earned or paid in cash ($) |  |  | Option awards ($)(1)(2) |  |  | All other compensation ($) |  |  | Total ($) |
Charles Homcy, M.D. |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74,696 |  |  |  | 240,000 | (3) |  |  | 314,696 |
Nancy C. Andrews, M.D., Ph.D. |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 74,696 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 109,696 |
Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, Ph.D. |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Sekar Kathiresan, M.D. |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,000 |
Jonathan Lim, M.D. |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |  | 74,696 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 94,696 |
Richard Scheller, Ph.D. |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | 74,696 |  |  |  | 60,000 | (4) |  |  | 174,696 |
Catherine Angell Sohn, Pharm. D. |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 74,696 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 109,696 |
Daniel Spiegelman |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | 74,696 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 114,696 |
Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D. |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Andy Tran |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

(1) |  | Amounts reflect the full grant date fair value of awards of stock or options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 computed in accordance with ASC Topic 718, rather than the amounts paid to or realized by the named individual.

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(2) |  | The following table sets forth the aggregate number of shares of our common stock subject to outstanding options held by our non-employee directors as of December 31, 2023:

Name |  | Number of shares underlying options held as of December 31, 2023 |
Charles Homcy, M.D. |  |  | 830,000 |
Nancy C. Andrews, M.D., Ph.D. |  |  | 255,000 |
Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, Ph.D. |  |  | — |
Sekar Kathiresan, M.D. |  |  | 200,000 |
Jonathan Lim, M.D. |  |  | 55,000 |
Richard Scheller, Ph.D. |  |  | 133,185 |
Catherine Angell Sohn, Pharm. D. |  |  | 255,000 |
Daniel Spiegelman |  |  | 255,000 |
Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D. |  |  | — |
Andy Tran |  |  | — |

(3) |  | Dr. Homcy received compensation pursuant to a consulting agreement entered into with us in 2019. For additional information regarding Dr. Homcy’s consulting arrangement with us, see the section entitled “Certain relationships and related party transactions — Consulting agreement with Charles Homcy, M.D.”

(4) |  | Dr. Scheller received compensation pursuant to an advisor agreement entered into with us in 2021. For additional information regarding Dr. Scheller’s advisor arrangement with us, see the section entitled “Certain relationships and related party transactions — Advisor agreement with Richard Scheller, Ph.D.”

Non-employee director compensation policy

Prior to this offering, we did not have a formal policy to provide any cash or equity compensation to our non-employee directors for their service as directors. In connection with this offering, our board of directors expects to approve annual non-employee director compensation, which will take effect following the completion of this offering.

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Executive compensation

The following tables and accompanying narrative disclosure set forth information about the compensation earned by our named executive officers during the year ended December 31, 2023. Our named executive officers, who are our principal executive officer and the two most highly compensated executive officers (other than our principal executive officer) serving as executive officers as of December 31, 2023, are:

• |  | Jason Coloma, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer;

• |  | Atul Dandekar, Chief Strategy Officer; and

• |  | Harold Bernstein, M.D., Ph.D, President, Research and Development and Chief Medical Officer.

Summary compensation table

The following table presents summary information regarding the total compensation for services rendered in all capacities that was awarded to, earned by or paid to our named executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Name and principal position |  | Year |  |  | Salary($) |  |  | Bonuses ($) |  |  | Non-equity incentive plan compensation ($)(1) |  |  | Option awards ($)(2) |  |  | All other compensation ($) |  |  | Total ($) |
Jason Coloma, Ph.D. |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 490,000 |  |  |  | 220,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,958,716 |  |  |  | 4,500 |  |  |  | 2,673,716 |
Chief Executive Officer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Harold Bernstein, M.D., Ph.D |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 510,000 |  |  |  | 204,000 |  |  |  | 75,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,500 |  |  |  | 793,500 |
President, Research and Development and Chief Medical Officer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atul Dandekar |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 398,833 |  |  |  | 158,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 447,657 |  |  |  | 4,500 |  |  |  | 1,008,990 |
Chief Strategy Officer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) |  | For additional information regarding the non-equity incentive plan compensation, see the section entitled “Annual performance-based bonuses.”

(2) |  | Represents the grant date fair value of options awarded during the year ended December 31, 2023 as computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The assumptions used in calculating the grant date fair value of the stock options reported in the Options Award column are set forth in Note 7 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Note that the amounts reported in this column reflect the aggregate accounting cost for these awards, and do not necessarily correspond to the actual economic value that may be received by each named executive officer from the options.

2023 base salaries

Base salary is the only fixed component of our named executive officers’ total cash compensation and provides competitive and stable pay to attract and retain our executives. We make annual salary decisions by taking into account competitive data, the skills and experience that each executive brings to us, and the performance contributions of each executive. The base salaries for our named executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2023 is included in the Summary compensation table above.

Annual performance-based bonuses

Annual bonuses for our executive officers are based on the achievement of corporate and, for all of the executive officers other than our Chief Executive Officer, individual performance objectives. The 2023 target bonus amounts for our named executive officers, expressed as a percentage of annual base salary, were 45% for Dr. Coloma, 40% for Dr. Bernstein and 35% for Mr. Dandekar.

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Outstanding equity awards at 2023 fiscal year-end table

The following table summarizes the number of shares of common stock underlying outstanding equity incentive plan awards for each of our named executive officers as of December 31, 2023.

|  | Option awards |
Name |  | Grant date(1) |  |  | Number of securities underlying unexercised options exercisable |  |  | Number of securities underlying unexercised options unexercisable |  |  | Equity incentive plan awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options(#) |  |  | Option exercise price($) |  |  | Option expiration date |
Jason Coloma, Ph.D. |  |  | 2/2/2021 | (2) |  |  | 4,639,583 |  |  |  | 1,910,417 | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  |  | 2/1/2031 |
Chief Executive Officer |  |  | 3/17/2022 | (4) |  |  | 412,500 |  |  |  | 487,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  |  | 3/16/2032 |
|  |  | 3/9/2023 | (5) |  |  | 146,250 |  |  |  | 633,750 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  |  | 3/8/2033 |
|  |  | 3/9/2023 | (6) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  |  | 3/8/2033 |
Harold Bernstein, M.D., Ph.D |  |  | 10/27/2022 | (7) |  |  | 1,089,375 |  |  |  | 2,645,625 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  |  | 10/26/2032 |
President, Research and Development and Chief Medical Officer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atul Dandekar |  |  | 4/12/2021 | (8) |  |  | 945,044 |  |  |  | 468,750 | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  |  | 4/11/2031 |
Chief Strategy Officer |  |  | 3/16/2022 | (4) |  |  | 126,041 |  |  |  | 148,959 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  |  | 3/15/2032 |
|  |  | 3/4/2023 | (5) |  |  | 60,937 |  |  |  | 264,063 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  |  | 3/3/2033 |

(1) |  | All outstanding stock option awards were granted under the 2019 Plan and all unvested RSAs were granted under the 2018 Plan.

(2) |  | Vests monthly over the four-year period starting on February 1, 2021, subject to continued service through such date.

(3) |  | The unvested portion of this option grant is early exercisable pursuant to the terms of the grant agreement.

(4) |  | Vests monthly over the four-year period starting on February 1, 2022, subject to continued service through such date.

(5) |  | Vests monthly over the four-year period starting on March 1, 2023, subject to continued service through such date.

(6) |  | 100% of the shares subject to the option will vest in the event (i) our stock price is equal to or greater than $8.00 per share (as may be adjusted for stock splits) on average over a 20-day trading period or (ii) if we are acquired at a stock price equal or greater than $8.00 per share (as may be adjusted for stock splits), in each case subject to the grantee’s continued service to the company through the vesting date (the “Performance Goal”). If the Performance Goal is not achieved within four years of the grant date, the option will terminate.

(7) |  | Vests as to a quarter of the shares on the one-year anniversary of October 3, 2022, and thereafter vests monthly over three years, in each case subject to continued service on each vesting date.

(8) |  | Vests as to a quarter of the shares on the one-year anniversary of March 17, 2021, and thereafter vests monthly over three years, in each case subject to continued service on each vesting date.

Employment agreements

We intend to enter into new employment agreements with certain senior management personnel in connection with this offering, including our named executive officers. We expect that each of these agreements will provide for at-will employment and include each officer’s base salary, a discretionary annual incentive bonus opportunity and standard employee benefit plan participation. We also anticipate adopting arrangements for our executive officers, including our named executive officers, that provide for payments and benefits upon a qualifying termination of employment or upon a termination in connection with a change in control of our company.

Equity compensation plans and other benefit plans

We believe that our ability to grant equity-based awards is a valuable compensation tool that enables us to attract, retain, and motivate our employees, consultants, and directors by aligning their financial interests with

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those of our stockholders. The principal features of our equity plans are summarized below. These summaries are qualified in their entirety by reference to the actual text of the plans, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

2018 Stock Option and Grant Plan

Our 2018 Plan was initially adopted by our board of directors and approved by our stockholders in November 2018. Our 2018 Plan terminated on the date that our 2019 Plan became effective (as defined and described below).

Share reserve. As of March 31, 2024, restricted stock awards, or RSAs, for      shares of restricted stock have been granted under our 2018 Plan, of which     shares are unvested and remain subject to repurchase. Only RSAs have been granted under the 2018 Plan, and no additional grants will be made under the 2018 Plan. Outstanding shares of restricted stock granted under our 2018 Plain prior to its termination will remain outstanding until they are terminated, forfeited or repurchased in accordance with the terms of the 2018 Plan and the applicable award agreements evidencing such awards.

Administration.Our board of directors or a committee thereof appointed by our board of directors, referred to as the compensation committee, administers the 2018 Plan and awards granted thereunder. While no new awards may be granted under the 2018 Plan, subject to the terms of the 2018 Plan, the compensation committee has the authority to, among other things, interpret the terms and provisions of our 2018 Plan and any award under the 2018 Plan as well as to adopt, alter and repeal rules, guidelines and practices for administration of the 2018 Plan.

Types of awards; Eligibility.Our 2018 Plan provided for the grant of incentive stock options, or ISOs, non-qualified stock options, or NQSOs, restricted stock units, or RSUs, and RSAs to our employees, directors, and consultants; provided that ISOs could only be granted to employees. Only RSAs have been granted under our 2018 Plan and no additional awards may be granted under the 2018 Plan.

Restricted Stock Awards.An RSA is an offer by us to sell shares of our common stock subject to restrictions which could lapse based on terms and conditions determined by the compensation committee, as set forth in our 2018 Plan and an award agreement. These restrictions may be based on completion of a specified period of service with us or upon the achievement of performance goals during a performance period. The compensation committee determines the price of an RSA. Unless otherwise set forth in the award agreement, vesting will cease on the date the participant no longer provides services to us, and at that time unvested shares will be subject to repurchase by us. Holders of restricted stock are entitled to vote, subject to such conditions contained in the award agreement, and are entitled to receive all dividends and distributions with respect to such shares.

Limited transferability.Unless otherwise determined by the compensation committee, shares of restricted stock granted under our 2018 Plan generally may not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged, hypothecated, given away, or in any other manner disposed of or encumbered unless (i) the transfer is in compliance with the terms of the applicable award agreement, securities laws and the 2018 Plan and (ii) the transferee consents in writing to be bound by the provisions of the 2018 Plan and applicable award agreement. Transfers of shares may also be made to certain permitted transferees specified under the 2018 Plan.

Change in control.In the event of a “Sale Event” (as defined in the 2018 Plan), all then-unvested shares of restricted stock (other than those becoming vested as a result of the Sale Event, if applicable) issued under the 2018 Plan shall be forfeited immediately prior to the effective time of any such Sale Event unless assumed, continued or substituted by the successor entity or a parent thereof, with an equitable or proportionate

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adjustment as to the number and kind of shares subject to such awards as such parties shall agree (after taking into account any acceleration under the 2018 Plan and/or pursuant to the terms of any award agreement, if applicable). In the event of the forfeiture of unvested shares of restricted stock, such shares shall be repurchased from the holder at a price per share equal to the lower of the original per share purchase price paid by the holder (subject to adjustment as provided in the 2018 Plan, if applicable) or the current fair market value of such shares, determined immediately prior to the effective time of the Sale Event. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of a Sale Event, we shall have the right, but not the obligation, to make or provide for a cash payment to the holders of unvested shares of restricted stock, without consent of the holders, in exchange for the cancellation thereof, in an amount equal to the value as determined by the compensation committee of the consideration payable on a per share basis for our common stock times the number of shares subject to such awards, to be paid at the time of such Sale Event or upon the later vesting of such awards.

Adjustments.If, as a result of any reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar change in our capital stock, the outstanding shares are increased or decreased or are exchanged for a different number or kind of shares or other securities of the company, or additional shares or new or different shares or other securities of the company or other non-cash assets are distributed with respect to such shares or other securities, in each case, without the receipt of consideration by the company, or, if, as a result of any merger or consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our the assets, the outstanding shares are converted into or exchanged for other securities of our company or any successor entity (or a parent or subsidiary thereof), the compensation committee shall make an appropriate and proportionate adjustment in (i) the number and kind of shares or other securities subject to any then outstanding awards under the 2018 Plan and (ii) the repurchase price, if any, per share subject to each outstanding award.

Amendment; termination. Our 2018 Plan was terminated upon adoption of our 2019 Plan. The compensation committee may amend or cancel any outstanding award granted under the 2018 Plan for the purpose of satisfying changes in law or for any other lawful purpose, provided that the award holder’s consent will be required if such action shall adversely affect rights under any outstanding award.

2019 Equity Incentive Plan

Our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2019 Plan, was initially adopted by our board of directors and approved by our stockholders in August 2019. Our 2019 Plan will terminate on the date that our 2024 Plan becomes effective (as defined and described below).

Share reserve. As of March 31, 2024,      shares of our common stock had been reserved for issuance pursuant to grants under our 2019 Plan, of which      remained available for grant. Only options have been granted under our 2019 Plan, and no additional grants will be made under the 2019 Plan following the date our 2024 Plan becomes effective. As of March 31, 2024, options to purchase      shares had been exercised, and      options to purchase      shares remained outstanding, with a weighted-average exercise price of $    per share. As of March 31, 2024,      shares of stock acquired upon the early exercise of options granted under our 2019 Plan remained outstanding and subject to repurchase. Outstanding options (and shares of restricted stock issued upon the early exercise of options) prior to its termination will remain outstanding until they are exercised, as applicable, or are terminated, forfeited or repurchased in accordance with the terms of the 2019 Plan and the applicable award agreements evidencing such awards.

Administration.Our board of directors, or a committee thereof appointed by our board of directors, referred to as the compensation committee, administers the 2019 Plan and awards granted thereunder. Subject to the terms of the 2019 Plan, the compensation committee has the authority to, among other things, select the persons to whom awards would be granted, construe and interpret our 2019 Plan as well as to prescribe, amend, expand, modify, and rescind or terminate rules and regulations relating to the 2019 Plan.

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Types of awards; Eligibility.Our 2019 Plan provides for the grant of the awards described below to our employees, consultants, directors and non-employee directors. Pursuant to the 2019 Plan, ISOs may be granted only to our employees. We may grant all other types of awards to our employees, directors and consultants.

Options.The 2019 Plan provides for the grant of ISOs and NQSOs. ISOs may be granted only to our employees or employees of our parent and subsidiaries. NQSOs may be granted to eligible employees, consultants and directors or any of the foregoing of our parent or subsidiaries. We are able to issue no more than 122,900,000 shares pursuant to the grant of ISOs under the 2019 Plan. The compensation committee determines the terms of each option award, provided that ISOs are subject to statutory limitations. The compensation committee also determines the exercise price for an option, provided that the exercise price of an option may not be less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant (with certain additional requirements for certain ISOs).

Options granted under the 2019 Plan vest at the rate and/or subject to performance requirements specified by the compensation committee and such vesting schedule is set forth in the option agreement to which such option grant relates. The compensation committee determines the term of options granted under the 2019 Plan, up to a term of 10 years (with certain additional requirements for certain ISOs).

After the option holder ceases to provide services to us, he or she is able to exercise his or her vested option for the period of time stated in the stock option agreement to which such option relates. Generally, the vested option will remain exercisable for three months after an optionee’s cessation of service, except in the case of termination due to death, disability or termination for cause. An option may not be exercised later than its expiration date. Any unvested shares of restricted stock issued in connection with the early exercise of an option (if any) are subject to our right to repurchase unvested shares upon the holder’s termination of service, as permitted under the 2019 Plan.

Restricted stock awards.An RSA is an offer by us to sell shares of our common stock subject to restrictions that the compensation committee may impose. These restrictions may be based on completion of a specified period of service with us or upon the achievement of performance goals during a performance period. The compensation committee determines the price of a restricted stock award. Unless otherwise set forth in the award agreement, vesting will cease on the date the participant no longer provides services to us, and at that time unvested shares will be forfeited to us or subject to repurchase by us.

Stock appreciation rights.A SAR provides for a payment, in cash or shares of our common stock, to the holder based upon the difference between the fair market value of our common stock on the date of exercise and a predetermined exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares. The exercise price of a SAR must be at least the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of grant. SARs may vest based on service or achievement of performance conditions. The maximum term of a SAR granted under our 2019 Plan is ten years from the date of grant. SARs have not been granted under the 2019 Plan.

Restricted stock units.RSUs represent the right to receive shares of our common stock at a specified date in the future, subject to forfeiture of such right due to termination of employment or failure to achieve specified performance goals. If the RSUs have not been forfeited, then on the date specified in the award agreement we will deliver to the holder of the RSUs shares of our common stock, cash or a combination of our common stock and cash as specified in the applicable award agreement. The maximum term of an RSU granted under our 2019 Plan is ten years from the date of grant. RSUs have not been granted under the 2019 Plan.

Limited transferability.Unless otherwise determined by the compensation committee, awards granted under our 2019 Plan generally may not be pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or assigned in any manner other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution.

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Change in control. In the event of an “acquisition” or “other combination” (as defined in the 2019 Plan), outstanding awards acquired under our 2019 Plan will be subject to the agreement evidencing such transaction, which need not treat all outstanding awards in an identical manner. Such agreement, without the participant’s consent, shall provide for one or more of the following: (i) the continuation of the outstanding awards (if we are the successor entity); (ii) the assumption of the outstanding awards by the surviving corporation or its parent (if any); (iii) the substitution by the surviving corporation or its parent of substantially equivalent awards for the outstanding awards; (iv) the full or partial exercisability or vesting and accelerated expiration of awards; (v) the settlement of the fair market value of the outstanding awards (whether or not then vested or exercisable) in cash, cash equivalents, or securities of the successor entity (or its parent, if any), followed by the cancellation of such awards, provided however, that such awards may be cancelled without consideration if such awards have no value, as determined by the compensation committee, in its discretion; or (vi) the termination of any outstanding award, without payment of any consideration, that was not exercised in accordance with its terms upon or before the closing of the transaction.

Adjustments.In the event that our common stock is changed by a stock dividend, recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, subdivision, combination, reclassification, or other change in our capital structure affecting shares without consideration, then in order to prevent diminution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended to be made available under the 2019 Plan (a) the number and class of shares reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan, (b) the exercise prices of and number and class of shares subject to outstanding options and SARs, and (c) the purchase prices of and/or number and class of shares subject to other outstanding awards will (to the extent appropriate) be proportionately adjusted, subject to any required action by the board of directors or the stockholders of the Company and compliance with applicable securities or other laws; provided, however, that fractions of a share will not be issued but will either be paid in cash at the fair market value of such fraction of a Share or will be rounded down to the nearest whole share, as determined by the compensation committee.

Exchange, repricing and buyout of awards. The compensation committee may, with the consent of the respective participants, issue new awards in exchange for the surrender and cancellation of any or all outstanding awards. The compensation committee may also, without prior stockholder approval, reprice, or reduce the exercise price, of options or buy an award previously granted with payment in cash, shares (including restricted stock) or other consideration, in each case, subject to the terms of the 2019 Plan.

Amendment; termination. Our 2019 Plan will terminate on the date that our 2024 Plan becomes effective. No termination or amendment of the 2019 Plan may affect any share previously issued or any then-outstanding award without the consent of the affected participant. Outstanding options may be terminated upon our dissolution or liquidation.

2024 Equity Incentive Plan

We intend to adopt the 2024 Plan that will become effective on the day prior to the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement for which this prospectus will form a part, and will serve as the successor to the 2019 Plan. The 2024 Plan authorizes the award of ISOs, NSOs, RSAs, SARs, RSUs, cash awards, performance awards and stock bonus awards. We have initially reserved    shares of our common stock, plus (a) any reserved shares not issued or subject to outstanding grants under the 2019 Plan on the effective date of the 2024 Plan, (b) shares that are subject to stock options or other awards granted under the 2019 Plan or the 2018 Plan that cease to be subject to such stock options or other awards by forfeiture or otherwise after the effective date of the 2024 Plan; (c) shares issued under the 2019 Plan or the 2018 Plan before or after the effective date of the 2024 Plan pursuant to the exercise of stock options that are, after the effective date, forfeited; (d) shares issued under the 2019 Plan or the 2018 Plan that are repurchased by the Company at the original purchase price or are

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otherwise forfeited and (e) shares that are subject to stock options or other awards under the 2019 Plan or the 2018 Plan that are used to pay the exercise price of a stock option or withheld to satisfy the withholding obligations related to any award, for issuance pursuant to awards granted under our 2024 Plan. The number of shares reserved for issuance under our 2024 Plan will increase automatically on January 1 each of 2025 through 2034 by the number of shares equal to the lesser of % of the aggregate number of outstanding shares of our common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31, or a number as may be determined by our board of directors.

In addition, the following shares will again be available for issuance pursuant to awards granted under our 2024 Plan: (a) shares subject to options or SARs granted under our 2024 Plan that cease to be subject to the option or SAR for any reason other than exercise of the option or SAR, (b) shares subject to awards granted under our 2024 Plan that are subsequently forfeited or repurchased by us at the original issue price, (c)shares subject to awards granted under our 2024 Plan that otherwise terminate without such shares being issued, (d) shares subject to awards granted under our 2024 Plan that are surrendered, cancelled or exchanged for cash or a different award (or combination thereof); and (e) shares used to pay the exercise price, or withheld to satisfy the tax withholding obligations related to an award, granted under our 2024 Plan.

Administration.Our 2024 Plan is expected to be administered by our compensation committee, all of the members of which are outside directors as defined under applicable law, or by our board of directors acting in place of our compensation committee. Subject to the terms and conditions of the 2024 Plan, the compensation committee will have the authority, among other things, to select the persons to whom awards may be granted, construe and interpret our 2024 Plan as well as to determine the terms of such awards and prescribe, amend and rescind the rules and regulations relating to the 2024 Plan or any award granted thereunder. Our 2024 Plan provides that the board of directors or compensation committee may delegate its authority, including the authority to grant awards, to one or more executive officers to the extent permitted by applicable law, provided that awards granted to non-employee directors may only be determined by our board of directors.

Types of awards; Eligibility.Our 2024 Plan provides for the grant of the awards described below to our employees, consultants, directors and non-employee directors. Pursuant to the 2024 Plan, ISOs may be granted only to our employees. We may grant all other types of awards to our employees, directors and consultants.

Options.The 2024 Plan provides for the grant of ISOs and NQSOs. ISOs may be granted only to our employees or employees of our parent, subsidiaries and affiliates. NQSOs may be granted to eligible employees, consultants and directors or any of the foregoing of our parent, subsidiaries or affiliates. We are able to issue no more than shares pursuant to the grant of ISOs under the 2024 Plan. The compensation committee determines the terms of each option award, provided that ISOs are subject to statutory limitations. The compensation committee also determines the exercise price for an option, provided that the exercise price of an option may not be less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant (with certain additional requirements for certain ISOs).

Options granted under the 2024 Plan vest at the rate and/or subject to performance requirements specified by the compensation committee and such vesting schedule is set forth in the option agreement to which such option grant relates. The compensation committee determines the term of options granted under the 2024 Plan, up to a term of 10 years (with certain additional requirements for certain ISOs).

After the option holder ceases to provide services to us, he or she is able to exercise his or her vested option for the period of time stated in the stock option agreement to which such option relates. Generally, the vested option will remain exercisable for three months after an optionee’s cessation of service, except in the case of termination due to death, disability or termination for cause. An option may not be exercised later than its expiration date.

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Restricted stock awards.An RSA is an offer by us to sell shares of our common stock subject to restrictions that the compensation committee may impose. These restrictions may be based on completion of a specified period of service with us or upon the achievement of performance goals during a performance period. The compensation committee determines the price of a restricted stock award. Unless otherwise set forth in the award agreement, vesting will cease on the date the participant no longer provides services to us, and at that time unvested shares will be forfeited to us or subject to repurchase by us.

Stock appreciation rights.A SAR provides for a payment, in cash or shares of our common stock (up to a specified maximum of shares, if determined by our compensation committee), to the holder based upon the difference between the fair market value of our common stock on the date of exercise and a predetermined exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares. The exercise price of a SAR must be at least the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of grant. SARs may vest based on service or achievement of performance conditions. The maximum term of a SAR granted under our 2024 Plan is ten years from the date of grant.

Restricted stock units.RSUs represent the right to receive shares of our common stock at a specified date in the future, subject to forfeiture of such right due to termination of employment or failure to achieve specified performance goals. If the RSUs have not been forfeited, then on the date specified in the award agreement we will deliver to the holder of the RSUs shares of our common stock, cash or a combination of our common stock and cash as specified in the applicable award agreement. The maximum term of an RSU granted under our 2024 Plan is ten years from the date of grant.

Performance awards.A performance award is an award that is based upon the attainment of performance goals, as established by the compensation committee, and other terms and conditions specified by the compensation committee, and may be settled in cash, shares (which may consist of, without limitation, restricted stock), other property, or any combination thereof. These awards are subject to forfeiture because of termination of employment or failure to achieve the performance conditions.

Stock bonus awards.A stock bonus is an award of shares of our common stock for past or future services to us. No payment from the participant is required. The compensation committee determines the number of shares to be issued as stock bonus and any restrictions on those shares. These restrictions may be based on completion of a specified period of service with us or upon the achievement of performance goals during a performance period. Unless otherwise set forth in the award agreement, vesting ceases on the date the participant no longer provides services to us, and at that time unvested shares will be forfeited to us or are subject to repurchase by us. A stock bonus award provides for payment in the form of cash, shares of our common stock or a combination thereof, based on the fair market value of shares subject such award as determined by our compensation committee.

Cash awards.A cash award is an award that is denominated in, or payable to an eligible participant solely in, cash.

Dividend equivalents rights.Dividend equivalent rights may be granted at the discretion of our compensation committee, and represent the right to receive the value of dividends, if any, paid by us in respect of the number of shares of our common stock underlying an award. Dividend equivalent rights will be subject to the same vesting or performance conditions as the underlying award and will be paid only at such time as the underlying award has become fully vested. Dividend equivalent rights may be settled in cash, shares or other property, or a combination of thereof as determined by our compensation committee.

Change of control.Our 2024 Plan provides that, in the event of a “corporate transaction” (as defined in the 2024 Plan), outstanding awards under the 2024 Plan shall be subject to the agreement evidencing the corporate transaction, which need not treat all outstanding awards in an identical manner. Any or all

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outstanding awards (i) may be continued by the company, if we are the successor entity; (ii) may be assumed or substituted by the successor corporation, or a parent or subsidiary of the successor corporation, for substantially equivalent awards (including, but not limited to, a payment in cash or the right to acquire the same consideration paid to our stockholders pursuant to the corporate transaction), in each case after taking into account appropriate adjustments for the number and kind of shares and exercise prices or (c) the successor corporation may also issue, as replacement of our outstanding shares held by a participant, substantially similar shares, or other property subject to repurchase restrictions no less favorable to the participant. In the event such successor corporation refuses to assume, substitute or replace any award in accordance with the 2024 Plan, then notwithstanding any other provision in the 2024 Plan to the contrary, each such award shall become fully vested and, as applicable, exercisable and any rights of repurchase or forfeiture restrictions thereon will lapse, immediately prior to the consummation of the corporate transaction.

If an award vests in lieu of assumption or substitution in connection with a corporate transaction as provided above, the board of directors or the compensation committee will notify the holder of such award in writing or electronically that such award will be exercisable for a period of time determined by the board of directors or the compensation committee, in its sole discretion, and such award will terminate upon the expiration of such period without consideration. Any determinations by the board of directors or the compensation committee need not treat all outstanding awards in an identical manner, and shall be final and binding on each applicable participant.

The vesting of all awards granted to our non-employee directors under our 2024 Plan shall accelerate in full in the event of a corporate transaction.

Adjustment.In the event of a change in the number or class of outstanding shares of our common stock, without consideration, by reason of a stock dividend, extraordinary dividend or distribution (whether in cash, shares, or other property, other than a regular cash dividend), recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, subdivision, combination, consolidation, reclassification, spin-off or similar change in our capital structure, proportional adjustments will be made to the number and class of shares reserved for issuance under our 2024 Plan; the exercise prices, number and class of shares subject to outstanding options or SARs; the number and class of shares subject to other outstanding awards; and any applicable maximum award limits with respect to ISOs.

Exchange, repricing and buyout of awards.Without prior stockholder approval, our compensation committee may (a) reprice options or SARs (and where such repricing is a reduction in the exercise price, the consent of the affected Participants is not required) and (b) with the consent of the respective participants, pay cash or issue new awards in exchange for the surrender and cancellation of any or all outstanding awards.

Director compensation limits. No non-employee director may receive awards under our 2024 Plan with a grant date value that when combined with cash compensation received for his or her service as a director, exceeds $    in a calendar year or $    in the calendar year of his or her initial service as a non-employee director with us.

Clawback.All awards will be subject to clawback or recoupment pursuant to any compensation clawback or recoupment policy adopted by our board of directors (or a committee thereof) or required by law, to the extent set forth in such policy or applicable agreement.

Transferability of Awards. Unless the compensation committee provides otherwise, the 2024 Plan does not allow for the transfer of awards, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and generally only the recipient of an award may exercise it during his or her lifetime.

Foreign Award Recipients. In order to comply with the laws in other countries in which we and our subsidiaries and affiliates operate or have employees or other individuals eligible for awards, the compensation committee

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will have the power and authority to modify the terms and conditions of any award granted to individuals outside the United States to comply with applicable foreign laws, establish subplans and modify exercise procedures and other terms and procedures, and take any action that the compensation committee determines to be necessary or advisable to comply with any local governmental regulatory exemptions or approvals.

Amendment and termination.Our board of directors may amend our 2024 Plan at any time, subject to stockholder approval as may be required. Our 2024 Plan will terminate ten years from the date our board of directors adopts the 2024 Plan unless it is terminated earlier as provided by the terms of the 2024 plan. No termination or amendment of the 2024 Plan may adversely affect any then-outstanding award without the consent of the affected participant, except as is necessary to comply with applicable law, regulation or rule, or as otherwise provided by the terms of the 2024 Plan.

2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

We intend to adopt our ESPP that will become effective on the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Our ESPP will permit eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount, using accumulated payroll deductions, beginning on a date to be determined by our board of directors or our compensation committee. Our ESPP is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Code, provided that the compensation committee may adopt sub-plans under our ESPP designed to be outside of the scope of Section 423 of the Code for participants who are non-U.S. residents.

Shares available.We have initially reserved    shares of our common stock for sale under our ESPP. The aggregate number of shares reserved for sale under our ESPP will increase automatically on January 1st of each of 2025 through 2034 by the number of shares equal to the lesser of % of aggregate number of shares of all classes of our common stock, plus the total number of shares of our common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31 (rounded to the nearest whole share) or a number of shares as may be determined by our board of directors or our compensation committee in any particular year. The aggregate number of shares issued over the term of our ESPP, subject to stock-splits, recapitalizations or similar events, may not exceed    shares of our common stock.

Administration.Our ESPP is expected to be administered by our compensation committee. Among other things, the administrator will have the authority to determine eligibility for participation in the ESPP, designate separate offerings under the ESPP, and construe, interpret and apply the terms of the ESPP.

Eligibility.Employees eligible to participate in any offering pursuant to the ESPP generally include any employee that is employed by us or certain of our designated subsidiaries at the beginning of the offering period. However, our compensation committee may exclude the following employees from the ESPP (other than where such exclusion is prohibited by applicable law): employees who do not meet eligibility requirements that the compensation committee may choose to impose (within the limits permitted by the Code); employees who are not employed by the company or a designated subsidiary prior to the beginning of an offering period or prior to such other time period as specified by the compensation committee, employees who have been employed for less than two years, employees who are customarily employed for 20 hours or less per week, or for five months or less in a calendar year, certain “highly compensated” employees as determined in accordance with applicable tax laws, or employees resident in a foreign jurisdiction whose participation is either prohibited under local law, or where compliance with local law would violate Section 423 of the Code, may not be eligible to participate in the ESPP or individuals who provide services to the company or any of its designated subsidiaries who are reclassified as common law employees for any reason except for federal income and employment tax purposes . In addition, any employee who owns (or is deemed to own as a result of attribution) 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of our capital stock, or the

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capital stock of one of our qualifying subsidiaries, or who will own such amount as a result of participation in the ESPP, will not be eligible to participate in the ESPP.

Offerings.Under our ESPP, eligible employees will be offered the option to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount over a series of offering periods, which may be consecutive or overlapping, through accumulated payroll deductions over the period. Each offering period may itself consist of one or more purchase periods. No offering period may be longer than 27 months.

Participation.Participating employees will be able to purchase the offered shares of our common stock by accumulating funds through payroll deductions. Participants may select a rate of payroll deduction between 1% and 15% of their eligible compensation. A participant may not purchase more than    (or such greater or lesser number as the compensation committee may determine) shares during any one purchase period. A participant may not subscribe for more than $25,000 in fair market value of shares of our common stock (determined as of the date the offering period commences) in any calendar year in which the offering is in effect, however, the administrator, in its discretion, may set a lower maximum amount of shares which may be purchased.

The purchase price for shares of our common stock purchased under the ESPP will be 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of our common stock on (i) the first trading day of the applicable offering period or (ii) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period.

Once an employee becomes a participant in an offering period, the participant will be automatically enrolled in each subsequent offering period at the same contribution level. A participant may reduce his or her contribution in accordance with procedures set forth by the compensation committee and may withdraw from participation in the ESPP at any time prior the end of an offering period, or such other time as may be specified by the compensation committee. Upon withdrawal, the accumulated payroll deductions will be returned to the participant without interest.

Adjustments upon recapitalization.If the number of outstanding shares of our common stock is changed by stock dividend, recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, subdivision, combination, reclassification or similar change in our capital structure without consideration, then our compensation committee will proportionately adjust the number and class of common stock that is available under the ESPP, the purchase price and number of shares any participant has elected to purchase as well as the maximum number of shares which may be issued under the ESPP and which may be purchased by a participant.

Change of control.In the event of a “corporate transaction” (as defined in the ESPP), each outstanding right to purchase common stock will be assumed or an equivalent option substituted by the successor corporation or a parent or a subsidiary of the successor corporation. In the event that the successor corporation refuses to assume or substitute for the purchase right, any offering period that commenced prior to the closing of the proposed change of control transaction will be shortened and terminated on a new purchase date. The new purchase date will occur on or prior to the closing of the proposed corporate transaction, and our ESPP will then terminate on the closing of the corporate transaction.

Transferability.A participant may not assign, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose of payroll deductions credited to his or her account, or any rights with regard to an election to purchase shares pursuant to the ESPP other than by will or the laws of descent or distribution.

Amendment; Termination.The administrator may amend, suspend or terminate the ESPP at any time without stockholder consent, except to the extent such amendment would increase the number of shares available for issuance under our ESPP, change the class or designation of employees eligible for participation in the ESPP or otherwise as required by law. If our ESPP is terminated, the compensation committee may elect to terminate all outstanding offering periods immediately, upon the next purchase date (which may be sooner than originally

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scheduled) or upon the last day of such offering period. If any offering period is terminated prior to its scheduled completion, all amounts credited to participants which have not been used to purchase shares will be returned to participants as soon as administratively practicable. Our ESPP will continue until the earlier to occur of (a) termination of the ESPP by our board of directors, (b) issuance of all of the shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP, or (c) the tenth anniversary of the effective date under the ESPP.

401(k) plan

We sponsor a retirement savings plan that is intended to qualify for favorable tax treatment under Section 401(a) of the Code and contains a cash or deferred feature that is intended to meet the requirements of Section 401(k) of the Code. Participants may make pre-tax and certain after-tax (Roth) salary deferral contributions to the 401(k) plan from their eligible earnings up to the statutorily prescribed annual limit under the Code. Participants who are projected to reach 50 years of age or older during a calendar year may contribute additional amounts based on the statutory limits for catch-up contributions. Participant contributions are held in trust as required by law. Currently, we match each participant’s contribution up to a safe harbor maximum of 3% of his or her eligible compensation, not to exceed $3,000 per plan year, with participants vesting immediately and fully in such matching contributions.

Other benefits

Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans on the same basis as our other employees, including our health and welfare plans.

Limitations on liability and indemnification matters

Our restated certificate of incorporation that will become effective in connection with the completion of this offering contains provisions that limit the liability of our directors and officers for monetary damages to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL. Consequently, our directors and officers will not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duties as directors or officers, except liability for:

• |  | any breach of the director’s or officer’s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders;

• |  | any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;

• |  | with respect to directors, unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions as provided in Section 174 of the DGCL; or

• |  | any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.

Our restated certificate of incorporation and our restated bylaws that will become effective in connection with the completion of this offering require us to indemnify our directors and officers to the maximum extent not prohibited by the DGCL and allow us to indemnify other employees and agents as set forth in the DGCL. Subject to certain limitations, our restated bylaws will also require us to advance expenses incurred by our directors and officers for the defense of any action for which indemnification is required or permitted, subject to very limited exceptions.

We have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into separate indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and certain of our key employees, in addition to the indemnification provided for in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws. These agreements, among other things, require us to indemnify our directors, officers and key employees for certain expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments,

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penalties, fines and settlement amounts actually incurred by these individuals in any action or proceeding arising out of their service to us or any of our subsidiaries or any other company or enterprise to which these individuals provide services at our request. Subject to certain limitations, our indemnification agreements also require us to advance expenses incurred by our directors, officers and key employees for the defense of any action for which indemnification is required or permitted.

We believe that these indemnification provisions and agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified directors, officers and key employees. We also maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors and officers for breach of their fiduciary duty. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against our directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and other stockholders. Further, a stockholder’s investment may be adversely affected to the extent that we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and executive officers as required by these indemnification provisions.

At present, there is no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors or executive officers as to which indemnification is required or permitted, and we are not aware of any threatened litigation or proceeding that may result in a claim for indemnification.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

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Certain relationships and related party transactions

In addition to the compensation arrangements, including any employment, termination of employment and change in control arrangements, with our directors and executive officers, including those discussed in the sections entitled “Management” and “Executive compensation,” the following is a description of each transaction since January 1, 2021 and each currently proposed transaction in which:

• |  | we have been or are to be a participant;

• |  | the amounts involved exceeded or will exceed the lesser of $120,000 and 1.0% of our average total assets at year-end for the prior two completed fiscal years; and

• |  | any of our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5.0% of our capital stock, or an affiliate or immediate family member of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.

Other than as described below, there have not been, nor are there any currently proposed, transactions or series of similar transactions to which we have been or will be a party other than compensation arrangements, which are described where required under the section entitled “Executive compensation.”

Series B Preferred Stock financing

From December 2020 through February 2021, we sold an aggregate of 57,563,188 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, at a price per share of $2.75 for total gross proceeds of $158.3 million. Each share of our Series B Preferred Stock will automatically convert into    shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement, or IRA, holders of our Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to certain registration rights. See the section entitled “Description of capital stock—Registration rights” for additional information.

The following table summarizes the Series B Preferred Stock purchased by members of our board of directors or their affiliates and holders of more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. The terms of these purchases were the same for all purchasers of our Series B Preferred Stock. Please refer to the section entitled “Principal stockholders” for additional information regarding the shares held by these entities.

Name of stockholder |  | Shares of Series B Preferred Stock |  |  | Total cash purchase price($) |
Entities affiliated with ARCH Ventures(1) |  |  | 12,727,272 |  |  | $ | 34,999,998 |
Entity affiliated with GV(2) |  |  | 6,363,637 |  |  | $ | 17,500,002 |
Foresite Capital Fund IV, L.P.(3) |  |  | 5,000,000 |  |  | $ | 13,750,000 |
City Hill, LLC(4) |  |  | 2,231,381 |  |  | $ | 6,136,298 |
Charles Homcy, M.D.(5) |  |  | 72,727 |  |  | $ | 199,999 |

(1) |  | Consists of shares purchased by ARCH Venture Fund X, L.P. and ARCH Venture Fund X Overage, L.P. ARCH Ventures holds more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. Jonathan Lim, M.D., a member of our board of directors, is affiliated with ARCH Ventures.

(2) |  | Consists of shares purchased by GV 2019, L.P., which, together with its affiliate GV 2023, L.P., holds more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, Ph.D. and Richard Scheller, Ph.D., each a member of our board of directors, are affiliated with GV 2019, L.P.

(3) |  | Consists of shares purchased by Foresite Capital Fund IV, L.P. and Foresite Capital Fund V, L.P., which as of such financing, held more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock.

(4) |  | Consists of shares purchased by City Hill, LLC. Jonathan Lim, M.D., a member of our board of directors, is affiliated with City Hill, LLC.

(5) |  | Consists of shares purchased by Charles Homcy, M.D., a member of our board of directors.

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Series C Preferred Stock financing

From December 2021 through March 2022, we sold an aggregate of 40,866,704 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock, at a price per share of $2.9515 for total gross proceeds of $120.6 million. Each share of our Series C Preferred Stock will automatically convert into     shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Pursuant to the IRA, holders of our Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to certain registration rights. See the section entitled “Description of capital stock—Registration rights” for additional information.

The following table summarizes the Series C Preferred Stock purchased by members of our board of directors or their affiliates and holders of more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. The terms of these purchases were the same for all purchasers of our Series C Preferred Stock. Please refer to the section entitled “Principal stockholders” for additional information regarding the shares held by these entities.

Name of stockholder |  | Shares of Series C Preferred Stock |  |  | Total cash purchase price($) |
Matrix Capital Management Master Fund L.P.(1) |  |  | 20,328,646 |  |  | $ | 59,999,998.67 |
Charles Homcy, M.D(2) |  |  | 169,405 |  |  | $ | 499,998.86 |

(1) |  | Consists of shares purchased by Matrix Capital Management Master Fund, L.P. which holds more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. Andy Tran, a member of our board of directors, is affiliated with Matrix Capital Management Master Fund, L.P.

(2) |  | Consists of shares purchased by Charles Homcy, M.D., a member of our board of directors.

Convertible promissory notes financing

From December 2023 through April 2024, we sold $40.7 million aggregate principal amount of our convertible promissory notes to certain purchasers in a private placement. The notes bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, compounded annually. Upon occurrence of an initial public offering pursuant to which all shares of our preferred stock are converted into common stock resulting in aggregate gross proceeds to us of at least $50.0 million, the outstanding convertible promissory notes shall be converted automatically into an amount of common stock equal to (i) the sum of (a) all then outstanding principal amount of convertible promissory notes, (b) all then accrued but unpaid interest and (c) all other amounts (including fees and expenses) then accrued but unpaid under the-then principal amount of convertible promissory notes outstanding multiplied by (ii) 80% of the price per share to the public of the shares of common stock issued in the initial public offering. The notes mature on December 15, 2026.

The following table summarizes the notes purchased by members of our board of directors or their affiliates and holders of more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. The terms of these purchases were the same for all purchasers of the notes. Please refer to the section entitled “Principal stockholders” for additional information regarding the shares held by these entities.

Name of stockholder |  | Aggregate principal amount of notes purchased ($) |
Entities affiliated with ARCH Ventures(1) |  | $ | 5,000,000.00 |
Affiliates of Third Rock Ventures(2). |  | $ | 10,000,000.00 |
Entity affiliated with GV(3) |  | $ | 2,500,000.00 |
Entities affiliated with Charles Homcy, M.D.(4) |  | $ | 75,000.00 |

(1) |  | Consists of notes purchased by ARCH Venture Fund X, L.P. and ARCH Venture Fund X Overage, L.P. ARCH Ventures holds more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. Jonathan Lim, M.D., a member of our board of directors, is affiliated with ARCH Ventures.

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(2) |  | Consists of notes purchased by Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. Entities affiliated with Third Rock Ventures hold more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. Charles Homcy, M.D. and Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D., each a member of our board of directors, are affiliated with Third Rock Ventures.

(3) |  | Consists of notes purchased by GV 2023, L.P. which, together with its affiliate GV 2019, L.P., holds more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, Ph.D. and Richard Scheller, Ph.D., each a member of our board of directors, are affiliated with GV 2019, L.P. and GV 2023, L.P.

(4) |  | Consists of notes purchased by Charles J. Homcy Revocable Trust UA 11/4/1998, of which Charles Homcy, M.D., a member of our board of directors, is the trustee.

Consulting agreement with Charles Homcy, M.D.

In November 2019, we entered into a consulting agreement with Charles Homcy, M.D., a member of our board of directors, for consulting services after receiving the unanimous written consent of the disinterested directors. Pursuant to the consulting agreement, we make payments of $240,000 per year to Dr. Homcy for such consulting services, payable monthly in arrears. In addition, in April 2024, Dr. Homcy was granted an option to purchase 450,000 shares of our common stock, which vest monthly over the three-year period starting March 1, 2024 subject to Dr. Homcy’s continued provision of services to the Company.

Advisor agreement with Richard Scheller, Ph.D.

In July 2021, we entered into an advisor agreement with Richard Scheller, Ph.D., a member of our board of directors, for advisory services after receiving the unanimous written consent of the disinterested directors. Pursuant to the advisor agreement, we make payments of $60,000 per year for such advisory services, payable monthly in arrears. In addition, pursuant to the advisor agreement, we granted Dr. Scheller an option to purchase 78,185 shares of our common stock under the 2019 Plan, which vested monthly over the one-year period immediately following the date of grant.

Investors’ rights agreement

We entered into the IRA with certain holders of our redeemable convertible preferred stock, including entities with which certain of our directors are affiliated and who hold more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock. These stockholders are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act following this offering. See the section entitled “Description of capital stock—Registration rights” for additional information.

Indemnification agreements

In connection with this offering, we intend to enter into new indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. The indemnification agreements, our restated certificate of incorporation and our restated bylaws will require us to indemnify our directors to the fullest extent not prohibited by Delaware law. Subject to certain limitations, our restated bylaws also require us to advance expenses incurred by our directors and executive officers. See the section entitled “Executive compensation—Limitations on liability and indemnification matters” for additional information.

Policies and procedures for related party transactions

In connection with this offering, we intend to adopt a written related person transactions policy that provides that our executive officers, directors, nominees for election as a director, beneficial owners of more than 5% of our common stock, and any members of the immediate family of and any entity affiliated with any of the foregoing persons, are not permitted to enter into a material related person transaction with us without the review and approval of our audit committee, or a committee composed solely of independent directors in the

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event it is inappropriate for our audit committee to review such transaction due to a conflict of interest. We expect the policy to provide that any request for us to enter into a transaction with an executive officer, director, nominee for election as a director, beneficial owner of more than 5% of our common stock or with any of their immediate family members or affiliates in which the amount involved exceeds the lesser of $120,000 and 1.0% of our total assets will be presented to our audit committee (or the committee composed solely of independent directors, if applicable) for review, consideration and approval. In approving or rejecting any such proposal, we expect that our audit committee (or the committee composed solely of independent directors, if applicable) will consider the relevant facts and circumstances available and deemed relevant to the audit committee (or the committee composed solely of independent directors, if applicable), including, but not limited to, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction.

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Principal stockholders

The following table and accompanying footnotes set forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock as of March 31, 2024, and as adjusted to reflect the shares of our common stock to be issued and sold in this offering, for:

• |  | each of our directors;

• |  | each of our named executive officers;

• |  | all of our current directors and executive officers as a group; and

• |  | each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Except as indicated by the footnotes below, to our knowledge, the persons and entities named in the table below have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock that they beneficially owned, subject to applicable community property laws.

Beneficial ownership prior to this offering is based on      shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024, assuming (i) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Beneficial ownership after this offering is based on     shares of our common stock outstanding, assuming (i) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into shares of our common stock outstanding as described above, (ii) the automatic conversion of all principal and accrued and unpaid interest on our outstanding convertible promissory notes into      shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and (iii)    shares of our common stock issued by us in this offering, assuming that the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase up to an additional    shares of our common stock from us in part or in full. In computing the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed to be outstanding all shares of our common stock subject to stock options held by that person or entity that are currently exercisable or that will become exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o Maze Therapeutics, Inc., 171 Oyster Point Blvd., Suite 300, South San Francisco, California 94080.

|  | Number of shares beneficially owned |  |  | Percentage of shares beneficially owned (%) |
Name of beneficial owner |  | Before offering |  |  | After offering |  |  | Before offering |  |  | After offering |
Directors and named executive officers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jason Coloma, Ph.D.(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Harold Bernstein, M.D., Ph.D(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atul Dandekar(3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charles Homcy, M.D.(4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nancy C. Andrews, M.D., Ph.D.(5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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|  | Number of shares beneficially owned |  |  | Percentage of shares beneficially owned (%) |
Name of beneficial owner |  | Before offering |  |  | After offering |  |  | Before offering |  |  | After offering |
Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, Ph.D.(6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sekar Kathiresan, M.D.(7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jonathan Lim, M.D.(8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Richard Scheller, Ph.D.(9) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Catherine Angell Sohn, Pharm. D.(10) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Daniel Spiegelman(11) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D.(12) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Andy Tran(13) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
All executive officers and directors as a group (13 persons) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other 5% stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Entities affiliated with ARCH Venture Partners and related entities(14) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Entities affiliated with GV(15) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Entities affiliated with Third Rock Ventures(16) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Matrix Capital Management Master Fund, L.P.(17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

* |  | Represents beneficial ownership of less than one percent.

(1) |  | Represents (i)      shares of common stock, of which      are unvested and subject to repurchase by the Company if Dr. Coloma ceases to provide service to the Company prior to the vesting of the shares, and (ii)      shares underlying options to purchase common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024.

(2) |  | Represents (i)      shares of common stock, of which are unvested and subject to repurchase by the Company if Dr. Bernstein ceases to provide service to the Company prior to the vesting of the shares, and (ii)     shares underlying options to purchase common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024.

(3) |  | Represents     shares of common stock, all of which are unvested and subject to repurchase by the Company if Mr. Dandekar ceases to provide service to the Company prior to the vesting of the shares.

(4) |  | Represents (i)      shares of common stock, and (iii)      shares underlying options to purchase common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024. Dr. Homcy, chair of our board of directors, was a partner of Third Rock Ventures, LLC, an affiliate of Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and Third Rock Ventures V, L.P., until October 2019 and now serves in an advisory capacity. Dr. Homcy does not have voting or dispositive power over the shares held by Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and Third Rock Ventures V, L.P. See note (16) below for more information regarding Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and Third Rock Ventures V, L.P.

(5) |  | Represents      shares underlying options to purchase common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024.

(6) |  | Represents    . Dr. Bulik-Sullivan, a member of our board of directors, is a general partner at GV., an affiliate of GV 2019, L.P. and GV 2023, L.P. Dr. Bulik-Sullivan does not have voting or dispositive power over the shares held directly by GV 2019, L.P. or GV 2023, L.P. See note (15) below for more information regarding GV 2019, L.P. and GV 2023, L.P.

(7) |  | Represents    shares underlying options to purchase common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024.

(8) |  | Represents (i) stock options of      shares of common stock of which      are unvested and subject to repurchase by the Company if Dr. Lim ceases to provide service to the Company prior to the vesting of the shares, and (ii)     shares of common stock held by City Hill, LLC. Dr. Lim, a member of our board of directors, is Managing Partner and Founder of City Hill, LLC and is a venture partner at ARCH Venture Partners, LLC, an affiliate of ARCH Venture Fund X, L.P. and ARCH Venture Fund X Overage, L.P. Dr. Lim does not have voting or dispositive power over the shares held by ARCH Venture Fund X, L.P. and ARCH Venture Fund X Overage, L.P. See note (14) below for more information regarding ARCH Venture Fund X, L.P. and ARCH Venture Fund X Overage, L.P.

(9) |  | Represents (i)      shares of common stock, of which      shares are unvested shares and subject to repurchase if Dr. Scheller ceases to provide services to the Company prior to the vesting of the shares, and (ii)      shares underlying options to purchase common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024. Dr. Scheller, a member of our board of directors, is an advisor at GV, an affiliate of GV 2019, L.P. and GV 2023, L.P. Dr. Scheller does not have voting or dispositive power over the shares held by GV 2019, L.P. and GV 2023, L.P.] See note (15) below for more information regarding GV 2019, L.P. and GV 2023, L.P.

(10) |  | Represents      shares underlying options to purchase common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024.

(11) |  | Represents      shares underlying options to purchase common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024.

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(12) |  | Represents    shares. Dr. Tong, a member of our board of directors, is a partner of Third Rock Ventures, an affiliate of Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. Dr. Tong does not have voting or dispositive power over the shares held by Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and Third Rock Ventures V, L.P. See note (16) below for more information regarding Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P.

(13) |  | Represents    shares. Mr. Tran, a member of our board of directors, is a principal at Matrix Capital Management LP. Mr. Tran does not have voting or dispositive power over the shares held by Matrix Capital Management Master Fund, L.P. See note (17) below for more information regarding Matrix Capital Management Master Fund, L.P.

(14) |  | Represents    shares held of record by ARCH Venture Fund X, L.P., or ARCH X, and shares held of record by ARCH Venture Fund X Overage, L.P., or ARCH X Overage. ARCH Venture Partners X, L.P., or AVP X LP, is the sole general partner of ARCH X. ARCH Venture Partners X Overage, L.P., or AVP X Overage LP, is the sole general partner of ARCH X Overage. ARCH Venture Partners X, LLC, or AVP X LLC, is the sole general partner of each of AVP X LP and AVP X Overage LP. Keith Crandell, Kristina Burow, Steven Gillis, and Robert Nelsen, collectively the AVP X Committee Members, comprise the investment committee of AVP X LLC. AVP X LP and AVP X Overage LP may be deemed to beneficially own the shares held by ARCH X and ARCH X Overage, respectively, AVP X LLC may be deemed to beneficially own the shares held by ARCH X and ARCH X Overage, and each of the AVP X Committee Members may be deemed to share the power to direct the disposition and vote of the shares held by ARCH X and ARCH X Overage. Each of AVP X LP, AVP X Overage LP, AVP X LLC, and the AVP X Committee Members disclaims beneficial ownership except to any pecuniary interest therein. The address of the ARCH Venture Partners entities is 8755 W. Higgins Road, Suite 1025, Chicago, IL 60631.

(15) |  | Represents     shares held of record by GV 2019, L.P. and     shares held of record by GV 2023, L.P. GV 2019 GP, L.P. (the general partner of GV 2019, L.P.), GV 2019 GP, L.L.C. (the general partner of GV 2019 GP, L.P.), Alphabet Holdings LLC (the sole member of GV 2019 GP, L.L.C.), XXVI Holdings Inc. (the sole member of Alphabet Holdings LLC), and Alphabet Inc. (the controlling stockholder of XXVI Holdings Inc.) may be deemed to share power to vote or dispose of the shares held directly by GV 2019, L.P. GV 2023 GP, L.P. (the general partner of GV 2023, L.P.), GV 2023 GP, L.L.C., (the general partner of GV 2023 GP, L.P.), Alphabet Holdings LLC (the sole member of GV 2023 GP, L.L.C.), XXVI Holdings Inc. (the sole member of Alphabet Holdings LLC), and Alphabet Inc. (the controlling stockholder of XXVI Holdings Inc.) may be deemed to share power to vote or dispose of the shares held directly by GV 2023, L.P. The principal business address of each of the entities listed above is 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California 94043.

(16) |  | Represents     shares held of record by Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and     shares held of record by Third Rock Ventures V, L.P. The general partner of Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. is Third Rock Ventures GP IV, L.P. The general partner of Third Rock Ventures GP IV, L.P. is TRV GP IV, LLC. Neil Exter, Kevin Gillis, Reid Huber, Ph.D., Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D., Abbie Celniker, Ph.D., Robert Tepper, M.D. and Cary Pfeffer, M.D. are the managing members of TRV GP IV, LLC who collectively make voting and investment decisions with respect to shares held by Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. The general partner of Third Rock Ventures V, L.P. is Third Rock Ventures GP V, L.P. The general partner of Third Rock Ventures GP V, L.P. is TRV GP V, LLC. Neil Exter, Kevin Gillis, Reid Huber, Ph.D., Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D., Abbie Celniker, Ph.D., Robert Tepper, M.D. and Cary Pfeffer, M.D. are the managing members of TRV GP V, LLC who collectively make voting and investment decisions with respect to shares held by Third Rock Ventures V, L.P. Dr. Homcy, chair of our board of directors, was a partner of Third Rock Ventures, LLC, an affiliate of Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and Third Rock Ventures V, L.P., until October 2019 and now serves in an advisory capacity. Dr. Tong, a member of our board of directors, is a partner of Third Rock Ventures, LLC. Neither Dr. Homcy nor Dr. Tong has voting or dispositive power over the shares held by Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and Third Rock Ventures V, L.P. The address for each of Third Rock Ventures IV, L.P. and Third Rock Ventures V, L.P. is 201 Brookline Avenue, Suite 1401, Boston, MA 02215.

(17) |  | Represents     shares held directly by Matrix Capital Management Master Fund, LP, or the Matrix Fund. Matrix Capital Management Company LP, or the Investment Manager, a Delaware limited partnership, serves as the investment advisor to the Matrix Fund with respect to the shares directly held by the Matrix Fund. David E. Goel serves as the Managing General Partner of the Investment Manager, and may be deemed to hold voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares directly held by the Matrix Fund. The business address for each of the Matrix Fund, the Investment Manager and Mr. Goel is c/o Matrix Capital Management Company LP, Bay Colony Corporate Center, 1000 Winter Street, Suite 4500, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451.

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Description of capital stock

The following description summarizes the most important terms of our capital stock, as will be in effect following this offering. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all the information that may be important to you. We expect to adopt a restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws that will become effective upon the completion of this offering, and this description summarizes provisions that are expected to be included in these documents. For a complete description, you should refer to our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws, which are included as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and to the applicable provisions of Delaware law.

General

Upon the completion of this offering, our authorized capital stock will consist of    shares of our common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and    shares of our undesignated preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share.

Pursuant to the provisions of our current certificate of incorporation, all of our Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock will automatically convert into common stock in connection with the completion of this offering. Our Series A Preferred Stock will convert at a ratio of    , our Series B Preferred Stock will convert at a ratio of    , our Series C Preferred Stock will convert at a ratio of      and our outstanding convertible promissory notes will convert automatically into an amount of common stock equal to (i) the sum of (a) all then outstanding principal amount of convertible promissory notes, (b) all then accrued but unpaid interest and (c) all other amounts (including fees and expenses) then accrued but unpaid under the-then principal amount of convertible promissory notes outstanding multiplied by (ii) 80% of the price per share to the public of the shares of common stock issued in the initial public offering. Assuming the effectiveness of this conversion, there were    shares of our common stock issued, held by approximately    stockholders of record, and no shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding. Our board of directors is authorized, without stockholder approval, to issue additional shares of our capital stock.

Common stock

Dividend rights

Subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available if our board of directors, in its discretion, determines to issue dividends and then only at the times and in the amounts that our board of directors may determine. See the section entitled “Dividend policy” for additional information.

Voting rights

Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. We have not provided for cumulative voting for the election of directors in our restated certificate of incorporation, which means that holders of a majority of the shares of our common stock will be able to elect all of our directors. Our restated certificate of incorporation will establish a classified board of directors, to be divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Only one class of directors will be elected at each annual meeting of our stockholders, with the other classes continuing for the remainder of their respective three-year terms.

No preemptive or similar rights

Our common stock is not entitled to preemptive rights, and is not subject to conversion, redemption or sinking fund provisions.

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Right to receive liquidation distributions

Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the assets legally available for distribution to our stockholders would be distributable ratably among the holders of our common stock and any participating preferred stock outstanding at that time, subject to prior satisfaction of all outstanding debt and liabilities and the preferential rights of and the payment of liquidation preferences, if any, on any outstanding shares our of preferred stock.

Preferred stock

After the completion of this offering, no shares of our preferred stock will be outstanding. Pursuant to our restated certificate of incorporation that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, our board of directors will be authorized, subject to limitations prescribed by Delaware law, to issue preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each series and to fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each series and any of their qualifications, limitations or restrictions, in each case without further vote or action by our stockholders. Our board of directors will also be able to increase or decrease the number of shares of any series of preferred stock, but not below the number of shares of that series then outstanding and not above the number of shares of that series authorized, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could, among other things, have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our company and might adversely affect the market price of our common stock and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock. We have no current plan to issue any shares of preferred stock.

Stock options

As of March 31, 2024, we had outstanding options to purchase an aggregate of     shares of our common stock, with a weighted-average exercise price of $    per share under our 2019 Plan.

Registration rights

Pursuant to the terms of the IRA, immediately following this offering, the holders of    shares of our common stock will be entitled to rights with respect to the registration of these shares under the Securities Act as described below. We refer to these shares collectively as registrable securities.

Demand registration rights

Beginning from the earlier of December 8, 2026 or six months after the completion of this offering, certain holders of not less than 25% of the then-outstanding registrable securities may make a request to us for the registration under the Securities Act of at least 25% of the registrable securities then outstanding if the anticipated aggregate offering price is at least $60.0 million. Within ten days after the date such request is given, we are obligated to provide notice of such request to all holders of registrable securities and, as soon as practicable and in any event within 60 days after the date such request is given, to file a Form S-1 registration statement under the Securities Act covering all registrable securities that the initiating holders requested to be registered and any additional registrable securities requested to be included in such registration by any other holders. We are only required to file two registration statements that are declared effective upon exercise of these demand registration rights. We may postpone taking action with respect to such filing not more than once during any 12-month period for a total period of not more than 120 days, if after receiving a request for

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registration, we furnish to the holders requesting such registration a certificate signed by our Chief Executive Officer stating that, in the good faith judgment of our board of directors, it would be materially detrimental to us and our stockholders; provided that we may not register any securities for our own account or that of any other stockholder during such 120-day period other than under certain circumstances.

Form S-3 registration rights

Certain holders of at least 10% of the then-outstanding registrable securities can request that we register all or part of their registrable shares on Form S-3 if we are eligible to file a registration statement on Form S-3 and if the aggregate price to the public of the shares offered, net of selling expenses, is at least $30.0 million. Within ten days after such request is given, we are obligated to provide notice of such request to all holders of registrable securities and as soon as practicable and in any event within 45 days, file a Form S-3 registration statement, covering all registrable securities that the initiating holders requested to be registered and any additional registrable securities requested to be included in such registration by any other holders. We are only required to file two registration statements on Form S-3 that are declared effective in a 12-month period. We may postpone taking action with respect to such filing not more than once during any 12-month period for a period of not more than 120 days, if after receiving a request for registration, we furnish to the holders requesting such registration a certificate signed by our Chief Executive Officer stating that, in the good faith judgment of our board of directors, it would be materially detrimental to us and our stockholders; provided that we may not register any securities for our own account or that of any other stockholder during such 120-day period other than under certain circumstances.

Piggyback registration rights

If we register any of our securities for public sale, holders of then-outstanding registrable securities or their permitted transferees will have the right to include their registrable securities in the registration statement. However, this right does not apply to a registration related to any employee benefit plan or a corporate reorganization or other transaction covered by Rule 145 promulgated under the Securities Act or a registration on any form that does not include substantially the same information as would be required to be included in a registration statement covering the sale the registrable securities. The underwriters of any underwritten offering will have the right to limit the number of shares registered by these holders if they determine that marketing factors require limitation, in which case the number of shares to be registered will be apportioned pro rata among these holders, according to the total number of registrable securities originally requested by such holders to be included in the registration statement. However, the number of shares to be registered by these holders cannot be reduced unless all other securities (other than those sold by us) are entirely excluded first, and thereafter, that amount can only be reduced to 30% of the total number of securities to be included in such offering.

Expenses of registration rights

We will pay all expenses, other than underwriting discounts and selling commissions incurred in connection with each of the registrations described above, including the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel (except for the fees and disbursements of one counsel selected by the holders of a majority in interest of the registrable securities and paid for by us), provided however, that the registrations described above are not subsequently withdrawn at the request of the holders of a majority in interest of the registrable securities (in which case all selling holders shall bear such expenses pro rata based upon the number of registrable securities that were to be included in the withdrawn registration) unless the holders of a majority of the registrable securities agree to forfeit their right to a registration as described above.

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Expiration of registration rights

The registration rights described above will expire, with respect to any particular holder of these rights, on the earliest to occur of (i) the closing of a deemed liquidation event, as defined in our restated certificate of incorporation, (ii) such time after this offering as the registrable securities held by such holder may be sold within any three-month period without restriction pursuant to Rule 144 or a similar exemption under the Securities Act or (iii) the fifth anniversary of this offering.

Anti-takeover provisions

The provisions of the DGCL, our restated certificate of incorporation and our restated bylaws, as we expect they will be in effect upon the completion of this offering, could have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another person from acquiring control of our company. These provisions, which are summarized below, may have the effect of discouraging takeover bids. They are also designed, in part, to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate first with our board of directors. We believe that the benefits of increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with an unfriendly or unsolicited acquirer outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging a proposal to acquire us because negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.

Delaware law

We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL regulating corporate takeovers. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years following the date on which the person became an interested stockholder unless:

• |  | prior to the date of the transaction, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

• |  | the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder, (i) shares owned by persons who are directors and also executive officers and (ii) shares owned by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or

• |  | at or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by the board of directors of the corporation and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66.67% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.

Generally, a business combination includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction or series of transactions together resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. An interested stockholder is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns or, within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, did own 15% or more of a corporation’s outstanding voting stock. We expect the existence of this provision to have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions our board of directors does not approve in advance. We also anticipate that Section 203 may also discourage attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares of common stock held by stockholders.

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Restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaw provisions

Our restated certificate of incorporation and our restated bylaws, as we expect they will be in effect upon the completion of this offering, include a number of provisions that could deter hostile takeovers or delay or prevent changes in control of our company, including the following:

• |  | Board of directors vacancies.Our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws will authorize only our board of directors to fill vacant directorships, including newly created seats. In addition, the number of directors constituting our board of directors is permitted to be set only by a resolution adopted by a majority vote of our entire board of directors. These provisions would prevent a stockholder from increasing the size of our board of directors and then gaining control of our board of directors by filling the resulting vacancies with its own nominees. This makes it more difficult to change the composition of our board of directors but promotes continuity of management.

• |  | Classified board.Our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws will provide that our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors, each with staggered three-year terms. A third party may be discouraged from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us as it is more difficult and time consuming for stockholders to replace a majority of the directors on a classified board of directors. See the section entitled “Management—Board composition” for additional information.

• |  | Stockholder action; special meetings of stockholders.Our restated certificate of incorporation will provide that our stockholders may not take action by written consent but may only take action at annual or special meetings of our stockholders. As a result, a holder controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to amend our restated bylaws or remove directors without holding a meeting of our stockholders called in accordance with our restated bylaws. Further, our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws will provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by a majority of our board of directors, the chairperson of our board of directors, our Chief Executive Officer or our President, thus prohibiting a stockholder from calling a special meeting. These provisions might delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or for stockholders controlling a majority of our capital stock to take any action, including the removal of directors.

• |  | Advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and director nominations.Our restated bylaws will provide advance notice procedures for stockholders seeking to bring business before our annual meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at our annual meeting of stockholders. Our restated bylaws also will specify certain requirements regarding the form and content of a stockholder’s notice. These provisions might preclude our stockholders from bringing matters before our annual meeting of stockholders or from making nominations for directors at our annual meeting of stockholders if the proper procedures are not followed. We expect that these provisions might also discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

• |  | No cumulative voting.The DGCL provides that stockholders are not entitled to the right to cumulate votes in the election of directors unless a corporation’s certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws will not provide for cumulative voting.

• |  | Directors removed only for cause.Our restated certificate of incorporation will provide that stockholders may remove directors only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock.

• |  | Amendment of charter provisions.Any amendment of the above expected provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation will require approval by the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding

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| common stock , unless such amendments are approved by two thirds of our entire board of directors, in which case stockholders can approve by a simple majority.

• |  | Issuance of undesignated preferred stock.Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders, to issue up to    shares of undesignated preferred stock with rights and preferences, including voting rights, designated from time to time by our board of directors. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock would enable our board of directors to render more difficult or to discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by merger, tender offer, proxy contest or other means.

• |  | Choice of forum.Our restated certificate of incorporation will provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our restated certificate of incorporation or our restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Our restated bylaws will provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, which we refer to as a Federal Forum Provision. Our decision to adopt a Federal Forum Provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law. While there can be no assurance that federal courts or state courts will follow the holding of the Delaware Supreme Court or determine that the Federal Forum Provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of the Federal Forum Provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court. While neither the exclusive forum provision nor the Federal Forum Provision applies to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder also must be brought in federal court. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to our exclusive forum provisions, including the Federal Forum Provision. These provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of their choosing for disputes with us or our directors, executive officers, other employees or agents of our company, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, executive officers, and other employees.

Transfer agent and registrar

Upon the completion of this offering, the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock will be    . The transfer agent and registrar’s address is     .

The Nasdaq Global Market listing

We have applied to list our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “MAZE.”

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Shares eligible for future sale

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock, and we cannot predict the effect, if any, that market sales of shares of our common stock or the availability of shares of our common stock for sale will have on the market price of our common stock prevailing from time to time. Nevertheless, sales of our common stock, including shares issued upon exercise of outstanding options, in the public market following this offering could adversely affect market prices prevailing from time to time and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of our equity securities.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will have a total of     shares of our common stock outstanding, assuming (i) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of    shares of our common stock, (ii) the automatic conversion of all principal and accrued and unpaid interest on our outstanding convertible promissory notes into      shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and (iii) the issuance of    shares of common stock in this offering. Of these outstanding shares, all of the shares of our common stock sold in this offering will be freely tradable, except that any shares purchased in this offering by our affiliates, as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act can only be sold in compliance with the Rule 144 limitations described below.

The remaining outstanding shares of our common stock will be, and shares subject to stock options will be upon issuance, deemed “restricted securities” as defined in Rule 144. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if they are registered under the Securities Act or if they qualify for an exemption from registration under Rule 144 or Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act, which rules are summarized below. In addition, substantially all of our security holders have, or will have, entered into market standoff agreements with us or lock-up agreements with the underwriters under which they have agreed, subject to specific exceptions, not to sell any of our stock for at least 180 days following the date of this prospectus, as described below.

Lock-up and market standoff agreements

All of our directors and officers and substantially all of our security holders are, or will be, subject to lock-up agreements or market standoff provisions that prohibit them from offering for sale, selling, contracting to sell, granting any option for the sale of, transferring or otherwise disposing of any shares of our common stock or options to acquire shares of our common stock or any security or instrument related to our common stock, or entering into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common stock, for a period of 180 days following the date of this prospectus without the prior written consent of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC and Leerink Partners LLC, subject to certain exceptions. See the section entitled “Underwriting” for additional information.

Rule 144

In general, Rule 144 provides that once we have been subject to public company reporting requirements of Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act for at least 90 days, a person who is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates for purposes of the Securities Act at any time during the 90 days preceding a sale and who has beneficially owned the shares of our common stock proposed to be sold for at least six months, including the holding period of any prior owner other than our affiliates, is entitled to sell those shares without complying with the manner of sale, volume limitation or notice provisions of Rule 144, subject to compliance with the public information requirements of Rule 144. If such a person has beneficially owned the shares proposed to be

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sold for at least one year, including the holding period of any prior owner other than our affiliates, then that person would be entitled to sell those shares without complying with any of the requirements of Rule 144.

In general, Rule 144 provides that our affiliates or persons selling shares of our common stock on behalf of our affiliates are entitled to sell upon expiration of the lock-up and market standoff agreements described above, within any three-month period, a number of shares of our common stock that does not exceed the greater of:

• |  | 1% of the number of shares of our common stock then outstanding, which will equal approximately      shares immediately after the completion of this offering; or

• |  | the average reported weekly trading volume of share of our common stock during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to that sale.

Sales under Rule 144 by our affiliates or persons selling shares of our common stock on behalf of our affiliates are also subject to certain manner of sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about us.

Rule 701

Rule 701 generally allows a stockholder who purchased shares of our common stock pursuant to a written compensatory plan or contract and who is not deemed to have been an affiliate of our company during the immediately preceding 90 days to sell these shares in reliance upon Rule 144, but without being required to comply with the public information, holding period, volume limitation or notice provisions of Rule 144. Rule 701 also permits affiliates of our company to sell their Rule 701 shares under Rule 144 without complying with the holding period requirements of Rule 144. All holders of Rule 701 shares, however, are required to wait until 90 days after the date of this prospectus before selling those shares pursuant to Rule 701 and are subject to the lock-up and market standoff agreements described above.

Form S-8 registration statement

In connection with this offering, we intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act covering all of the shares of our common stock subject to outstanding options, outstanding shares of restricted stock and the shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our stock plans. We expect to file this registration statement as soon as permitted under the Securities Act. However, the shares registered on Form S-8 may be subject to the volume limitations and the manner of sale, notice and public information requirements of Rule 144 and will not be eligible for resale until expiration of the lock-up and market standoff agreements to which they are subject. Of the    shares of our common stock that were subject to options outstanding as of March 31 2024, options to purchase    shares of common stock were vested as of March 31, 2024. Shares of our common stock underlying outstanding options will not be eligible for sale until the expiration of the 180-day lock-up and market standoff agreements to which they are subject.

Registration rights

We have granted demand, piggyback and Form S-3 registration rights to certain of our stockholders to sell our common stock. Registration of the sale of these shares under the Securities Act would result in these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration, except for shares purchased by affiliates. See the section entitled “Description of capital stock—Registration rights” for additional information.

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Material U.S. federal income tax consequences to Non-U.S. holders

The following summary describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of shares of our common stock acquired in this offering by Non-U.S. Holders (as defined below). This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation, does not discuss the potential application of the alternative minimum tax or Medicare contribution tax on net investment income, and does not deal with state or local tax laws, any U.S. federal non-income tax laws such as gift and estate tax laws, except to the limited extent provided below, or any non-U.S. tax laws that may be relevant to Non-U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances.

Special rules different from those described below may apply to certain Non-U.S. Holders that are subject to special treatment under the Code, such as:

• |  | insurance companies, banks, investment funds and other financial institutions;

• |  | tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations) and tax-qualified retirement plans;

• |  | foreign governments and international organizations;

• |  | broker-dealers and traders in securities;

• |  | U.S. expatriates and certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;

• |  | persons required for U.S. federal income tax purposes to conform the timing of income accruals to their financial statements under Section 451(b) of the Code;

• |  | “qualified foreign pension funds” as defined in Section 897(l)(2) of the Code and entities all of the interests of which are held by qualified foreign pension funds;

• |  | persons that own, or are deemed to own, more than 5% of our common stock;

• |  | “controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies” and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;

• |  | persons that hold our common stock as part of a “straddle,” “hedge,” “conversion transaction,” “synthetic security” or integrated investment or other risk reduction strategy;

• |  | persons who do not hold our common stock as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, for investment purposes); and

• |  | partnerships and other entities or arrangements treated as pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and investors in such entities (regardless of their places of organization or formation).

Such Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors to determine the U.S. federal, state, local and other tax consequences that may be relevant to them. If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our common stock, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the partnership and the partners thereof generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our common stock and the partners in such partnerships are urged to consult their tax advisors about the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences to them of holding and disposing of our common stock.

Furthermore, the discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Code, U.S. Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, published rulings and administrative pronouncements of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, and judicial decisions, in each case as of the date hereof, and such authorities may be

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repealed, revoked or modified, possibly retroactively, or could be subject to differing interpretations which could result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. We have not requested a ruling from the IRS with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following summary, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will not take a contrary position regarding the tax consequences described herein, or that any such contrary position would not be sustained by a court.

NON-U.S. HOLDERS CONSIDERING THE PURCHASE OF OUR COMMON STOCK PURSUANT TO THIS OFFERING SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS CONCERNING THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OWNING AND DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON STOCK IN LIGHT OF THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS AS WELL AS ANY CONSEQUENCES ARISING UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY OTHER TAXING JURISDICTION, INCLUDING ANY STATE, LOCAL OR NON-U.S. TAX CONSEQUENCES OR ANY U.S. FEDERAL NON-INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES, AND THE POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF TAX TREATIES.

For the purposes of this discussion, a “Non-U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of common stock, other than a partnership or other entity classified as a partnership or other pass-through entity that is not, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (a) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (b) a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes), created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (c) an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source, or (d) a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more U.S. persons (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

If you are an individual non-U.S. citizen, you may, in some cases, be deemed to be a resident alien (as opposed to a nonresident alien) by virtue of being present in the United States for at least 31 days in the calendar year and for an aggregate of at least 183 days during a three-year period ending in the current calendar year. Generally, for this purpose, all the days present in the current year, one-third of the days present in the immediately preceding year, and one-sixth of the days present in the second preceding year, are counted.

Resident aliens are generally subject to U.S. federal income tax as if they were U.S. citizens. Individuals who are uncertain of their status as resident or nonresident aliens for U.S. federal income tax purposes are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership or disposition of our common stock.

Distributions

We do not expect to make any distributions on our common stock in the foreseeable future (see “Dividend Policy” above). If we do make distributions on our common stock, however, such distributions will constitute dividends for U.S. tax purposes to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that is applied against and reduces, but not below zero, a Non-U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our common stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or exchange of our common stock as described below under the section entitled “Material U.S. federal income tax consequences to Non-U.S. holders—Gain on disposition of our common stock.”

Subject to the discussions below under the sections titled “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders—Backup withholding and information reporting” and “—Foreign accounts,” any distribution on our common stock that is treated as a dividend paid to a Non-U.S. Holder that is not effectively connected with the non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States will generally be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty

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between the United States and the Non-U.S. Holder’s country of residence. To obtain a reduced rate of withholding under an income tax treaty, a Non-U.S. Holder generally will be required to provide the applicable withholding agent with a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E or other appropriate form, certifying the Non-U.S. Holder’s entitlement to benefits under the treaty. Such form must be provided prior to the payment of dividends and generally must be updated periodically. If a Non-U.S. Holder holds stock through a financial institution or other agent acting on the holder’s behalf, the holder will be required to provide appropriate documentation to such agent. The holder’s agent may then be required to provide certification to the applicable withholding agent, either directly or through other intermediaries. If you are eligible for a reduced rate of U.S. withholding tax under an income tax treaty, you should consult with your own tax advisor to determine if you are able to obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS.

We (or any applicable withholding agents) generally are not required to withhold tax on dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder that are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment that the Non-U.S. Holder maintains in the United States) if a properly executed IRS Form W-8ECI, stating that the dividends are so connected, is furnished to the applicable withholding agent. In general, such effectively connected dividends will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis at the same rates applicable to U.S. persons. A corporate Non-U.S. Holder receiving effectively connected dividends may also be subject to an additional “branch profits tax,” which is imposed, under certain circumstances, at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable treaty) on the corporate Non-U.S. Holder’s effectively connected earnings and profits, subject to certain adjustments.

Gain on disposition of our common stock

Subject to the discussions below under the sections entitled “Material U.S. federal income tax consequences to non-U.S. holders—Backup withholding and information reporting” and “—Foreign accounts,” a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax with respect to gain realized on a sale or other disposition of our common stock unless (a) the gain is effectively connected with a trade or business of the Non-U.S. Holder in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment that the holder maintains in the United States), (b) the Non-U.S. Holder is a nonresident alien who is an individual and is present in the United States for 183 or more days in the taxable year of the disposition and certain other conditions are met, or (c) we are or have been a “United States real property holding corporation” within the meaning of Code Section 897(c)(2) at any time within the shorter of the five-year period preceding such disposition or the Non-U.S. Holder’s holding period in the common stock.

If you are a Non-U.S. Holder described in (a) above, you will be required to pay tax on the net gain derived from the sale at the same U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to U.S. persons. A corporate Non-U.S. Holder described in (a) above may also be subject to the additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate (or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty) of its effectively connected earnings and profits for the taxable year, as adjusted for certain items. If you are an individual Non-U.S. Holder described in (b) above, you will be required to pay a flat 30% tax on the gain derived from the sale, which gain may be offset by certain U.S. source capital losses (even though you are not considered a resident of the United States), provided you have timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses. With respect to (c) above, in general, we would be a United States real property holding corporation if U.S. real property interests as defined in the Code and the U.S. Treasury Regulations comprised (by fair market value) at least half of our worldwide real property interests plus our other assets used or held for use in a trade or business. We believe that we are not, and do not anticipate becoming, a United States real property holding corporation. However, there can be no assurance that we will not become a United States real property holding corporation in the future. Even if we

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were to be treated as a U.S. real property holding corporation, gain realized by a Non-U.S. Holder on a disposition of our common stock would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax so long as (1) the Non-U.S. Holder owned, directly, indirectly or constructively, no more than 5% of our common stock at all times within the shorter of (i) the five-year period preceding the disposition or (ii) the Non-U.S. Holder’s holding period and (2) our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market. There can be no assurance that our common stock will qualify as regularly traded on an established securities market.

U.S. federal estate tax

The estates of nonresident alien individuals generally are subject to U.S. federal estate tax on property with a U.S. situs. Because we are a U.S. corporation, our common stock will be U.S. situs property and, therefore, will be included in the taxable estate of a nonresident alien decedent, unless an applicable estate tax treaty between the United States and the decedent’s country of residence provides otherwise. The terms “resident” and “nonresident” are defined differently for U.S. federal estate tax purposes than for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal estate tax consequences of the ownership or disposition of our common stock.

Backup withholding and information reporting

Generally, we or certain financial middlemen must report information to the IRS with respect to any distributions we pay on our common stock including the amount of any such distributions, the name and address of the recipient, and the amount, if any, of tax withheld. A similar report is sent to the holder to whom any such dividends are paid. Pursuant to tax treaties or certain other agreements, the IRS may make its reports available to tax authorities in the recipient’s country of residence.

Distributions paid by us (or our paying agents) to a Non-U.S. Holder may also be subject to U.S. federal backup withholding. U.S. federal backup withholding generally will not apply to a Non-U.S. Holder who provides a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E, or IRS Form W-8 ECI, as applicable, or otherwise establishes an exemption, provided that the applicable withholding agent does not have actual knowledge or reason to know the holder is a U.S. person.

Under current U.S. federal income tax law, U.S. information reporting and backup withholding requirements generally will apply to the proceeds of a disposition of our common stock effected by or through a U.S. broker or a U.S. office of any broker, U.S. or non-U.S., unless the Non-U.S. Holder provides a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E, or IRS Form W-8 ECI, as applicable, or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, U.S. information reporting and backup withholding requirements will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds to a Non-U.S. Holder where the transaction is effected outside the United States through a non-U.S. office of a non-U.S. broker. Information reporting and backup withholding requirements may, however, apply to a payment of disposition proceeds if the broker has actual knowledge, or reason to know, that the holder is, in fact, a U.S. person. For information reporting purposes, certain brokers with substantial U.S. ownership or operations will generally be treated in a manner similar to U.S. brokers.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. If backup withholding is applied to you, you should consult with your own tax advisor to determine whether you have overpaid your U.S. federal income tax, and whether you are able to obtain a tax refund or credit of the overpaid amount.

Foreign accounts

In addition, U.S. federal withholding taxes may apply under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, on certain types of payments, including dividends paid to non-U.S. financial institutions and certain other

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non-U.S. entities. Specifically, a 30% withholding tax may be imposed on dividends on our common stock paid to a “foreign financial institution” or a “non-financial foreign entity” (each as defined in the Code), unless (1) the foreign financial institution agrees to undertake certain diligence and reporting obligations, (2) the non-financial foreign entity either certifies it does not have any “substantial United States owners” (as defined in the Code) or furnishes identifying information regarding each substantial United States owner, or (3) the foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity otherwise qualifies for an exemption from these rules. The 30% federal withholding tax described in this paragraph cannot be reduced under an income tax treaty with the United States. If the payee is a foreign financial institution and is subject to the diligence and reporting requirements in (1) above, it must enter into an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Treasury requiring, among other things, that it undertake to identify accounts held by certain “specified United States persons” or “United States-owned foreign entities” (each as defined in the Code), annually report certain information about such accounts, and withhold 30% on certain payments to non-compliant foreign financial institutions and certain other account holders. Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing FATCA may be subject to different rules. Under the applicable Treasury Regulations and administrative guidance, withholding under FATCA generally also would apply to payments of gross proceeds from the sale or other disposition of our common stock. Under proposed regulations, however, no withholding will apply with respect to payments of gross proceeds. The preamble to the proposed regulations specifies that taxpayers and withholding agents are permitted to rely on such proposed regulations pending finalization.

Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of withholding under FATCA to their investment in our common stock.

EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF HOLDING AND DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON STOCK, INCLUDING THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANY PROPOSED CHANGE IN APPLICABLE LAW, AS WELL AS TAX CONSEQUENCES ARISING UNDER ANY STATE, LOCAL, NON-U.S. OR U.S. FEDERAL NON-INCOME TAX LAWS SUCH AS ESTATE AND GIFT TAX OR UNDER ANY APPLICABLE TAX TREATY.

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Underwriting

We are offering the shares of our common stock described in this prospectus through a number of underwriters. J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Leerink Partners LLC and Guggenheim Securities, LLC are acting as book-running managers of the offering and as representatives of the underwriters. We have entered into an underwriting agreement with the underwriters. Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, we have agreed to sell to the underwriters, and each underwriter has severally agreed to purchase, at the public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover of this prospectus, the number of shares of our common stock listed next to its name in the following table:

Name |  | Number of shares |
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC |  |  |  |
TD Securities (USA) LLC |  |  |  |
Leerink Partners LLC |  |  |  |
Guggenheim Securities, LLC |  |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |

The underwriters are committed to purchase all the shares of our common stock offered by us if they purchase any shares. The underwriting agreement also provides that if an underwriter defaults, the purchase commitments of non-defaulting underwriters may also be increased or the offering may be terminated. The offering of the shares by the underwriters is subject to receipt and acceptance and subject to the underwriters’ right to reject any order in whole or in part.

The underwriters propose to offer the shares of our common stock directly to the public at the initial public offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus and to certain dealers at that price less a concession not in excess of $    per share. Any such dealers may resell shares of our common stock to certain other brokers or dealers at a discount of up to $ per share from the initial public offering price. After the initial offering of the shares to the public, if all of the shares of our common shares stock are not sold at the initial public offering price, the underwriters may change the offering price and the other selling terms. Sales of any shares of our common stock made outside of the United States may be made by affiliates of the underwriters.

The underwriters have an option to buy up to    additional shares of our common stock from us to cover sales of shares of our common stock by the underwriters which exceed the number of shares of our common stock specified in the table above. The underwriters have 30 days from the date of this prospectus to exercise this option to purchase additional shares of our common stock. If any shares of our common stock are purchased with this option to purchase additional shares of our common stock, the underwriters will purchase shares of our common stock in approximately the same proportion as shown in the table above. If any additional shares of our common stock are purchased, the underwriters will offer the additional shares of our common stock on the same terms as those on which the shares of our common stock are being offered.

The underwriting fee is equal to the public offering price per share of our common stock less the amount paid by the underwriters to us per share of our common stock. The underwriting fee is $    per share. The following

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table shows the per share and total underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid to the underwriters assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.

|  | Without option to purchase additional shares exercise |  |  | With full option to purchase additional shares exercise |
Per share |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |
Total |  | $ |  |  |  | $ |  |

We estimate that the total expenses of this offering, including registration, filing and listing fees, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding the underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately $    million. We have also agreed to reimburse the underwriters for reasonable fees and expenses of counsel related to the review by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. of the terms of sale of the shares of our common stock offered hereby in an amount not to exceed $    .

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites maintained by one or more underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in the offering. The underwriters may agree to allocate a number of shares of our common stock to underwriters and selling group members for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the representatives to underwriters and selling group members that may make Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.

We have agreed that, subject to certain exceptions, we will not (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, or submit to, or file with, the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act relating to, any shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for any shares of our common stock, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, loan, disposition or filing, or (ii) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers all or a portion of the economic consequences associated with the ownership of any shares of our common stock or any such other securities (regardless of whether any of these transactions are to be settled by the delivery of shares of common stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise), in each case without the prior written consent of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC and Leerink Partners LLC, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, other than the shares of our common stock to be sold in this offering.

Our directors, executive officers, and substantially all of our securityholders, or the lock-up parties, will enter into lock-up agreements with the underwriters prior to the commencement of this offering pursuant to which each lock-up party, with limited exceptions, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, or the restricted period, may not (and may not cause any of their direct or indirect affiliates to), without the prior written consent of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC and Leerink Partners LLC, (1) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common stock (including, without limitation, common stock or such other securities which may be deemed to be beneficially owned by such lock-up parties in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and securities which may be issued upon exercise of a stock option or warrant, (collectively with the common stock, the lock-up securities), (2) enter into any hedging, swap or other agreement or transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the lock-up securities, whether any such

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transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above is to be settled by delivery of lock-up securities, in cash or otherwise, (3) make any demand for, or exercise any right with respect to, the registration of any lock-up securities, or (4) publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing. Such persons or entities have further acknowledged that these undertakings preclude them from engaging in any hedging or other transactions or arrangements (including, without limitation, any short sale or the purchase or sale of, or entry into, any put or call option, or combination thereof, forward, swap or any other derivative transaction or instrument, however described or defined) designed or intended, or which could reasonably be expected to lead to or result in, a sale or disposition or transfer (by any person or entity, whether or not a signatory to such agreement) of any economic consequences of ownership, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, of any lock-up securities, whether any such transaction or arrangement (or instrument provided for thereunder) would be settled by delivery of lock-up securities, in cash or otherwise.

The restrictions described in the immediately preceding paragraph and contained in the lock-up agreements between the underwriters and the lock-up parties do not apply, subject in certain cases to various conditions, to certain transactions, including (a) transfers or dispositions of lock-up securities: (i) as bona fide gifts, including bona fide gifts to a charity or educational institution, or for bona fide estate planning purposes, (ii) upon death, by will, other testamentary document or intestacy, (iii) to any trust for the direct or indirect benefit of the lock-up party or any immediate family member, or if the lock-up party is a trust, to a trustor or beneficiary of the trust or to the estate of a beneficiary of such trust, (iv) to any corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity of which the lock-up party or its immediate family members are the beneficial owner of all of the outstanding equity securities or similar interests, (v) to a nominee or custodian of a person or entity to whom a disposition or transfer would be permissible under clauses (i) through (iv), (vi) if the lock-up party is a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust or other business entity, (A) to another corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust or other business entity that is an affiliate of the lock-up party, or to any investment fund or other entity controlling, controlled by, managing or managed by or under common control with the lock-up party or its affiliates or (B) as part of a distribution to stockholders, partners, members or other equityholders of the lock-up party, (vii) by operation of law, such as pursuant to a qualified domestic order, divorce settlement, divorce decree, separation agreement or related court order, (viii) to us, (A) from an employee or other service provider upon death, disability or termination of service of such person, or (B) pursuant to a right of first refusal that we have with respect to transfers of such lock-up securities or other securities, (ix) as part of a sale of the lock-up party’s lock-up securities acquired from the underwriters in this offering or in open market transactions after the completion of this offering, (x) to us in connection with the vesting, settlement or exercise of RSUs, options, warrants or other rights to purchase shares of our common stock (including, in each case, by way of “net” or “cashless” exercise), including for the payment of exercise price and tax and remittance payments due as a result of the vesting, settlement, or exercise of such RSUs, options, warrants or rights, or (xi) pursuant to a bona fide third-party tender offer, merger, consolidation or other similar transaction approved by our board of directors and made to all of our stockholders involving a change in control of us, provided that if such transaction is not completed, all such lock-up securities would remain subject to the restrictions in the immediately preceding paragraph; (b) exercise of outstanding options, settlement of RSUs or other equity awards granted pursuant to plans described in this prospectus, provided that any lock-up securities received upon such exercise, vesting or settlement would be subject to restrictions similar to those in the immediately preceding paragraph; (c) the conversion of outstanding preferred stock into shares of our common stock, provided that any common stock received upon such conversion would be subject to restrictions similar to those in the immediately preceding paragraph; and (d) the establishment by lock-up parties of trading plans under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, provided that (1) such plan does not provide for the transfer of lock-up securities during the restricted period and (2) no filing by any party under the Exchange Act or other public announcement shall be made voluntarily in connection with such trading plan during the restricted period.

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J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC and Leerink Partners LLC, in their sole discretion, may release the securities subject to any of the lock-up agreements with the underwriters described above, in whole or in part at any time.

We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

We have applied to list our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “MAZE.”

In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, which involves making bids for, purchasing and selling shares of common stock in the open market for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the common stock while this offering is in progress. These stabilizing transactions may include making short sales of common stock, which involves the sale by the underwriters of a greater number of shares of common stock than they are required to purchase in this offering, and purchasing shares of common stock on the open market to cover positions created by short sales. Short sales may be “covered” shorts, which are short positions in an amount not greater than the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares referred to above, or may be “naked” shorts, which are short positions in excess of that amount. The underwriters may close out any covered short position either by exercising their option to purchase additional shares, in whole or in part, or by purchasing shares in the open market. In making this determination, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market compared to the price at which the underwriters may purchase shares through the option to purchase additional shares. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market that could adversely affect investors who purchase in this offering. To the extent that the underwriters create a naked short position, they will purchase shares in the open market to cover the position.

The underwriters have advised us that, pursuant to Regulation M of the Securities Act, they may also engage in other activities that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the common stock, including the imposition of penalty bids. This means that if the representatives of the underwriters purchase common stock in the open market in stabilizing transactions or to cover short sales, the representatives can require the underwriters that sold those shares as part of this offering to repay the underwriting discount received by them.

These activities may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of the common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the common stock, and, as a result, the price of the common stock may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market. If the underwriters commence these activities, they may discontinue them at any time. The underwriters may carry out these transactions on Nasdaq, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price will be determined by negotiations between us and the representatives of the underwriters. In determining the initial public offering price, we and the representatives of the underwriters expect to consider a number of factors including:

• |  | the information set forth in this prospectus and otherwise available to the representatives of the underwriters;

• |  | our prospects and the history and prospects for the industry in which we compete;

• |  | an assessment of our management;

• |  | our prospects for future earnings;

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• |  | the general condition of the securities markets at the time of this offering;

• |  | the recent market prices of, and demand for, publicly traded common stock of generally comparable companies; and

• |  | other factors deemed relevant by the underwriters and us.

Neither we nor the underwriters can assure investors that an active trading market will develop for our shares of common stock, or that the shares will trade in the public market at or above the initial public offering price.

Other relationships

Certain of the underwriters and their affiliates have provided in the past to us and our affiliates and may provide from time to time in the future certain commercial banking, financial advisory, investment banking and other services for us and such affiliates in the ordinary course of their business, for which they have received and may continue to receive customary fees and commissions. In addition, from time to time, certain of the underwriters and their affiliates may effect transactions for their own account or the account of customers, and hold on behalf of themselves or their customers, long or short positions in our debt or equity securities or loans, and may do so in the future.

The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include sales and trading, commercial and investment banking, advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, market making, brokerage and other financial and non-financial activities and services. Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates have provided, and may in the future provide, a variety of these services to the issuer and to persons and entities with relationships with the issuer, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.

Selling restrictions

General

Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.

Notice to prospective investors in Canada

The shares of common stock may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the shares of common stock must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

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Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts, or NI 33-105, the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

Notice to prospective investors in the European Economic Area

In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area, each a Relevant State, no shares of common stock have been offered or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in that Relevant State prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the shares of common stock which has been approved by the competent authority in that Relevant State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Regulation, except that offers of shares of common stock may be made to the public in that Relevant State at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Regulation:

(a) |  | to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined under the Prospectus Regulation;

(b) |  | to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined under the Prospectus Regulation), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the underwriters; or

(c) |  | in any other circumstances falling within Article 1(4) of the Prospectus Regulation;

provided that no such offer of shares of common stock shall require us or any underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Regulation or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the Prospectus Regulation and each person who initially acquires any shares of common stock or to whom any offer is made will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed to and with each of the underwriters and us that it is a “qualified investor” within the meaning of Article 2(e) of the Prospectus Regulation. In the case of any shares of common stock being offered to a financial intermediary as that term is used in the Prospectus Regulation, each such financial intermediary will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed that the shares of common stock acquired by it in the offer have not been acquired on a non-discretionary basis on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in circumstances which may give rise to an offer of any shares of common stock to the public other than their offer or resale in a Relevant State to qualified investors as so defined or in circumstances in which the prior consent of the underwriters have been obtained to each such proposed offer or resale.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to shares of common stock in any Relevant State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for any shares, and the expression “Prospectus Regulation” means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129.

Notice to prospective investors in the United Kingdom

No shares of common stock have been offered or will be offered pursuant to this offering to the public in the United Kingdom prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the shares of common stock that either:

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(i) has been approved by the Financial Conduct Authority or (ii) is to be treated as if it had been approved by the Financial Conduct Authority in accordance with the transitional provision in Article 74 (transitional provisions) of the Prospectus Amendment etc. (EU Exhibit) Regulation 2019/1234, except that the shares of common stock may be offered to the public in the United Kingdom at any time:

(i) to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in Article 2 of the UK Prospectus Regulation;

(ii) to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in Article 2 of the UK Prospectus Regulation), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the underwriters for any such offer; or

(iii) in any other circumstances falling within Section 86 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, or FSMA,

provided that no such offer of the shares of common stock shall require us or any underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to Section 85 of the FSMA or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the UK Prospectus Regulation. For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to any shares of common stock in the United Kingdom means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any shares of common stock to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for any shares of common stock and the expression “UK Prospectus Regulation” means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.

In addition, in the United Kingdom, this prospectus is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer subsequently made may only be directed at persons who are “qualified investors” (as defined in the Prospectus Regulation) (i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended, or the Order, and/or (ii) who are high net worth companies (or persons to whom it may otherwise be lawfully communicated) falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as “relevant persons”) or otherwise in circumstances which have not resulted and will not result in an offer to the public of the shares of common stock in the United Kingdom within the meaning of the FSMA.

Any person in the United Kingdom that is not a relevant person should not act or rely on the information included in this prospectus or use it as basis for taking any action. In the United Kingdom, any investment or investment activity that this prospectus relates to may be made or taken exclusively by relevant persons.

Notice to prospective investors in Switzerland

This prospectus does not constitute an offer to the public or a solicitation to purchase or invest in any shares of common stock. No shares of common stock have been offered or will be offered to the public in Switzerland, except that offers of shares of common stock may be made to the public in Switzerland at any time under the following exemptions under the Swiss Financial Services Act, or FinSA:

(a) |  | to any person which is a professional client as defined under the FinSA;

(b) |  | to fewer than 500 persons (other than professional clients as defined under the FinSA), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the underwriters for any such offer; or

(c) |  | in any other circumstances falling within Article 36 FinSA in connection with Article 44 of the Swiss Financial Services Ordinance,

provided that no such offer of shares of common stock shall require the Company or any investment bank to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 35 FinSA.

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The shares of common stock have not been and will not be listed or admitted to trading on a trading venue in Switzerland.

Neither this prospectus nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the shares of common stock constitutes a prospectus as such term is understood pursuant to the FinSA and neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the shares of common stock may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.

Notice to prospective investors in Australia

This prospectus:

• |  | does not constitute a disclosure document or a prospectus under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), or the Corporations Act;

• |  | has not been, and will not be, lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, or the ASIC, as a disclosure document for the purposes of the Corporations Act and does not purport to include the information required of a disclosure document for the purposes of the Corporations Act; and

• |  | may only be provided in Australia to select investors who are able to demonstrate that they fall within one or more of the categories of investors, available under section 708 of the Corporations Act (Exempt Investors).

The shares of common stock may not be directly or indirectly offered for subscription or purchased or sold, and no invitations to subscribe for or buy the shares may be issued, and no draft or definitive offering memorandum, advertisement or other offering material relating to any shares of common stock may be distributed in Australia, except where disclosure to investors is not required under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act or is otherwise in compliance with all applicable Australian laws and regulations. By submitting an application for the shares of common stock, you represent and warrant to us that you are an Exempt Investor.

As any offer of shares of common stock under this prospectus will be made without disclosure in Australia under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act, the offer of those securities for resale in Australia within 12 months may, under section 707 of the Corporations Act, require disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D.2 if none of the exemptions in section 708 applies to that resale. By applying for the shares of common stock, you undertake to us that you will not, for a period of 12 months from the date of issue of the shares of common stock, offer, transfer, assign or otherwise alienate those shares of common stock to investors in Australia except in circumstances where disclosure to investors is not required under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act or where a compliant disclosure document is prepared and lodged with ASIC.

Notice to prospective investors in Japan

The shares of common stock have not been and will not be registered pursuant to Article 4, Paragraph 1 of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act. Accordingly, none of the shares of common stock nor any interest therein may be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any “resident” of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to or for the benefit of a resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan in effect at the relevant time.

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Notice to prospective investors in Hong Kong

The shares of common stock have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold in Hong Kong, by means of any document, other than (a) to “professional investors” as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or the SFO, of Hong Kong and any rules made thereunder; or (b) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” as defined in the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong), or the CO, or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the CO. No advertisement, invitation or document relating to the shares of common stock has been or may be issued or has been or may be in the possession of any person for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to shares of common stock which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” as defined in the SFO and any rules made thereunder.

Notice to prospective investors in Singapore

Each underwriter has acknowledged that this prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, each underwriter has represented and agreed that it has not offered or sold any shares of common stock or caused the shares of common stock to be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase and will not offer or sell any shares or cause the shares to be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, and has not circulated or distributed, nor will it circulate or distribute, this prospectus or any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the shares, whether directly or indirectly, to any person in Singapore other than:

(a) |  | to an institutional investor (as defined in Section 4A of the Securities and Futures Act (Chapter 289) of Singapore, as modified or amended from time to time, or the SFA) pursuant to Section 274 of the SFA;

(b) |  | to a relevant person (as defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA) pursuant to Section 275(1) of the SFA, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A) of the SFA, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA; or

(c) |  | otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.

Where the shares of common stock are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:

(a) |  | a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or

(b) |  | a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor, securities or securities-based derivatives contracts (each term as defined in Section 2(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the shares of common stock pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:

| (i) |  | to an institutional investor or to a relevant person, or to any person arising from an offer referred to in Section 275(1A) or 276(4)(i)(B) of the SFA;

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| (ii) |  | where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;

| (iii) |  | where the transfer is by operation of law;

| (iv) |  | as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or

| (v) |  | as specified in Regulation 37A of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Securities and Securities-based Derivatives Contracts) Regulations 2018.

Singapore SFA Product Classification—In connection with Section 309B of the SFA and the CMP Regulations 2018, unless otherwise specified before an offer of shares, we have determined, and hereby notify all relevant persons (as defined in Section 309A(1) of the SFA), that the shares are “prescribed capital markets products” (as defined in the CMP Regulations 2018) and Excluded Investment Products (as defined in MAS Notice SFA 04-N12: Notice on the Sale of Investment Products and MAS Notice FAA-N16: Notice on Recommendations on Investment Products).

Notice to prospective investors in China

This prospectus will not be circulated or distributed in the People’s Republic of China, or PRC, and the shares of common stock will not be offered or sold, and will not be offered or sold to any person for re-offering or resale directly or indirectly to any residents of the PRC (for such purposes, not including the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions or Taiwan), except pursuant to any applicable laws and regulations of the PRC. Neither this prospectus nor any advertisement or other offering material may be distributed or published in the PRC, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

Notice to prospective investors in Korea

The shares of common stock have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Investments Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea and the decrees and regulations thereunder, or the FSCMA, and the shares of common stock have been and will be offered in Korea as a private placement under the FSCMA. None of the shares of common stock may be offered, sold or delivered directly or indirectly, or offered or sold to any person for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Korea or to any resident of Korea except pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations of Korea, including the FSCMA and the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law of Korea and the decrees and regulations thereunder, or the FETL. The shares of common stock have not been listed on any of the securities exchanges in the world including, without limitation, the Korea Exchange in Korea. Furthermore, the purchaser of the shares of common stock shall comply with all applicable regulatory requirements (including but not limited to requirements under the FETL) in connection with the purchase of the shares. By the purchase of the shares of common stock, the relevant holder thereof will be deemed to represent and warrant that if it is in Korea or is a resident of Korea, it purchased the shares of common stock pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations of Korea.

Notice to prospective investors in Taiwan

The shares of common stock have not been and will not be registered with the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan pursuant to relevant securities laws and regulations and may not be sold, issued or offered within Taiwan through a public offering or in circumstances which constitutes an offer within the meaning of the Securities and Exchange Act of Taiwan that requires a registration or approval of the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan. No person or entity in Taiwan has been authorized to offer, sell, give advice regarding or otherwise intermediate the offering and sale of the shares of common stock in Taiwan.

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Notice to prospective investors in Saudi Arabia

This prospectus may not be distributed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia except to such persons as are permitted under the Offers of Securities Regulations as issued by the board of the Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority, or the CMA, pursuant to resolution number 2-11-2004 dated 4 October 2004 as amended by resolution number 1-28-2008, as amended, or the CMA Regulations. The CMA does not make any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of this prospectus and expressly disclaims any liability whatsoever for any loss arising from, or incurred in reliance upon, any part of this prospectus. Prospective purchasers of the securities offered hereby should conduct their own due diligence on the accuracy of the information relating to the securities. If you do not understand the contents of this prospectus, you should consult an authorized financial adviser.

Notice to prospective investors in the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC)

This prospectus relates to an Exempt Offer in accordance with the Markets Law, DIFC Law No. 1 of 2012, as amended. This prospectus is intended for distribution only to persons of a type specified in the Markets Law, DIFC Law No. 1 of 2012, as amended. It must not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other person. The DFSA has no responsibility for reviewing or verifying any documents in connection with Exempt Offers. The DFSA has not approved this prospectus nor taken steps to verify the information set forth herein and has no responsibility for this prospectus. The securities to which this prospectus relates may be illiquid and/or subject to restrictions on their resale. Prospective purchasers of the securities offered should conduct their own due diligence on the securities. If you do not understand the contents of this prospectus you should consult an authorized financial advisor.

In relation to its use in the DIFC, this prospectus is strictly private and confidential and is being distributed to a limited number of investors and must not be provided to any person other than the original recipient, and may not be reproduced or used for any other purpose. The interests in the securities may not be offered or sold directly or indirectly to the public in the DIFC.

Notice to prospective investors in the United Arab Emirates

The shares of common stock have not been, and are not being, publicly offered, sold, promoted or advertised in the United Arab Emirates (including the DIFC) other than in compliance with the laws of the United Arab Emirates (and the DIFC) governing the issue, offering and sale of securities. Further, this prospectus does not constitute a public offer of securities in the United Arab Emirates (including the DIFC) and is not intended to be a public offer. This prospectus has not been approved by or filed with the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, the Securities and Commodities Authority or the DFSA.

Notice to prospective investors in Bermuda

Shares of common stock may be offered or sold in Bermuda only in compliance with the provisions of the Investment Business Act of 2003 of Bermuda which regulates the sale of securities in Bermuda. Additionally, non-Bermudian persons (including companies) may not carry on or engage in any trade or business in Bermuda unless such persons are permitted to do so under applicable Bermuda legislation.

Notice to prospective investors in the British Virgin Islands

The shares of common stock are not being, and may not be offered to the public or to any person in the British Virgin Islands for purchase or subscription by or on our behalf. The shares of common stock may be offered to companies incorporated under the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 (British Virgin Islands), or BVI Companies, but only where the offer will be made to, and received by, the relevant BVI Company entirely outside of the British Virgin Islands.

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Notice to prospective investors in South Africa

Due to restrictions under the securities laws of South Africa, no “offer to the public” (as such term is defined in the South African Companies Act, No. 71 of 2008 (as amended or re-enacted), or the South African Companies Act) is being made in connection with the issue of the shares of common stock in South Africa. Accordingly, this prospectus does not, nor is it intended to, constitute a “registered prospectus” (as that term is defined in the South African Companies Act) prepared and registered under the South African Companies Act and has not been approved by, and/or filed with, the South African Companies and Intellectual Property Commission or any other regulatory authority in South Africa. The shares of common stock are not offered, and the offer shall not be transferred, sold, renounced or delivered, in South Africa or to a person with an address in South Africa, unless one or other of the following exemptions stipulated in section 96 (1) applies:

Section 96 (1)(a) |  | the offer, transfer, sale, renunciation or delivery is to: (i) persons whose ordinary business, or part of whose ordinary business, is to deal in securities, as principal or agent; (ii) the South African Public Investment Corporation; (iii) persons or entities regulated by the Reserve Bank of South Africa; (iv) authorised financial service providers under South African law; (v) financial institutions recognised as such under South African law; (vi) a wholly owned subsidiary of any person or entity contemplated in (c), (d) or (e), acting as agent in the capacity of an authorised portfolio manager for a pension fund, or as manager for a collective investment scheme (in each case duly registered as such under South African law); or (vii) any combination of the person in (i) to (vi); or
Section 96 (1)(b) |  | the total contemplated acquisition cost of the securities, for any single addressee acting as principal is equal to or greater than ZAR1,000,000 or such higher amount as may be promulgated by notice in the Government Gazette of South Africa pursuant to section 96(2)(a) of the South African Companies Act.

Information made available in this prospectus should not be considered as “advice” as defined in the South African Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act, 2002.

Notice to prospective investors in Israel

This prospectus does not constitute a prospectus under the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Israeli Securities Law, and has not been filed with or approved by the Israel Securities Authority. In Israel, this prospectus is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer of the shares of common stock is directed only at, (i) a limited number of persons in accordance with the Israeli Securities Law and (ii) investors listed in the first addendum, or the Addendum, to the Israeli Securities Law, consisting primarily of joint investment in trust funds, provident funds, insurance companies, banks, portfolio managers, investment advisors, members of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, underwriters, venture capital funds, entities with equity in excess of NIS 50 million and “qualified individuals,” each as defined in the Addendum (as it may be amended from time to time), collectively referred to as qualified investors (in each case, purchasing for their own account or, where permitted under the Addendum, for the accounts of their clients who are investors listed in the Addendum). Qualified investors are required to submit written confirmation that they fall within the scope of the Addendum, are aware of the meaning of same and agree to it.

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Legal matters

The validity of the shares of our common stock offered by this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Fenwick & West LLP, San Francisco, California. Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, Menlo Park, California, is acting as counsel for the underwriters in connection with this offering.

Experts

Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our financial statements at December 31, 2022 and 2023, and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, as set forth in their report. We have included our financial statements in the prospectus and elsewhere in the registration statement in reliance on Ernst & Young LLP’s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

Where you can find additional information

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 (File Number 333-    ) under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of our common stock offered hereby. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement or the exhibits filed therewith. For further information about us and the common stock offered hereby, reference is made to the registration statement and the exhibits filed therewith. Statements contained in this prospectus concerning the contents of any contract or any document that has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement are not necessarily complete, and each such statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. The exhibits to the registration statement should be reviewed for the complete contents of these contracts and documents.

We currently do not file periodic reports with the SEC. Upon the completion of this offering, we will be required to file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the website is www.sec.gov.

We also maintain a website at www.mazetx.com. Upon completion of this offering, you may access these materials at our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this prospectus.

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Index to financial statements

Report of independent auditors (PCAOB ID: 42) |  |  | F-2 |
Financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023: |  |  |  |
Balance sheets |  |  | F-3 |
Statements of operations and comprehensive loss |  |  | F-4 |
Statements of redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit |  |  | F-5 |
Statements of cash flows |  |  | F-6 |
Notes to the financial statements |  |  | F-7 |

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Maze Therapeutics, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the related statements of operations and comprehensive loss, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.

San Mateo, California

June 21, 2024

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Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Balance sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 99,919 |  |  | $ | 29,158 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 6,230 |  |  |  | 4,952 |
Total current assets |  |  | 106,149 |  |  |  | 34,110 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 12,402 |  |  |  | 8,845 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 1,210 |  |  |  | 1,088 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset |  |  | 28,826 |  |  |  | 26,139 |
Other assets |  |  | 1,370 |  |  |  | 1,322 |
Total assets |  | $ | 149,957 |  |  | $ | 71,504 |
Liabilities, Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 1,585 |  |  | $ | 2,019 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 14,874 |  |  |  | 9,808 |
Operating lease liabilities, current |  |  | 4,324 |  |  |  | 4,489 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 20,783 |  |  |  | 16,316 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  |  | 27,731 |  |  |  | 25,054 |
Convertible promissory notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,080 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 48,514 |  |  |  | 61,450 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 203,415,024 shares authorized as of December 31, 2022 and 2023; 203,415,024 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2023; aggregate liquidation preference of $383,902 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 |  |  | 383,902 |  |  |  | 383,902 |
Stockholders’ deficit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 257,000,000 and 261,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively; 22,868,289 and 22,996,976 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively; 1,576,649 and 603,930 shares subject to repurchase as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 22 |
Additional paid-in-capital |  |  | 12,791 |  |  |  | 21,816 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (295,271 | ) |  |  | (395,686 | )
Total stockholders’ deficit |  |  | (282,459 | ) |  |  | (373,848 | )
Total liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit |  | $ | 149,957 |  |  | $ | 71,504 |

See accompanying notes to these financial statements.

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Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Statements of operations and comprehensive loss

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | $ | 88,192 |  |  | $ | 73,945 |
General and administrative |  |  | 22,834 |  |  |  | 24,606 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 111,026 |  |  |  | 98,551 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (111,026 | ) |  |  | (98,551 | )
Interest and other income, net |  |  | 2,028 |  |  |  | 1,966 |
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,830 | )
Net loss on impairment and dissolution of equity method investment |  |  | (2,400 | ) |  |  | — |
Share in net loss of equity method investments |  |  | (3,542 | ) |  |  | — |
Net loss and comprehensive loss |  | $ | (114,940 | ) |  | $ | (100,415 | )
Net loss per share, basic and diluted |  | $ | (5.93 | ) |  | $ | (4.55 | )
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted |  |  | 19,379,583 |  |  |  | 22,071,408 |

See accompanying notes to these financial statements.

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Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Statements of redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit

(in thousands, except share data)

|  | Redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  |  |  |  | Common stock |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Accumulated deficit |  |  | Total stockholders’ deficit |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  |  | 202,881,860 |  |  | $ | 382,328 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,935,931 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 5,616 |  |  | $ | (180,331 | ) |  | $ | (174,698) |
Issuance of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 533,164 |  |  |  | 1,574 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 168,781 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 212 |
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase of unvested restricted stock and early exercised stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (236,473 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock and early exercised stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 231 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,736 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,736 |
Net loss and comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (114,940 | ) |  |  | (114,940 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 203,415,024 |  |  |  | 383,902 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,868,289 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 12,791 |  |  |  | (295,271 | ) |  |  | (282,459 | )
Exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 175,104 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 216 |
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase of unvested restricted stock and early exercised stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,667 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock and early exercised stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 63 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,747 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,747 |
Net loss and comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,415 | ) |  |  | (100,415 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 203,415,024 |  |  | $ | 383,902 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,996,976 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 21,816 |  |  | $ | (395,686 | ) |  | $ | (373,848 | )

See accompanying notes to these financial statements.

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Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Statements of cash flows

(in thousands)

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (114,940 | ) |  | $ | (100,415 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 3,820 |  |  |  | 4,089 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 6,736 |  |  |  | 8,747 |
Non-cash lease expense |  |  | 2,507 |  |  |  | 2,687 |
Net loss on impairment and dissolution of equity method investment |  |  | 2,400 |  |  |  | — |
Non-cash share of net loss in equity method investments |  |  | 3,542 |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,830 |
Other items, net |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 551 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (894 | ) |  |  | 924 |
Other assets |  |  | (820 | ) |  |  | (35 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | (3,777 | ) |  |  | 399 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 4,829 |  |  |  | (5,092 | )
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (2,574 | ) |  |  | (2,512 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (99,203 | ) |  |  | (86,827 | )
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (1,966 | ) |  |  | (441 | )
Contributions for equity method investments |  |  | (1,204 | ) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (3,170 | ) |  |  | (441 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 1,574 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory notes, net of issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,176 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock option awards, net of repurchases |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 209 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 1,728 |  |  |  | 16,385 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  |  | (100,645 | ) |  |  | (70,883 | )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year |  |  | 201,774 |  |  |  | 101,129 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year |  | $ | 101,129 |  |  | $ | 30,246 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 90 |
Vesting of restricted stock and stock options subject to repurchase |  | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 63 |
Equity method investment obtained by accrued commitment |  | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | — |
Initial fair value of line-of-credit success fee derivative |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | — |
Reconciliation to cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 99,919 |  |  | $ | 29,158 |
Restricted cash |  | $ | 1,210 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | $ | 101,129 |  |  | $ | 30,246 |

See accompanying notes to these financial statements.

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Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to the financial statements

1. Organization and principal activities

Description of business

Maze Therapeutics, Inc., or the Company, is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company harnessing the power of human genetics and variant functionalization with its Maze Compass platform to develop small molecule precision medicines for the treatment of common diseases. The Company was incorporated in Delaware in August 2017 and is located in South San Francisco, California.

Liquidity and capital resources

The Company has incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception and expects to incur significant and increasing losses as a result of its continued research and development activities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred a net loss of $100.4 million and used $86.8 million of cash in operations. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $395.7 million. Historically, the Company has financed its operations primarily through private placements of its redeemable convertible preferred stock and issuances of convertible promissory notes. The Company may seek to raise capital through debt financings, private or public equity financings, license agreements, or other sources of financing. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available or will be at terms acceptable to the Company.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $29.2 million. The Company entered into exclusive license agreements with several biotechnology companies after December 31, 2023, including the exclusive license agreement with Shionogi & Co., Ltd., or Shionogi, pursuant to which the Company received aggregate one-time, nonrefundable, upfront payments of $167.5 million. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023, together with the upfront payments for the exclusive license agreements and the additional $24.5 million in proceeds received from the issuance of convertible promissory notes subsequent to December 31, 2023 through the date these financial statements were issued, will be sufficient to fund the Company’s operations for at least one year from the issuance date of these financial statements.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, and include all adjustments considered necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and operating results for the periods presented.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and market-specific or other relevant assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Assets and liabilities reported in the Company’s balance sheet and expenses reported are affected by estimates and assumptions, which are used for, but are not limited to, determining the fair value of assets and liabilities, common stock valuation, income tax uncertainties,

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measurement of stock-based compensation expense, and certain accruals. Actual results could differ from such estimates or assumptions.

Concentration of credit risk and other risks and uncertainties

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains bank deposits in accounts at two separate federally insured financial institutions and these deposits may exceed federally insured limits. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institution holding its cash to the extent recorded in the balance sheet. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash. The Company is also subject to a number of risks similar to other early-stage biopharmaceutical companies, including, but not limited to, the need to obtain adequate additional funding, possible failure of current or future preclinical testing or clinical trials, its reliance on third parties to conduct its preclinical testing or clinical trials, the need to obtain regulatory and marketing approvals for therapeutic candidates, competitors developing new technological innovations, the need to successfully commercialize and gain market acceptance of therapeutic candidates, the success of efforts to protect its proprietary technology, and the need to secure and maintain adequate manufacturing arrangements with third parties. If the Company does not successfully commercialize or partner any therapeutic candidates, it will be unable to generate product revenue or achieve profitability.

Operating segments

The Company operates and manages its business as one reportable and operating segment, which is the business of harnessing its understanding of human genetics and variant functionalization to develop small molecule precision medicines. The Company’s chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for allocating and evaluating financial performance.

Fair value measurement

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, or an exit price, in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date, and establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The Company determined the fair value of financial assets and liabilities using the fair value hierarchy that describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value, as follows:

• |  | Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;

• |  | Level 2—Observable inputs, other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

• |  | Level 3—Unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s own assumptions incorporated in valuation techniques used to determine fair value. These assumptions are required to be consistent with market participant assumptions that are reasonably available.

For certain financial instruments, including cash and accounts payable, as well as certain accrued liabilities, the recorded amount approximates estimated fair value due to their relatively short maturity period.

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Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, cash equivalents consisted of money market funds.

Restricted cash is comprised of cash that is restricted as to withdrawal or use under the terms of certain contractual agreements. Restricted cash as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 included $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively, as collateral for a letter of credit related to the Company’s headquarters building lease in South San Francisco, California. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, restricted cash also included $0.2 million and zero, respectively, as collateral for the Company’s credit card program. Restricted cash is classified as a noncurrent asset on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, restricted cash consisted of money market funds.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are presented at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life. Depreciation begins at the time the asset is placed in service. Maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of the assets are charged to expense as incurred and costs of major replacements or improvements are capitalized. The Company’s estimated useful lives of its property and equipment are as follows:

Laboratory equipment |  | 5 years
Computer equipment |  | 3 years
Furniture and fixtures |  | 5 years
Software |  | 3 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Shorter of remaining lease term or estimated useful life

Impairment of long-lived assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset or asset group may not be recoverable. The recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized. There have been no such impairments of long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

Equity method investments

The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in entities when the Company can exercise significant influence, but not control, over the operating and financial decisions of an equity method investee. Generally, the ability to exercise significant influence is presumed when an investor possesses more than 20% of the voting interests of the investee. This presumption may be overcome based on specific facts and circumstances that demonstrate that the ability to exercise significant influence is restricted. The Company applies the equity method to investments in common stock, common stock equivalents, preferred stock and to other investments in entities that have risk and reward characteristics that are substantially similar to an investment in the investee’s common stock.

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In applying the equity method, the investment is recorded at cost. The carrying amount of the investment is subsequently increased or decreased by the Company’s proportionate share of the net earnings or losses and other comprehensive income or loss of the investee based on its ownership percentage of common stock, common stock equivalents or preferred stock during the respective reporting period. Payments to investees such as additional investments, loans and expenses incurred on behalf of investees, as well as payments from investees such as dividends, distributions and repayments of loans are recorded as adjustments to the carrying value of the investment. In the event that net losses of the investee reduce the carrying amount to zero, additional net losses may be recorded if the Company holds other investments in the investee not accounted for under the equity method, has guaranteed obligations of the investee, or is otherwise committed to provide further financial support for the investee.

Under the equity method of accounting, the Company reviews its related investments for indicators of impairment at each reporting period and such investments are written down to fair value if there is evidence of a loss in value that is other-than-temporary. Factors that may be indicative of an impairment include, but are not limited to, a series of operating losses of an investee, the absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment, the inability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity and a current fair value of an investment that is less than its carrying amount. Indicators that a decline in value may be other-than-temporary include the length of time and the extent to which the estimated fair value or market value has been below the carrying value, the financial condition and the near-term prospects of the investee, the intent and ability of the Company to retain the investment in the investee for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value and general market conditions. The estimation of fair value and whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred requires the application of significant judgment and future results may vary from current assumptions. The carrying value of the Company’s equity method investments was zero as of December 31, 2022 and 2023. The Company recognized a loss on impairment of $5.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to its equity method investment in Contour Therapeutics LLC, or Contour. No impairment losses related to the Company’s equity method investments were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the arrangement. Operating leases are included in right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities, current, and operating lease liabilities, net of current portion in its balance sheets. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating lease right-of-use assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise any such options. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. The Company has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, and instead it accounts for these as a single lease component. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet, unless they include an option to purchase the underlying asset or to extend the lease that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise.

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Convertible promissory notes

In December 2023, the Company entered into Convertible Note Purchase Agreements with various existing investors to issue up to $25.0 million of convertible promissory notes. As permitted under Accounting Standards Codification 825, Financial Instruments, or ASC 825, the Company elected the fair value option for recognition of the convertible promissory notes. In accordance with ASC 825, the Company records these convertible promissory notes at fair value and remeasures the convertible promissory notes at fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value recorded in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible promissory notes were recognized in earnings as incurred and not deferred.

Redeemable convertible preferred stock

The Company records convertible preferred stock at fair value on the dates of issuance, net of issuance costs. Upon the occurrence of certain events that are outside the Company’s control, including a deemed liquidation event, holders of the convertible preferred stock can cause redemption for cash. Therefore, redeemable convertible preferred stock is classified outside of stockholders’ deficit on the balance sheet as events triggering the redemption are not solely within the Company’s control. The carrying values of the redeemable convertible preferred stock are adjusted to their redemption value if and when it becomes probable that the preferred stock will become redeemable.

Research and development expenses

Research and development, or R&D, expenses are recorded in the period that services are rendered or goods are received. R&D expenses consist of personnel related costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, related to R&D activities, laboratory supplies and facility costs, as well as fees paid to third parties that conduct certain R&D activities on behalf of the Company. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future R&D activities are capitalized and expensed as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed.

As part of the process of preparing its financial statements, the Company is required to estimate and accrue certain R&D expenses. This process involves the following:

• |  | identifying services that have been performed on the Company’s behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when the Company has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost;

• |  | estimating and accruing expenses in the Company’s financial statements as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to it at the time; and

• |  | periodically confirming the accuracy of the Company’s estimates with selected service providers and making adjustments, if necessary.

Examples of estimated R&D expenses that the Company may accrue include costs for:

• |  | clinical research organizations, or CROs, in connection with clinical trials as well as preclinical and toxicology studies;

• |  | investigative sites in connection with clinical trials;

• |  | contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, in connection with the production of product and clinical trial materials; and

• |  | professional service fees for consulting and related services.

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The Company bases its expense accruals related to clinical studies on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that conduct and manage clinical studies on the Company’s behalf. The financial terms of these agreements vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors, such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the Company does not identify costs that it has begun to incur or if it underestimates or overestimates the level of services performed or the costs of these services, the Company’s actual expenses could differ from its estimates.

To date, the Company has not experienced significant changes in its estimates of accrued R&D expenses after a reporting period. However, due to the nature of estimates, there is no assurance that the Company will not make changes to its estimates in the future as it becomes aware of additional information about the status or conduct of its clinical studies and other R&D activities. Such changes in estimates will be recognized as R&D expenses in the period that the change in estimate occurs.

Stock-based compensation expense

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for service-based stock options and restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company measures the fair value of service-based stock options at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Inputs to the Black-Scholes option-pricing model include the fair value of its common stock, the expected term of the awards, the expected common stock price volatility over the term of the awards, risk-free interest rates, and the expected dividend yield.

The fair value of restricted stock awards is determined on the date of grant based on the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock on that date. Stock-based compensation expense is adjusted for actual forfeitures of unvested awards in the same period as the forfeitures occur.

The fair value of awards that contain market-based conditions is measured using a Monte-Carlo option pricing model at the date of grant using similar input assumptions as the Black-Scholes model while incorporating Level 3 inputs related to probability estimates of the market conditions being satisfied. Compensation expense related to awards with a market-based condition is recognized regardless of whether the market condition is ultimately satisfied, and compensation expense is not reversed if the achievement of the market condition does not occur.

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns subject to a determinable valuation allowance.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.

In evaluating the ability to recover its deferred income tax assets, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including its operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In the event the Company determines that it would be able to

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realize its deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, it would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would reduce the provision for income taxes. Conversely, in the event that all or part of the net deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period when such determination is made. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets.

The Company recognizes uncertain income tax positions at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which judgment occurs. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of the provision for income tax.

Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)

Gains and losses arising from transactions and remeasurement of balances denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are recorded in interest and other income, net on the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company recorded immaterial gains on foreign currency transactions for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity of a business enterprise during a period, resulting from transactions from non-owner sources. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company did not have any transactions that would be reported separately to derive comprehensive loss. Thus, comprehensive loss is the same as net loss for the periods presented.

Net loss per share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period less common shares subject to vesting or forfeiture, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, redeemable convertible preferred stock, unvested restricted stock subject to repurchase and common stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. Because the Company reported a net loss for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, and the inclusion of the potentially dilutive securities would be antidilutive, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share for the periods presented.

Commitments and contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded if and when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

Emerging growth company status

The Company is an emerging growth company, or EGC, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise

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applicable to public companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with those standards. The Company has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses and also issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance under ASU No. 2018-19, ASU No. 2019-04, ASU No. 2019-05, ASU No. 2019-11, and ASU No. 2020-02 (collectively Topic 326). This guidance requires that financial assets measured at amortized cost be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. Topic 326 also eliminates the concept of “other-than-temporary” impairment when evaluating available-for-sale debt securities and instead focuses on determining whether any impairment is a result of a credit loss or other factors. An entity will recognize an allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities rather than an other-than-temporary impairment that reduces the cost basis of the investment. The Company adopted Topic 326 as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the accompanying financial statements.

New accounting pronouncements—Not yet adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which will require disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities. The amendments do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual reporting beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, and for interim periods thereafter. The Company is currently evaluating the incremental disclosures that will be required in the footnotes to the financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require incremental income tax disclosures on an annual basis for all public entities. The amendments require that public business entities disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items meeting a quantitative threshold. The amendments also require disclosure of income taxes paid to be disaggregated by jurisdiction, and disclosure of income tax expense disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual reporting beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the incremental disclosures that will be required in its financial statements.

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3. Fair value measurements

The following tables summarize the types of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Note 10 on convertible promissory notes and other debt agreements regarding the Company’s methodology of measuring the fair value of the convertible promissory notes and the credit line success fee derivative.

|  | Fair value measurements |
|  | (in thousands) |
|  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,966 |  |  | $ | 1,966 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted cash |  |  | 1,210 |  |  |  | 1,210 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 3,176 |  |  | $ | 3,176 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit line success fee derivative |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 13,955 |  |  | $ | 13,955 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted cash |  |  | 1,088 |  |  |  | 1,088 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 15,043 |  |  | $ | 15,043 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit line success fee derivative |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50 |
Convertible promissory notes |  |  | 20,080 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,080 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value |  | $ | 20,130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,130 |

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2, or 3 during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

4. Balance sheet components

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Laboratory equipment |  | $ | 14,278 |  |  | $ | 14,574 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 5,331 |  |  |  | 5,360 |
Office furniture |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 1,568 |
Software |  |  | 690 |  |  |  | 745 |
Computer equipment |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | 327 |
Fixed assets in-progress |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57 |
|  |  | 22,100 |  |  |  | 22,631 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (9,698 | ) |  |  | (13,786 | )
Total property and equipment, net |  | $ | 12,402 |  |  | $ | 8,845 |

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Depreciation expense was $3.8 million and $4.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Accrued compensation expenses |  | $ | 7,384 |  |  | $ | 6,882 |
Accrued research and development expenses |  |  | 5,847 |  |  |  | 1,642 |
Accrued professional expenses |  |  | 1,350 |  |  |  | 1,112 |
Other accrued expenses and current liabilities |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | 172 |
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | $ | 14,874 |  |  | $ | 9,808 |

5. Equity method investments

Broadwing Bio LLC

In November 2020, the Company entered into a series of agreements with Alloy Therapeutics, Inc., or Alloy Therapeutics. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company agreed to commit capital for a 50% ownership interest in a joint venture entity, Broadwing Bio LLC, or Broadwing, which was formed to develop targeted antibody therapies for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is a member of the board of directors of Alloy Therapeutics. The Company made an initial contribution of $1.7 million of cash and committed to make additional in-kind contributions of $0.6 million, including facilities and operational services, in exchange for an initial 50% equity interest in Broadwing. The commitment to make additional in-kind contributions was recorded in other current liabilities. Alloy Therapeutics contributed cash and committed to provide its antibody discovery services for the other initial 50% equity interest in Broadwing. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company and Alloy Therapeutics have the option to continue to fund Broadwing to advance its programs through preclinical and clinical development. Under such terms and as of the inception of the agreement, the Company may opt to make additional cash contributions. The Company and Alloy Therapeutics will retain certain rights to participate in the development and commercialization of products originating from Broadwing.

The Company determined as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 it had a variable interest in Broadwing through its equity investment and Broadwing is a variable interest entity due to the equity investment at risk being insufficient to finance its activities. The Company has evaluated the significant activities of Broadwing under the variable interest entity model and concluded that the significant activities consist primarily of research and development activities. As the Company does not have the sole power to direct such activities, the Company is not the primary beneficiary and accounts for the investment in Broadwing under the equity method.

In March 2022, the Company opted to make an additional contribution of $1.2 million of cash and a commitment to provide additional in-kind contributions of $0.3 million consisting of facilities and operational services. This commitment was recorded as a commitment liability initially and was relieved in full during fiscal year 2022 as the Company provided the related services.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a $2.7 million loss for its share of Broadwing’s operating losses. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023 the carrying amount of the investment was zero, which represents the Company’s maximum exposure to loss as a result of its involvement in Broadwing as of those

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dates. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company’s share of Broadwing’s losses exceeded the carrying amount of the equity investment. Since the Company has no obligation to provide cash financing to Broadwing, no additional losses are being recorded beyond the investment’s carrying amount.

Contour Therapeutics LLC

In December 2020, the Company and BridgeBio Pharma LLC, or BridgeBio, completed the formation of a joint venture entity, Contour. Contour was formed to further development of therapeutic candidates and approaches designed to treat cardiovascular disease. The Company contributed know-how of $4.6 million and committed to make additional in-kind contributions of $4.0 million required to advance the program via in-kind services in exchange for an initial 30% equity interest in Contour. This initial commitment liability was initially recorded with $1.0 million in other current liabilities and $3.0 million in other long-term liabilities based upon when the Company expected to provide the in-kind contributions. BridgeBio contributed cash and committed to provide its expertise in research and clinical development for cardiovascular diseases for the other initial 70% equity interest in Contour.

The Company determined it had a variable interest in Contour through its equity investment and Contour is a variable interest entity due to the equity investment at risk being insufficient to finance its activities. The Company evaluated the significant activities of Contour under the variable interest entity model and concluded that the significant activities consist primarily of research and development activities. As the Company does not have the sole power to direct such activities, the Company is not the primary beneficiary and accounts for the investment under the equity method.

In May 2022, Maze and BridgeBio entered into an agreement wherein BridgeBio was formally released from providing any further cash to Contour under its commitment to the joint venture. Accordingly, in June 2022, the Company determined its investment in Contour was impaired and recorded a loss on impairment of $5.4 million. Contour was dissolved in October 2022 and the Company no longer records any carrying value related to this investment. As the Company was released from its commitment liability to provide in-kind services, the Company recorded a corresponding gain of $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in an overall $2.4 million net loss on impairment and dissolution of equity method investment. The Company recorded its share of Contour’s operating losses up until its dissolution in October 2022, which amounted to $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

6. Capital structure

Common stock

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company was authorized to issue 257,000,000 and 261,000,000 shares, respectively, of $0.001 par value common stock. Of the total common shares issued and outstanding, 3,000,000 shares were purchased by Third Rock Ventures, LLC, or TRV, upon the founding of the Company. TRV also purchased 55,000,000 shares of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock. The remaining common shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 are restricted stock awards granted and stock option awards exercised under the plans discussed in Note 7 on Equity incentive plan and stock-based compensation expense. Common stockholders are entitled to dividends if and when declared by the Board of Directors of the Company, or the Board of Directors, subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights as to dividends. The holder of each share of common stock is entitled to one vote. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, no dividends were declared.

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Common stock reserved for future issuance, on an as-converted basis, consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 104,985,132 |  |  |  | 104,985,132 |
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 57,563,188 |  |  |  | 57,563,188 |
Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 40,866,704 |  |  |  | 40,866,704 |
Shares reserved under 2019 Equity Incentive Plan |  |  | 2,317,524 |  |  |  | 583,767 |
Stock options, issued and outstanding |  |  | 25,976,799 |  |  |  | 31,031,869 |
Total |  |  | 231,709,347 |  |  |  | 235,030,660 |

Redeemable convertible preferred stock

In December 2021, the Company executed a Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, or the Series C Purchase Agreement, with certain other investors to sell shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock. Under the Series C Purchase Agreement, the Company issued a total of 40,866,704 shares of Series C preferred stock, or Series C Preferred Stock, (533,164 shares were issued during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 at a price of $2.9515 per share for total net proceeds of $1.6 million) pursuant to the terms of the Series C Purchase Agreement. No additional redeemable convertible preferred shares were issued during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

Issued and outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 consisted of the following:

Series |  | Shares authorized |  |  | Shares issued and outstanding |  |  | Original issue price per share |  |  | Aggregate liquidation amount |  |  | Net carrying value |
|  |  |  |  | (in thousands, except share and per share data) |
As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A |  |  | 104,985,132 |  |  |  | 104,985,132 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 104,985 |  |  | $ | 104,985 |
Series B |  |  | 57,563,188 |  |  |  | 57,563,188 |  |  | $ | 2.75 |  |  | $ | 158,299 |  |  | $ | 158,299 |
Series C |  |  | 40,866,704 |  |  |  | 40,866,704 |  |  | $ | 2.9515 |  |  | $ | 120,618 |  |  | $ | 120,618 |
Total |  |  | 203,415,024 |  |  |  | 203,415,024 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 383,902 |  |  | $ | 383,902 |
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A |  |  | 104,985,132 |  |  |  | 104,985,132 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 104,985 |  |  | $ | 104,985 |
Series B |  |  | 57,563,188 |  |  |  | 57,563,188 |  |  | $ | 2.75 |  |  | $ | 158,299 |  |  | $ | 158,299 |
Series C |  |  | 40,866,704 |  |  |  | 40,866,704 |  |  | $ | 2.9515 |  |  | $ | 120,618 |  |  | $ | 120,618 |
Total |  |  | 203,415,024 |  |  |  | 203,415,024 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 383,902 |  |  | $ | 383,902 |

The holders of redeemable convertible preferred stock have various rights and preferences including the following:

Conversion and voting rights

Each holder of redeemable convertible preferred stock is entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of common stock into which such shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock held by such holder could then be converted. Each share is convertible at the holder’s option at any time into the number of shares of common stock determined by dividing the original issue price by the conversion price. The conversion price for Series A, Series B and Series C is currently set equal to the original issue price of $1.00, $2.75 and

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$2.9515, respectively, and is subject to adjustments for anti-dilution in certain circumstances. Conversion is automatic immediately prior to the closing of a qualifying initial public offering and upon the election of holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of preferred stock, voting together as a single class.

Dividends

The holders of redeemable convertible preferred stock are entitled to receive dividends out of any assets legally available only when, as, and if declared by the Board of Directors, prior to and in preference to any declaration or payment of any dividend on the common stock. Such dividends are noncumulative.

Liquidation preference

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, or Liquidation Events, or deemed Liquidation Event, the holders of shares of the redeemable convertible preferred stock then outstanding shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders before any payment shall be made to the holders of common stock. The amount per share shall be equal to the greater of (i) $1.00 for Series A, $2.75 for Series B and $2.9515 for Series C, plus any dividends declared but unpaid or (ii) such amount per share as would have been payable had all shares of the redeemable convertible preferred stock been converted into common stock immediately prior to such liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or deemed Liquidation Event. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or deemed Liquidation Event, after the payment of all preferential amounts required to be paid to the holders of shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock, the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders shall be distributed among the holders of the shares of common stock, pro rata based on the number of shares held by each such holder.

Redemption

Upon a written request from the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock, which request can be made at any time after December 8, 2026, holders of the redeemable convertible preferred stock can cause the Company to redeem the redeemable convertible preferred stock for cash. Shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock must be redeemed by the Company at the original issue price for the redeemable convertible preferred stock plus any declared and unpaid dividends in three annual installments. On each of the three annual redemption dates, the Company must redeem the number of outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock determined by dividing the total number of outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock by the number of remaining redemption dates. Additionally, in the event a deemed Liquidation Event does not effect a dissolution of the Company under the Delaware General Corporation Law within 90 days, the holders of redeemable convertible preferred stock have the option (subject to the required vote) to redeem all outstanding shares of the redeemable convertible preferred stock from the net proceeds received for such deemed Liquidation Event at a price equal to the redeemable convertible preferred stock liquidation amount. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the carrying value of each series of redeemable convertible preferred stock was recorded at its redemption value.

Classification

Upon the occurrence of certain change in control events that are outside the Company’s control, including liquidation, sale, or transfer of the Company, holders of the redeemable convertible preferred stock can effectively cause redemption for cash. As a result, the Company has classified the redeemable convertible preferred stock as mezzanine equity on the balance sheets as the stock is contingently redeemable. The redeemable convertible preferred stock classified in mezzanine equity is subject to subsequent measurement

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under the guidance provided under FASB ASC 480-10-S99-3A, Accounting for Redeemable Equity Investments. The Company has elected to recognize changes in redemption value immediately as they occur through adjustments to the carrying amounts of the instruments at the end of the reporting period with the corresponding amount recorded to additional paid-in capital. No such changes were identified or recorded during the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2023.

7. Equity incentive plan and stock-based compensation expense

2018 Stock Award and Grant Plan

In November 2018, the Company adopted the 2018 Stock Award and Grant Plan, or the 2018 Plan, which allowed for the granting of up to 17,000,000 equity awards to the founders, employees, members of the Board of Directors and consultants of the Company. The unvested shares of restricted common stock issued under the 2018 Plan are subject to repurchase by the Company at the original issuance price in the event of the holder’s termination, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Consideration received for unvested stock-based awards is initially recorded as a liability and subsequently reclassified into stockholders’ deficit as the related awards vest. Restricted common stock granted under the 2018 Plan generally vests over four years. Certain of the restricted common stock granted under the 2018 Plan vests upon achievement of certain performance conditions. The awards expire no more than 10 years from the date of grant.

Restricted stock awards (2018 Plan)

The following table summarizes restricted common stock activity during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

|  | Restricted stock awards |  |  | Weighted- average grant date fair value |
Unvested balance as of January 1, 2022 |  |  | 3,004,720 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |
Vested |  |  | (2,258,131 | ) |  | $ | 0.24 |
Repurchased |  |  | (53,743 | ) |  | $ | 0.01 |
Unvested restricted stock awards as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 692,846 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |
Vested |  |  | (642,846 | ) |  | $ | 0.37 |
Unvested restricted stock awards as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 0.001 |

The total number of shares under the 2018 Plan that were vested as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 was 10,053,828 and 10,696,924, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, there were immaterial amounts recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities related to shares held by employees and non-employees that were unvested and subject to repurchase under this plan. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, any repurchased shares under the 2018 Plan were transferred to the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, no awards were available for issuance under the 2018 Plan.

Restricted stock awards (outside of the 2018 Plan)

In 2018, the Company issued 6,162,612 shares of restricted stock to founders and advisors outside of the 2018 Plan. The shares were issued under the terms of respective restricted common stock agreements, and unvested shares are subject to repurchase by the Company upon the holder’s termination of its relationship with the Company at the original purchase price per share.

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The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s unvested restricted common stock awards granted to founders and advisors outside of the 2018 Plan during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

|  | Restricted stock awards |  |  | Weighted- average grant date fair value |
Unvested balance as of January 1, 2022 |  |  | 1,520,372 |  |  | $ | 0.001 |
Vested |  |  | (1,170,372 | ) |  | $ | 0.001 |
Unvested restricted stock awards as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | $ | 0.001 |
Vested |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Unvested restricted stock awards as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | $ | 0.001 |

The total number of shares outside of the 2018 Plan that were vested as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 was 5,812,612. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, there were immaterial amounts recorded in other liabilities related to shares held by employees and non-employees that were unvested and subject to repurchase outside of the 2018 Plan. The unvested awards as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 vest upon the achievement of future performance milestones.

2019 Equity Incentive Plan

In August 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the establishment of the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2019 Plan. The 2019 Plan allows for the granting of restricted common stock, incentive stock options, or ISOs, and non-qualified stock options, or NSOs, to the employees, members of the Board of Directors and consultants of the Company. Restricted common stock granted under the 2019 Plan is generally vested upon issuance. Unvested shares of restricted common stock are subject to repurchase by the Company at the original issuance price in the event of the employee’s termination, either voluntarily or involuntarily. ISOs are granted only to the Company’s employees, including officers and directors who are also employees. NSOs are granted to consultants, employees, and non-employee directors of the Company. Stock options granted under the 2019 Plan generally expire 10 years from the date of grant. The 2019 Plan allows the holder of the stock option to early exercise the stock option in whole or in part prior to the full vesting of the stock option. Unvested stock options are subject to repurchase by the Company at the original issuance price in the event of the employee’s termination, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Early exercises of stock options are not deemed to be substantive exercises for accounting purposes and accordingly, consideration received for unvested stock options is initially recorded as a liability and subsequently reclassified into stockholders’ deficit as the related stock options vest.

There were 2,317,524 and 583,767 equity incentive awards authorized and available for issuance under the 2019 Plan as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

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Stock options (2019 Plan)

The following table summarizes stock option activity under the 2019 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023:

|  | Options outstanding |
|  | Total options outstanding |  |  | Weighted- average exercise price |  |  | Weighted- average remaining contractual life (years) |  |  | Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands) |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 25,976,799 |  |  | $ | 1.42 |  |  |  | 8.62 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 6,342,750 |  |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised(1) |  |  | (175,104 | ) |  | $ | 1.24 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled |  |  | (1,112,576 | ) |  | $ | 1.57 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 31,031,869 |  |  | $ | 1.50 |  |  |  | 7.95 |  |  | $ | 5,728 |
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 30,501,869 |  |  | $ | 1.50 |  |  |  | 7.93 |  |  | $ | 5,697 |
Vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 16,347,771 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |  |  |  | 7.48 |  |  | $ | 4,447 |

(1) |  | As of December 31, 2023, 203,930 options exercised to date were subject to repurchase. During the year ended December 31, 2023, none of the 175,104 total exercised options were exercised early and were subject to repurchase at the time of exercise.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The intrinsic value is the difference between the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock at the time of exercise and the exercise price of the stock option.

The total fair value of options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 was $5.7 million and $8.0 million, respectively. The weighted average grant-date fair value of employee options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 was $1.42 and $1.37 per share, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, there were immaterial amounts recorded in other liabilities related to shares held by employees and non-employees from early exercised options subject to vesting and repurchase under the 2019 Plan.

There were no market-based awards granted or expensed for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted 500,000 options that had a fair value of $0.9 million on the grant date that vest upon the Company’s common stock meeting certain market-based price targets. The fair value of these market-based awards is being recognized through April 2026. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $0.2 million of share-based compensation expense related to these awards.

Restricted stock awards (2019 Plan)

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, there were 50 shares and 250 shares, respectively, of restricted stock issued under the 2019 Plan. The weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted stock granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 was $2.00 and $1.84 per share, respectively.

Fair value measurement

The Company estimated the fair value of service-based stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of service-based stock options is being amortized on the straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards.

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The fair value of the shares of common stock underlying stock options has historically been determined by the Board of Directors. Because there has been no public market for the Company’s common stock, the Board of Directors has determined the fair value of the common stock at the time of grant of the option by considering a number of objective and subjective factors including: (i) third-party valuations of the Company’s common stock; (ii) the Company’s stage of development; (iii) the status of research and development efforts; (iv) the rights, preferences, and privileges of the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock relative to those of the Company’s common stock; (v) the Company’s operating results and financial condition, including the Company’s levels of available capital resources; (vi) equity market conditions affecting comparable public companies; (vii) general U.S. market conditions; and (viii) the lack of marketability of the Company’s common stock.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective assumptions which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. These assumptions include:

• |  | Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of the stock option.

• |  | Expected volatility—Since the Company is privately held and does not have any trading history for its common stock, the expected volatility was estimated based on the average volatility for comparable publicly traded biopharmaceutical companies over a period equal to the expected term of the stock option grants. The comparable companies were chosen based on their similar size, stage in the life cycle or area of specialty. The Company will continue to apply this process until enough historical information regarding the volatility of its own stock becomes available.

• |  | Expected term—The expected term represents the period that the stock option grants are expected to be outstanding. The Company used the simplified method to determine the expected term. The simplified method is based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. The Company utilizes this method due to lack of historical exercise data.

• |  | Expected dividend yield—The Company has never paid dividends on its common stock and has no plans to pay dividends on its common stock. Therefore, the Company used an expected dividend yield of zero.

The fair value of service-based stock options granted to employees and non-employees during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.86%-4.05% |  |  |  | 3.41%-4.74% |
Expected volatility |  |  | 80% |  |  |  | 85% |
Expected term (years) |  |  | 5.5-6.25 years |  |  |  | 6.0-6.25 years |
Expected dividend yield |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

The fair value of awards that contain market-based conditions issued during fiscal year 2023 was measured using a Monte-Carlo option pricing model at the date of grant using input assumptions that include a risk-free rate of 4.35%, volatility of 80%, and a discount rate of 25%.

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Stock-based compensation expense

The following table summarizes the components of stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s statement of operations and comprehensive loss during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Research and development |  | $ | 3,727 |  |  | $ | 5,315 |
General and administrative |  |  | 3,009 |  |  |  | 3,432 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 6,736 |  |  | $ | 8,747 |

For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company recognized $0.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock issued to founders, employees, and non-employees. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company recognized $6.2 million and $8.5 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation related to stock option grants issued to employees and non-employees. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, there was $17.7 million and $16.4 million, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options and restricted stock awards for which the cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.87 years and 2.52 years, respectively.

8. Commitments and contingencies

Legal proceedings

From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and that such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. No contingent liabilities have been recorded as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.

Indemnification

In accordance with the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, the Company has indemnification obligations to its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while they are serving in such capacity. There have been no claims to date, and the Company has a directors and officers liability insurance policy that may enable it to recover a portion of any amounts paid for future claims.

Consortium agreements

Since November 2019, the Company entered into a Consortium Agreement and certain related amended agreements with the University of Helsinki and other parties for access to a collaborative pre-competitive research project. The project aims to collect genomic information from patient samples in biobanks across Finland to which the Company is granted access. Under the agreement, the Company is obligated to pay certain installments through the year 2027. The Company paid $1.5 million and $0.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, under the related agreements. As of December 31, 2023, the Company is obligated to pay approximately $5.4 million under this agreement, of which $0.8 million, $0.7 million, $1.1 million, and $2.8 million will be paid in each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027, respectively.

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In November 2021 the Company entered into a Genes and Health Industry Consortium Agreement with Queen Mary University to source genetic and paired clinical data from a long-term community-based study run jointly by government, academic and non-profit institutions. Under the agreement, the Company is obligated to pay certain installments through the year 2025. The Company paid $1.8 million and $1.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively under the related agreement. As of December 31, 2023, the Company is obligated to pay approximately $1.4 million under this agreement, of which $0.9 million and $0.5 million will be paid in each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

9. Operating Leases

In September 2019, the Company entered into a lease in South San Francisco, California for approximately 67,200 square feet of office and laboratory space, which serves as the Company’s corporate headquarters, or Headquarters. The lease commenced in May 2020 and terminates in November 2030 with an option to extend the lease term for an additional period of eight years. The Company determined that given the length of time between lease commencement and the renewal period for this lease agreement (more than 10 years from the commencement date) and the uncertainty of business and market conditions in the future, it is not reasonably certain that the renewal option will be exercised. The Company is obligated to make total fixed payments over the lease term of approximately $53.5 million. The Company has provided the landlord with a letter of credit in the amount of $1.1 million. The security for the letter of credit is classified as restricted cash under long term assets on the balance sheet. Under this lease, the Company received reimbursement of $4.4 million for the costs associated with the design, development and construction of certain improvements that are deemed to be the property of the landlord. Such expenditures for lessor assets are recorded as prepaid rent and then reduced upon reimbursement. Total rent expense for this lease was $5.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

The lease costs, which are included in operating expenses in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss, were as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 5,069 |  |  | $ | 5,088 |
Cash paid for operating leases |  |  | 4,748 |  |  |  | 4,914 |

As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 6.9 years, and the weighted-average discount rate was 9.0%. As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded current operating lease liabilities of $4.5 million, non-current operating lease liabilities of $25.1 million, and a corresponding right-of-use asset of $26.1 million on the balance sheet.

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The following table reconciles the undiscounted future minimum lease payments required to the operating leases recorded on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2023:

Year Ending December 31, |  | Amount |
|  | (in thousands) |
2024 |  | $ | 4,650 |
2025 |  |  | 5,248 |
2026 |  |  | 5,432 |
2027 |  |  | 5,622 |
2028 |  |  | 5,819 |
Thereafter |  |  | 11,714 |
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments |  |  | 38,485 |
Less: Imputed interest |  |  | (8,942 | )
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 29,543 |

Sublease

The Company was a sublessor in a sublease agreement for approximately 6,500 rentable square feet of space in the Company’s Headquarters, the term of which expired in June 2022. Total sublease income was $0.3 million and zero for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, and recorded in interest and other income. There were no future undiscounted cash flows relating to the sublease agreement as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.

10. Convertible promissory notes and other debt agreements

Convertible promissory notes

In December 2023, the Company entered into a convertible note purchase agreement with certain existing investors to issue up to $25.0 million in convertible promissory notes, or the Convertible Promissory Notes. The Convertible Promissory Notes bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum and mature in December 2026. The Company issued $16.2 million of the Convertible Promissory Notes, net of issuance costs of $0.1 million, as of December 31, 2023.

The Convertible Promissory Notes contain automatic conversion features that are triggered upon a qualified preferred stock financing or a qualified public offering. In the event of a qualified preferred stock financing or a qualified public offering, the total outstanding principal and accrued interest will automatically convert into preferred stock or common stock, respectively, at a conversion price equal to 80% of the price per share paid by other purchasers of the respective financing or offering. If the Convertible Promissory Notes have not been repaid or converted before they mature, the holders may convert the outstanding principal and accrued interest into Series C Preferred Stock at $2.9515 per share.

The Company elected to apply the fair value option, as per ASC 825, to the outstanding Convertible Promissory Notes. As such, the Convertible Promissory Notes are recognized at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the Convertible Promissory Notes is based on significant inputs, including volatility, discount yield, variables for the timing of the related conversion events and other probability estimates, which are deemed to be Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The assumptions used to determine the fair value of the Convertible Promissory Notes included an estimated 90% probability of conversion of the promissory notes at a 20% discount, an assumed discount rate of 25%, the assumed value of the convertible preferred stock, and an estimated time to

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settlement of up to 1.3 years. The fair value of the Convertible Promissory Notes was $20.1 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company recorded a loss of $3.8 million reflecting the change in fair value of the Convertible Promissory Notes in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Loan and security agreement

In June 2022, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with a bank that provides a three-year revolving line of credit of up to $50.0 million that is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets, except for its intellectual property. The Company has not elected to draw down any funds from this debt facility during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. Advances under the revolving line may be prepaid and reborrowed by the Company without penalty. If a certain funding milestone is met due to the sale of equity securities and/or upfront non-refundable payments from strategic partnerships, the Company has the option to convert the aggregate principal amount into a term loan. Advances under the line of credit accrue interest at a variable annum rate of the greater of (i) 0.75% above the Prime Rate (as defined below) and (ii) 4.50%. The Prime Rate is defined as the variable rate of interest, per annum, most recently announced by the bank, as its “prime rate,” whether or not such announced rate is the lowest rate available from the bank.

Under the loan and security agreement, the Company is required to pay the bank a success fee of up to $2.0 million depending on if the Company closes a sale of substantially all of its assets, consummates a reorganization where the voting stockholders before such transaction hold less than 50% of the voting securities after such transaction, or the sale of the Company’s securities in connection with an initial public offering, reverse merger or other similar transaction wherein the Company’s securities may thereafter be traded in a public market. This success fee was deemed to be a freestanding derivative instrument that was bifurcated from the line-of-credit instrument and is initially and subsequently measured at fair value each reporting period. The fair value of this success fee derivative was estimated utilizing a probability-weighted cash flow approach, including variables for the timing of the related events and other probability estimates, which are deemed to be Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of this success fee derivative was approximately $0.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, and is recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The change in fair value of the derivative of less than $0.1 million is recorded in interest and other income, net. Total issuance costs and the debt discount arising from the success fee amounted to $0.3 million and were recorded in other assets, which are amortized as interest expense over the commitment period.

11. Related party transactions

The Company paid fees to its founders and certain board members in exchange for consulting services. During each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company recorded such fees of $0.3 million as research and development expenses and $0.2 million as general and administrative expenses.

12. Income taxes

No provision for, or benefit from, income taxes was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The Company has established a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty surrounding the realization of such assets. All losses to date have been incurred domestically.

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The effective income tax rate of the Company’s provision for income taxes differed from the federal statutory rate as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Statutory income tax rate |  |  | 21.00% |  |  |  | 21.00% |
State income tax |  |  | 0.79% |  |  |  | 1.69% |
Permanent differences |  |  | (0.08)% |  |  |  | (0.88)% |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | (0.58)% |  |  |  | (0.89)% |
Others |  |  | 0.00% |  |  |  | (0.51)% |
Tax credits |  |  | 2.48% |  |  |  | 2.53% |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (23.61)% |  |  |  | (22.94)% |
Total effective income tax rate |  |  | 0.00% |  |  |  | 0.00% |

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects: of (a) temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, and (b) operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. The tax effects of significant items comprising the Company’s deferred tax as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 are as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards |  | $ | 41,459 |  |  | $ | 50,033 |
Lease liability |  |  | 6,741 |  |  |  | 6,216 |
Research and development credits |  |  | 10,464 |  |  |  | 14,663 |
Accruals and other |  |  | 3,252 |  |  |  | 3,952 |
Capitalized research and development |  |  | 14,799 |  |  |  | 24,097 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 76,715 |  |  |  | 98,961 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | (452 | ) |  |  | (225 | )
Right of use asset |  |  | (6,062 | ) |  |  | (5,500 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (6,514 | ) |  |  | (5,725 | )
Valuation allowance |  |  | (70,201 | ) |  |  | (93,236 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

ASC 740, Income Taxes, requires that the tax benefit of net operating losses, or NOLs, temporary differences, and credit carryforwards be recorded as an asset to the extent that management assesses that realization is “more likely than not.” Realization of the future tax benefits is dependent on the Company’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carryforward period. Because of the Company’s history of operating losses, management believes that recognition of the deferred tax assets arising from the above-mentioned future tax benefits is currently not likely to be realized and, accordingly, has provided a valuation allowance.

The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, of which the timing and amount are uncertain. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the valuation allowance increased by $26.9 million and $23.0 million, respectively.

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Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and similar state provisions. The Company had a Section 382 study prepared which covered the period from inception through March 2024. The study concluded that several ownership changes occurred since the inception of the Company. However, it was determined that the annual available NOLs under Section 382 will be sufficient to utilize in their entirety prior to their respective expiration years.

Net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | Expiration year
|  | (in thousands) |  |  |
Net operating losses, federal (post-December 31, 2017) |  | $ | 236,126 |  |  | Do not expire
Net operating losses, federal (pre-January 1, 2018) |  |  | 1,401 |  |  | 12/31/2037
Net operating losses, state |  |  | 2,444 |  |  | 2037—2043
Tax credits, federal |  |  | 12,914 |  |  | 2037—2043
Tax credits, state |  |  | 7,632 |  |  | 2038—2043

ASC Topic 740-10 prescribes a comprehensive model for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure in financial statements of any uncertain tax positions that have been taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $2.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and $4.6 million as of December 31, 2023. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits is not expected to significantly change over the next twelve months. No amounts, outside of valuation allowance, would impact the effective tax rate on continuing operations. The beginning and ending gross unrecognized tax benefits amounts are as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Unrecognized tax benefit—beginning of period |  | $ | 1,863 |  |  | $ | 2,829 |
Gross increase/(decrease)—prior period tax positions |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 165 |
Gross increase/(decrease)—current period tax positions |  |  | 928 |  |  |  | 1,629 |
Unrecognized tax benefit—end of period |  | $ | 2,829 |  |  | $ | 4,623 |

It is the Company’s policy to include penalties and interest expense related to income taxes as a component of income tax expense as necessary. Management determined that no accrual for interest and penalties was required as of December 31, 2022 and 2023. The Company’s tax jurisdictions are the United States (federal) and the states of California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Utah. The Company’s tax years from inception in 2017 forward remain open for examination by the federal and state authorities due to the carryover of unused net operating losses and tax credits. The Company is not currently subject to income tax examinations by any authority.

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13. Net loss and net loss per share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share data):

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (114,940 | ) |  | $ | (100,415 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding |  |  | 22,848,251 |  |  |  | 22,949,245 |
Less: weighted-average common shares subject to vesting |  |  | (3,468,668 | ) |  |  | (877,837 | )
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding used in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share |  |  | 19,379,583 |  |  |  | 22,071,408 |
Net loss per share, basic and diluted |  | $ | (5.93) |  |  | $ | (4.55 | )

Since the Company was in a loss position for the period presented, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share for the period as the inclusion of all common stock equivalents outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 104,985,132 |  |  |  | 104,985,132 |
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 57,563,188 |  |  |  | 57,563,188 |
Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 40,866,704 |  |  |  | 40,866,704 |
Shares subject to outstanding stock options |  |  | 25,976,799 |  |  |  | 31,031,869 |
Unvested restricted stock subject to repurchase |  |  | 1,042,846 |  |  |  | 400,000 |
Unvested exercised options subject to repurchase |  |  | 533,803 |  |  |  | 203,930 |
Total |  |  | 230,968,472 |  |  |  | 235,050,823 |

In addition to the above, the Company has excluded common shares from the assumed conversion of the Convertible Promissory Notes outstanding at December 31, 2023 from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect. As described in Note 10 on Convertible promissory notes and other debt agreements, the Convertible Promissory Notes are convertible into either common stock or into preferred shares of the Company, which would then be convertible into common shares as described in the Convertible Promissory Note agreements.

14. Employee 401(k) plan

In 2019, the Company implemented a defined contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Code. Employees are eligible to participate in the plan on the first day of the month after their hire date and may contribute up to the current statutory limits under IRS regulations. The 401(k) plan permits the Company to make additional matching contributions on behalf of all employees. The Company incurred and accrued matching contributions of $0.3 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

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15. Subsequent events

The Company evaluated subsequent events for recognition and measurement purposes through June 21, 2024, the date the financial statements were available for issuance.

In January 2024, the Company completed the second closing of the issuance of the Convertible Promissory Notes for gross proceeds of $8.8 million. Additionally, in February 2024, the Company executed an amendment to the convertible note purchase agreement for the sale of additional Convertible Promissory Notes of up to $75.0 million in total, including the $25.0 million issued in the initial and second closings. From February 2024 through April 2024, the Company issued an additional $15.7 million in Convertible Promissory Notes, resulting in the Company receiving $24.5 million in gross proceeds subsequent to December 31, 2023, and issuing a total of $40.7 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Promissory Notes.

In March 2024, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with a biotechnology company pursuant to which the Company granted an exclusive worldwide license to a discovery research program targeting UNC13A for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As consideration for the licensed rights and the transfer of know-how and materials, the Company received an upfront payment of $15.0 million.

In March 2024, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Shionogi pursuant to which the Company granted Shionogi an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize MZE001 and certain other small molecule compounds modulating glycogen synthase 1. As consideration for the licensed rights and the transfer of know-how and materials, the Company received an upfront payment of $150.0 million. The license agreement also requires that Shionogi pay the Company up to $275.0 million in the aggregate in milestone payments upon the completion of certain clinical and regulatory milestones and up to $330.0 million in the aggregate in milestone payments if certain sales milestones are achieved. The License Agreement also requires that Shionogi pay the Company tiered royalties ranging from percentages in the low double-digits to high teens on net sales of licensed products, subject to certain deductions.

In April 2024, the Company amended its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase its authorized shares to 268,150,000 of $0.001 par value common stock in connection with an amendment its 2019 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the plan by 7,150,000 shares.

From January 1, 2024 through June 21, 2024, the Company granted a total of 5,126,650 stock options with an exercise price of $1.46 per share, including 450,000 stock options granted to a member of the board of directors, and 150 fully vested restricted stock awards.

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Maze Therapeutics, Inc.

Common stock

Preliminary prospectus

J.P. Morgan |  | TD Cowen |  | Leerink Partners |  | Guggenheim Securities

, 2024

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Part II

Information not required in prospectus

Item 13. Other expenses of issuance and distribution.

The following table sets forth all costs and expenses, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, paid or payable by the Registrant in connection with the sale of the common stock being registered. All amounts shown are estimates except for the SEC registration fee, the FINRA filing fee and the Nasdaq Global Market listing fee:

|  | Amount paid or to be paid |
SEC registration fee |  | $ | * |
FINRA filing fee |  |  | * |
The Nasdaq Global Market listing fee |  |  | * |
Printing and engraving expenses |  |  | * |
Legal fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Accounting fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Blue Sky, qualification fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Transfer agent and registrar fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Miscellaneous expenses |  |  | * |
Total |  | $ | * |

* |  | To be completed by amendment.

Item 14. Indemnification of directors and officers.

Section 145 of the DGCL, authorizes a court to award, or a corporation’s board of directors to grant, indemnity to directors and officers under certain circumstances and subject to certain limitations. The terms of Section 145 of the DGCL are sufficiently broad to permit indemnification under certain circumstances for liabilities, including reimbursement of expenses incurred, arising under the Securities Act.

As permitted by the DGCL, the Registrant’s restated certificate of incorporation to be effective in connection with the completion of this offering contains provisions that eliminate the personal liability of its directors and officers for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duties as a director or officer, except liability for the following:

• |  | any breach of the director’s or officer’s duty of loyalty to the Registrant or its stockholders;

• |  | acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;

• |  | with respect to directors, under Section 174 of the DGCL (regarding unlawful dividends and stock purchases);

• |  | any transaction from which the director or officer derived an improper personal benefit; or

• |  | with respect to officers, any action by or in the right of the Registrant.

As permitted by the DGCL, the Registrant’s restated bylaws to be effective in connection with the completion of this offering, provide that:

• |  | the Registrant is required to indemnify its directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, subject to limited exceptions;

• |  | the Registrant may indemnify its other employees and agents as set forth in the DGCL;

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• |  | the Registrant is required to advance expenses, as incurred, to its directors and officers in connection with a legal proceeding to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, subject to limited exceptions; and

• |  | the rights conferred in the restated bylaws are not exclusive.

Prior to the completion of this offering, the Registrant intends to enter into indemnification agreements with each of its current directors and executive officers to provide these directors and executive officers additional contractual assurances regarding the scope of the indemnification set forth in the Registrant’s restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws and to provide additional procedural protections. There is no pending litigation or proceeding involving a director or executive officer of the Registrant for which indemnification is sought. Reference is also made to the underwriting agreement to be filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this registration statement, which provides for the indemnification of executive officers, directors and controlling persons of the Registrant against certain liabilities. The indemnification provisions in the Registrant’s restated certificate of incorporation, restated bylaws and the indemnification agreements entered into or to be entered into between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers may be sufficiently broad to permit indemnification of the Registrant’s directors and officers for liabilities arising under the Securities Act.

The Registrant has directors’ and officers’ liability insurance for securities matters.

Item 15. Recent sales of unregistered securities.

The following lists set forth information regarding all securities sold or granted by the Registrant from    , 2021 through the date of this prospectus that were not registered under the Securities Act, and the consideration, if any, received by the Registrant for such securities:

(a) Equity grants

Stock Option Grants. From     , 2021 through the date of this prospectus, the Registrant has granted to its employees, directors, consultants and other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of     shares of its common stock under the 2019 Plan, with exercise prices ranging from $    to $    per share.

The issuances of the securities described in this section (a) of Item 15 were deemed to be exempt from registration pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act or Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act as transactions pursuant to compensatory benefit plans.

(b) Common stock

From      , 2021 through the date of this prospectus, the Registrant issued an aggregate of      shares of restricted common stock, for cash with purchase prices ranging from $0.15 to $2.00 per share, or for services rendered, to the Registrant’s employees, directors, advisors and consultants pursuant to the 2018 Plan or the 2019 Plan.

The issuances of shares of common stock described in this section (b) of Item 15 were issued pursuant to either (i) restricted stock purchase agreements, pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act or (ii) written compensatory plans or arrangements with the Registrant’s employees, directors, advisors and consultants, in reliance on the exemption provided by Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act or pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act.

(c) Preferred stock

On December 8, 2021, the Registrant sold an aggregate of 40,333,540 shares of Series C Preferred Stock, at a price per share of $2.9515 for total gross proceeds of $119.0 million. These transactions were exempt from the

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registration requirements of the Securities Act in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act or Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

On March 21, 2022, the Registrant sold an aggregate of 363,759 shares of Series C Preferred Stock, at a price per share of $2.9515 for total gross proceeds of $1.1 million. These transactions were exempt from registration requirements of the Securities Act in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act or Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

On March 29, 2022, the Registrant sold an aggregate of 169,405 shares of Series C Preferred Stock, at a price per share of $2.9515 for total net proceeds of $0.5 million. These transactions were exempt from registration requirements of the Securities Act in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act or Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

(d) Convertible promissory notes

Between December 15, 2023 and April 3, 2024, the Registrant sold $40.7 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible promissory notes to certain accredited investors, which notes are convertible into shares of the Registrant’s common stock.

None of the foregoing transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions or any public offering, and the Registrant believes each transaction was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act as stated above. All recipients of the foregoing transactions either received adequate information about the registrant or had access, through their relationships with the Registrant, to such information. Furthermore, the Registrant affixed appropriate legends to the share certificates and instruments issued in each foregoing transaction setting forth that the securities had not been registered and the applicable restrictions on transfer.

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Item 16. Exhibits and financial statement schedules.

(a) Exhibits.

Exhibit number |  |  | Description of document
| 1.1 | * |  | Form of Underwriting Agreement.
| 3.1 |  |  | Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, as currently in effect.
| 3.2 | * |  | Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation to be effective upon the completion of this offering.
| 3.3 |  |  | Bylaws, as currently in effect.
| 3.4 | * |  | Form of Restated Bylaws to be effective upon the completion of this offering.
| 4.1 | * |  | Form of Common Stock Certificate.
| 4.2 |  |  | Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated December 8, 2021, by and among Maze Therapeutics, Inc. and certain of its stockholders.
| 4.3 |  |  | Form of Convertible Promissory Note.
| 5.1 | * |  | Opinion of Fenwick & West LLP.
| 10.1 | * |  | Form of Indemnity Agreement.
| 10.2 |  |  | 2018 Stock Option and Grant Plan, as amended, and forms of award agreements.
| 10.3 |  |  | 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, and forms of award agreements.
| 10.4 | * |  | 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, to become effective on the date the registration statement is declared effective, and forms of award agreements.
| 10.5 | * |  | 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, to become effective on the date the registration statement is declared effective, and forms of award agreements.
| 10.6 | * |  | Lease Agreement, dated September 27, 2019, by and among Maze Therapeutics, Inc. and HCP Oyster Point III LLC.
| 10.7 |  |  | Consulting Agreement, dated November 1, 2019, by and among Maze Therapeutics, Inc. and Charles Homcy, M.D.
| 10.8 |  |  | Advisor Agreement, dated July 1, 2021, by and among Maze Therapeutics, Inc. and Richard Scheller, Ph.D.
| 10.9 | * |  | Form of Executive Officer Employment Agreement.
| 10.10 |  |  | Loan and Security Agreement, dated June 27, 2022, by and between Maze Therapeutics, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank, as amended.
| 10.11 | †^ |  | License Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2024, by and between Maze Therapeutics, Inc. and Shionogi & Co., Ltd.
| 23.1 | * |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
| 23.2 | * |  | Consent of Fenwick & West LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1).
| 24.1 | * |  | Power of Attorney (included in the signature page to this registration statement).
| 107 | * |  | Filing Fee Table

* |  | To be filed by amendment.

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† |  | The Registrant has omitted portions of the exhibit (indicated by “[***]”) as permitted under Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K.

^ |  | The Registrant has omitted schedules and exhibits pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of the omitted schedules and exhibits to the SEC upon request.

(b) Financial statement schedules.

No financial statement schedules are provided because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the financial statements or notes.

Item 17. Undertakings.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that:

(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this registration statement on Form S-1 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of South San Francisco, State of California, on the    day of    , 2024.

MAZE THERAPEUTICS, INC.
By: |  |
|  | Jason Coloma, Ph.D.
|  | Chief Executive Officer

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Power of attorney

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Jason Coloma, Ph.D. and Amy Bachrodt, and each one of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, proxies and agents, each with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this registration statement (including post-effective amendments or any abbreviated registration statement and any amendments thereto filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) increasing the number of securities for which registration is sought), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact, proxies and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact, proxies and agents, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement on Form S-1 has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
Jason Coloma, Ph.D. |  | Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer) |  | , 2024
Amy Bachrodt |  | SVP, Finance (Principal Accounting Officer) |  | , 2024
Charles Homcy, M.D. |  | Director |  | , 2024
Nancy C. Andrews, M.D., Ph.D. |  | Director |  | , 2024
Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, Ph.D. |  | Director |  | , 2024
Sekar Kathiresan, M.D. |  | Director |  | , 2024
Jonathan Lim, M.D. |  | Director |  | , 2024
Richard Scheller, Ph.D. |  | Director |  | , 2024
Catherine Angell Sohn, Pharm. D. |  | Director |  | , 2024

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Signature |  | Title |  | Date
Daniel Spiegelman |  | Director |  | , 2024
Jeffrey Tong, Ph.D. |  | Director |  | , 2024
Andy Tran |  | Director |  | , 2024

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