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Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco, Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries. Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation. As used herein, and except where the context otherwise requires, “partnership” refers to a limited partnership or a limited liability company and “partner” refers to a partner in a limited partnership or a member of a limited liability company. C ertain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period consolidated financial statement presentation with no effect on the Company’s previously reported results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. Principles of Consolidation We consolidate a variable interest entity (“VIE”), in which we are considered the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. Refer to Note 5 for further information. Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership consist of OP Units held by third parties, and are reflected in Aimco’s accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss is allocated to the holders of OP Units, other than Aimco, based on the weighted-average number of OP Units (including Aimco) outstanding during the period. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the holders of OP Units had a weighted-average economic ownership interest in Aimco Operating Partnership of approximately 5.1%, 5.1%, and 5.0%, r espectively. Substantially all of the assets and liabilities of Aimco are held by Aimco Operating Partnership. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships Redeemable noncontrolling interests consist of equity interests held by a limited partner in a consolidated real estate partnership that has a finite life. If a consolidated real estate partnership includes redemption rights that are not within our control, the noncontrolling interest is included as temporary equity. Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships as of December 31, 2023, consists of the following: (i) a $102.0 million preferred equity interest in an entity that owns a portfolio of operating apartment communities and (ii) equity interests in two separate consolidated joint ventures that are actively developing residential apartment communities. Capital contributions, distributions, and net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships are determined in accordance with the relevant partnership agreements. These interests are presented as Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023. The assets of our consolidated real estate partnerships must first be used to settle the liabilities of the consolidated real estate partnerships. The consolidated real estate partnership’s creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Aimco Operating Partnership. The following table shows changes in our redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2023 , and 2022 (in thousands):
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Balance at Beginning of Period |  | $ | 166,826 |  |  | $ | 33,794 |
Capital contributions |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 138,479 |
Distributions |  |  | (9,243 | ) |  |  | (9,365 | )
Redemptions |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,911 | )
Net income |  |  | 13,924 |  |  |  | 8,829 |
Balance at December 31, |  | $ | 171,632 |  |  | $ | 166,826 |
Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships We own general and limited partner interests in partnerships that either directly, or through interests in other real estate partnerships, own apartment communities. We generally account for investments in real estate partnerships that we do not consolidate under the equity method. Accordingly, we recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the entity for the periods presented, inclusive of our share of any impairments and disposition gains or losses recognized by and related to such entities, and we present such amounts within Income from unconsolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The excess of our cost of the acquired partnership interests over our share of the partners’ equity or deficit is generally ascribed to the fair values of land and buildings owned by the partnerships. We amortize the excess cost ascribed to the buildings over the related estimated useful lives. Such amortization is recorded as an adjustment of the amounts of earnings or losses we recognize from such unconsolidated real estate partnerships. We assess the recoverability of our equity method investments if there are indicators of potential impairment. We did not recognize any such impairments of our equity method investments during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. Mezzanine Investment In November 2019, Aimco Predecessor made a five-year, $275.0 million mezzanine loan to the partnership owning the “Parkmerced Apartments” located in southwest San Francisco (the “Mezzanine Investment”). The loan bears interest at a 10% annual rate, accruing if not paid from property operations. Legal ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the Mezzanine Investment was retained by AIR following the Separation. The Separation Agreement with AIR provides for AIR to transfer ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the Mezzanine Investment, and a related equity option to acquire a 30% interest in the partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments. At the time of Separation and as of the date of this filing, legal title of these subsidiaries had not yet transferred to us. Until legal title of the subsidiaries is transferred, AIR is obligated to pass payments received on the Mezzanine Investment to us, and we are obligated to indemnify AIR against any costs and expenses related thereto. We have the risks and rewards of ownership of the Mezzanine Investment and have recognized an asset related to our right to receive the Mezzanine Investment from AIR. In June 2023, we closed on the sale of a 20% non-controlling participation in the Mezzanine Investment for $33.5 million. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, we receive a first priority return from any payments made to service or pay down the Mezzanine Investment equal to $134.0 million plus no less than a 19% annualized return as well as 80% of any residual payments after the purchaser receives a 10% annualized return on its subordinate investment. Additionally, we are responsible for the servicing and administration of the Mezzanine Investment. Because we receive first priority and a higher return than the purchaser, the partial sale and transfer of the financial interest does not qualify for sale accounting in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, we recorded the cash received from the purchaser as a liability, which is included in Mezzanine investment - participation sold in our Consolidated Balance Sheets in accordance with GAAP. Although the cash received is accounted for as a liability in accordance with GAAP, no amount is due to the purchaser until after we receive $134.0 million plus our annualized return. Tr ansaction costs have been deferred and presented as a direct reduction from the related liability in Mezzanine investment - participation sold in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The cash flows associated with the Mezzanine investment - participation sold have been included in Cash Flows from Financing Activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In connection with the participation sold, the purchaser also made a $4.0 million non-refundable payment for the option to acquire the remaining 80% for an additional $134 million plus our annualized return. The option expired unexercised in the quarter ended December 31, 2023. As a result, we recognized the non-refundable payment in Mezzanine investment income (loss), net in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. On a periodic basis, we assess the Mezzanine Investment for impairment. An investment is considered impaired if we determine that its fair value is less than the net carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis. We determined our Mezzanine Investment was impaired on an other-than-temporary basis after considering various factors, including the purchaser's option expiration, the loan’s maturity date, and the decline in value of the real estate collateral due to an increased capitalization rate. As a result, we have recognized a $158.0 million non-cash impairment to reduce the carrying value of the Mezzanine Investment to zero as of December 31, 2023. This non-cash impairment is inclusive of the 20% non-controlling participation sold in June 2023. Although we do not expect proceeds from the Mezzanine Investment to exceed our first priority return requiring repayment of the $33.5 million received, we are unable to derecognize the Mezzanine investment - participation sold in accordance with GAAP. Prior to recording a non-cash impairment charge during the three months ended December 31, 2022, we recognized as income the net amounts earned on the Mezzanine Investment by AIR on its equity investment that were due to be paid to us when collected to the extent the income was supported by the change in the counterparty’s claim to the net assets of the underlying borrower. Th e income recognized primarily represented the interest accrued under the terms of the underlying Mezzanine Investment. Real Estate Acquisitions Upon the acquisition of real estate, we determine whether the purchase qualifies as an asset acquisition or, less frequently, meets the definition of an acquisition of a business. We generally recognize the acquisition of real estate or interests in partnerships that own real estate at our cost, including the related transaction costs, as asset acquisitions. We allocate the cost of real estate acquired based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value of these assets and liabilities is determined using valuation techniques that rely on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs within the fair value framework. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, buildings, furniture, fixtures, and equipment using valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, replacement costs, and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets or liabilities, which typically relate to in-place leases, using valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases, and our experience in leasing similar real estate. The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: (a) the value of the above- and below-market leases in-place, measured over the period, including probable lease renewals for below-market leases, for which the leases are expected to remain in effect; (b) the estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases; (c) the value associated with in-place leases during an estimated absorption period, which estimates rental revenue that would not have been earned had the leased space been vacant at the time of acquisition, assuming lease-up periods based on market demand and stabilized occupancy levels; and (d) tax abatement contract related intangibles, to the extent the property has them in place. The above and below-market lease intangibles are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which include reasonably assured renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases. Capital Additions We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopments, other tangible apartment community improvements, and replacements of existing community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by employees in connection with the planning, execution, and control of all capital addition activities at our communities. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital addition activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes, and insurance during periods in which construction projects are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities, at the point in time when activities necessary to get communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces ready for their intended use begin. These activities include when communities, apartment homes or leased spaces are undergoing physical construction, as well as when homes or leased spaces are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning, and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the communities or components thereof are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and homes or leased spaces are available for occupancy. We charge costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance, and resident turnover costs to property operating expense, as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $39.7 million, $30.6 million, and $21.3 million of interest costs, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $14.3 m illion, $16.9 million, and $20.9 mi llion of indirect costs, respectively. Gain or Loss on Dispositions Gain or loss on dispositions are recognized when we no longer hold a controlling financial interest in the real estate and sufficient consideration has been received. Upon disposition, the related assets and liabilities are derecognized, and the gain or loss on disposition is recognized as the difference between the carrying amount of those assets and liabilities and the value of consideration received. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we recognized total Gains on dispositions of real estate of $8.0 million, $175.9 million, and $0.0 million, respectively. Impairment of Real Estate and Other Long-Lived Assets Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we assess its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the community. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the community. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. Cash Equivalents We classify highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents. We maintain cash equivalents in financial institutions in excess of insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in these accounts in the past and believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk because our accounts are deposited with major financial institutions. Supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized | $ | 32,795 |  |  | $ | 45,171 |  |  | $ | 43,800 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | 1,711 |  |  |  | 22,930 |  |  |  | 2,941 |
Non-cash transactions associated with acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buildings and improvements |  | — |  |  |  | 11,109 |  |  |  | — |
Intangible assets, net |  | — |  |  |  | 13,377 |  |  |  | — |
Mark to market adjustment on an assumed construction loan |  | — |  |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | — |
Right-of-use lease assets - finance leases |  | — |  |  |  | 15,036 |  |  |  | — |
Other assets, net |  | — |  |  |  | 5,629 |  |  |  | — |
Accrued liabilities and other |  | — |  |  |  | (1,854 | ) |  |  | (310 | )
Lease liabilities - finance leases |  | — |  |  |  | 15,151 |  |  |  | — |
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships |  | — |  |  |  | 13,756 |  |  |  | — |
Contributions from noncontrolling interest in consolidated real estate partnerships |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,159 |
Other non-cash investing and financing transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use lease assets - operating leases |  | 718 |  |  |  | 2,336 |  |  |  | 143 |
Lease liabilities - operating leases |  | 718 |  |  |  | 1,587 |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of seller financing in connection with disposition of real estate |  | 17,432 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Contribution of real estate to unconsolidated real estate partnerships |  | 5,700 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Accrued capital expenditures (at end of year) |  | 40,340 |  |  |  | 41,435 |  |  |  | 25,686 |
Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists of tenant security deposits, capital replacement reserves, insurance reserves, and cash restricted as required by our debt agreements. Other Assets Other assets were comprised of the following amounts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Other investments | $ | 65,066 |  |  | $ | 63,982 |
Deferred costs, deposits, and other |  | 10,601 |  |  |  | 20,460 |
Prepaid expenses and real estate taxes |  | 13,628 |  |  |  | 17,363 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 13,494 |  |  |  | 14,160 |
Corporate fixed assets |  | 10,669 |  |  |  | 8,371 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $373 and $1,206 as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively |  | 4,804 |  |  |  | 4,079 |
Deferred tax assets |  | 2,391 |  |  |  | 2,321 |
Due from third-party property manager |  | 374 |  |  |  | 1,669 |
Due from affiliates |  | 434 |  |  |  | 274 |
Total other assets, net | $ | 121,461 |  |  | $ | 132,679 |
Other investments Other investments consist of passive equity investments in stock, property technology funds and IQHQ, a privately held life sciences real estate development company. We measure our investment in stock at fair value. We also measure our investments in property technology funds using the NAV practical expedient since they do not have readily determinable fair values. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized unrealized gains on our investment in stock of $0.7 million, compared to unrealized losses of $6.1 million in 2022 and unrealized gains of $0.0 million in 2021. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized unrealized gains on our investments in property technology funds of $0.0 million, $0.3 million and $6.6 million, respectively. See Note 12 for discussion of our fair value measurements for these investments. We measure our investment in IQHQ at cost, less impairment if any needed, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes of identical or similar investments of the same issuer since it does not have a readily determinable fair value. The carrying amount of our investment in IQHQ as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $59.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized realized and unrealized gains on our investment in IQHQ totaling $5.7 million and $20.5 million resulting from a partial redemption of our investment during June 2022. No realized or unrealized gains or losses were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021. Intangibles Intangible assets are included in Other assets, net and intangible liabilities are included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table details intangible assets and liabilities, net of accumulated amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Intangible assets |  | $ | 25,950 |  |  | $ | 29,902 |
Less: accumulated amortization |  |  | (12,456 | ) |  |  | (15,742 | )
Intangible assets, net |  | $ | 13,494 |  |  | $ | 14,160 |
Below-market leases |  | $ | 4,175 |  |  | $ | 4,175 |
Less: accumulated amortization |  |  | (4,146 | ) |  |  | (3,971 | )
Intangible liabilities, net |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 204 |
Based on the balance of intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023, the net aggregate amortization for the next five years and thereafter is expected to be as follows (in thousands):
|  | Intangible assets |  |  | Intangible liabilities |
2024 |  | $ | 711 |  |  | $ | 29 |
2025 |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | — |
2026 |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | — |
2027 |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | — |
2028 |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | — |
Thereafter |  |  | 9,215 |  |  |  | — |
Total future amortization |  | $ | 13,494 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Accounts Receivable, net and Straight-line rent We present our accounts receivable and straight-line rent receivable net of allowances for amounts that may not be collected. The allowance is determined based on an assessment of whether substantially all of the amounts due from the resident or tenant is probable of collection. This includes a specific tenant analysis and aging analysis. Deferred Leasing Costs We defer leasing costs incremental to a lease that we would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Amortization of these costs over the lease term on the same basis as lease income, is included in Depreciation and amortization in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Corporate Fixed Assets We capitalize qualified implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract for which we are the customer in accordance with the requirements for capitalizing costs incurred to develop internal-use software. These capitalized implementation costs are recorded within Other assets, net, and are amortized on a straight-line basis. We capitalized $4.7 million of implementation costs for the year ended December 31, 2023. Revenue from Leases We are a lessor for residential and commercial leases. Our operating leases with residents may provide that the resident reimburse us for certain costs, primarily the resident’s share of utilities expenses, incurred by the apartment community. Our operating leases with commercial tenants may provide that the tenant reimburse us for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs incurred by the commercial property. Residential and commercial reimbursements represent revenue attributable to non-lease components for which the timing and pattern of recognition is the same as the revenue for the lease components. Reimbursements and the related expenses are presented on a gross basis in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, with the reimbursements included in Rental and other property revenues in the period the recoverable costs are incurred. We recognize rental revenue attributed to lease components, net of any concessions, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Debt Issuance Costs We defer, as debt issuance costs, lender fees and other direct costs incurred in obtaining new financing and amortize the amounts over the terms of the related loan agreements. In connection with the modification of existing financing arrangements, we defer lender fees and amortize these costs and any unamortized debt issuance costs over the term of the modified loan agreement. Debt issuance costs associated with non-recourse property debt are presented as a direct deduction from the related liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. For debt issuance costs associated with our revolving credit facilities and construction loans that have not been drawn we record the costs in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortize the costs to Interest expense, on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement. Debt issuance costs associated with construction loans are reclassified as a direct deduction to the construction loan liability in proportion to any draws on the loans in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently amortized to Interest expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the arrangement in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. When financing arrangements are repaid or otherwise extinguished prior to maturity, unamortized debt issuance costs are written off. Any lender fees or other costs incurred in connection with an extinguishment are recognized as expense. Amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs and other extinguishment costs are included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation for all tangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Acquired buildings and improvements are depreciated over a useful life based on the age, condition, and other physical characteristics of the asset. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are generally depreciated over five years. We depreciate capitalized costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related improvement, which is generally 5, 15, or 30 y ears. We also capitalize payroll and other indirect costs incurred in connection with preparing an asset for its intended use. These costs include corporate-level costs that clearly relate to the capital addition activities, which we allocate to the applicable assets. All capitalized payroll costs and indirect costs are allocated to capital additions proportionately based on direct costs and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of such capital additions. Purchased equipment is recognized at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, which is generally five years. Leasehold improvements are also recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the asset’s estimated useful life or the term of the related lease. Certain homogeneous items that are purchased in bulk on a recurring basis, such as appliances, are depreciated using group methods that reflect the average estimated useful life of the items in each group. Except in the case of casualties, where the net book value of the lost asset is written off in the determination of casualty gains or losses, we generally do not recognize any loss in connection with the replacement of an existing community component because normal replacements are considered in determi ning the estimated useful lives used in connection with our composite and group depreciation methods. Income Tax Benefit (Expense) Certain aspects of our operations, including our development and redevelopment activities, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRS entities. Additionally, our TRS entities hold investments in one of our apartment communities and 1001 Brickell Bay Drive. Our income tax benefit (expense) calculated in accordance with GAAP includes income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities. Income taxes, as well as changes in valuation allowance and incremental deferred tax items in conjunction with intercompany asset transfers and internal restructurings (if applicable), are included in Income tax benefit (expense) in our C onsolidated Statements of Operations. Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and income and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had consolidated net losses subject to tax of $15.2 million, compared to consolidated net income subject to tax of $88.8 million for the same period in 2022, and consolidated net losses subject to tax of $31.4 million for the same period in 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized income tax benefit of $12.8 million, compared to income tax expense of $17.3 million for same period in 2022, and income tax benefit of $13.6 million for the same period in 2021. The year-over-year changes are due primarily to the GAAP income taxes associated with the net lease modification income recognized in 2022. Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and Aimco intends to continue to operate in such a manner. Aimco's current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on its ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Code, which are related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If Aimco qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation. Even if Aimco qualifies as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on undistributed income. Aimco also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between Aimco and a TRS and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale in the ordinary course. The state and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business. Any taxes imposed on us reduce our operating cash flow and net income. Earnings per Share and per Unit Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership calculate earnings per share and unit based on the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock or OP Units, participating securities, common stock or common unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. Aimco Operating Partnership considers both OP Units and equivalents, which have identical rights to distributions and undistributed earnings, to be common units for purposes of the earnings per unit computations. Please refer to Note 10 for further information regarding earnings per share and unit computations. Share-Based Compensation We measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the award’s fair value on the grant date and recognize the cost as share-based compensation expense over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is generally the vesting period. Share-based compensation expense associated with awards is updated for actual forfeitures. For further discussion, see Note 11. Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts included in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures", which requires disclosure of incremental segment information, including segment expense categories, on an annual and interim basis. The new guidance is effective for the annual period ended December 31, 2024 and interim periods beginning in 2025. The amendments in the ASU apply retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statement. The segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in prior periods are based on the significant expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”), which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This amendment modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation and additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, (2) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) (disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes) as well as individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid is equal to or greater than 5 percent of total income taxes paid net of refunds. (3) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (disaggregated between domestic and foreign) and (4) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (disaggregated by federal, state and foreign). The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. ASU 2023-09 should be applied on a prospective basis, while retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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