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Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco, Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated entities. Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco Operating Partnership and its consolidated entities. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

As used herein, and except where the context otherwise requires, “partnership” refers to a limited partnership or a limited liability company and “partner” refers to a partner in a limited partnership or a member of a limited liability company.

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period consolidated financial statement presentation with no effect on the Company’s previously reported results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Principles of Consolidation

We account for joint ventures and other similar entities in which we hold an ownership interest in accordance with the consolidation guidance. We first evaluate whether each entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). Under the VIE model, we consolidate an entity in which we are considered the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. In addition, when an entity is not a VIE, we consolidate an entity under the voting model when we control the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest. Refer to Note 5 for further information.

Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership

Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership consist of OP Units held by third parties, and are reflected in Aimco’s accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss is allocated to the holders of OP Units, other than Aimco, based on the weighted-average number of OP Units (including Aimco) outstanding during the period. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the holders of OP Units had a weighted-average economic ownership interest in Aimco Operating Partnership of approximately 5.2%, 5.1%, and 5.1%, respectively. Substantially all of the assets and liabilities of Aimco are held by Aimco Operating Partnership.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships

Redeemable noncontrolling interests consist of equity interests held by a limited partner in a consolidated real estate partnership that has the right to require such partnership to redeem all or a portion of the noncontrolling interest in accordance with the partnership agreement, generally after a specified hold period. If a consolidated real estate partnership includes redemption rights that are not within our control, the noncontrolling interest is included as temporary equity.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships as of December 31, 2024, consists of the following: (i) a preferred equity interest that receives 8.0% preferred return per annum in an entity that owns a portfolio of operating apartment communities, (ii) equity interest in two separate consolidated joint ventures with residential apartment communities in lease-up, including a preferred equity interest in one of the joint ventures accruing 9.7% preferred return per annum, and (iii) a preferred equity interest accruing 14.5% preferred return per annum in an entity that owns a waterfront ground-up development. Capital contributions, distributions, and net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships are determined in accordance with the relevant partnership agreements. These interests are presented as Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024.

The assets of our consolidated real estate partnerships must first be used to settle the liabilities of the consolidated real estate partnerships. The consolidated real estate partnership’s creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Aimco Operating Partnership.

The following table shows changes in our redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2024 , 2023, and 2022 (in thousands):


	2024			2023			2022
Balance at Beginning of Period	$	171,632		$	166,826		$	33,794
Capital contributions		6,409			125			138,479
Distributions		(8,318	)		(9,243	)		(9,365	)
Redemptions		(38,473	)		—			(4,911	)
Net income		13,958			13,924			8,829
Other (1)		(2,277	)		—			—
Balance at December 31,	$	142,931		$	171,632		$	166,826

(1) In September 2024, we secured a $55.5 million preferred equity commitment from a third-party for the development of a luxury water-front rental development in Miami, Florida, as further discussed in Note 5. Costs incurred were treated as a discount to Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships in accordance with GAAP.

Mezzanine Investment

In November 2019, Aimco Predecessor made a five-year, $275.0 million mezzanine loan to the partnership owning the “Parkmerced Apartments” located in southwest San Francisco (the “Mezzanine Investment”). The loan bears interest at a 10% annual rate, accruing if not paid from property operations. While legal ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the Mezzanine Investment was retained by AIR following the Separation, AIR is obligated to pass payments received on the Mezzanine Investment to us, and we are obligated to indemnify AIR against any costs and expenses related thereto. We have the risks and rewards of ownership of the Mezzanine Investment.

Throughout the term of the Mezzanine Investment, we have performed an assessment to determine whether the fair value of the Mezzanine Investment is less than its net carrying value on an other-than-temporary basis. In 2022, we determined our Mezzanine Investment was impaired on an other-than-temporary basis after considering various factors, including a sustained decrease in rents at the Parkmerced Apartments due to changes in the macroeconomic environment and a decline in value of the real estate collateral. As a result, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $212.6 million.

Prior to the non-cash impairment in 2022, we recognized as income the net amounts earned on the Mezzanine Investment by AIR on its equity investment that were due to be paid to us when collected to the extent the income was supported by the change in the counterparty’s claim to the net assets of the underlying borrower. The income recognized primarily represented the interest accrued under the terms of the underlying Mezzanine Investment.

In 2023, we determined our Mezzanine Investment was incrementally impaired after considering additional factors, including the mezzanine loan’s nearing maturity date and further decline in value of the real estate collateral. As a result, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $158.0 million.

In June 2023, we closed on the sale of a 20% non-controlling participation in the Mezzanine Investment for $33.5 million. The partial sale and transfer of the financial interest did not qualify for sale accounting and therefore, we recorded the cash received from the purchaser as a liability, which is included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Although the cash received is accounted for as a liability, no amount is due to the purchaser until after we receive $134.0 million plus an annualized return. While the Mezzanine Investment had not been repaid and was in maturity default as of December 31, 2024, we are precluded from derecognizing the liability until it has been extinguished.

In connection with the participation sold, the purchaser also made a $4.0 million non-refundable payment for the option to acquire the remaining 80% in the Mezzanine Investment. The option expired unexercised in the quarter ended December 31, 2023. As a result, we recognized the non-refundable payment in Mezzanine investment income (loss), net in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Real Estate

Acquisitions

Upon the acquisition of real estate, we determine whether the purchase qualifies as an asset acquisition or, less frequently, meets the definition of an acquisition of a business. We generally recognize the acquisition of real estate or interests in partnerships that own real estate at our cost, including the related transaction costs, as asset acquisitions.

We allocate the cost of real estate acquired based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value of these assets and liabilities is determined using valuation techniques that rely on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs within the fair value framework. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, buildings, furniture, fixtures, and equipment using valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, replacement costs, and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets or liabilities, which typically relate to in-place leases, using valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases, and our experience in leasing similar real estate.

The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: (a) the value of the above- and below-market leases in-place, measured over the period, including probable lease renewals for below-market leases, for which the leases are expected to remain in effect; (b) the estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases; (c) the value associated with in-place leases during an estimated absorption period, which estimates rental revenue that would not have been earned had the leased space been vacant at the time of acquisition, assuming lease-up periods based on market demand and stabilized occupancy levels; and (d) tax abatement contract related intangibles, to the extent the property has them in place. The above and below-market lease intangibles are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which include reasonably certain renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases.

Capital additions

We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopments, other tangible apartment community improvements, and replacements of existing community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by employees in connection with the planning, execution, and control of all capital addition activities at our communities. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital addition activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes, and insurance during periods in which construction projects are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities, at the point in time when activities necessary to get communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces ready for their intended use begin. These activities include when communities, apartment homes or leased spaces are undergoing physical construction, as well as when homes or leased spaces are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning, and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the communities or components thereof are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and homes or leased spaces are available for occupancy. We charge costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance, and resident turnover costs to property operating expense, as incurred.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $21.5 million, $39.7 million, and $30.6 million of interest costs, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $8.0 million, $14.3 million, and $16.9 million of indirect costs, respectively.

Impairment of real estate and other long-lived assets

Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we assess its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the community. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the community. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Assets held for sale, net

We classify properties as held for sale when they meet the GAAP criteria, which include (among others): (a) management commits to and initiates a plan to sell the asset; (b) the sale is probable and expected to be completed within one year under terms that are usual and customary for sales of such assets; and (c) actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn, which is typically indicated by receipt of a significant, non-refundable deposit from the buyer pursuant to a sales contract. We present the assets and liabilities of any real estate properties held for sale separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Real estate assets held for sale are measured at the lower of the carrying amount or the fair value less the cost to sell. Both the real estate assets and corresponding liabilities are presented separately in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Upon the classification of an asset as held for sale, no further depreciation is recorded. Disposals representing a strategic shift in operations (e.g., a disposal of a major geographic area, a major line of business or a major equity method investment) will be presented as discontinued operations.

On December 30, 2024, Aimco entered into an agreement to sell the Brickell Assemblage. The transaction is scheduled to occur as early as March 2025 but may be extended at the buyer's option to the fourth quarter of 2025. We determined the Brickell Assemblage was a disposal group that met the criteria to be classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2024. The transaction does not meet the criteria for discontinued operations classification. The following summary presents the major components of assets and liabilities related to the real estate properties held for sale as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2024
Buildings and improvements	$	218,388
Land		181,381
Total real estate		399,769
Accumulated depreciation		(126,840	)
Net real estate		272,929
Restricted cash		517
Other assets, net		2,633
Assets held for sale, net	$	276,079

Non-recourse property debt, net	$	158,888
Accrued liabilities and other		1,732
Liabilities related to assets held for sale, net	$	160,620

Restricted cash

Restricted cash consists of tenant security deposits, cash restricted as required by our debt agreements, and cash restricted in association with legal, municipal, federal, or tax requirements. The reconciliation of cash flow information is as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	141,072	$	122,601	$	206,460
Restricted cash		31,367		16,666		23,306
Restricted cash held for sale		517		—		—
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, including restricted cash held for sale	$	172,956	$	139,267	$	229,766

Cash equivalents

We classify highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents. We maintain cash and cash equivalents in financial institutions in excess of insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in these accounts in the past and believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk because our accounts are deposited with major financial institutions.

Supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	$	47,554	$	32,795	$	45,171
Cash paid for income taxes		931		1,711		22,930
Non-cash transactions associated with acquisitions:
Buildings and improvements		—		—		11,109
Intangible assets, net		—		—		13,377
Mark to market adjustment on an assumed construction loan		—		—		363
Right-of-use lease assets - finance leases		—		—		15,036
Other assets, net		—		—		5,629
Accrued liabilities and other		—		—		(1,854	)
Lease liabilities - finance leases		—		—		15,151
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		—		—		13,756
Other non-cash investing and financing transactions:
Right-of-use lease assets - operating leases		—		718		2,336
Lease liabilities - operating leases		—		718		1,587
Issuance of seller financing in connection with disposition of real estate		—		17,432		—
Contribution of real estate to unconsolidated real estate partnerships		—		5,700		—
Accrued capital expenditures (at end of year)		11,962		40,340		41,435

Notes receivable

We carry notes receivable at cost, net of any unamortized discounts or premiums and adjusted for the estimated provision for expected credit losses. Interest income on notes receivable is recognized using the effective interest method and is classified within Interest income in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Direct costs incurred in originating notes, along with any premium or discount, are deferred and amortized as an adjustment to interest income over the note’s term using the effective interest method, or on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method when used.

We have a seller financing note with a principal balance of $43.2 million and an effective interest rate of 6.0%. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the remaining unamortized discount was $2.7 million and $3.8 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the amortization of the discount was $1.1 million, $1.1 million, and $1.0 million, respectively, which was recorded as a component of Interest Income in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Other assets, net

Other assets, net were comprised of the following amounts as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Other investments	$	16,115	$	65,066
Deferred costs, deposits, and other		11,227		9,374
Prepaid expenses and real estate taxes		14,208		14,855
Interest rate contracts (1)		891		5,255
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships		15,155		23,125
Intangible assets, net		13,154		13,494
Corporate fixed assets, net of accumulated depreciation of $9,591 and $6,903 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		9,844		10,669
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $352 and $373 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		8,276		5,178
Deferred tax assets		5,175		2,391
Due from affiliates		6		434
Total other assets, net	$	94,051	$	149,841

(1) We account for our interest rate contracts as non-designated hedges. See Note 12 for discussion of our fair value measurements for these instruments.

Other investments

Other investments consist of passive equity investments in stock, property technology funds, and IQHQ, a privately held life sciences real estate development company. We measure our investment in stock at fair value. We also measure our investments in property technology funds using the NAV practical expedient since they do not have readily determinable fair values. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized unrealized losses on our investment in stock of $1.3 million, compared to unrealized gains of $0.7 million in 2023 and unrealized losses of $6.1 million in 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized unrealized gains on our investments in property technology funds of $0.4 million, $0.0 million, and $0.3 million, respectively. See Note 12 for discussion of our fair value measurements for these investments.

Investment in IQHQ

In 2020, Aimco Predecessor made a $50.0 million commitment to IQHQ, a privately held life sciences real estate development company. In 2022, after fully funding our commitment, 22% of our original investment in IQHQ was redeemed for $16.5 million. Our remaining investment in IQHQ, with a cost basis of $39.2 million, was adjusted upward to $59.7 million at the same per share value as the cash redemption per share.

We account for our investment in IQHQ using the measurement alternative. Under the measurement alternative, the investment is measured at cost less impairment if any needed, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes of identical or similar investments of the same issuer since it does not have a readily determinable fair value.

On a periodic basis, we perform a qualitative impairment assessment on our investment in IQHQ in accordance with GAAP. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we determined that our investment in IQHQ was impaired after consideration of factors, including adverse capital market conditions, increased real estate development costs, and IQHQ's financial condition. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $48.6 million to reduce the carrying value of the investment in IQHQ to $11.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The non-cash impairment is reflected in Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, and as a reduction in the carrying value of Other investments included in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024. No realized or unrealized gains or losses were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized realized and unrealized gains on our investment in IQHQ totaling $5.7 million and $20.5 million resulting from the partial redemption of our investment.


	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
Equity ownership in IQHQ under measurement alternative:
Initial cost of remaining balance	$	39,185		$	39,185
Cumulative upward adjustments		20,501			20,501
Cumulative impairment		(48,615	)		—
Total carrying value	$	11,071		$	59,686

Deferred costs, deposits, and other

We defer leasing costs incremental to a lease that we would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Amortization of these costs over the lease term on the same basis as lease income, is included in Depreciation and amortization in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

We also defer, debt issuance costs, lender fees and other direct costs incurred in obtaining new financing and amortize the amounts over the terms of the related loan agreements. In connection with the modification of existing financing arrangements, we defer lender fees and amortize these costs and any unamortized debt issuance costs over the term of the modified loan agreement. Debt issuance costs associated with non-recourse property debt are presented as a direct deduction from the related liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We record debt issuance costs associated with our revolving credit facilities and construction loans that have not been drawn in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We amortize the costs associated with our revolving credit facilities to Interest expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement. Debt issuance costs associated with construction loans are reclassified as a direct deduction to the construction loan liability in proportion to any draws on the loans in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently amortized to Interest expense under either the effective interest method or on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method when used, over the remaining term of the arrangement in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

When financing arrangements are repaid or otherwise extinguished prior to maturity, unamortized debt issuance costs are written off. Any lender fees or other costs incurred in connection with an extinguishment are recognized as expense. Amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs and other extinguishment costs are included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Unconsolidated real estate partnerships

We own general and limited partner interests in partnerships that either directly, or through interests in other real estate partnerships, own apartment communities. We generally account for investments in real estate partnerships that we do not consolidate using the equity method. Accordingly, we recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the entity for the periods presented, inclusive of our share of any impairments and disposition gains or losses recognized by and related to such entities, and we present such amounts within Other income (expense), net in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The excess of our cost of the acquired partnership interests over our share of the partners’ equity or deficit is generally ascribed to the fair values of land and buildings owned by the partnerships. We amortize the excess cost ascribed to the buildings over the related estimated useful lives. Such amortization is recorded as an adjustment of the amounts of earnings or losses we recognize from such unconsolidated real estate partnerships.

On a periodic basis, we assess our investments in unconsolidated real estate partnerships for impairment. An investment is considered impaired if we determine that its fair value is less than the net carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis.

In March 2022, we acquired an ownership interest in an unconsolidated investment in land held for development in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, Florida, in exchange for land that we had purchased for $1.8 million in January 2022 and cash of $0.3 million. Subsequently, we had additional non-cash contributions of $5.7 million for unused transferable density rights and cash contributions of $0.9 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we exercised our rights under the existing joint venture agreement, whereby our joint venture partner agreed to purchase our ownership interest in this unconsolidated investment. As a result of the transaction, we recognized a non-cash other-than-temporary-impairment ("OTTI") of $2.6 million, within Other income (expense), net in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. We did not recognize any such impairments of our investments in unconsolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets are included in Other assets, net and intangible liabilities are included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table details intangible assets and liabilities, net of accumulated amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
Intangible assets	$	25,950		$	25,950
Less: accumulated amortization		(12,796	)		(12,456	)
Intangible assets, net	$	13,154		$	13,494

Below-market leases	$	4,175		$	4,175
Less: accumulated amortization		(4,175	)		(4,146	)
Intangible liabilities, net	$	—		$	29

Based on the balance of intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024, the net aggregate amortization for the next five years and thereafter is expected to be as follows (in thousands):


	Intangible assets
2025	$	892
2026		892
2027		892
2028		892
2029		892
Thereafter		8,694
Total future amortization	$	13,154

Corporate fixed assets, net

We capitalize qualified implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract for which we are the customer in accordance with the requirements for capitalizing costs incurred to develop internal-use software. These capitalized implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, net capitalized implementation costs of $5.8 million and $4.7 million, respectively, net of $0.8 million and $0.1 million of accumulated depreciation, respectively are included in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts receivable, net

We present our accounts receivable net of allowances for amounts that may not be collected. The allowance is determined based on an assessment of whether substantially all of the amounts due from the resident or tenant is probable of collection. This includes a specific tenant analysis and aging analysis.

Revenue from leases

We are a lessor for residential and commercial leases. Our operating leases with residents may provide that the resident reimburse us for certain costs, primarily the resident’s share of utilities expenses, incurred by the apartment community. Our operating leases with commercial tenants may provide that the tenant reimburse us for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs incurred by the commercial property. Residential and commercial reimbursements represent revenue attributable to non-lease components for which the timing and pattern of recognition is the same as the revenue for the lease components. We have elected the practical expedient in accordance with ASC 842, Leases, to not separate non-lease components from associated lease components for all classes of underlying assets. Reimbursements and the related expenses are presented on a gross basis in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, with the reimbursements included in Rental and other property revenues in the period the recoverable costs are incurred. We recognize rental revenue attributed to lease components, net of any concessions, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Revenue from contracts with customers

We apply ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in recognizing revenue from our operations at The Benson Hotel. The Benson Hotel revenues consist of amounts derived from hotel operations, including room sales, food and beverage sales, and other ancillary hotel service revenues. We recognize revenue from the rental of the hotel rooms and guest services when we satisfy performance obligations as evidenced by the transfer of control when rooms are occupied, and services have been provided. Food and beverage sales are recognized when the customer has been serviced or at the time the transaction occurs. The transaction prices for hotel room sales and other goods and services are generally fixed and based on the respective room reservation or other agreement. Payment terms generally align with when the goods and services are provided. Our contracts generally have a single performance obligation, recognized at a point in time.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Benson Hotel generated revenues of $6.7 million, $2.7 million, and $0.0 million, respectively.

Advertising costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included within Property operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized total advertising costs of $2.3 million, $1.3 million, and $1.7 million, respectively.

Gain or (loss) on dispositions of real estate

Gains or losses on dispositions are recognized when the criteria for the derecognition of a nonfinancial asset are met, including when control of the real estate has transferred. Upon disposition, the related assets and liabilities are derecognized, and the gain or loss on disposition is recognized as the difference between the carrying amount of those assets and liabilities and the value of consideration received. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized total Gain on dispositions of real estate of $10.6 million, $8.0 million, and $175.9 million, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation for all tangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Acquired buildings and improvements are depreciated over a useful life based on the age, condition, and other physical characteristics of the asset. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are generally depreciated over five years.

We depreciate capitalized costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related improvement, which is generally 5, 15, or 30 years. We also capitalize payroll and other indirect costs incurred in connection with preparing an asset for its intended use. These costs include corporate-level costs that clearly relate to the capital addition activities, which we allocate to the applicable assets. All capitalized payroll costs and indirect costs are allocated to capital additions proportionately based on direct costs and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of such capital additions.

Purchased equipment is recognized at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, which is generally five years. Leasehold improvements are also recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the asset’s estimated useful life or the term of the related lease.

Certain homogeneous items that are purchased in bulk on a recurring basis, such as appliances, are depreciated using group methods that reflect the average estimated useful life of the items in each group. Except in the case of casualties, where the net book value of the lost asset is written off in the determination of casualty gains or losses, we generally do not recognize any loss in connection with the replacement of an existing community component because normal replacements are considered in determining the estimated useful lives used in connection with our composite and group depreciation methods.

Income tax benefit (expense)

Aimco

Certain aspects of our operations, including our development and redevelopment activities, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRS entities. Additionally, our TRS entities hold our investment in 1001 Brickell Bay Drive.

Our income tax benefit (expense) calculated in accordance with GAAP includes income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities. Income taxes, as well as changes in valuation allowance and incremental deferred tax items in conjunction with intercompany asset transfers and internal restructurings (if applicable), are included in Income tax benefit (expense) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and income and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had consolidated net losses subject to tax of $28.2 million, compared to consolidated net losses subject to tax of $15.2 million for the same period in 2023, and consolidated net income subject to tax of $88.8 million for the same period in 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized income tax benefit of $11.1 million, compared to income tax benefit of $12.8 million for same period in 2023. The year-over-year decrease is due primarily to changes in 2023 to the effective tax rate expected to apply to the reversal of our existing deferred items, partially offset by increased tax benefit from higher losses in 2024 at our TRS entities.

We recognized income tax expense of $17.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The prior year-over-year decrease is due primarily to GAAP income taxes associated with the net lease modification income recognized in 2022.

Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and Aimco intends to continue to operate in such a manner. Aimco's current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on its ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Code, which are related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If Aimco qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation.

Even if Aimco qualifies as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on undistributed income. Aimco also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between Aimco and a TRS and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale in the ordinary course. The state and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business. Any taxes imposed on us reduce our operating cash flow and net income.

Aimco Operating Partnership

Aimco Operating Partnership is treated as a “pass-through” entity for United States federal income tax purposes and is not subject to United States federal income taxation. Partners in Aimco Operating Partnership, however, are subject to tax on their allocable share of partnership income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits, regardless of whether the partners receive any actual distributions of cash or other property from Aimco Operating Partnership during the taxable year. Generally, the characterization of any particular item is determined by Aimco Operating Partnership rather than at the partner level, and the amount of a partner’s allocable share of such item is governed by the terms of Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership agreement. Aimco Operating Partnership is subject to tax in certain states.

Earnings per share and per unit

Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership calculate earnings per share and unit based on the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock or OP Units, participating securities, common stock or common unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. Aimco Operating Partnership considers both OP Units and equivalents, which have identical rights to distributions and undistributed earnings, to be common units for purposes of the earnings per unit computations. Please refer to Note 10 for further information regarding earnings per share and unit computations.

Share-based compensation

We measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the award’s fair value on the grant date and recognize the cost as share-based compensation expense over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is generally the vesting period. Share-based compensation expense associated with awards is updated for actual forfeitures. For further discussion, see Note 11.

Use of estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts included in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Accounting pronouncements adopted in the current year

We adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures", which requires disclosure of incremental segment information, including segment expense categories, on an annual and interim basis. The segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in prior periods within Note 14 are based on the significant expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This amendment modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation and additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, (2) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) (disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes) as well as individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid is equal to or greater than 5 percent of total income taxes paid net of refunds. (3) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (disaggregated between domestic and foreign) and (4) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (disaggregated by federal, state and foreign). The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. ASU 2023-09 should be applied on a prospective basis, while retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses", which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses. The ASU does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement. Rather, it requires disclosure in a tabular format of the disaggregation of any relevant expense caption presented on the face of the income statement within continuing operations into the following required natural expense categories, as applicable: (1) purchases of inventory, (2) employee compensation, (3) depreciation, (4) intangible asset amortization, and (5) depletion. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2024-03 should be applied on a prospective basis, while retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.