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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ____________ to __________
Commission file number 001-38487
Origin Bancorp, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Louisiana |  | 72-1192928
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
500 South Service Road East Ruston, Louisiana |  | 71270
(Address of principal executive office) |  | (Zip code)
| (318) 255-2222 |
| (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) |

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, par value $5.00 per share | OBK | New York Stock Exchange

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $851.4 million as of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Solely for the purpose of this computation, it has been assumed that executive officers and directors of the Registrant are "affiliates".
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date: 30,988,548 shares of Common Stock, par value $5.00 per share, were issued and outstanding as of February 15, 2024.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Origin Bancorp, Inc. to be held on April 24, 2024, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
FORM 10-K
DECEMBER 31, 2023
INDEX

| Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | 4
PART I | 6
Item 1. Business | 6
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 25
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 46
Item 1C. Cybersecurity | 46
Item 2. Properties | 47
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 47
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 47
PART II | 48
Item 5. Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 48
Item 6. [Reserved] | 49
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 50
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 75
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 78
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 143
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 143
Item 9B. Other Information | 145
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections | 145
PART III | 146
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 146
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 146
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 146
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 146
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 146
PART IV | 147
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 147
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 150
Signatures | 150

Table of Contents
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Statements preceded by, followed by or that otherwise include the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “foresees,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “could,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “will,” and “would,” or variations or negatives of such terms are generally forward-looking in nature and not historical facts, although not all forward-looking statements include the foregoing words. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
There are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:
•economic uncertainty or a deterioration in economic conditions or slowdowns in economic growth in the United States generally, and particularly in the market areas in which we operate and in which our loans are concentrated, including declines in home sale volumes and financial stress on borrowers (consumers and businesses) as a result of higher interest rates or an uncertain economic environment;
•adverse developments in the banking industry highlighted by high-profile bank failures and the impact of such developments on customer confidence, liquidity, and regulatory responses to these developments (including increases in the cost of our deposit insurance assessments and increased regulatory scrutiny), our ability to effectively manage our liquidity risk and any growth plans and the availability of capital and funding;
•our ability to comply with applicable capital and liquidity requirements, including our ability to generate liquidity internally or raise capital on favorable terms, including continued access to the debt and equity capital markets;
•fluctuating and/or volatile interest rates, capital markets and the impact of inflation on our business and financial results, as well as the impact on our customers (including the velocity and levels of deposit withdrawals and loan repayments);
•changes in the interest rate environment may reduce interest margins;
•prepayment speeds, loan origination and sale volumes, charge-offs and loan loss provisions may vary substantially from period to period;
•global business and economic conditions and in the financial services industry, nationally and within our local market areas;
•an increase in unemployment levels, slowdowns in economic growth and threats of recession;
•customer income, creditworthiness and confidence, spending and savings that may affect customer bankruptcies, defaults, charge-offs and deposit activity;
•the credit risk associated with the substantial amount of commercial real estate, construction and land development, and commercial loans in our loan portfolio;
•the credit risks of lending activities, including our ability to estimate credit losses and the allowance for credit losses, as well as the effects of changes in the level of, and trends in, loan delinquencies and write-offs.
•factors that can impact the performance of our loan portfolio, including real estate values and liquidity in our primary market areas, the financial health of our commercial borrowers and the success of construction projects that we finance, including any loans acquired in merger/acquisition transactions;
4

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•changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of residential and commercial real estate, especially as they relate to the value of collateral supporting the Company’s loans;
•natural disasters and adverse weather events (including hurricanes), acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities, (including the impacts related to or resulting from Russia’s military action in Ukraine, and the ongoing conflict in Israel and the surrounding region, including the imposition of additional sanctions and export controls, as well as the broader impacts to financial markets and the global macroeconomic and geopolitical environments), regional or national protests and civil unrest (including any resulting branch closures or property damage), widespread illness or public health outbreaks or other international or domestic calamities, and other matters beyond our control;
•system failures, cybersecurity threats and/or security breaches and the cost of defending against them and any reputational or other financial risks following such a cybersecurity incident;
•deterioration of our asset quality;
•risks associated with widespread inflation or deflation;
•the risks of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, including our ability to continue to identify acquisition or merger targets and successfully acquire and integrate desirable financial institutions;
•changes in the value of collateral securing our loans;
•our ability to anticipate interest rate changes and manage interest rate risk;
•the effectiveness of our risk management framework and quantitative models;
•our inability to receive dividends from our bank subsidiary and to service debt, pay dividends to our common stockholders, repurchase our shares of common stock and satisfy obligations as they become due;
•changes in our operation or expansion strategy or our ability to prudently manage our growth and execute our strategy;
•changes in management personnel;
•our ability to maintain important deposit customer relationships, our reputation or otherwise avoid liquidity risks;
•increasing costs as we grow and compete for deposits;
•operational risks associated with our business;
•increased competition in the financial services industry, particularly from regional and national institutions, as well as fintech companies, may accelerate due to the current economic environment;
•our level of nonperforming assets and the costs associated with resolving any problem loans, including litigation and other costs;
•potential claims, damages, penalties, fines and reputational damage resulting from pending or future litigation, regulatory proceedings or enforcement actions;
•risks related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) strategies and initiatives, the scope and pace of which could alter our reputation and shareholder, associate, customer and third-party affiliations;
•changes in the utility of our non-GAAP measurements and their underlying assumptions or estimates;
•changes in the laws, rules, regulations, interpretations or policies relating to financial institutions, as well as tax, trade, monetary and fiscal matters;
•periodic changes to the extensive body of accounting rules and best practices, may change the treatment and recognition of critical financial line items and affect our profitability;
5

Table of Contents
•further government intervention in the U.S. financial system;
•compliance with governmental and regulatory requirements, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and others relating to banking, consumer protection, securities and tax matters;
•a deterioration of the credit rating for U.S. long-term sovereign debt, actions that the U.S. government may take to avoid exceeding the debt ceiling, and uncertainties surrounding the debt ceiling and the federal budget;
• the risk that the regulatory environment may not be conducive to, or may prohibit the consummation of, future mergers and/or business combinations, may increase the length of time and amount of resources required to consummate such transactions, and the potential to reduce anticipated benefits from such mergers or combinations; and
•our ability to manage the risks involved in the foregoing.
The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this report. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. In addition, as a result of these and other factors, our past financial performance should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
PART I
Item 1. Business
Our Company
Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to "we," "us," "our," "our company," "the Company" or "Origin" refer to Origin Bancorp, Inc., a Louisiana corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries. All references to "Origin Bank" or "the Bank" refer to Origin Bank, our wholly-owned bank subsidiary.
Origin Bancorp, Inc. is a financial holding company headquartered in Ruston, Louisiana. Our wholly owned bank subsidiary, Origin Bank, was founded in 1912 in Choudrant, Louisiana. Deeply rooted in our history is a culture committed to providing personalized, relationship banking to businesses, municipalities, and personal clients to enrich the lives of the people in the communities we serve. We provide a broad range of financial services and currently have over 60 locations from Dallas/Fort Worth, East Texas and Houston, across North Louisiana and into Mississippi. At December 31, 2023, we had total assets of $9.72 billion, total loans held for investment ("LHFI") of $7.66 billion, total deposits of $8.25 billion and total stockholders’ equity of $1.06 billion.
We completed an initial public offering of our common stock in May 2018 and began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “OBNK”. On May 9, 2023, the Company provided written notice to Nasdaq of its determination to voluntarily withdraw the listing of the Company’s common stock from Nasdaq and transfer the listing to the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). The listing and trading of the common stock on Nasdaq ended at market close on May 19, 2023, and trading commenced on the NYSE at market open on May 22, 2023, under the new stock symbol “OBK”.
We are committed to building unique client experiences through a strong culture, experienced leadership team and a focus on delivering unmatched customer service throughout Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi. Our success has been based on (1) a talented team of relationship bankers, executives and directors; (2) a diverse footprint with stable and growth-oriented markets; (3) differentiated and customized delivery and service; (4) our core deposit franchise and (5) an ability to significantly leverage our infrastructure and technology.
6

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Successful execution of our strategic plan has produced significant growth in our franchise. Since 2005, we have enhanced our growth by integrating four bank acquisitions, entering de novo into several expansion markets, expanding our product offerings in mortgage lending as well as in insurance and private banking. We have supported our markets by hiring a number of experienced in-market bankers and banking teams. In January 2024, we announced our entry into South Alabama and the Florida Panhandle, with two planned banking locations with an expected staffing of eight consisting of experienced relationship bankers and their support personnel. To support our growth, we have raised over $589.6 million of new Tier 1 capital since 2006, including proceeds from our initial public offering completed in May 2018, we issued subordinated notes that are treated as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes in 2020, and completed an all stock merger valued at $307.8 million in 2022. Through these efforts, we have successfully increased our market share in our key geographic markets.
Our Competitive Strengths and Banking Strategy
Organic Growth Capabilities with Strategic Acquisitions
We have historically been able to demonstrate our ability to grow our loans and deposits organically. Our team of seasoned bankers has been an important driver of our organic growth by further developing banking relationships with current and potential clients. Our relationship bankers are motivated to increase the size of their loan and deposit portfolios and generate fee income while maintaining strong credit quality. To promote our organic growth, we strategically locate banking centers within our markets and employ highly experienced relationship bankers who proactively develop valuable relationships within the communities that we serve. Through these relationships, our bankers are able to meet our customers’ needs and capitalize on loan demand across a wide range of industries. This allows us to not only diversify our loan portfolio, but also focus on loans with quality credit characteristics.
We focus on generating and retaining core deposits as our primary funding source to support loan growth. We believe motivating our relationship bankers to generate strong deposit growth enhances our ability to build and strengthen client relationships and provide stable funding for future growth.
We also intend to continue pursuing selective acquisition opportunities that we expect will enhance our business model within our attractive geographic footprint and other complementary markets.
A Unique from Within Client Experience
Our mission is to passionately pursue ways to make banking and insurance more rewarding for our employees, customers, communities, and stockholders. We have a deep commitment to providing an unmatched client experience that exceeds our customers’ expectations. We believe by aligning our processes, philosophy, technology, and culture; we create a seamless experience that goes beyond the transactional and becomes transformational. Trust, encouraging strong work ethic, innovation, flexibility, forward-thinking, genuine respect for others, commitment to our community, and never compromising our integrity are our values, and are the foundation of our company.
Concentration on Sound Asset Quality
We believe that asset quality is a key to long-term financial success. We seek to maintain sound asset quality by moderating credit risk, adhering to prudent lending practices and promoting a relationship-based approach to commercial and consumer banking. Our executive management team has extensive knowledge of the bank regulatory landscape, significant experience navigating interest rate and credit cycles and a long history of collaboration, which we believe may help us avoid or mitigate unforeseen losses.
7

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Expanding Revenue Sources
We offer commercial and retail customers a wide range of products and services that provide us with a diversified revenue stream and help us to solidify customer relationships. We provide products and services that compete with large, national banks but with the personalized attention and responsiveness of a relationship-focused community bank. Our offerings include traditional retail deposits, treasury management, commercial deposits, commercial and consumer loans, mortgage origination and servicing, insurance, mobile banking and online banking. Our clients value our ability to provide the sophisticated products and services of larger banks, but with a local and agile decision-making process, a focus on building personal relationships, and a commitment to investing in the local economy and community. This allows us to build Origin Bank by focusing on low-cost core deposit relationships, high credit quality loans, and fee income generated by value-added services. It also allows us to develop strong relationships across industries, creating a diverse commercial loan portfolio.
We believe we have an attractive mix of loans and deposits. At December 31, 2023, our loans held for investment ("LHFI") portfolio was comprised of 31.2% commercial and industrial loans including mortgage warehouse loans, and 45.9% commercial real estate loans, including construction/land/land development loans. 34.5% of our total commercial real estate and construction/land/land development is owner occupied and 65.5% is non-owner occupied. At December 31, 2023, approximately 23.3% of our deposits were noninterest-bearing demand deposits, and our cost of total deposits was 2.38% for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Our Markets
We currently operate in the markets of Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, East Texas, North Louisiana and Mississippi, all of which offer attractive combinations of diversity, growth and stability. In early 2024, we announced our entry into south Alabama and the Florida panhandle, with two planned banking locations with an expected staffing of eight consisting of experienced relationship bankers and their support personnel.
The Dallas/Fort Worth and Houston markets represent two of the largest and fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the country. These markets provide attractive economic environments and offer significant deposit and lending opportunities as they are home to many large and mid-size corporations across a wide range of industries that include healthcare, manufacturing, construction, higher education, agriculture, energy, transportation and technology.
Our merger with BTH allowed us to enter the East Texas market and expand our footprint across the I-20 corridor. The merger also bolstered our presence in the Dallas/ Fort Worth market. We believe the strong reputation and commitment of both banks will provide growth in both markets and allow us to strengthen relationships in the communities we serve.
The North Louisiana markets offer a stable economic climate with lower costs associated with deposit gathering and our operational platform. Our footprint in Mississippi comprises areas of significant commercial investment and additional growth opportunities. We believe all of our markets throughout Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi provide favorable business climates and continued opportunity for growth, and now with our expansion into southern Alabama and the Florida panhandle we have further grown our presence across the lower half of the United States.
Our Banking Services
We are focused on delivering a broad range of relationship-driven financial services tailored to meet the needs of small and medium-sized businesses, municipalities, and retail clients. We principally operate in one business segment, community banking. We are primarily engaged in attracting deposits from individuals and businesses and using these deposits and borrowed funds to originate commercial, residential mortgage, construction and consumer loans.
We have primarily grown our assets, deposits, and business organically by building relationships through our lending products, expanding our deposit products and delivery capabilities, opening new branches, and hiring experienced bankers with existing customer relationships in our market areas.
A general discussion of the range of financial services we offer follows.
8

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Lending Activities
We originate loans secured by single and multi-family real estate, residential construction and commercial buildings. In addition, we make loans to small and mid-sized businesses, as well as to consumers for a variety of purposes. Our loan portfolio at the dates indicated was comprised as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31,
Real estate: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied commercial real estate | $ | 953,822 |  |  | $ | 843,006 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied commercial real estate | 1,488,912 |  |  | 1,461,672 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total commercial real estate | 2,442,734 |  |  | 2,304,678 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied construction/land/land development | 256,658 |  |  | 265,838 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied construction/land/land development | 813,567 |  |  | 679,787 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total construction/land/land development | 1,070,225 |  |  | 945,625 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | 1,734,935 |  |  | 1,477,538 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total real estate | 5,247,894 |  |  | 4,727,841 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 2,059,460 |  |  | 2,051,161 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | 329,966 |  |  | 284,867 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer loans | 23,624 |  |  | 26,153 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total LHFI | $ | 7,660,944 |  |  | $ | 7,090,022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Commercial Real Estate Loans and Construction/Land/Land Development Loans. We primarily originate commercial real estate loans and construction/land/land development loans that are generally secured by real estate located in our market areas. Our commercial mortgage loans are generally collateralized by first liens on real estate and amortized over 20 to 30 years, with balloon payments typically due at the end of five years. These loans are generally underwritten by addressing cash flow (debt service coverage), primary, secondary, and tertiary sources of repayment, the financial strength of any guarantor, the strength of the tenant (if any), the borrower’s liquidity and leverage, management experience, ownership structure, economic conditions, industry-specific trends and collateral. Commercial real estate loans have contributed interest income of $135.1 million, $88.2 million and $61.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, while construction/land/land development loans have contributed interest income of $69.6 million, $36.4 million and $21.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Consumer Loans and Residential Real Estate Loans. Our consumer loan portfolio is primarily composed of secured and unsecured loans that we originate. The largest component of our consumer loan portfolio is for residential real estate purposes. We originate one-to-four family, owner-occupied residential mortgage loans generally secured by property located in our primary market areas. The majority of our residential mortgage loans consist of loans secured by owner-occupied, single-family residences. These loans are underwritten by giving consideration to the borrower’s ability to pay, stability of employment or source of income, debt-to-income ratio, credit history and loan-to-value ratio. Consumer loans also include closed-end second mortgages, home equity lines of credit and our mortgage loans held for sale. Consumer and residential real estate loans have contributed interest income of $83.9 million, $51.1 million and $38.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Commercial and Industrial Loans. Commercial and industrial loans are made for a variety of business purposes, including working capital, inventory, equipment and capital expansion. The terms for commercial loans are generally one to seven years. Commercial loans are generally underwritten by addressing cash flow (debt service coverage), primary and secondary sources of repayment, the financial strength of any guarantor, the borrower’s liquidity and leverage, management experience, ownership structure, economic conditions, industry specific trends and collateral. Commercial and industrial loans have contributed interest income of $155.8 million, $90.5 million and $67.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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Mortgage Warehouse Loans. Mortgage warehouse loans are extended to mortgage companies and secured by loan participations in mortgages that are typically sold within 15 to 25 days. The loans are underwritten by the approved mortgage company using agency or investor guidelines. The loans are then committed to a secondary market investor and are primarily made up of agency-eligible conventional loans (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac), government loans (Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) loans, Veterans Administration loans, U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Housing Development loans) and qualified jumbo loans. Mortgage warehouse loans have contributed interest income of $21.5 million, $18.7 million and $27.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Credit Risks. The principal economic risk associated with each category of loans we make is the creditworthiness of the borrower and the ability of the borrower to repay the relevant loan. Borrower creditworthiness is affected by general economic conditions, including interest rates, inflation, and in the case of commercial borrowers, demand for the borrower’s products and services, and other factors affecting the borrower’s customers, suppliers and employees.
Mortgage warehouse loan risk is primarily centered in the borrower’s adherence to agency or investor underwriting guidelines, while the risk associated with the underlying consumer mortgage loan repayment, as similar to other consumer loans, depends on the borrower’s financial stability and are more likely than commercial loans to be adversely affected by divorce, job loss, illness and other personal hardships.
Risks associated with real estate loans also include fluctuations in the value of real estate, new job creation trends, tenant vacancy rates, economic downturns that create the need for temporary payment forbearances and, in the case of commercial borrowers, the quality of the borrower’s management. Consumer loan repayments depend on the borrower’s financial stability and are more likely than commercial loans to be adversely affected by divorce, job loss, illness and other personal hardships.
Lending Philosophy. Our lending philosophy is driven by our commitment to centralized underwriting for all loans, local market knowledge, long-term customer relationships and a conservative credit culture. To implement this philosophy, we have established various levels of authority and review, including our Credit Risk Management Group. In each loan review, we emphasize cash flow and secondary and tertiary repayment sources, such as guarantors and collateral. We generally avoid lending to highly cyclical industries and typically avoid making certain types of loans that we consider to be higher risk.
Lending Policies. We have established common documentation requirements and policies for each type of loan. We have also established a corporate loan committee with authority to approve loans up to the legal lending limit of Origin Bank. During 2023, credit relationships of $8.0 million or greater were generally presented to the corporate loan committee for approval or ratification of approval prior to committing to the loan. The corporate loan committee meets weekly and on an ad hoc basis as needed.
Origin Bank’s board of directors reviews our lending policies and procedures at least annually. In addition, there are legal restrictions on the maximum amount of loans available for each lending relationship. Origin Bank is subject to certain legal lending limits under the Louisiana Banking Law and Federal Reserve Regulation O. At December 31, 2023, we had established a general in-house lending limit ranging between $30.0 million and $35.0 million to any one borrower, excluding mortgage warehouse lines of credit, based upon our internal risk rating of the relationship. Due to multiple sources of repayment, mortgage warehouse lines of credit have a general in-house lending limit ranging between $30.0 million and $75.0 million to any one borrower.
Deposits and Other Sources of Funds
An important aspect of our business franchise is the ability to gather deposits. At December 31, 2023, we held $8.25 billion of total deposits and have grown deposits at a compound annual growth rate of 18.1% since December 31, 2003. At December 31, 2023, 89.0% of our total deposits were core deposits (defined as total deposits excluding time deposits greater than $250,000, brokered and Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service deposits). We offer a wide range of deposit services, including checking, savings, money market accounts and time deposits. We obtain most of our deposits from individuals, small businesses and municipalities in our market areas. At December 31, 2023, 52.3% of our deposits were business deposits, 31.7% were consumer deposits and 10.7% were public fund deposits. One area of focus has been to create a deposit-focused sales force of business development bankers who have extensive contacts and connections with targeted clients and centers of influence throughout our communities. We also have access to secondary sources of funding, including advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas, borrowings at the Federal Reserve Discount Window and other borrowings.
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Mortgage Banking
We are also engaged in the residential mortgage banking business, which primarily generates income from the sale of mortgage loans as well as the servicing of residential mortgage loans for others. We originate residential mortgage loans in our markets as a service to our existing customers and as a way to develop relationships with new customers in order to support our core banking strategy. Revenue from our mortgage banking activities was $3.4 million, $6.7 million and $12.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During December 2023 and January 2024, we solicited non-binding indications of interest with respect to the proposed sale of substantially all of our mortgage servicing rights asset and we recognized an impairment of $1.8 million in December 2023. The Company plans to sell approximately $17.4 million in mortgage servicing rights, representing approximately $1.39 billion in unpaid principal balances, subject to successful negotiation of a definitive purchase and sale agreement and satisfaction of all closing conditions.
Insurance
We offer a wide variety of commercial and personal property and casualty insurance products through our wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, Forth Insurance, formerly known as Davison Insurance Agency, LLC and doing business as Lincoln Agency, LLC, Lincoln Agency Transportation Insurance, Pulley-White Insurance Agency, Reeves, Coon & Funderburg, Simoneaux & Wallace Agency and Thomas & Farr Agency. With over 30 years of growth in the insurance industry and approximately 125 experienced professionals, our agency has primary market locations across Louisiana, but also serves customers in Texas, Mississippi, Arkansas and other states across the United States. Insurance commission and fee income was $25.1 million, $22.9 million and $13.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Other Banking Services
Given customer demand for increased convenience and account access, we offer a wide range of products and services, including 24-hour internet banking and voice response information, mobile applications, cash management, overdraft protection, direct deposit, safe deposit boxes, U.S. savings bonds, automatic account transfers, peer-to-peer electronic pay solutions and personal financial management solutions.
Information Technology Systems
We continue to make significant investments in our information technology systems for our banking operations and treasury services to enhance our capabilities to offer new products and overall customer experience, to provide scale for future growth and acquisitions, and to increase controls and efficiencies in our back-office operations. Our core data processing platform is from a nationally-recognized bank processing vendor and we leverage the capabilities of a third-party service provider in developing our network design and architecture. We also actively manage our business continuity plan. The majority of our other systems, including electronic funds transfer and transaction processing, are operated in-house. Online banking services and other public-facing web services are performed using third-party service providers. We strive to follow all recommendations outlined by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council and we perform regular tests of the adequacy of our contingency plans for key functions and systems.
Competition
The banking business is highly competitive, and our profitability will depend in large part on our ability to compete with other banks and nonbank financial service companies located in our markets for lending opportunities, deposit funds, financial products, bankers and acquisition targets.
We are subject to vigorous competition in all aspects of our business from banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, finance companies, credit unions, technology companies, and other financial service providers, such as money market funds, fintech companies, brokerage firms, consumer finance companies, asset-based nonbank lenders, insurance companies and certain other non-financial entities, including retail stores which may maintain their own credit programs and certain governmental organizations which may offer more favorable financing than we can.
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Many other commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions have offices in our primary market areas. These institutions include many of the largest banks operating in Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, including various national banks. Our competitors often have greater resources, have broader geographic markets, have higher lending limits, offer various services that we may not currently offer and make broader use of media advertising, support services and electronic technology than we do. To offset these competitive disadvantages, we depend on our reputation as having greater personal service, consistency, flexibility and the ability to make credit and other business decisions quickly.
Human Capital Management
At December 31, 2023, we had 1,041 full-time equivalent employees, who benefit from a variety of initiatives designed to retain, grow, and develop them in becoming the best versions of themselves. At Origin, our culture has always been the foundation of our success. We work to define our culture in everything we do. It is in our attitudes, our diversity, our core values; it is in our interactions with our customers and communities. Culture is the soul of who we are as a company, and it starts with our employees.
Safe Work Environment
Throughout our history, we have been committed to employee and customer health and safety. This focus was magnified with the impact of COVID-19 and employee and customer health and safety continues to be one of our top priorities. While COVID-19 variants have evolved and changed our support of our employees and customer health has remained unwavering. During the pandemic, we expanded our work from home (“WFH”) capabilities in order to allow our employees to better serve our customers while putting safety first, and this option has allowed smooth operations while variants of the virus ebb and flow.
Compensation and Benefits
We provide competitive compensation and benefits in order to attract and retain top talent. In addition to base pay and stock awards, we have several incentive programs that are designed to link performance to pay and drive results towards the achievement of overall corporate goals. We also provide a myriad of benefits through programs such as DreamManager®, Health and Wellness coaching, Leadership Academies, Financial Wellness Initiatives, and Project Enrich, as detailed below.
Employee Engagement
Our Dream Manager® program assists our employees in meeting their own personal and professional goals in addition to helping them improve physically, emotionally, intellectually, and spiritually. Over 300 employees have participated in this program since 2019. We launched a nationally-recognized financial wellness program (“SmartDollar”) during 2021 that is designed to assist our employees in becoming debt-free and saving money for emergencies and retirement, empowering them to become better financially prepared for their future, which during 2023, had an over 40% participation rate. Due to our adoption rate, we won a national award in 2021 from the Dave Ramsey Foundation called the “Vision” award. Also in 2021, we hired a certified Holistic Health Coach to spearhead our Health & Wellness initiatives. In addition to providing health and wellness information on a regular basis to all employees, we currently have approximately 10% of our employees working directly with our Health Coach on a personalized basis to meet their desire to be healthier. Additionally, in one specific initiative designed to help the communities we serve, our Project Enrich program provides employees with up to twenty hours of paid time off to volunteer in their communities. In 2023, the employees of Origin volunteered 5,037 hours in the community during bank time, which does not include over 1,000 hours that were volunteered after working hours and on the weekend.
Employee Feedback
Employee feedback is highly valued at Origin and our employees provide anonymous input via surveys three times each year facilitated by Glint, a Microsoft Viva company. Our employees consistently rank Origin in the top 10% of Glint’s global customer base with regard to employee engagement. We regularly receive hundreds of written comments each quarter that in turn are used to improve processes, policies, or programs in an effort to show tangible affirmation of those comments. We also have continued a practice that was implemented at the beginning of the pandemic called “The Origin Insider”. This webinar event occurs monthly and features speakers (internal and external) for our employees on a wide range of topics promoting, among other things, employee engagement and satisfaction. The employees are able to submit questions for the speakers in advance of the webinar.
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Talent Development
Talent development at Origin begins with our comprehensive recruitment program and continues throughout the employee life cycle. Beginning in 2021 and continuing throughout 2023, we implemented the Giving Interns Valuable Experience (g.i.v.e.) program, and welcomed a very diverse (both in gender and race) group of 42 interns from 23 different universities. The program was successful at promoting Origin’s brand and resulted in strong experiential feedback while also creating job opportunities for 16 of the 42 total interns enrolled in the program since inception.
We utilize assessment tools and provide multiple resources and venues, such as our Career Development Center, for employees to determine what career path is the best fit for them in order to help them grow and enhance their promotional opportunities. We also provide advanced leadership development via our Leadership Academy classes, which provide structured training, collaboration with other aspiring leaders throughout the organization, and mentoring relationships. Included in the Academy, we provide a senior-level two-year class called the Origin Leadership Academy, which focuses on the development of next-generation executives. Participants in the Origin Leadership Academy are appointed by senior management. Further, all employees are eligible to apply for participation in the “Emerging Leaders Council”, which is a one-year program designed to train and develop emerging leaders in our organization. Beginning in 2021, we implemented a program called “Career Manager” which provides young professionals within our organization one-on-one time with senior leaders to enhance their career aspirations and accelerate their understanding of the business of banking. This program also helps with employee retention. The pilot class included five individuals who all graduated from the program and currently four individuals are in the program. We find benefit in developing our future leaders from within and succession plans are in place for senior level positions as well as many other key leadership positions.
Diversity & Inclusion
At Origin, one of our core values is, genuine respect for yourself and others. This value makes the support of diversity, equity and inclusion a natural fit for our culture and essential to the way we conduct business, foster individual and team enrichment, and participate in our communities. We believe it is only with a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workplace that the organization can truly perform at its best, carry out its vision, and make a difference in the communities we serve. We believe all employees should be given opportunities to perform to their full potential, knowing their performance will be measured and rewarded fairly.
In 2023, Origin Bank announced the formation of the Diversity Council, which consists of 18 diverse employees that collectively advance our Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion efforts in a way that makes a difference within our workplace and in the communities we serve.
In order to support and enhance our culture, the Diversity Council introduced Employee Spotlights as a platform through our Communique to drive engagement and build connections by sharing employees’ stories to highlight different backgrounds and cultures within our organization. In addition, our talent acquisition team attends job fairs that attract ethnically and culturally diverse employees. We also have engaged a third-party workforce development company that utilizes a connected system of job recruiting sites that post our employment opportunities with various groups that include, but are not limited to the following: veterans, LGBTQ-identifying individuals, individuals with disabilities, minorities and women, professional and industry organizations, skilled trade associations and college students. Also, we have a formal internship program that is designed to develop a strong pool of diverse candidates through on-campus recruiting with local colleges and universities including local Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Additionally, all employees participate in diversity training and managers have additional, in-depth training on recognizing unconscious biases and access to brand new micro learning lessons every week to help respond to current needs around diversity and inclusion.
Also, we continue to use VIBE Central at Origin, where VIBE stands for Value, Inclusion, Belonging and Equity. This allows senior leaders in our organization to monitor progress by assessing, measuring, benchmarking, and managing diversity and inclusion by the dimensions of their choice, such as race/ethnicity and gender.
Origin has been recognized as a “Best Bank to Work For” by American Banker magazine for 11 consecutive years, which we believe is attributable to our deep commitment to corporate culture, and our focus on initiatives to support and develop our employees. This ranking is based on feedback from surveys given directly to the American Banker magazine from our employees. We have built our success on valued relationships beginning with our employees, who then build long-term, customer-focused relationships throughout our footprint.
None of our employees are represented by any collective bargaining unit or are parties to a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.
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Corporate Information
We were organized as a business corporation in 1991 under the laws of the state of Louisiana. Our principal executive offices are located at 500 South Service Road East, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, and our telephone number is (318) 255-2222. Our website is www.origin.bank. We make available at this address, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our annual reports to stockholders, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"), as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). These documents are also available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The information contained on, or accessible from, our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein.
Supervision, Regulation and Other Factors
We are extensively regulated under federal and state law. The following is a brief summary that does not purport to be a complete description of all regulations that affect us or all aspects of those regulations. This discussion is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory and regulatory provisions described below and is not intended to be an exhaustive description of the statutes or regulations applicable to the Company’s and Origin Bank’s business. In addition, proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the banking industry are frequently raised at both the state and federal levels. The likelihood and timing of any changes in these laws and regulations, and the impact such changes may have on us and Origin Bank, are difficult to predict. Regulatory agencies may issue enforcement actions, policy statements, interpretive letters and similar written guidance applicable to us or to Origin Bank. Changes in applicable laws, regulations or regulatory guidance, or their interpretation by regulatory agencies or courts may have a material adverse effect on our and Origin Bank’s business, operations, and earnings.
Origin Bank, and in some cases, we and our nonbank affiliates, must undergo regular examinations by the appropriate regulatory agency, which will examine for adherence to a range of legal and regulatory compliance responsibilities. A bank regulator conducting an examination has complete access to the books and records of the examined institution. The results of the examination are confidential. Supervision and regulation of banks, their holding companies and affiliates is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and clients, the Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) of the FDIC, and the U.S. banking and financial system rather than holders of our securities.
Regulation of the Company
We are registered as a bank holding company with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) under the Bank Holding Company Act, as amended (the “BHC Act”) and have elected to be treated as a financial holding company. As such, we are subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve and are subject to its regulatory reporting requirements. Federal law subjects bank holding companies, such as the Company, to restrictions on the types of activities in which they may engage, and to a range of supervisory requirements. In addition, the Louisiana Office of Financial Institutions (the “OFI”) regulates bank holding companies that own Louisiana-chartered banks, such as us, under the bank holding company laws of the State of Louisiana. Various federal and state bodies regulate and supervise our non-bank activities including our insurance agency activities. These include, but are not limited to, various state regulators of insurance activities.
Violations of laws and regulations, or other unsafe and unsound practices, may result in regulatory agencies imposing fines or penalties, cease and desist orders, or taking other enforcement actions. Under certain circumstances, these agencies may enforce these remedies directly against officers, directors, employees and other parties participating in the affairs of a bank or bank holding company. Like all bank holding companies, we are regulated extensively under federal and state law. Under federal and state laws and regulations pertaining to the safety and soundness of insured depository institutions, state banking regulators, the Federal Reserve, and separately the FDIC as the insurer of bank deposits, have the authority to compel or restrict certain actions on our part if they determine that we have insufficient capital or other resources, or are otherwise operating in a manner that may be deemed to be inconsistent with safe and sound banking practices. Under this authority, our regulators can require us or our subsidiaries to enter into informal or formal supervisory agreements, including board resolutions, memoranda of understanding, written agreements and consent or cease and desist orders, pursuant to which we would be required to take identified corrective actions to address cited concerns and to refrain from taking certain actions.
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If we become subject to and are unable to comply with the terms of any regulatory actions or directives, supervisory agreements, or orders, then we could become subject to additional, heightened supervisory actions and orders, possibly including prompt corrective action restrictions and/or other regulatory actions, including prohibitions on the payment of dividends on our common stock and preferred stock. If our regulators were to take such supervisory actions, then we could, among other things, become subject to significant restrictions on our ability to develop any new business, as well as restrictions on our existing business, and we could be required to raise additional capital, dispose of certain assets and liabilities within a prescribed period of time, or both. The terms of any such action could have a material negative effect on our business, reputation, operating flexibility, financial condition, and the value of our securities.
Activity Limitations
As a financial holding company, we are permitted to engage directly or indirectly in a broader range of activities than those permitted for a bank holding company that has not elected to be a financial holding company. Bank holding companies are generally restricted to engaging in the business of banking, managing or controlling banks and certain other activities determined by the Federal Reserve to be closely related to banking. Financial holding companies may also engage in activities that are considered to be financial in nature, as well as those incidental or, if determined by the Federal Reserve, complementary to financial activities. We rely on our financial holding company status to engage in insurance agency activities.
If Origin Bank ceases to be “well capitalized” or “well managed” under applicable regulatory standards, or if Origin Bank receives a rating of less than satisfactory under the Community Reinvestment Act, the Federal Reserve may, among other things, place limitations on our ability to conduct these broader financial activities or, if the deficiencies persist, require us to divest the banking subsidiary or the businesses engaged in activities permissible only for financial holding companies.
In addition, the Federal Reserve has the power to order a bank holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any nonbanking activity or terminate its ownership or control of any nonbank subsidiary, when it has reasonable cause to believe that continuation of such activity or such ownership or control constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of any bank subsidiary of that bank holding company. As further described below, each of the Company and Origin Bank is well-capitalized under applicable regulatory standards as of December 31, 2023, and Origin Bank has an overall rating of “Satisfactory” in its most recent CRA evaluation.
Source of Strength Obligations
A bank holding company, such as us, is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank. The term “source of financial strength” means the ability of a company, such as us, that directly or indirectly owns or controls an insured depository institution, such as Origin Bank, to provide financial assistance to such insured depository institution in the event of financial distress. The appropriate federal banking agency for the depository institution (in the case of Origin Bank, this agency is the Federal Reserve) may require reports from us to assess our ability to serve as a source of strength and to enforce compliance with the source of strength requirements by requiring us to provide financial assistance to Origin Bank in the event of financial distress. If we were to enter bankruptcy or become subject to the orderly liquidation process established by the Dodd-Frank Act, any commitment by us to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of Origin Bank would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee or the FDIC, as appropriate, and entitled to a priority of payment. In addition, the FDIC provides that any insured depository institution generally will be liable for any loss incurred by the FDIC in connection with the default of, or any assistance provided by the FDIC to, a commonly controlled insured depository institution. Origin Bank is an FDIC-insured depository institution and thus subject to these requirements.
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Acquisitions
The BHC Act permits acquisitions of banks by bank holding companies, such that we and any other bank holding company, whether located in Louisiana or elsewhere, may acquire a bank located in any other state, subject to certain deposit-percentage, age of bank charter requirements, and other restrictions. The BHC Act requires that a bank holding company obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before (i) acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any additional bank or bank holding company, (ii) taking any action that causes an additional bank or bank holding company to become a subsidiary of the bank holding company, or (iii) merging or consolidating with any other bank holding company. The Federal Reserve may not approve any such transaction that would result in a monopoly or would be in furtherance of any combination or conspiracy to monopolize or attempt to monopolize the business of banking in any section of the United States, or the effect of which may be substantially to lessen competition or to tend to create a monopoly in any section of the country, or that in any other manner would be in restraint of trade, unless the anticompetitive effects of the proposed transaction are clearly outweighed in the public interest by the probable effect of the transaction in meeting the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The Federal Reserve is also required to consider: (1) the financial and managerial resources of the companies involved, including pro forma capital ratios; (2) the risk to the stability of the United States banking or financial system; (3) the convenience and needs of the communities to be served, including performance under the CRA; and (4) the effectiveness of the company in combatting money laundering.
Change in Control
Federal law restricts the amount of voting stock of a bank holding company or a bank that a person may acquire without the prior approval of banking regulators. Under the Change in Bank Control Act and the regulations thereunder, a person or group must give advance notice to the Federal Reserve before acquiring control of any bank holding company, such as the Company, or before acquiring control of any FDIC-insured bank, such as Origin Bank. Upon receipt of such notice, the Federal Reserve may approve or disapprove the acquisition. The Change in Bank Control Act creates a rebuttable presumption of control if a person or group acquires the power to vote 10% or more of our outstanding common stock. The overall effect of such laws is to make it more difficult to acquire a bank holding company and a bank by tender offer or similar means than it might be to acquire control of another type of corporation. Consequently, shareholders of the Company may be less likely to benefit from the rapid increases in stock prices that may result from tender offers or similar efforts to acquire control of other companies. Investors should be aware of these requirements when acquiring shares of our stock.
Governance and Financial Reporting Obligations
We are required to comply with various corporate governance and financial reporting requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules and regulations adopted by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange. Additionally, our independent registered public accounting firm, FORVIS, LLP, is required to comply with rules established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB") as they related to the completion of the audit of our consolidated financial statements. In particular, we are required to include management and independent registered public accounting firm reports on internal controls as part of our Annual Report on Form 10-K in order to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We have evaluated our controls, including compliance with the SEC rules on internal controls, and have and expect to continue to spend significant amounts of time and money on compliance with these rules. Our failure to comply with these internal control rules may materially adversely affect our reputation, ability to obtain the necessary certifications to financial statements, and the values of our securities.
Volcker Rule
Section 13 of the BHC Act, commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule,” generally prohibits banking organizations from (i) engaging in certain proprietary trading, and (ii) acquiring or retaining an ownership interest in or sponsoring a “covered fund,” all subject to certain exceptions. The Volcker Rule also specifies certain limited activities in which banking organizations may continue to engage and requires us to maintain a compliance program. Banking organizations, such as us, with $10 billion or less in total consolidated assets and with total trading assets and liabilities of less than 5% of total consolidated assets are exempt from the Volcker Rule. At December 31, 2023, we had total assets of $9.72 billion and our expectation is that we will exceed $10 billion in total consolidated assets during 2024.
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Incentive Compensation
The Dodd-Frank Act required the federal banking agencies and the SEC to establish joint rules or guidelines for financial institutions with more than $1 billion in assets, such as us and Origin Bank, which prohibit incentive compensation arrangements that the agencies determine to encourage inappropriate risks by the institution. The federal banking agencies issued proposed rules in 2011 and previously issued guidance on sound incentive compensation policies. In 2016, the federal banking agencies and the SEC proposed rules that would, depending upon the assets of the institution, directly regulate incentive compensation arrangements and would require enhanced oversight and recordkeeping. As of December 31, 2023, these rules have not been implemented. Further, the capital conservation buffer described above would limit discretionary bonus payments to bank executives if the institution’s regulatory capital ratios failed to exceed certain thresholds. We and Origin Bank have undertaken efforts to ensure that our incentive compensation plans do not encourage inappropriate risks, consistent with three key principles - that incentive compensation arrangements should appropriately balance risk and financial rewards, be compatible with effective controls and risk management, and be supported by strong corporate governance.
Other Regulatory Matters
We and our subsidiaries are subject to oversight by the SEC, the New York Stock Exchange, and various state securities and insurance regulators. We and our subsidiaries have from time to time received requests for information from regulatory authorities in various states, including state attorneys general, securities regulators and other regulatory authorities, concerning our business practices. Such requests are considered incidental to the normal conduct of business.
Capital Requirements
We and Origin Bank are required under federal law to maintain certain minimum capital levels based on ratios of capital to total assets and capital to risk-weighted assets. The required capital ratios are minimums, and the Federal Reserve may determine that a banking organization, based on its size, complexity or risk profile, must maintain a higher level of capital in order to operate in a safe and sound manner. Risks such as concentration of credit risks and the risk arising from non-traditional activities, as well as the institution’s exposure to a decline in the economic value of its capital due to changes in interest rates, and an institution’s ability to manage those risks, are important factors that are to be taken into account in assessing an institution’s overall capital adequacy. The following is a brief description of the relevant provisions of these capital rules and their potential impact on our capital levels.
We and Origin Bank are subject to the following risk-based capital ratios: a CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, which includes CET1 and additional Tier 1 capital, and a total risk-based capital ratio, which includes Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 is primarily comprised of the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus net of treasury stock plus retained earnings less certain adjustments and deductions, including with respect to goodwill, intangible assets, mortgage servicing assets and deferred tax assets subject to temporary timing differences. Additional Tier 1 capital is primarily comprised of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock. Tier 2 capital consists of instruments disqualified from Tier 1 capital, including qualifying subordinated debt and a limited amount of loan loss reserves up to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets, subject to certain eligibility criteria. The capital rules also define the risk-weights assigned to assets and off-balance sheet items to determine the risk-weighted asset components of the risk-based capital rules, including, for example, certain “high volatility” commercial real estate, past due assets, structured securities and equity holdings.
The leverage capital ratio, which serves as a minimum capital standard, is the ratio of Tier 1 capital to quarterly average total consolidated assets net of goodwill, certain other intangible assets, and certain required deduction items. The required minimum leverage ratio for all banks and bank holding companies is 4%.
In addition, effective January 1, 2019, the capital rules required a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%, comprised of CET1, above each of the minimum risk-based capital ratio requirements (CET1, Tier 1, and total capital), which is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. These buffer requirements must be met for a bank or bank holding company to be able to pay dividends, engage in share buybacks or make discretionary bonus payments to executive management without restriction.
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The FDICIA, among other things, requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” regarding depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. FDICIA establishes five regulatory capital tiers: “well capitalized”, “adequately capitalized”, “undercapitalized”, “significantly undercapitalized”, and “critically undercapitalized”. A depository institution’s capital tier will depend upon how its capital levels compare to various relevant capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulation. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. The FDICIA imposes progressively more restrictive restraints on operations, management and capital distributions, depending on the category in which an institution is classified. Undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to restrictions on borrowing from the Federal Reserve System. In addition, undercapitalized depository institutions may not accept brokered deposits absent a waiver from the FDIC, are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit capital restoration plans for regulatory approval. A depository institution’s holding company must guarantee any required capital restoration plan, up to an amount equal to the lesser of 5% of the depository institution’s assets at the time it becomes undercapitalized or the amount of the capital deficiency when the institution fails to comply with the plan. Federal banking agencies may not accept a capital plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution's capital. If a depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized.
To be well-capitalized, Origin Bank must maintain at least the following capital ratios:
•6.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets;
•8.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets;
•10.0% Total capital to risk-weighted assets; and
•5.0% leverage ratio.
The Federal Reserve has not yet revised the well-capitalized standard for bank holding companies to reflect the higher capital requirements imposed under the current capital rules applicable to banks. For purposes of the Federal Reserve’s Regulation Y, including determining whether a bank holding company meets the requirements to be a financial holding company, bank holding companies, such as the Company, must maintain a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater and a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater to be well-capitalized. Also, the Federal Reserve may require bank holding companies, including the Company, to maintain capital ratios substantially in excess of mandated minimum levels, depending upon general economic conditions and a bank holding company’s particular condition, risk profile and growth plans.
Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have an adverse material effect on our operations or financial condition. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could also result in restrictions on the Company’s or Origin Bank’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital or to receive regulatory approval of applications or other restrictions on its growth.
In 2023, the Company’s and Origin Bank’s regulatory capital ratios were above the applicable well-capitalized standards and met the capital conservation buffer. Based on current estimates, we believe that the Company and Origin Bank will continue to exceed all applicable well-capitalized regulatory capital requirements and the capital conservation buffer in 2024. Please see Note 17 — Capital and Regulatory Matters in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for consolidated capital ratios of the Company and Origin Bank as of December 31, 2023.
Payment of Dividends
We are a legal entity separate and distinct from Origin Bank and our other subsidiaries. Under the laws of the State of Louisiana, we, as a business corporation, may declare and pay dividends in cash or property unless the payment or declaration would be contrary to restrictions contained in our Articles of Incorporation, or unless, after payment of the dividend, we would not be able to pay our debts when they become due in the usual course of our business or our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities. In addition, we are also subject to federal regulatory capital requirements that effectively limit the amount of cash dividends that we may pay.
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The primary sources of funds for our payment of dividends to our shareholders are cash on hand and dividends from Origin Bank and our non-bank subsidiaries. Various federal and state statutory provisions and regulations limit the amount of dividends that Origin Bank may pay. Origin Bank is subject to certain restrictions on dividends under federal and state laws, regulations and policies. In general, Origin Bank may pay dividends to us without the approval of the Louisiana Office of Financial Institutions so long as the amount of the dividend does not exceed the bank’s net profits earned during the current year combined with its retained net profits of the immediately preceding year. The bank is required to obtain the approval of the Louisiana Office of Financial Institutions for any amount in excess of this threshold. Additionally, to pay dividends to us, under Louisiana law Origin Bank must have unimpaired surplus that equals or exceeds fifty percent of its outstanding capital stock. Further, under federal law, Origin Bank may not pay any dividend to us if it is undercapitalized or the payment of the dividend would cause it to become undercapitalized.
In addition, we and Origin Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The Federal Reserve has indicated that paying dividends that deplete a bank’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice. The Federal Reserve has indicated that depository institutions and their holding companies should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.
Under a Federal Reserve policy adopted in 2009, the board of directors of a bank holding company must consider different factors to ensure that its dividend level is prudent relative to maintaining a strong financial position, and is not based on overly optimistic earnings scenarios, such as potential events that could affect its ability to pay, while still maintaining a strong financial position. As a general matter, the Federal Reserve has indicated that the board of directors of a bank holding company should consult with the Federal Reserve and eliminate, defer or significantly reduce the bank holding company’s dividends if:
•its net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends;
•its prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with its capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or
•it will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.
Regulation of the Bank
Origin Bank, which is a member of the Federal Reserve System, is subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve, and is subject to its regulatory reporting requirements, as well as supervision and regulation by the OFI. As a member bank of the Federal Reserve System, Origin Bank is required to hold stock in its district Federal Reserve Bank in an amount equal to 6% of its capital stock and surplus (half paid to acquire stock with the remainder held as a cash reserve). Member banks do not have any control over the Federal Reserve System as a result of owning the stock and the stock cannot be sold or traded. The annual dividend rate for member banks with $12.517 billion or less in total assets is fixed at 6%, which currently applies to us. However, the annual dividend rate for member banks with total assets in excess of $12.517 billion, is based on a floating dividend rate tied to10-year U.S. Treasuries with the maximum dividend rate capped at 6%.
The deposits of Origin Bank are insured by the FDIC up to applicable limits, and, accordingly, Origin Bank is also subject to certain FDIC regulations and the FDIC has backup examination authority and some enforcement powers over Origin Bank. In addition, as discussed in more detail below, Origin Bank and any other of our subsidiaries that offer consumer financial products and services are subject to regulation by the CFPB. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act permits states to adopt consumer protection laws and regulations that are stricter than those regulations promulgated by the CFPB, and state attorneys general are permitted to enforce certain federal consumer financial protection law.
Broadly, regulations applicable to Origin Bank include limitations on loans to a single borrower and to its directors, officers and employees; restrictions on the opening and closing of branch offices; the maintenance of required capital ratios; the granting of credit under equal and fair conditions; the disclosure of the costs and terms of such credit; requirements to maintain reserves against deposits and loans; limitations on the types of investment that may be made by Origin Bank; and requirements governing risk management practices. Subject to Federal Reserve approval and certain state filing requirements, Origin Bank is permitted under federal law to branch on a de novo basis across state lines wherever the laws of that state would permit a bank chartered by that state to establish a branch.
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Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders
Origin Bank is subject to restrictions on extensions of credit and certain other transactions between Origin Bank and the Company or any nonbank affiliate. Generally, these covered transactions with either the Company or any affiliate are limited to 10% of Origin Bank’s capital and surplus, and all such transactions between Origin Bank and the Company and all of its nonbank affiliates combined are limited to 20% of Origin Bank’s capital and surplus. Loans and other extensions of credit from Origin Bank to the Company or any affiliate generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts. In addition, any transaction between Origin Bank and the Company or any affiliate are required to be on an arm’s length basis. Federal banking laws also place similar restrictions on certain extensions of credit by insured banks, such as Origin Bank, to their directors, executive officers and principal shareholders.
FDIC Insurance Assessments and Depositor Preference
Origin Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC’s DIF up to the limits under applicable law, which currently are set at $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each account ownership category. Origin Bank is subject to FDIC assessments for its deposit insurance. The FDIC calculates quarterly deposit insurance assessments based on an institution’s average total consolidated assets less its average tangible equity, and determines the applicable rate based upon a range of factors, including certain additional factors for institutions in excess of $10 billion assets. The assessment rate schedule can change from time to time, at the discretion of the FDIC, subject to certain limits.
As of June 30, 2020, the DIF reserve ratio fell to 1.30%, below the statutory minimum of 1.35%. The FDIC, as required under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, established a plan on September 15, 2020 to restore the DIF reserve ratio to meet or exceed the statutory minimum of 1.35% within eight years. On October 18, 2022, the FDIC adopted an amended restoration plan to increase the likelihood that the reserve ratio would be restored to at least 1.35 percent by September 30, 2028. The FDIC’s amended restoration plan increases the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 basis points, beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC could further increase the deposit insurance assessments for certain insured depository institutions, including Origin Bank, if the DIF reserve ratio is not restored as projected.
In November 2023, the FDIC approved a final rule to implement a special assessment to recover the loss to the DIF associated with several bank failures that occurred during early 2023. The assessment base for the special assessment is equal to estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion, to be collected at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points for an anticipated total of eight quarterly assessment periods, beginning the first quarterly assessment period of 2024. At December 31, 2022, our estimated uninsured deposits totaled $4.19 billion, which is below the threshold for assessment.
Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by a bank’s federal regulatory agency. In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act provides that, in the event of the liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution, including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors, and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver, will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution, including those of the parent bank holding company.
Standards for Safety and Soundness
The Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to prescribe, by regulation or guideline, operational and managerial standards for all insured depository institutions relating to: (1) internal controls; (2) information systems and audit systems; (3) loan documentation; (4) credit underwriting; (5) interest rate risk exposure; and (6) asset quality. The federal banking agencies have adopted regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement these required standards. These guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards used to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. Under the regulations, if a regulator determines that a bank fails to meet any standards prescribed by the guidelines, the regulator may require the bank to submit an acceptable plan to achieve compliance, consistent with deadlines for the submission and review of such safety and soundness compliance plans.
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Anti-Money Laundering
A continued focus of governmental policy relating to financial institutions in recent years has been combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The USA PATRIOT Act broadened the application of anti-money laundering regulations to apply to additional types of financial institutions such as broker-dealers, investment advisors and insurance companies, and strengthened the ability of the U.S. Government to help prevent, detect and prosecute international money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The principal provisions of Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act require that regulated financial institutions, including state member banks: (i) establish an anti-money laundering program that includes training and audit components; (ii) comply with regulations regarding the verification of the identity of any person seeking to open an account; (iii) take additional required precautions with non-U.S. owned accounts; and (iv) perform certain verification and certification of money laundering risk for their foreign correspondent banking relationships. Failure of a financial institution to comply with the USA PATRIOT Act’s requirements could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution. Origin Bank has augmented its systems and procedures to meet the requirements of these regulations and will continue to revise and update its policies, procedures and controls to reflect changes required by law.
FinCEN has adopted rules that require financial institutions to obtain beneficial ownership information with respect to legal entities with which such institutions conduct business, subject to certain exclusions and exemptions. Bank regulators are focusing their examinations on anti-money laundering compliance, and we continue to monitor and augment, where necessary, our anti-money laundering compliance programs. Banking regulators will consider compliance with the Act’s money laundering provisions in acting upon merger and acquisition proposals. Bank regulators routinely examine institutions for compliance with these obligations and have been active in imposing cease and desist and other regulatory orders and money penalty sanctions against institutions found to be violating these obligations. Sanctions for violations of the Act can be imposed in an amount equal to twice the sum involved in the violating transaction, up to $1 million. On January 1, 2021, Congress passed federal legislation that made sweeping changes to federal anti-money laundering laws, including changes that will be implemented in subsequent years. On June 30, 2021, FinCEN published the first set of “national AML priorities,” as required by the Bank Secrecy Act, which include, but are not limited to, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, and drug/human trafficking. FinCEN is required to implement regulations to specify how covered financial institutions, such as the Company, should incorporate these national priorities into their AML programs.
Economic Sanctions
The OFAC is responsible for helping to ensure that U.S. entities do not engage in transactions with certain prohibited parties, as defined by various Executive Orders and acts of Congress. OFAC publishes, and routinely updates, lists of names of persons and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts, including the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List. If we find a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, we must undertake certain specified activities, which could include blocking or freezing the account or transaction requested, and we must notify the appropriate authorities.
Concentrations in Lending
During 2006, the federal bank regulatory agencies released guidance on “Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending” (the “Guidance”) and advised financial institutions of the risks posed by CRE lending concentrations. The Guidance requires that appropriate processes be in place to identify, monitor and control risks associated with real estate lending concentrations. Higher allowances for loan losses and capital levels may also be required. The Guidance is triggered when CRE loan concentrations exceed either:
•Total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land of 100% or more of a bank’s total risk-based capital; or
•Total reported loans secured by multifamily and nonfarm nonresidential properties and loans for construction, land development, and other land of 300% or more of a bank’s total risk-based capital.
The Guidance also applies when a bank has a sharp increase in CRE loans or has significant concentrations of CRE secured by a particular property type. We have always had exposures to loans secured by CRE due to the nature of our markets and the loan needs of both consumer and commercial clients. We believe our long-term experience in CRE lending, underwriting policies, internal controls, and other policies currently in place, as well as our loan and credit monitoring and administration procedures, are generally appropriate to managing our concentrations as required under the Guidance. As of December 31, 2023, our CRE loan concentrations were below the Guidance thresholds discussed above.
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Debit Interchange Fees
Debit card interchange fee restrictions set forth in the Durbin Amendment, as implemented by regulations of the Federal Reserve, cap the maximum debit interchange fee that a debit card issuer may receive per transaction. The maximum permissible interchange fee that a non-exempt issuer may receive for an electronic debit transaction is the sum of 21 cents per transaction and 5 bps multiplied by the value of the transaction, subject to an upward adjustment of 1 cent if an issuer certifies that it has implemented policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve the fraud-prevention standards set forth by the Federal Reserve. In addition, card issuers and networks are prohibited from entering into arrangements requiring that debit card transactions be processed on a single network or only two affiliated networks and allows merchants to determine transaction routing.
Debit card issuers with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion are exempt from these interchange fee restrictions. The exemption for small issuers ceases to apply as of July 1 of the year following the calendar year in which the debit card issuer has total consolidated assets of $10 billion or more at calendar year end.
On October 25, 2023, the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) proposed to lower the maximum interchange fee that a large debit card issuer can receive for a debit card transaction. The proposal would also establish a regular process for updating the maximum amount every other year going forward. We continue to monitor the development of these proposed rule revisions, and the expected impact on the Bank.
Community Reinvestment Act
Origin Bank is subject to the provisions of the CRA, which imposes a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of entire communities where the bank accepts deposits, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The Federal Reserve’s assessment of Origin Bank’s CRA record is made available to the public. CRA agreements with private parties must be disclosed and annual CRA reports must be made to the Federal Reserve. A bank holding company will not be permitted to become or remain a financial holding company and no new activities authorized under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLB”) may be commenced by a holding company or by a bank financial subsidiary if any of its bank subsidiaries received less than a “satisfactory” CRA rating in its latest CRA examination. Federal CRA regulations require, among other things, that evidence of discrimination against applicants on a prohibited basis, and illegal or abusive lending practices be considered in the CRA evaluation. Origin Bank has a rating of “Satisfactory” in its most recent CRA evaluation.
On October 24, 2023, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), Federal Reserve, and FDIC issued a final rule to modernize their respective CRA regulations. The revised rules substantially alter the methodology for assessing compliance with the CRA, with material aspects taking effect January 1, 2026, and revised data reporting requirements taking effect January 1, 2027. Among other things, the revised rules evaluate lending outside traditional assessment areas generated by the growth of non-branch delivery systems, such as online and mobile banking, apply a metrics-based benchmarking approach to assessment, and clarify eligible CRA activities. The final rules are likely to make it more challenging and/or costly for the Bank to receive a rating of at least “satisfactory” on its CRA exam.
Privacy, Credit Reporting, and Data Security
The GLB generally prohibits disclosure of non-public consumer information to non-affiliated third parties unless the consumer has been given the opportunity to object and has not objected to such disclosure. Financial institutions are further required to disclose their privacy policies to clients annually. Financial institutions, however, will be required to comply with state law if it is more protective of consumer privacy than the GLB. The GLB also directed federal regulators to prescribe standards for the security of consumer information. Origin Bank is subject to such standards, as well as standards for notifying clients in the event of a security breach. Origin Bank utilizes credit bureau data in underwriting activities. Use of such data is regulated under the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Regulation V on a uniform, nationwide basis, including credit reporting, prescreening, and sharing of information between affiliates and the use of credit data. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, which amended the Fair Credit Reporting Act, permits states to enact identity theft laws that are not inconsistent with the conduct required by the provisions of that Act. Clients must be notified when unauthorized disclosure involves sensitive client information that may be misused. On November 18, 2021, the federal banking agencies issued a new rule effective in 2022 that requires banks to notify their primary federal regulator within 36 hours of a “computer-security incident” that rises to the level of a “notification incident.”
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The federal banking regulators regularly issue guidance regarding cybersecurity intended to enhance cyber risk management standards among financial institutions. As a result, financial institutions, like the Company and Origin Bank, are expected to establish multiple lines of defense and to ensure their risk management processes address the risk posed by potential threats to the institution. A financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient processes to effectively respond and recover the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations if a critical service provider of the institution falls victim to this type of cyber-attack. Our information security protocols are designed in part to adhere to the requirements of this guidance.
State regulators have also been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. Recently, several states have adopted regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs and providing detailed requirements with respect to these programs, including data encryption requirements. Many states have also recently implemented or modified their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. We expect this trend of state-level activity in those areas to continue and are continually monitoring developments in the states in which our clients are located.
Anti-Tying Restrictions
In general, a bank may not extend credit, lease, sell property, or furnish any services or fix or vary the consideration for them on the condition that (1) the client obtain or provide some additional credit, property, or services from or to the bank or bank holding company or their subsidiaries or (2) the client not obtain some other credit, property, or services from a competitor, except to the extent reasonable conditions are imposed to assure the soundness of the credit extended. A bank may, however, offer combined-balance products and may otherwise offer more favorable terms if a client obtains two or more traditional bank products. The law also expressly permits banks to engage in other forms of tying and authorizes the Federal Reserve Board to grant additional exceptions by regulation or order. Also, certain foreign transactions are exempt from the general rule.
Consumer Regulation
Activities of Origin Bank are subject to a variety of statutes and regulations designed to protect consumers. These laws and regulations include, among numerous other things, provisions that:
•limit the interest and other charges collected or contracted for by Origin Bank, including rules respecting the terms of credit cards and of debit card overdrafts;
•govern Origin Bank’s disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;
•require Origin Bank to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether it is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the communities it serves;
•prohibit Origin Bank from discriminating on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors when it makes decisions to extend credit;
•govern the manner in which Origin Bank may collect consumer debts; and
•prohibit unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices in the provision of consumer financial products and services.
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Mortgage Regulation
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) adopted a rule that implements the ability-to-repay and qualified mortgage provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act (the “ATR/QM rule”), which requires lenders to consider, among other things, income, employment status, assets, payment amounts, and credit history before approving a mortgage, and provides a compliance “safe harbor” for lenders that issue certain “qualified mortgages.” The ATR/QM rule defines a “qualified mortgage” to have certain specified characteristics, and generally prohibits loans with negative amortization, interest-only payments, balloon payments, or terms exceeding 30 years from being qualified mortgages. The rule also establishes general underwriting criteria for qualified mortgages, including that monthly payments be calculated based on the highest payment that will apply in the first five years of the loan and that the borrower have a total debt-to-income ratio that is less than or equal to 43%. While “qualified mortgages” will generally be afforded safe harbor status, a rebuttable presumption of compliance with the ability-to-repay requirements will attach to “qualified mortgages” that are “higher priced mortgages” (which are generally subprime loans). In addition, the securitizer of asset-backed securities must retain not less than 5% of the credit risk of the assets collateralizing the asset-backed securities, unless subject to an exemption for asset-backed securities that are collateralized exclusively by residential mortgages that qualify as “qualified residential mortgages.”
The CFPB has also issued rules to implement requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act pertaining to mortgage loan origination (including with respect to loan originator compensation and loan originator qualifications) as well as integrated mortgage disclosure rules. In addition, the CFPB has issued rules that require servicers to comply with certain standards and practices with regard to: error correction; information disclosure; force-placement of insurance; information management policies and procedures; requiring information about mortgage loss mitigation options be provided to delinquent borrowers; providing delinquent borrowers access to servicer personnel with continuity of contact about the borrower’s mortgage loan account; and evaluating borrowers’ applications for available loss mitigation options. These rules also address initial rate adjustment notices for adjustable-rate mortgages, periodic statements for residential mortgage loans, and prompt crediting of mortgage payments and response to requests for payoff amounts.
The CARES Act granted certain forbearance rights and protection against foreclosure to borrowers with a “federally backed mortgage loan,” including certain first or subordinate lien loans designed principally for the occupancy of one to four families.
Non-Discrimination Policies
Origin Bank is also subject to, among other things, the provisions of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act, both of which prohibit discrimination based on race or color, religion, national origin, sex, and familial status in any aspect of a consumer or commercial credit or residential real estate transaction. The Department of Justice, and the federal bank regulatory agencies have issued an Interagency Policy Statement on Discrimination in Lending that provides guidance to financial institutions in determining whether discrimination exists, how the agencies will respond to lending discrimination, and what steps lenders might take to prevent discriminatory lending practices. The Department of Justice has increased its efforts to prosecute what it regards as violations of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the FHA.
Effect of Governmental Monetary Policies.
The commercial banking business is affected not only by general economic conditions but also by U.S. fiscal policy and the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve. Some of the instruments of monetary policy available to the Federal Reserve include changes in the discount rate on member bank borrowings, the fluctuating availability of borrowings at the "discount window" and open market operations as directed by the Federal Open Market Committee. These policies influence to a significant extent the overall growth of bank loans, investments, and deposits and the interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. We cannot predict the nature of future fiscal and monetary policies or the effect of these policies on our operations and activities, financial condition, results of operations, growth plans or future prospects.
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LIBOR
On March 15, 2022, Congress enacted the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act (the “LIBOR Act”) to address references to LIBOR in contracts that (i) are governed by U.S. law; (ii) will not mature before June 30, 2023; and (iii) lack fallback provisions providing for a clearly defined and practicable replacement for LIBOR. On December 16, 2022, the FRB adopted a final rule to implement the LIBOR Act by identifying benchmark rates based on SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate) that will replace LIBOR in certain financial contracts after June 30, 2023. The final rule identifies replacement benchmark rates based on SOFR to replace overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month, and 12-month LIBOR in contracts subject to the LIBOR Act. The Company and the Bank have fully transitioned its LIBOR-based contracts to other indices, primarily SOFR, as of December 31, 2023.
Federal Home Loan Bank System.
Origin Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas, which is one of the 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks composing the Federal Home Loan Bank system. The Federal Home Loan Banks make loans to their member banks in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Federal Home Loan Bank system and the boards of directors of each regional Federal Home Loan Bank. Any advances from a Federal Home Loan Bank must be secured by specified types of collateral, and all long-term advances may be obtained only for the purpose of providing funds for residential housing finance. As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas, Origin Bank is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas. All loans, advances and other extensions of credit made by the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas to Origin Bank are secured by a portion of Origin Bank’s mortgage loan portfolio, certain other investments and the capital stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas held by Origin Bank.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We face many risks and uncertainties, any one or more of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects or the value of, or return on, an investment in our common stock. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all other information included and incorporated by reference in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes contained in Item 8 of this report. We believe the risks described below are material to us as of the date of this report, but these risks are not the only risks that we face. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could also be affected by additional risks that apply to all financial services companies or companies operating in the United States and our specific geographic markets, as well as other risks that are not currently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected. Further, to the extent that any of the information in this report constitutes forward-looking statements, the risk factors below also are cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf.
Summary
Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully after the summary, and risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
•Current uncertain economic conditions (both domestic and international) pose challenges, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations;
•Changes in interest rates could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition including decreased net interest margin, impact on loan demand, competition for, and increased cost of funding, deposits, and the value of our securities portfolio (including any losses recognized);
•We are subject to risks related to inflation, rising prices and the government and Federal Reserve response to the same;
•We may not be able to adequately measure and limit our credit risk;
•Our allowance for loan credit losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses inherent in our loan portfolio and our earnings could decrease;
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•Negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity could impair the value of collateral securing certain of our loans;
•The deterioration in value of receivables, inventory, equipment or other commercial collateral could expose us to credit losses;
•The geographic concentration of our markets in Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi makes us more sensitive than our more geographically diversified competitors to adverse changes in the local economy;
•Our loan portfolio contains a number of large loans to certain borrowers, and deterioration in the financial condition of these borrowers could have a significant adverse impact on our asset quality;
•The loss of executive management or other key employees, as well as our ability to attract and retain profitable bankers, could adversely impact our business or reputation;
•Fraud, unauthorized access, cyber-crime and other threats to data security has impacted and may cause harm to our business;
•We may have exposure to tax liabilities that are larger than we anticipate;
•The small to medium-sized businesses that we lend to may have fewer resources to weather adverse business developments, which may impair our borrowers’ ability to repay loans;
•We face significant competition to attract and retain customers, which could impair our growth, decrease our profitability or result in loss of market share;
•Our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business;
•Risks related to environmental, social and governance ("ESG") strategies and initiatives, the scope and pace of which could alter our reputation and shareholder, associate, customer and third-party affiliations;
•Our business has grown rapidly, and we may not be able to maintain our historical rate of growth, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to successfully implement our business strategy;
•We may pursue acquisitions or new lines of business in the future, which could expose us to financial, execution and operational risks;
•We are susceptible to environmental risks, such as hurricanes and other natural disasters, adverse weather and climate change effects;
•We have a continuing need for technological change, and we may not have the resources to effectively implement new technology, or we may experience operational challenges when implementing new technology;
•The effectiveness of derivative financial instruments and hedging activities to manage risks;
•We are subject to various liquidity risks, credit, and market risks;
•Risks related to the extensive use, reliability, disruption, and accuracy of the models and data we rely on;
•Our ability to maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting;
•Our reliance on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure;
•Risks related to potential claims, damages, penalties, fines and reputational damage resulting from pending or future litigation, regulatory proceedings and enforcement actions;
•We operate in a highly regulated environment and the laws and regulations that govern our operations, including accounting policies, standards, and interpretations, could subject us to regulatory consequences;
•We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which may result in lower returns on equity, require us to raise additional capital, limit growth opportunities or result in regulatory restrictions;
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•The market price of our common stock may be subject to substantial fluctuations and is subject to risk of loss; and
•Other factors and risks described under “Risk Factors” herein and in any of our subsequent reports filed with the SEC and available on our website at www.sec.gov.
Risks Related to Our Business
Current uncertain economic conditions pose challenges, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are operating in an uncertain economic environment. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a global economic slowdown, and while we have seen economic recovery, labor shortages and inflation risk are affecting the continued recovery. Our business and operations, which primarily consist of lending money to customers in the form of loans, borrowing money from customers in the form of deposits and investing in securities, are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the U.S. Continued economic uncertainty and an inflationary, recessionary or stagnant economy could result in financial stress on our borrowers, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Deteriorating conditions in the regional economies we serve, or in certain sectors of those economies, could drive losses beyond that which is provided for in our allowance for credit losses. We could also face the following risks in connection with the following events:
•inflationary pressures remained elevated throughout 2022 and 2023, and may to continue into 2024;
•market developments and economic stagnation or slowdown may affect consumer confidence levels and may cause adverse changes in payment patterns, resulting in increased delinquencies and default rates on loans and other credit facilities;
•the processes we use to estimate the allowance for credit losses and other reserves may prove to be unreliable. Such estimates rely upon complex modeling inputs and judgments, including forecasts of economic conditions, which may be rendered inaccurate and/or no longer subject to accurate forecasting;
•our ability to assess the creditworthiness of our borrowers may be impaired if the models and approaches we use to select, manage, and underwrite loans become less predictive of future charge-offs;
•regulatory scrutiny of the industry has increased and could continue to increase, leading to increased regulation of the industry that could lead to a higher cost of compliance, limit our ability to pursue business opportunities and increase our exposure to litigation or fines;
•ineffective monetary policy or other market conditions could cause rapid changes in interest rates and asset values that would have a materially adverse impact on our profitability and overall financial condition;
•erosion in the fiscal condition of the U.S. Treasury could lead to new taxes that would limit our ability to pursue growth and return profits to shareholders; and
•the U.S. government’s decisions regarding its debt ceiling and the possibility that the U.S. could default on its debt obligations may cause further interest rate increases, disrupt access to capital markets and deepen recessionary conditions.
If these conditions or similar ones continue to exist or worsen, we could experience adverse effects on our financial condition.
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Changes in interest rates could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Significant increases in market interest rates on loans, or the perception that an increase may occur, could adversely affect both our ability to originate new loans and our ability to grow. Beginning early in 2022, in response to growing signs of inflation, the Federal Reserve has increased interest rates rapidly. Further, the Federal Reserve announced an intention to take further actions to mitigate inflationary pressures. Rapid changes in interest rates may make it difficult for us to balance our loan and deposit portfolios, which may adversely affect our results of operations by, for example, reducing asset yields or spreads, or having other adverse impacts on our business. Conversely, decreases in interest rates could result in an acceleration of loan prepayments. The increased market interest rates could also adversely affect the ability of our floating-rate borrowers to meet their higher payment obligations. If this occurred, it could cause an increase in nonperforming assets and charge offs, which could adversely affect our business.
Further, our earnings and financial condition are dependent to a large degree upon net interest income, which is the difference or spread, between interest earned on interest-earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. When market rates of interest change, the interest we receive on our assets and the interest we pay on our liabilities may fluctuate. This can cause decreases in our spread and can adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors including:
•The rate of inflation;
•Economic conditions;
•Federal monetary policies; and
•Stability of domestic and foreign markets.
Changes in interest rates can increase or decrease our net interest income, because different types of assets and liabilities may react differently, and at different times, to market interest rate changes. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice more quickly, or to a greater degree than interest-earning assets in the same period, an increase in interest rates could reduce net interest income. Similarly, when interest-earning assets mature or reprice more quickly, or to a greater degree than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could reduce net interest income. As of December 31, 2023, our net interest income simulations projected that 100 and 200 basis point increases in interest rates would result in a positive variance in net interest income of 0.3% and 8.0%, respectively, relative to the base case over the next 12 months, while decreases in interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points would result in a negative variance in net interest income of 4.5% and 0.8%, respectively, relative to the base case over the next 12 months. These are estimates and assume that the composition of our interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at each year-end will remain constant over the relevant twelve month measurement period and that changes in market interest rates are instant and constant across the yield curve regardless of duration of pricing characteristics of specific assets or liabilities. Changes in market values of investment securities classified as available for sale are impacted by higher rates and can negatively impact our other comprehensive (loss) income and equity levels through accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, which includes net unrealized gains and losses on those securities. Further, such losses could be realized into earnings should liquidity and/or business strategy necessitate the sales of securities in a loss position.
Additionally, further increases in interest rates may, among other things, reduce the demand for loans and our ability to originate loans and decrease loan repayment rates. A decrease in the general level of interest rates may affect us through, among other things, increased prepayments on our loan portfolio and increased competition for deposits. Accordingly, changes in the level of market interest rates affect our net yield on interest-earning assets, loan origination volume, loan portfolio and our overall results. Moreover, although we have implemented practices we believe will reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our net interest income, these practices may not always be successful. Accordingly, changes in levels of market interest rates could materially and adversely affect our net interest income and our net interest margin, asset quality, loan and lease origination volume, liquidity, and overall profitability. We cannot assure you that we can minimize our interest rate risk.
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In addition, we originate residential mortgage loans for sale and for our portfolio. The origination of residential mortgage loans is highly dependent on the local real estate market and the level of interest rates. Increasing interest rates tend to reduce the origination of loans for sale and fee income, which we report as gain on sale of loans. Decreasing interest rates generally result in increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-backed securities, as borrowers refinance their debt in order to reduce their borrowing cost. This typically leads to reinvestment at lower rates than the loans or securities were paying. Changes in market interest rates could also reduce the value of our financial assets. Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if we are unsuccessful in managing the effects of changes in interest rates.
Changes in interest rates may change the value of our mortgage servicing rights portfolio, which may increase the volatility of our earnings.
As a result of our mortgage servicing business, we have a portfolio of mortgage servicing rights on unpaid principal balances of $1.39 billion at December 31, 2023. A mortgage servicing right is the right to service a mortgage loan - collect principal, interest and escrow amounts - for a fee. We measure and carry our residential mortgage servicing rights using the fair value measurement method. Fair value is determined as the present value of estimated future net servicing income, calculated based on a number of variables, including assumptions about the likelihood of prepayment by borrowers.
The primary risk associated with mortgage servicing rights is that in a declining interest rate environment, they will likely lose a substantial portion of their value as a result of higher than anticipated prepayments. Moreover, if prepayments are greater than expected, the cash we receive over the life of the mortgage loans would be reduced. Conversely, these assets generally increase in value in a rising interest rate environment to the extent that prepayments are slower than previously estimated. An increase in the size of our mortgage servicing rights portfolio may increase our interest rate risk. At December 31, 2023, our mortgage servicing rights had a fair value of $15.6 million, compared to $20.8 million at December 31, 2022. Changes in fair value of our mortgage servicing rights are recorded to earnings in each period. Depending on the interest rate environment, it is possible that the fair value of our mortgage servicing rights may be reduced in the future. If such changes in fair value significantly reduce the carrying value of our mortgage servicing rights, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
During December 2023 and January 2024, we solicited non-binding indications of interest with respect to the proposed sale of substantially all of our mortgage servicing rights asset and recognized an impairment of $1.8 million in December 2023. The Company plans to sell approximately $17.4 million in mortgage servicing rights, representing approximately $1.39 billion in unpaid principal balances, subject to successful negotiation of a definitive purchase and sale agreement and satisfaction of all closing conditions.
Inflationary pressures and rising prices may affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Inflation rose throughout 2022 and 2023 to levels not seen for over 40 years. Inflationary pressures may continue into 2024. Inflation could lead to increased costs to our customers, making it more difficult for them to repay their loans or other obligations increasing our credit risk. Sustained higher interest rates by the Federal Reserve may be needed to tame persistent inflationary price pressures, which could push down asset prices and weaken economic activity. A deterioration in economic conditions in the United States and our markets could result in an increase in loan delinquencies and non-performing assets, decreases in loan collateral values and a decrease in demand for our products and services, all of which, in turn, would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes to monetary policy by the Federal Reserve could adversely impact our results of operations.
The Federal Reserve is responsible for regulating the supply of money in the United States, including open market operations used to stabilize prices in times of economic stress, as well as setting monetary policies. These activities strongly influence our rate of return on certain investments, our hedge effectiveness for mortgage servicing and our mortgage origination pipeline, as well as our costs of funds for lending and investing, all of which may adversely impact our liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and capital position.
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Unstable global economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition, and operations.
The global credit and financial markets have from time to time experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, high rates of inflation, and uncertainty about economic stability. The financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict, including the ongoing wars in the Ukraine and the Middle East, which have increased volatility in commodity and energy prices, created supply chain issues and caused instability in financial markets, all of which may continue or worsen in the future. Sanctions imposed by the United States and other countries in response to such conflicts could further adversely impact the financial markets and the global economy, and any economic countermeasures by the affected countries or others could exacerbate market and economic instability. There can be no assurance that further deterioration in markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment, hostile third-party action or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions.
We may not be able to adequately measure and limit our credit risk, which could lead to unexpected losses.
Our business depends on our ability to successfully measure and manage credit risk. As a lender, we are exposed to the risk that the principal of, or interest on, a loan will not be repaid timely or at all or that the value of any collateral supporting a loan will be insufficient to cover our outstanding exposure. In addition, we are exposed to risks with respect to the period of time over which the loan may be repaid, risks relating to proper loan underwriting, risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions, and risks inherent in dealing with individual loans and borrowers. The creditworthiness of a borrower is affected by many factors, including local market conditions and general economic conditions. If the overall economic climate in the United States, generally, or our market areas, specifically, experiences material disruption, our borrowers may experience difficulties in repaying their loans, the collateral we hold may decrease in value or become illiquid, and the level of nonperforming loans, charge-offs and delinquencies could rise and require significant additional provisions for credit losses. Additional factors related to the credit quality of commercial loans include the quality of the management of the business and the borrower’s ability both to properly evaluate changes in the supply and demand characteristics affecting our market for products and services and to effectively respond to those changes. Additional factors related to the credit quality of commercial real estate loans include tenant vacancy rates and the quality of management of the property.
Our risk management practices, such as monitoring the concentration of our loans within specific industries and our credit approval, review and administrative practices may not adequately reduce credit risk, and our credit administration personnel, policies and procedures may not adequately adapt to changes in economic or any other conditions affecting customers and the quality of the loan portfolio. A failure to effectively measure and limit the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio may result in loan defaults, foreclosures and additional charge-offs, and may necessitate that we significantly increase our allowance for credit losses, each of which could adversely affect our net income. As a result, our inability to successfully manage credit risk could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our allowance for loan credit losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses inherent in our loan portfolio and our earnings could decrease.
Our experience in the banking industry indicates that some portion of our loans will not be fully repaid in a timely manner or at all. Accordingly, we maintain an allowance for loan credit losses that represents management’s judgment of expected losses and risks inherent in our loan portfolio. The level of the allowance reflects management’s continuing evaluation of general economic conditions, diversification and seasoning of the loan portfolio, historic loss experience, identified credit problems, delinquency levels and adequacy of collateral. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for loan credit losses is inherently highly subjective and requires us to make significant estimates of and assumptions regarding current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Inaccurate management assumptions, deterioration of economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require us to increase our allowance for loan credit losses and additional expenses may be incurred. At any time, we are likely to have loans in our portfolio that will result in losses but that have not been identified as nonperforming or potential problem credits. We cannot be certain that we will be able to identify deteriorating credits before they become nonperforming assets or that we will be able to limit or correctly estimate losses on those loans that are identified. In addition, our regulators, as an integral part of their periodic examination, review the adequacy of our allowance for loan credit losses and may direct us to make additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. Changes in economic conditions or individual business or personal circumstances affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the allowance. Further, if actual charge-offs in future periods exceed our estimation of charge-offs, we may need additional provision for loan losses to restore the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses. If we are required to materially increase our level of allowance for loan credit losses for any reason, such increases could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Because a significant portion of our loan portfolio is comprised of real estate loans, negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity could impair the value of collateral securing certain of our loans and result in loan and other losses.
Real estate values in our markets have experienced periods of fluctuation over the last several years, and the market value of real estate can fluctuate significantly in a short period of time. At December 31, 2023, $5.25 billion, or 68.5%, of our total LHFI was comprised of loans with real estate as a primary component of collateral. We also make loans secured by real estate as a supplemental source of collateral. Adverse changes affecting real estate values and the liquidity of real estate in one or more of our markets could increase the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio, and could result in losses that adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operation. Negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity in our market areas could significantly impair the value of property pledged as collateral on loans and affect our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure without a loss or additional losses. Collateral may have to be sold for less than the outstanding balance of the loan, which could result in losses on such loans. Such declines and losses could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If real estate values decline, it is also more likely that we would be required to increase our allowance for loan credit losses, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The geographic concentration of our markets in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and most recently into Alabama and Florida makes us more sensitive than our more geographically diversified competitors to adverse changes in the local economy.
Unlike larger financial institutions that are more geographically diversified, we are a regional bank concentrated in the Interstate 20 Corridor between the Dallas/Fort Worth metropolitan area, East Texas, North Louisiana and Jackson, Mississippi, as well as in Houston, Texas. Recently, we expanded our presence into Mobile, Alabama and Fort Walton Beach, Florida. At December 31, 2023, 67.9% of our total loans (by dollar amount), excluding mortgage warehouse lines of credit, were made to borrowers who reside or conduct business in Texas, 19.2% attributable to Louisiana and 6.5% attributable to Mississippi, and majority of our real estate loans are secured by properties located in these states. A deterioration in local economic conditions or in the residential or commercial real estate markets could have an adverse effect on the quality of our portfolio, the demand for our products and services, the ability of borrowers to timely repay loans, and the value of the collateral securing loans. If the population, employment or income growth in one of our markets is negative or slower than projected, income levels, deposits and real estate development could be adversely impacted. Some of our larger competitors that are more geographically diverse may be better able to manage and mitigate risks posed by adverse conditions impacting only local or regional markets.
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Our commercial real estate loan portfolio exposes us to risks that may be greater than the risks related to our other mortgage loans.
Our loan portfolio includes non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans for individuals and businesses for various purposes, which are secured by commercial properties, as well as real estate construction and development loans. At December 31, 2023, our non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans totaled $1.49 billion, or 19.4%, of our total loan portfolio. These loans typically involve repayment dependent upon income generated, or expected to be generated, by the property securing the loan in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service, which may be adversely affected by changes in the economy or local market conditions. These loans expose us to greater credit risk than loans secured by residential real estate because the collateral securing these loans typically cannot be liquidated as easily as residential real estate because there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral. Additionally, non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans generally involve relatively large balances to single borrowers or related groups of borrowers. Accordingly, charge-offs on non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans may be larger on a per loan basis than those incurred with our residential or consumer loan portfolios. Unexpected deterioration in the credit quality of our commercial real estate loan portfolio would require us to increase our provision for loan losses, which would reduce our profitability, and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A large portion of our loan portfolio is comprised of commercial loans secured by receivables, inventory, equipment or other commercial collateral, the deterioration in value of which could expose us to credit losses.
At December 31, 2023, approximately $2.06 billion, or 26.9%, of our total loans were commercial and industrial loans to businesses. In general, these loans are collateralized by general business assets, including, among other things, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment and many are backed by a personal guaranty of the borrower or principal. These commercial loans are typically larger in amount than loans to individuals and, therefore, have the potential for larger losses on a single loan basis. Additionally, the repayment of commercial loans is subject to the ongoing business operations of the borrower. The collateral securing such loans generally includes movable property, such as equipment and inventory, which may decline in value more rapidly than we anticipate, exposing us to increased credit risk. In addition, a portion of our customer base, including customers in the energy and real estate business, may be exposed to volatile businesses or industries which are sensitive to commodity prices or market fluctuations, such as energy prices. Accordingly, negative changes in commodity prices and real estate values and liquidity could impair the value of the collateral securing these loans. Significant adverse changes in the economy or local market conditions in which our commercial lending customers operate could cause rapid declines in loan collectability and the values associated with general business assets resulting in inadequate collateral coverage that may expose us to credit losses and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our loan portfolio contains a number of large loans to certain borrowers, and deterioration in the financial condition of these borrowers could have a significant adverse impact on our asset quality.
Our growth over the past several years has been partially attributable to our ability to originate and retain relatively large loans given our asset size. At December 31, 2023, the size of our average loan held for investment was approximately $538,170. Further, at December 31, 2023, our 20 largest borrowing relationships, excluding mortgage loans held for sale, represented 10.6% of our outstanding loan portfolio, and 11.2% of our total commitments to extend credit. Along with other risks inherent in our loans, such as the deterioration of the underlying businesses or property securing these loans, the higher average size of our loans presents a risk to our lending operations. If any of our largest borrowers become unable to repay their loan obligations as a result of economic or market conditions or personal circumstances, our nonperforming loans and our provision for loan losses could increase significantly, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We rely heavily on our executive management team and other key employees, and the loss of any of these individuals could adversely impact our business or reputation.
Our success depends in large part on the performance of our key personnel, as well as on our ability to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified senior and middle management and other skilled employees. Competition for employees is intense, and the process of locating key personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to execute our business plan may be lengthy. We may not be successful in retaining our key employees, and the unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key personnel could have an adverse effect on our business because of their skills, knowledge of our primary markets, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. If the services of any of our key personnel should become unavailable for any reason, we may not be able to identify and hire qualified persons on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Unauthorized access, cyber-crime and other threats to data security may require significant resources, harm our reputation, and otherwise cause harm to our business.
We necessarily collect, use and hold personal and financial information concerning individuals and businesses with which we have a banking relationship. This information includes non-public, personally-identifiable information that is protected under applicable federal and state laws and regulations. Additionally, certain of our data processing functions are not handled by us directly, but are outsourced to third-party providers. Our facilities and systems, and those of our third-party service providers, may be vulnerable to threats to data security, security breaches, acts of vandalism and other physical security threats, computer viruses or compromises, ransomware attacks, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors or other similar events. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of our confidential business, employee or customer information, whether originating with us, our vendors or retail businesses, could severely damage our reputation, expose us to the risks of civil litigation and liability, require the payment of regulatory fines or penalties or undertaking of costly remediation efforts with respect to third parties affected by a security breach, disrupt our operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
It is difficult or impossible to defend against every risk being posed by changing technologies or criminals intent on committing cyber-crime. Our controls and protections and those of our vendors could prove inadequate. In the last few years, there have been an increasing number of cyber incidents and cyber criminals continue to increase their sophistication, including several well-publicized cyber-attacks that targeted other companies in the United States, including financial services companies much larger than us. These cyber incidents have been initiated from a variety of sources, including terrorist organizations and hostile foreign governments. As technology advances, the ability to initiate transactions and access data has also become more widely distributed among mobile devices, personal computers, automated teller machines, remote deposit capture sites and similar access points, some of which are not controlled or secured by us. It is possible that we could have exposure to liability and suffer losses as a result of a security breach or cyber-attack that occurred through no fault of our own. Further, the probability of a successful cyber-attack against us or one of our third-party services providers cannot be predicted, and in some cases, prevented.
Cyber-security risks are growing and, as a result, the cyber-resilience of banking organizations is of increased importance to federal and state banking agencies and other regulators. New or revised laws and regulations may significantly impact our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices, the collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer and employee information, and current or planned business activities. Compliance with current or future privacy, data protection and information security laws to which we are subject could result in higher compliance and technology costs and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services, which could materially and adversely affect our profitability.
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Our business is susceptible to fraud.
The Company’s business exposes it to fraud risk from loan and deposit customers, the parties they do business with, as well as from employees, contractors and vendors. The Company relies on financial and other data from new and existing customers which could turn out to be fraudulent when accepting such customers, executing their financial transactions and making and purchasing loans and other financial assets. In times of increased economic stress the Company is at increased risk of fraud losses. The Company believes it has underwriting and operational controls in place to prevent or detect such fraud, but cannot provide assurance that these controls will be effective in detecting fraud or that the Company will not experience fraud losses or incur costs or other damage related to such fraud, at levels that adversely affect financial results or reputation. The Company’s lending customers may also experience fraud in their businesses which could adversely affect their ability to repay their loans or make use of services. The Company’s and its customers’ exposure to fraud may increase the Company’s financial risk and reputation risk as it may result in unexpected loan losses that exceed those that have been provided for in the allowance for credit losses.
Our ability to attract and retain profitable bankers is critical to the success of our business strategy.
Our ability to retain and grow our loans, deposits and fee income depends upon the business generation capabilities, reputation and relationship management skills of our bankers. If we were to lose the services of any of our bankers, including profitable bankers employed by banks that we may acquire, to a new or existing competitor or otherwise, we may not be able to retain valuable relationships and some of our customers could choose to use the services of a competitor instead of our services.
Our growth strategy also relies on our ability to attract and retain additional profitable bankers. We may face difficulties in recruiting and retaining bankers of our desired caliber, including as a result of competition from other financial institutions. In particular, many of our competitors are significantly larger with greater financial resources, and may be able to offer more attractive compensation packages and broader career opportunities. Additionally, we may incur significant expenses and expend significant time and resources on training, integration and business development before we are able to determine whether a new banker will be profitable or effective. If we are unable to attract and retain profitable bankers, or if our bankers fail to meet our expectations in terms of customer relationships and profitability, we may be unable to execute our business strategy, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We will be subject to heightened regulatory requirements if our total assets grow in excess of $10 billion as of December 31 of any calendar year.
As of December 31, 2023, our total assets were $9.72 billion and we expect our total assets to grow in excess of $10 billion during the 2024 year. In addition to our current regulatory requirements, banks with $10 billion or more in total assets are, among other things: examined directly by the CFPB with respect to various federal consumer financial laws; subject to limits on debit interchange fees pursuant to Section 1075 of the Dodd-Frank Act, known as the Durbin Amendment; eligible for potentially a smaller dividend on holdings of Federal Reserve Bank stock; subject to the Volcker Rule’s limitations on proprietary trading and investments or sponsorship in covered funds; subject to the large bank assessment methodology for calculating FDIC insurance premiums; and no longer eligible to elect to be subject to the CBLR. Compliance with these additional ongoing requirements may necessitate additional personnel, the design and implementation of additional internal controls, or the incurrence of other significant expenses, among other things, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our regulators may also consider our preparation for compliance with these regulatory requirements in the course of examining our operations generally or when considering any request from us or the Bank.
We will become subject to reduced debit interchange income and could face related adverse business consequences if our total assets grow in excess of $10 billion as of December 31 of any calendar year.
Debit card interchange fee restrictions set forth in the Durbin Amendment, as implemented by regulations of the Federal Reserve, cap the maximum debit interchange fee that a debit card issuer may receive per transaction. Debit card issuers with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion are exempt from these interchange fee restrictions. The exemption for small issuers ceases to apply as of July 1 of the year following the calendar year in which the debit card issuer has total consolidated assets of $10 billion or more at calendar year end. Any reduction in interchange income as a result of the loss of the exemption for small issuers under the Durbin Amendment could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our interchange fees for the year ended December 31, 2023, were $8.4 million.
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Moreover, our loss of eligibility under the exemption for small issuers could adversely affect or reduce our ability to maintain certain of our fee-sharing prepaid card partnerships, which have the right to terminate our agreement with respect to certain financial services under such circumstances.
We may have exposure to tax liabilities that are larger than we anticipate.
The tax laws applicable to our business activities are subject to interpretation and may change over time. From time to time, legislative initiatives, such as corporate tax rate changes, which may impact our effective tax rate and could adversely affect our deferred tax assets or our tax positions or liabilities, may be enacted. The taxing authorities in the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our tax positions, which could increase our effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of operations. In addition, our future income taxes could be adversely affected by earnings being higher than anticipated in jurisdictions that have higher statutory tax rates or by changes in tax laws, regulations or accounting principles. We are subject to audit and review by U.S. federal and state tax authorities. Any adverse outcome of such a review or audit could have a negative effect on our financial position and results of operations. In addition, the determination of our provision for income taxes and other liabilities requires significant judgment by management. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and could have a material adverse effect on our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.
The small to medium-sized businesses that we lend to may have fewer resources to weather adverse business developments, which may impair our borrowers’ ability to repay loans.
We focus our business development and marketing strategy primarily on small to medium-sized businesses. Small to medium-sized businesses frequently have smaller market shares than their competition, may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, often need substantial additional capital to expand or compete and may experience substantial volatility in operating results, any of which may impair a borrower’s ability to repay a loan. In addition, the success of a small and medium-sized business often depends on the management skills, talents and efforts of one or two people or a small group of people, and the death, disability or resignation of one or more of these people could have an adverse impact on the business and its ability to repay its loan. If general economic conditions negatively impact the markets in which we operate and small to medium-sized businesses are adversely affected or our borrowers are otherwise harmed by adverse business developments, this, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face significant competition to attract and retain customers, which could impair our growth, decrease our profitability or result in loss of market share.
We operate in the highly competitive banking industry and face significant competition for customers from bank and nonbank competitors (including fintech companies), particularly regional and nationwide institutions, in originating loans, attracting deposits and providing other financial services. Our competitors are generally larger and may have significantly more resources, greater name recognition, and more extensive and established branch networks or geographic footprints than we do. Because of their scale, many of these competitors can be more aggressive than we can on loan and deposit pricing. Also, many of our nonbank competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. We expect competition to continue to intensify due to financial institution consolidation; legislative, regulatory and technological changes; and the emergence of alternative banking sources.
Our ability to compete successfully will depend on a number of factors, including, among other things:
•our ability to develop, maintain and build long-term customer relationships based on top quality service, high ethical standards and safe, sound assets;
•our scope, relevance and pricing of products and services offered to meet customer needs and demands;
•the rate at which we introduce new products and services relative to our competitors;
•customer satisfaction with our level of service;
•our ability to expand our market position;
•industry and general economic trends; and
•our ability to keep pace with technological advances and to invest in new technology.
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Increased competition could require us to increase the rates we pay on deposits or lower the rates we offer on loans, which could reduce our profitability. Our failure to compete effectively in our primary markets could cause us to lose market share and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business.
Our business plan emphasizes relationship focused banking. We have benefited from strong relationships with and among our customers. As a result, our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. As such, we strive to enhance our reputation by recruiting, hiring and retaining employees who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve and delivering superior service to our customers. If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees or otherwise, our existing relationships may be damaged. We could lose some of our existing customers, including groups of large customers who have relationships with each other, and we may not be successful in attracting new customers. Any of these developments could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
While we carefully monitor internal and external developments for areas of potential reputational risk and have established governance structures to assist in evaluating such risks in our business practices and decisions, adverse reputational impacts on third parties with whom we have important relationships may also adversely impact our reputation. Adverse impacts on our reputation, or the reputation of our industry, may also result in greater regulatory and/or legislative scrutiny, which may lead to laws, regulations or regulatory actions that may change or constrain the manner in which we engage with our customers and the products and services we offer. Adverse reputational impacts or events may also increase our litigation risk.
Our business faces increasing public scrutiny related to environmental, social and governance ("ESG") activities. We risk damage to our brand and reputation if we fail to act responsibly in a number of areas, such as diversity, equity and inclusion ("DEI"), environmental stewardship, human capital management, support for our local communities, corporate governance and transparency, or fail to consider ESG factors in our business operations. Additionally, investors and shareholder advocates are placing ever increasing emphasis on how corporations address ESG issues in their business strategy when making investment decisions and when developing their investment theses and proxy recommendations. We may incur meaningful costs with respect to our ESG efforts and if such efforts are negatively perceived, our reputation and stock price may suffer.
Our business has grown rapidly, and we may not be able to maintain our historical rate of growth, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to successfully implement our business strategy.
Our business has grown rapidly. Financial institutions that grow rapidly can experience significant difficulties as a result of rapid growth. Furthermore, our primary strategy focuses on organic growth, supplemented by acquisitions of banking teams or other financial institutions. We may be unable to execute on aspects of our growth strategy to sustain our historical rate of growth or we may be unable to grow at all. For example, we may be unable to generate sufficient new loans and deposits within acceptable risk and expense tolerances, obtain the personnel or funding necessary for additional growth or find suitable banking teams or acquisition candidates. Various factors, such as economic conditions and competition, may impede or prohibit the growth of our operations, the opening of new branches, and the consummation of acquisitions. Further, we may be unable to attract and retain experienced bankers, which could adversely affect our growth. The success of our strategy also depends on our ability to effectively manage growth, which is dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to adapt existing credit, operational, technology and governance infrastructure to accommodate our expanded operations. If we fail to build infrastructure sufficient to support rapid growth or fail to implement one or more aspects of our strategy, we may be unable to maintain historical earnings trends, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the Louisiana Office of Financial Institutions or the Federal Reserve may direct us to restrain our growth.
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We may not be able to manage the risks associated with our anticipated growth and expansion through de novo branching.
Our business strategy includes evaluating strategic opportunities to grow through de novo branching, and we believe that banking location expansion has been meaningful to our growth since inception. De novo branching carries with it certain potential risks, including significant startup costs and anticipated initial operating losses; an inability to gain regulatory approval; an inability to secure the services of qualified senior management to operate the de novo banking location and successfully integrate and promote our corporate culture; poor market reception for de novo banking locations established in markets where we do not have a preexisting reputation; challenges posed by local economic conditions; challenges associated with securing attractive locations at a reasonable cost; and the additional strain on management resources and internal systems and controls. Failure to adequately manage the risks associated with our anticipated growth through de novo branching could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. De novo branches require regulatory approval or non-objection, which may not be forthcoming.
Our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by changes in accounting policies, standards and interpretations.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") and other bodies that establish accounting standards periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards governing the preparation of our financial statements. Additionally, those bodies that establish and interpret the accounting standards (such as the FASB, SEC and banking regulators) may change prior interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. Changes resulting from these new standards may result in materially different financial results and may require that we change how we process, analyze and report financial information and that we change financial reporting controls.
We may pursue acquisitions in the future, which could expose us to financial, execution and operational risks.
Although we plan to continue to grow our business organically, we may, from time to time, consider acquisition opportunities that we believe complement our activities and have the ability to enhance our profitability. Our acquisition activities could be material to our business and involve a number of risks, including those associated with:
•the identification of suitable institutions or assets for acquisition;
•the diversion of management attention from the operation of our existing business to identify, evaluate and negotiate potential transactions;
•the ability to attract funding to support additional growth within acceptable risk tolerances;
•the use of inaccurate estimates and judgments to evaluate credit, operations, management and market risks with respect to the target institution or assets;
•the ability to maintain asset quality;
•the adequacy of due diligence and the potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities related to the acquisition;
•the retention of customers and key personnel, including bankers;
•the timing and uncertainty associated with obtaining necessary regulatory approvals;
•the incurrence of an impairment of goodwill associated with an acquisition and adverse effects on our results of operations;
•the ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses;
•litigation risk; and
•the maintenance of adequate regulatory capital.
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The market for acquisition targets is highly competitive, which may adversely affect our ability to find acquisition candidates that fit our strategy and standards at acceptable prices. We face significant competition in pursuing acquisition targets from other banks and financial institutions, many of which possess greater financial, human, technical and other resources than we do. Our ability to compete in acquiring target institutions will depend on our available financial resources to fund the acquisitions, including the amount of cash and cash equivalents we have and the liquidity and value of our common stock. In addition, increased competition may also drive up the acquisition consideration that we will be required to pay in order to successfully capitalize on attractive acquisition opportunities.
Acquisitions of financial institutions also involve operational risks and uncertainties, such as unknown or contingent liabilities with no available manner of recourse, exposure to unexpected problems such as asset quality, the retention of key employees and customers, and other issues that could negatively affect our business. We may not be able to complete future acquisitions after dedicating substantial resources or, if completed, we may not be able to successfully integrate the operations, technology platforms, management, products and services of the entities that we acquire or to realize our expected benefits or our attempts to eliminate redundancies. The integration process may also require significant time and attention from our management that would otherwise be directed toward servicing existing business and developing new business. Failure to successfully integrate the entities we acquire into our existing operations in a timely manner may increase our operating costs significantly and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values and, therefore, some dilution of our book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future acquisition, and the carrying amount of any goodwill that we currently maintain or may acquire may be subject to impairment in future periods.
The markets in which we operate are susceptible to hurricanes and other natural disasters, adverse weather and climate change effects, which could result in a disruption of our operations and increases in loan losses.
A significant portion of our business is generated from markets that have been, and may continue to be, damaged by hurricanes, floods, tropical storms, tornadoes and other natural disasters and adverse weather, which may grow more severe as a result of climate change. Natural disasters can disrupt our operations, cause widespread property damage, and severely depress the local economies in which we operate. If the economies in our primary markets experience an overall decline as a result of a natural disaster, adverse weather, climate change or other disaster, demand for loans and our other products and services could be reduced. In addition, the rates of delinquencies, foreclosures, bankruptcies and loan losses may increase substantially, as uninsured property losses or sustained job interruption or loss may materially impair the ability of borrowers to repay their loans. Moreover, the value of real estate or other collateral that secures the loans could be materially and adversely affected by a disaster. A disaster could, therefore, result in decreased revenue and loan losses that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We have a continuing need for technological change, and we may not have the resources to effectively implement new technology, or we may experience operational challenges when implementing new technology.
The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services (including those related to or involving artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies) and an established and growing demand for mobile and other phone and computer banking applications. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs as well as service our customers better. Largely unregulated “fintech” businesses have increased their participation in the lending and payments businesses, and have increased competition in these businesses. This trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Our future success will depend, at least in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations as we continue to grow and expand our products and service offerings. We may experience operational challenges as we implement these new technology enhancements or products, which could result in us not fully realizing the anticipated benefits from such new technology or require us to incur significant costs to remedy any such challenges in a timely manner.
These changes may be more difficult or expensive than we anticipate. Many of our larger competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. As a result, they may be able to offer additional or superior products compared to those that we will be able to provide, which would put us at a competitive disadvantage. Accordingly, we may lose customers seeking new technology-driven products and services to the extent we are unable to provide such products and services.
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New lines of business, products, product enhancements or services may subject us to additional risks.
From time to time, we implement new lines of business, or offer new products and product enhancements as well as new services within our existing lines of business, and we will continue to do so in the future. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In implementing, developing or marketing new lines of business, products, product enhancements or services, we may invest significant time and resources, although we may not assign the appropriate level of resources or expertise necessary to make these new lines of business, products, product enhancements or services successful or to realize their expected benefits. Further, initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business, products, product enhancements or services may not be achieved, and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the ultimate implementation of a new line of business or offerings of new products, product enhancements or services. Furthermore, any new line of business, product, product enhancement or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or offerings of new products, product enhancements or services could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We are dependent on the use of data and modeling in our management’s decision-making and faulty data or modeling approaches could negatively impact our decision-making ability or possibly subject us to regulatory scrutiny in the future.
The use of statistical and quantitative models and other quantitative analyses is endemic to bank decision-making, and the employment of such analyses is becoming increasingly widespread in our operations. Liquidity stress testing, interest rate sensitivity analysis, and the identification of possible violations of anti-money laundering regulations are all examples of areas in which we are dependent on models and the data that underlies them. The use of statistical and quantitative models is also becoming more prevalent in regulatory compliance. While we are not currently subject to annual Dodd-Frank Act stress testing and the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review submissions, we currently utilize stress testing for capital, credit and liquidity purposes and anticipate that model-derived testing may become more extensively implemented by regulators in the future.
We anticipate data-based modeling will penetrate further into bank decision-making, particularly risk management efforts, as the capacities developed to meet rigorous stress testing requirements are able to be employed more widely and in differing applications. While we believe these quantitative techniques and approaches improve our decision-making, they also create the possibility that faulty data or flawed quantitative approaches could negatively impact our decision-making ability or, if we become subject to regulatory stress-testing in the future, adverse regulatory scrutiny. We seek to mitigate this risk by performing back-testing to analyze the accuracy of these techniques and approaches. Secondarily, because of the complexity inherent in these approaches, misunderstanding or misuse of their outputs could similarly result in suboptimal decision-making. Failure to successfully manage these risks could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans in some circumstances, which could diminish our liquidity.
Historically, we have originated mortgage loans for sale in the secondary market. When mortgage loans are sold in the secondary market, we are required to make customary representations and warranties to the purchasers about the mortgage loans and the manner in which they were originated. The mortgage loan sale agreements require us to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans or indemnify buyers against losses, in the event we breach these representations and warranties. In addition, we may be required to repurchase mortgage loans as a result of early payment default of the borrower on a mortgage loan. With respect to loans that are originated by us through our broker or correspondents, the remedies available against the originating broker or correspondent, if any, may not be as broad as the remedies available to a purchaser of mortgage loans against us or the originating broker or correspondent, if any, may not have the financial capacity to perform remedies that otherwise may be available. Therefore, if a purchaser enforces their remedies against us, we may not be able to recover losses from the originating broker or correspondent. If repurchase and indemnity demands increase and such demands are valid claims, it could diminish our liquidity, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We were not required to repurchase any material amount of mortgage loans sold into the secondary market during 2023, 2022 or 2021.
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A lack of liquidity could impair our ability to fund operations.
Liquidity is essential to our business, and we monitor our liquidity and manage our liquidity risk at the holding company and bank levels daily. We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of our loans and investment securities, respectively, to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to fund our operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of our investment securities, the sale of loans, and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our most important source of funds is deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk/return tradeoff. If our customers move money out of deposits and into other investments such as money market funds, we would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest margin, net interest income and net income.
Other primary sources of funds consist of cash flows from operations, maturities and sales of investment securities, and proceeds from the issuance and sale of our equity and debt securities to investors. Access to liquidity may be negatively impacted by the value of our securities portfolio, if liquidity and/or business strategy necessitate the sales of securities in a loss position. Additional liquidity is provided by the ability to borrow from the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas and the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas. Recently proposed changes to the Federal Home Loan Bank system could adversely impact the Company’s access to Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings or increase the cost of such borrowings. We also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our activities, or on terms that are acceptable to us, could be impaired by factors that affect us directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry. Our access to funding sources could also be affected by a decrease in the level of our business activity as a result of a downturn in our primary market area or by one or more adverse regulatory actions against us. In addition, our access to deposits may be affected by the liquidity and/or cash flow needs of depositors, which may be exacerbated in an inflationary, recessionary, or elevated rate environment.
Any decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, or to fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and could, in turn, have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, because our primary asset at the holding company level is the bank, our liquidity at the holding company level depends primarily on our receipt of dividends from the bank. If the bank is unable to pay dividends to us for any reason, we may be unable to satisfy our holding company level obligations, which include funding operating expenses and debt service obligations.
We may need to raise additional capital in the future, and if we fail to maintain sufficient capital, we may not be able to maintain regulatory compliance.
We face significant capital and other regulatory requirements as a financial institution. We may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs, which could include the possibility of financing acquisitions. In addition, we, on a consolidated basis, and Origin Bank, on a stand-alone basis, must meet certain regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity in such amounts as the regulators may require from time to time. Importantly, regulatory capital requirements could increase from current levels, which could require us to raise additional capital or reduce our operations. Even if we satisfy all applicable regulatory capital minimums, our regulators could ask us to maintain capital levels which are significantly in excess of those minimums. Our ability to raise additional capital depends on conditions in the capital markets, economic conditions and a number of other factors, including investor perceptions regarding the banking industry, market conditions and governmental activities, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed or on terms acceptable to us. If we fail to maintain capital to meet regulatory requirements, we could be subject to enforcement actions or other regulatory consequences, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
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By engaging in derivative transactions, we are exposed to additional credit and market risk.
We use interest rate swaps to help manage our interest rate risk from recorded financial assets and liabilities when they can be demonstrated to effectively hedge a designated asset or liability and the asset or liability exposes us to interest rate risk or risks inherent in customer related derivatives. We use other derivative financial instruments to help manage other economic risks, such as liquidity and credit risk, including exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Our derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of our known or expected cash receipts principally related to our fixed rate loan assets. Hedging interest rate risk is a complex process, requiring sophisticated models and routine monitoring, and is not a perfect science. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged assets and liabilities will appreciate or depreciate in market value. The effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation will generally be offset by income or loss on the derivative instruments that are linked to the hedged assets and liabilities. By engaging in derivative transactions, we are exposed to credit and market risk. If the counterparty fails to perform, credit risk exists to the extent of the fair value gain in the derivative. Market risk exists to the extent that interest rates change in ways that are significantly different from what we expected when we entered into the derivative transaction. The existence of credit and market risk associated with our derivative instruments could adversely affect our net interest income and, therefore, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The fair value of our investment securities can fluctuate due to factors outside of our control.
At December 31, 2023, the fair value of our portfolio of available for sale investment securities was approximately $1.25 billion, which included a net unrealized loss of approximately $154.0 million, before taxes. The decline in the fair value of our available for sale investment securities portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2022, and continuing into the year ended December 31, 2023, negatively impacted total stockholders’ equity, primarily due to the steepening of the short end of the yield curve. Factors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio and can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions in respect of the securities, defaults by the issuer or with respect to the underlying securities, and changes in market interest rates and continued instability in the capital markets. Any of these factors, among others, could cause an increase in the amount of the allowance for credit losses as it pertains to available for sale or held-to-maturity debt securities, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects. The process for determining if a security has a credit loss often requires complex, subjective judgments about whether there has been a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the issuer, whether management has the intent or ability to hold a security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value, the future financial performance and liquidity of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security, and other relevant factors.
We rely on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure, and a failure of these parties to perform for any reason could disrupt our operations.
Third parties provide key components of our business infrastructure such as data processing, internet connections, network access, core application processing, statement production, account analysis and mortgage servicing. Our business depends on the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party servicers. The failure or breach of these systems, or the termination of a third-party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. In addition, we have engaged a third-party to administer our mortgage servicing activities through a subservicing arrangement. While we endeavor to manage and oversee our third-party vendors, these vendors may have contact with our customers and address customer complaints, which creates reputational and, potentially, regulatory risk. Replacing vendors or addressing other issues with our third-party service providers could entail significant delay and expense. If we are unable to efficiently replace ineffective service providers, or if we experience a significant, sustained or repeated, system failure or service denial, it could compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, and subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with our lending activities.
In the course of our business, we may purchase real estate, or we may foreclose on and take title to real estate. As a result, we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination or may be required to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. Any significant environmental liabilities could cause an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to claims and litigation pertaining to intellectual property.
Banking and other financial services companies, such as ours, rely on technology companies to provide information technology products and services necessary to support their day-to-day operations. Technology companies frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, patent holding companies seek to monetize patents they have purchased or otherwise obtained. Competitors of our vendors, or other individuals or companies, may from time to time claim to hold intellectual property sold to us by our vendors. Such claims may increase in the future as the financial services sector becomes more reliant on information technology vendors. The plaintiffs in these actions frequently seek injunctions and substantial damages.
Regardless of the scope or validity of such patents or other intellectual property rights, or the merits of any claims by potential or actual litigants, we may have to engage in protracted litigation. Such litigation is often expensive, time-consuming, disruptive to our operations and distracting to management. If we are found to infringe one or more patents or other intellectual property rights, we may be required to pay substantial damages or royalties to a third party. In certain cases, we may consider entering into licensing agreements for disputed intellectual property, although no assurance can be given that such licenses can be obtained on acceptable terms or that litigation will not occur. These licenses may also significantly increase our operating expenses. If legal matters related to intellectual property claims were resolved against us or settled, we could be required to make payments in amounts that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We and other financial institutions have been the subject of litigation, investigations and other proceedings which could result in legal liability and damage to our reputation.
We and certain of our directors, officers and subsidiaries are named from time to time as defendants in litigation and are the subject of investigations and other proceedings relating to our business and activities. Past, present and future litigation has included or could include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. We are also involved from time to time in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental, law enforcement and self-regulatory agencies regarding our business. These matters could result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions, amendments and/or restatements of our SEC filings and/or financial statements, determinations of material weaknesses in our disclosure controls and procedures or other relief. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us, as well as matters in which we are involved that are ultimately determined in our favor, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations, cause significant reputational harm to our business, divert management attention from the operation of our business and/or result in additional litigation.
Banking institutions are also increasingly the target of class action lawsuits. Most recently there has been an increase in class action lawsuits filed claiming deceptive practices or violations of account terms in connection with non-sufficient fees or overdraft charges. We have successfully defended and resolved similar class action lawsuits in the past. However, if a court rules adversely to our defense of any class action lawsuits, or if we enter into a settlement agreement in connection with any class action lawsuit, we could be exposed to monetary damages, reputational harm, or subject to limits on our ability to operate our business, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.
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We may be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions.
Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services companies are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, and other relationships. We have exposure to different industries and counterparties, and through transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including broker-dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, and other financial intermediaries. In addition, we participate in loans originated by other institutions, and we participate in syndicated transactions (including shared national credits) in which other lenders serve as the lead bank. As a result, defaults by, declines in the financial condition of, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial institutions, financial service companies or the financial services industry generally, may lead to market-wide liquidity, asset quality or other problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. These problems, losses or defaults could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Recent negative developments affecting the banking industry, and resulting media coverage, have eroded customer confidence in the banking system.
The closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank in March 2023 and First Republic Bank in May 2023, and concerns about similar future events, have generated significant market volatility among publicly traded bank holding companies and, in particular, regional banks like the Company. These market developments have negatively impacted customer confidence in the safety and soundness of regional banks. As a result, customers may choose to maintain deposits with larger financial institutions or invest in higher yielding short-term fixed income securities, all of which could materially adversely impact the Company’s liquidity, loan funding capacity, net interest margin, capital and results of operations. While the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve, and the FDIC took action to ensure that depositors of these failed banks had access to their deposits, including uninsured deposit accounts, there is no guarantee that such actions will be successful in restoring customer confidence in regional banks and the banking system more broadly.
Risks Related to the Regulation of Our Industry
We operate in a highly regulated environment and the laws and regulations that govern our operations, corporate governance, executive compensation and accounting principles, or changes in them, or our failure to comply with them, could subject us to regulatory action or penalties.
We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and legal requirements that govern almost all aspects of our operations. These laws and regulations are not intended to protect our stockholders. Rather, these laws and regulations are intended to protect customers, depositors, the Deposit Insurance Fund and the overall financial stability of the U.S., and not stockholders or counterparties. These laws and regulations, among other matters, prescribe minimum capital requirements, impose limitations on the business activities in which we can engage, limit the dividends or distributions that Origin Bank can pay to us, and that we can pay to our stockholders, and impose certain specific accounting requirements on us that may be more restrictive and may result in greater or earlier charges to earnings or reductions in our capital than U.S. GAAP alone would generally require. Compliance with laws and regulations can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations often impose additional compliance costs. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations, even if the failure follows good faith effort or reflects a difference in interpretation, could subject us to restrictions on our business activities, fines and other penalties, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations, capital base and the price of our securities. Further, any new laws, rules and regulations could make compliance more difficult or expensive. All of these laws and regulations, and the supervisory framework applicable to our industry, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See the discussion above at Supervision, Regulation, and Other Factors for an additional discussion of the extensive regulation and supervision the Company and the Bank are subject to.
We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which may result in lower returns on equity, require us to raise additional capital, limit growth opportunities or result in regulatory restrictions.
Increased regulatory capital requirements (and the associated compliance costs), whether due to the adoption of new laws and regulations, changes in existing laws and regulations, or more expansive or aggressive interpretations of existing laws and regulations, may require us to raise additional capital, or impact our ability to repurchase shares of capital stock, pay dividends or pay compensation to our executives, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and the value of our common stock. If Origin Bank does not meet minimum capital requirements, it will be subject to prompt corrective action by the Federal Reserve. Prompt corrective action can include progressively more restrictive constraints on operations, management and capital distributions. Failure to exceed the capital
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conservation buffer will result in certain limitations on dividends, capital repurchases, and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. Even if we meet minimum capital requirements, it is possible that our regulators may ask us to raise additional capital.
We face a risk of noncompliance with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.
The federal Bank Secrecy Act, USA Patriot Act of 2001 and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain effective anti-money laundering programs and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. The federal Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, established by the Treasury to administer the Bank Secrecy Act, is authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of those requirements and has recently engaged in coordinated enforcement efforts with the individual federal bank regulatory agencies, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration and Internal Revenue Service. Federal bank regulatory agencies and state bank regulators also have begun to focus on compliance with Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering regulations. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient, we would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions such as restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure by Origin Bank to perform satisfactorily on its Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") evaluations could make it more difficult for our business to grow.
The performance of a bank under the CRA, in meeting the credit needs of its community is a factor that must be taken into consideration when the federal banking agencies evaluate applications related to mergers and acquisitions, as well as branch opening and relocations. If Origin Bank is unable to maintain at least a "Satisfactory" CRA rating, our ability to complete the acquisition of another financial institution or open a new branch will be adversely impacted. If Origin Bank received an overall CRA rating of less than "Satisfactory", the Federal Reserve would not re-evaluate its rating until its next CRA examination, which may not occur for several more years, and it is possible that a low CRA rating would not improve in the future.
Increases in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance premiums could adversely affect our earnings and results of operations.
The deposits of Origin Bank are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits and, accordingly, subject it to the payment of FDIC deposit insurance assessments. The bank’s regular assessments are determined by the level of its assessment base and its risk classification, which is based on its regulatory capital levels and the level of supervisory concern that it poses. Moreover, the FDIC has the unilateral power to change deposit insurance assessment rates and the manner in which deposit insurance is calculated and also to charge special assessments to FDIC-insured institutions. The FDIC utilized these powers during the financial crisis for the purpose of restoring the reserve ratios of the Deposit Insurance Fund. Beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023, the FDIC deposit insurance premiums were increased by two basis points. Any future special assessments, increases in assessment rates or premiums, or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums could reduce our profitability or limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Investing in Our Common Stock
The market price of our common stock may be subject to substantial fluctuations, which may make it difficult for you to sell your shares at the volume, prices and times desired.
The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile, which may make it difficult for you to resell your shares at the volume, prices and times desired. There are many factors that may impact the market price and trading volume of our common stock, including, without limitation:
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results, financial condition or asset quality;
•changes in economic or business conditions;
•the effects of, and changes in, trade, monetary and fiscal policies, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve, or in laws or regulations affecting us;
•the public reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;
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•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;
•the number (if any) of securities analysts covering us;
•publication of research reports about us, our competitors, or the financial services industry generally, or changes in, or failure to meet, securities analysts’ estimates of our financial and operating performance, or lack of research reports by industry analysts or ceasing of coverage;
•changes in market valuations or earnings of companies that investors deem comparable to us;
•the trading volume of our common stock;
•future issuances of our common stock or other securities;
•future sales of our common stock by us or our directors, executive officers or significant stockholders;
•additions or departures of key personnel;
•perceptions in the marketplace regarding our competitors and us;
•significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving our competitors or us;
•other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services; and
•other news, announcements or disclosures (whether by us or others) related to us, our competitors, our core market or the financial services industry.
In particular, the realization of any of the risks described in this "Risk Factors" section of this report or other unknown risks could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and cause the value of your investment to decline. The stock market and, in particular, the market for financial institution stocks have experienced substantial fluctuations in recent years, which in many cases have been unrelated to the operating performance and prospects of particular companies. In addition, significant fluctuations in the trading volume of our common stock may cause significant price variations to occur. Increased market volatility could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock, which could make it difficult to sell your shares at the volume, prices and times desired.
Our dividend policy may change without notice, our future ability to pay dividends is subject to restrictions, and we may not pay dividends in the future. We are dependent on dividends from the Bank to meet our financial obligations and pay dividends to our stockholders.
Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive only such cash dividends as our board of directors may declare out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends. Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, change the amount or frequency of dividends or discontinue the payment of dividends entirely at any time without notice to our stockholders. Our ability to pay dividends may also be limited on account of our outstanding indebtedness as we generally must make payments on our junior subordinated indebtedness and our outstanding indebtedness before any dividends can be paid on our common stock.
Additionally, because our primary asset is our investment in the stock of Origin Bank, we are dependent upon dividends from the Bank to pay our operating expenses, satisfy our obligations and pay dividends on our common stock, and the Bank’s ability to pay dividends on its common stock will substantially depend upon its earnings and financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, the general economic and regulatory climate and other factors deemed relevant by its board of directors. In addition, our and the Bank’s ability to declare and pay dividends depends on numerous laws and banking regulations and guidance that limit our and the Bank’s ability to pay dividends, including the guidelines of the Federal Reserve regarding capital adequacy and dividends. As a consequence of these various limitations and restrictions, we may not be able to make, or may have to reduce or eliminate, the payment of dividends on our common stock. Any change in the level of our dividends or the suspension of the payment thereof could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.
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An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit and is subject to risk of loss.
Your investment in our common stock will not be a bank deposit and will not be insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. Your investment will be subject to investment risk, and you must be capable of affording the loss of your entire investment.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Origin’s information security program is designed to protect the security, availability, integrity, and confidentiality of our computer systems, networks, and software and information assets, including client and other sensitive data. The program is comprised of policies, guidelines, and procedures, which are intended to align with regulatory guidance, and common industry practices. Assessing, identifying and managing cybersecurity related risks are integrated into our overall enterprise risk management process.
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
At Origin, we expect each employee to be responsible for the security and confidentiality of client information. We communicate this responsibility to employees upon hiring, and regularly throughout their employment. We require each employee to complete training to protect the confidentiality of client information at the time of hire and during each year of employment. Employees must successfully pass a test to demonstrate understanding of these requirements and provide acknowledgement of their responsibilities.
Additionally, we regularly provide employees with information security awareness training, covering the recognition and appropriate handling of potential phishing emails, which can introduce malware to a company’s network, result in the theft of user credentials and, ultimately, place client or employee data, or other sensitive company data, at risk. Origin employs a number of technical controls to mitigate the risk of phishing emails. We regularly test employees to determine their susceptibility to phishing test emails. We require susceptible employees to take additional training and provide regular reports to management. We additionally maintain procedures for the safe storage and handling and secure disposal of sensitive information.
Origin follows FFIEC guidance in protecting its network and information assets with industry-tested security products and processes. Our Network and Information Security teams actively monitor company networks and systems to detect suspicious or malicious events. The Company evaluates potential cyber risks, as appropriate, in its regular risk assessments. Additionally, we conduct vulnerability scans, and contract with third-party vendors to perform penetration tests against the Company’s network. The Company also engages expert cyber consultants, as necessary and appropriate.
Before engaging third-party service providers, we perform due diligence in order to identify and evaluate their cyber risks. This process is led by the Operational Risk Management team and includes participation of dedicated information security resources. Risk assessments are performed using Service Organization Controls (“SOC”) reports and other tools. Third party service providers processing sensitive client data are contractually required to meet applicable legal and regulatory obligations to protect sensitive data against cyber security threats and unauthorized access to the sensitive data. After contract executions, third-party service providers undergo ongoing monitoring to ensure they continue to meet their security obligations and other potential cybersecurity threats.
As part of our information security program, we have adopted an Information and Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan (Incident Response Plan), which is primarily overseen by our Vice President, Information Security Officer (“ISO”). The Incident Response Plan describes our processes and procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents, outlining various work streams, including containment and remediation actions by information technology and security personnel, as well as operational response actions by business, communications, and risk personnel. Our incident response team performs exercises to simulate responses to cybersecurity events.
The Incident Response Plan includes procedures for escalation and reporting of potentially significant cybersecurity incidents to our Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Risk Officer, Chief Legal Counsel, and other executives as needed.
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To date, we have not experienced a cybersecurity incident that has materially impacted our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Despite our efforts, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management processes and measures described will be fully implemented, complied with, or effective in protecting our systems and information. We face risks from certain cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Please see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of the risks associated with an interruption or breach in our information systems or infrastructure.
Cybersecurity Governance
Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our business and affairs, including risks associated with cybersecurity threats. The Board oversees our corporate risk governance processes primarily through its committees, and oversight of cybersecurity threats is delegated primarily to our Risk Committee. We created management-level Cyber Risk and Information Technology Committees to govern and oversee the information security program on a day-to-day basis. The Risk Committee receives updates from management regarding review and assessments of cybersecurity and technology risk consistent with FFIEC guidance. Cybersecurity governance is a standing agenda item on each Risk Committee meeting. The Risk Committee reports to the full Board on a quarterly basis, including an overview of all matters discussed and approved at each Risk Committee meeting. Additionally, we have engaged the former Chief Information Officer of a Fortune 500 global technology company to consult with our Board of Directors, management, and management-level Cyber Risk and Information Technology Committees on cybersecurity and data privacy matters.
Our Information Security Officer (“ISO”) is responsible for the Company’s information security program. Our ISO holds a degree in Computer Information Systems and is a graduate of Louisiana Tech University. He possesses over 15 years of experience in diverse technology and information security roles within the financial services sector, with four years experience in the ISO role. In this role, the ISO manages the Company’s information security and day-to-day cybersecurity operations and supports the information security risk oversight responsibilities of the Board and its committees. The ISO is a member of our Corporate Operations group and reports to our Chief Risk Officer, who in turn reports to our President and CEO. The ISO regularly attends Risk Committee meetings to review the Company’s material cybersecurity developments and risks, and otherwise periodically provides relevant cybersecurity updates to the Risk Committee, as appropriate.
Item 2. Properties
At December 31, 2023, our executive offices and those of Origin Bank were located at 500 South Service Road East, Ruston, Louisiana 71270 and we operated through over 60 locations in Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, including loan production offices. At December 31, 2023, we had 18 banking centers in North Louisiana, 16 banking centers in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex area, nine banking centers in East Texas, ten banking centers in the Houston metroplex, and six banking centers in the Ridgeland, Mississippi area. At December 31, 2023, Origin Bank owned its main office building and 31 of its banking centers, as well as a controlling interest in its operations center. The remaining facilities were occupied under lease agreements, the terms of which range from month to month to 30 years. We believe that our banking and other offices are in good condition and are suitable and adequate to our needs.
At December 31, 2023, our insurance holdings operated through 12 leased offices primarily located in Louisiana.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are subject to various legal actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. While the ultimate outcome of pending proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, at this time, management does not expect any such proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, one or more unfavorable outcomes in any legal action against us could have a material adverse effect for the period in which they are resolved. In addition, regardless of their merits or their ultimate outcomes, such matters are costly, divert management’s attention and may materially adversely affect our reputation, even if resolved in our favor.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "OBK". Our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on May 9, 2018. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock.
At February 15, 2024, there were approximately 7,247 holders of record of our common stock as reported by our transfer agent.
We intend to pay quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, subject to approval by our board of directors. Although we expect to pay dividends according to our dividend policy, we may elect not to pay dividends. Any declarations of dividends, and the amount and timing thereof, will be at the discretion of our board of directors. In determining the amount of any future dividends, our board of directors will take into account our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and any other relevant factors. The primary source for dividends paid to stockholders are dividends or capital distributions paid to the Company from the Bank. There are regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will pay any dividends to holders of our stock or the amount of any such dividends. See "Item 1. Business - Regulation and Supervision" above and see Note 17 — Capital and Regulatory Matters contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Equity Compensation Plans
See "Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters"
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Stock Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock to the cumulative total stockholder return for the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq OMX ABA Community Bank TR index (collectively the "Indices") for the period beginning on May 9, 2018, the first day of trading of our common stock, through December 31, 2023. Our stock was previously traded on Nasdaq under the symbol "OBNK", and is currently listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “OBK”. The following reflects index values as of close of trading, assumes $100.00 invested on May 9, 2018, in our common stock, and the Indices and assumes the reinvestment of dividends, if any. The historical price of our common stock represented in this graph represents past performance and is not necessarily indicative of future performance.
After careful consideration of industry, average asset size, market capitalization, constituents within the indices, and overall comparability to our compensation peer group, we have determined the most comparable index is represented by the Nasdaq OMX ABA Community Bank TR Index.

| May 9, 2018 | Jun 30, 2018 | Dec 31, 2018 | Jun 30, 2019 | Dec 31, 2019 | Jun 30, 2020 | Dec 31, 2020 | Jun 30, 2021 | Dec 31, 2021 | Jun 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2022 | Jun 30, 2023 | Dec 31, 2023
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 120.51 |  | $ | 100.48 |  | $ | 97.49 |  | $ | 112.41 |  | $ | 65.87 |  | $ | 83.80 |  | $ | 128.80 |  | $ | 131.00 |  | $ | 119.25 |  | $ | 113.57 |  | $ | 91.54 |  | $ | 112.16 |
Nasdaq Composite Index | 100.00 |  | 102.32 |  | 90.40 |  | 109.08 |  | 122.24 |  | 137.04 |  | 175.34 |  | 197.60 |  | 213.15 |  | 150.26 |  | 142.60 |  | 187.85 |  | 204.52 |
Nasdaq OMX ABA Community Bank TR Index | 100.00 |  | 99.32 |  | 79.43 |  | 89.43 |  | 98.17 |  | 68.32 |  | 88.00 |  | 109.88 |  | 118.81 |  | 101.64 |  | 109.08 |  | 83.20 |  | 106.99 |

Stock Repurchases
In July 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase up to $50 million of its outstanding common stock. The shares may be repurchased in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, depending upon market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The stock repurchase program is intended to expire in three years but may be terminated or amended by the Board of Directors at any time. The stock repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any shares at any time.
At December 31, 2023, there remained $50.0 million of capacity under the stock repurchase program. There were no stock repurchases during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis presents our financial condition and results of operations on a consolidated basis. However, we conduct all of our material business operations through our wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Origin Bank, and the discussion and analysis that follows primarily relates to activities conducted at the Bank level.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this report. To the extent that this discussion describes prior performance, the descriptions relate only to the periods listed, which may not be indicative of our future financial outcomes. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause results to differ materially from management’s expectations. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in the sections titled "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Item 1A. Risk Factors." We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.
Discussion in this Form 10-K includes results of operations and financial condition for 2023 and 2022 and year-over-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. For discussion on results of operations and financial condition pertaining to 2022 and 2021 and year-over-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021, please refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 22, 2023.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and with general practices within the financial services industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under current circumstances. These assumptions form the basis for our judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from independent, objective sources. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Use of alternative assumptions may have resulted in significantly different estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Please refer to Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this report for a full discussion of our accounting policies, including estimates.
We have identified the following accounting estimates that, due to the difficult, subjective or complex judgments and assumptions inherent in those estimates and the potential sensitivity of the financial statements to those judgments and assumptions, are critical to an understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. We believe that the judgments, estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the financial statements are appropriate.
Allowance for Loan Credit Losses. The allowance for loan credit losses (“ALCL”) represents the estimated losses for loans accounted for on an amortized cost basis. Expected losses are calculated using relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. We evaluate loans held for investment ("LHFI") on a pool basis with pools of loans characterized by loan type, collateral, industry, internal credit risk rating and FICO score. The amount of the ALCL is affected by loan charge-offs, which decrease the allowance, recoveries on loans previously charged off, which increase the allowance, as well as the provision for loan credit losses charged to income, which increases the allowance. In determining the provision for loan credit losses, management monitors fluctuations in the allowance resulting from actual charge-offs and recoveries and periodically reviews the size and composition of the loan portfolio in light of current and forecasted economic conditions. If actual losses exceed the amount of ALCL, it could materially and adversely affect our earnings. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. Credit losses are charged against the ALCL when management believes the loss is confirmed.
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Loan Acquisition Accounting. We account for our mergers/acquisitions under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, are recorded at fair value. The fair value for acquired loans at the time of acquisition or merger is based on a variety of factors, including discounted expected cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments and credit losses. In accordance with ASC 326, the fair value adjustment is recorded as premium or discount to the unpaid principal balance of each acquired loan. Loans that have been identified as having experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination is a purchase credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loan. The net premium or discount on PCD loans is adjusted by the Company’s allowance for credit losses recorded at the time of merger/acquisition. The remaining net premium or discount is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the effective interest rate method. The net premium or discount on loans that are not classified as PCD (“non-PCD”), that includes credit and non-credit components, is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using a constant yield method. We then record the necessary allowance for credit losses on the non-PCD loans through provision for loan credit losses expense.
In the first quarter of 2020, U.S. federal regulatory authorities issued an interim final rule that provided banking organizations that adopted the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) methodology during the 2020 calendar year with the option to delay the regulatory capital impact for up to two years (beginning January 1, 2020), followed by a three-year transition period. We elected to use the two-year delay of CECL’s impact on our regulatory capital (from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2021), followed by the three-year transition period of CECL’s initial impact on our regulatory capital (from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024), and, accordingly, we began to amortize the CECL adoption impact to our regulatory capital beginning on January 1, 2022. The amount representing the CECL impact to the Company’s regulatory capital that will be ratably transitioning back into regulatory capital over the transition period is $2.5 million and $5.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Mortgage Servicing Rights. We recognize the rights to service mortgage loans based on the estimated fair value of the mortgage servicing right ("MSR") when loans are sold and the associated servicing rights are retained. We elected to account for the MSR at fair value.
The fair value of the MSR is determined using a valuation model administered by a third-party that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The model incorporates assumptions that market participants use in estimating future net servicing income, including estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, default rates, cost to service (including delinquency and foreclosure costs), escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income and other ancillary income such as late fees. Management reviews all significant assumptions quarterly. Mortgage loan prepayment speeds, a key assumption in the model, is the annual rate at which borrowers are forecasted to repay their mortgage loan principal. The discount rate used to determine the present value of estimated future net servicing income, another key assumption in the model, is an estimate of the rate of return investors in the market would require for an asset with similar risk. Both assumptions can, and generally will, change as market conditions and interest rates change. Estimating prepayment speed and/or discount rates within ranges that market participants would use in determining the fair value of the MSR requires significant management judgment.
General
We are a financial holding company headquartered in Ruston, Louisiana. Our wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Origin Bank, was founded in 1912 in Choudrant, Louisiana. Deeply rooted in our history is a culture committed to providing personalized, relationship banking to businesses, municipalities, and personal clients to enrich the lives of the people in the communities we serve. We provide a broad range of financial services and currently has over 60 locations from Dallas/Fort Worth, East Texas and Houston, across North Louisiana and into Mississippi. In early 2024, we entered our new Southeast market with two planned banking locations in Mobile, Alabama and Fort Walton Beach, Florida. As a financial holding company operating through one segment, we generate the majority of our revenue from interest earned on loans and investments, service charges and fees on deposit accounts.
We incur interest expense on deposits and other borrowed funds and noninterest expense, such as salaries and employee benefits and occupancy expenses. We analyze our ability to maximize income generated from interest earning assets and expense of our liabilities through our net interest margin. Net interest margin is a ratio calculated as net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans, securities and interest-bearing cash, and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Net interest spread is the average yield on interest-earning assets minus the average rate on interest-bearing liabilities.
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Changes in market interest rates and the interest rates we earn on interest-earning assets or pay on interest-bearing liabilities, as well as in the volume and types of interest-earning assets, interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing liabilities and stockholders’ equity, are usually the largest drivers of periodic changes in net interest spread, net interest margin and net interest income. Fluctuations in market interest rates are driven by many factors, including governmental monetary policies, inflation, deflation, macroeconomic developments, changes in unemployment, the money supply, political and international conditions and conditions in domestic and foreign financial markets. Periodic changes in the volume and types of loans in our loan portfolio are affected by, among other factors, economic and competitive conditions, as well as developments affecting the real estate, technology, financial services, insurance, transportation and manufacturing sectors within our target markets.
Results of Operations

| At and for the Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income | $ | 83,800 |  |  | $ | 87,715 |  |  | $ | 108,546 |
Financial ratios: |  |  |  |  |
ROAA(1) | 0.84 | % |  | 1.01 | % |  | 1.45 | %
ROAE(1) | 8.38 |  |  | 10.81 |  |  | 15.79 |
Capital ratio: |  |  |  |  |
Book value per common share | $ | 34.30 |  |  | $ | 30.90 |  |  | $ | 30.75 |

____________________________
(1)All average balances are calculated using average daily balances.
Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin
Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $299.6 million, an increase of $24.3 million, or 8.8%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Increases in interest rates and average interest-earning assets drove increases of $129.4 million and $67.4 million, respectively, in total interest income. The increase in total interest income was partially offset by a $172.5 million increase in interest expense, of which $163.5 million of the increase was driven by increases in interest rates.
The Federal Reserve Board sets various benchmark rates, including the Federal Funds rate, and thereby influences the general market rates of interest, including the loan and deposit rates offered by financial institutions. The Federal Funds target rate range had increased 525 basis points starting with the Federal Reserve Board’s first rate increase in 2022, and in order to remain competitive as market interest rates increased, we increased interest rates paid on our deposits. Increases in interest rates contributed $107.8 million to the total increase in interest income earned on total LHFI during the year ended December 31, 2023, while rising interest rates increased our total deposit interest expense and FHLB advances and other borrowings interest expense by $152.6 million and $10.3 million, respectively, during the same period.
Interest income earned on LHFI during the year ended December 31, 2023, increased in all loan categories when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest income earned on real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans contributed $112.5 million and $65.3 million, respectively, of the $181.1 million total increase in interest income earned on LHFI when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Increases in average balances and interest rates drove $57.3 million and $55.2 million, respectively, of the total increase in interest income earned on real estate loans, while increases in interest rates drove $44.9 million of the $65.3 million increase in interest income earned on commercial and industrial loans for the comparable periods.
Purchase accounting accretion on acquired loans was $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, with remaining purchase accounting net loan discounts totaling $222,000 at December 31, 2023. Net purchase accounting accretion income on deposits and subordinated indebtedness totaled $124,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, bringing the impact from purchase accounting treatment on total net interest income to $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net purchase accounting accretion was $3.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Towards the end of the first quarter of 2023, in response to the uncertainty in the marketplace surrounding the bank failures that occurred during this time, we strategically borrowed and held approximately $700.0 million in excess cash for contingency liquidity. This excess liquidity was held at a weighted-average rate of 5.17% and added $130.0 million in average interest-bearing assets for the year ended December 31, 2023, which negatively impacted the fully tax-equivalent net interest margin (“NIM-FTE”) by 10 basis points. The $700.0 million in excess cash was repaid by June 30, 2023.
During the third quarter of 2023, we made a strategic decision to sell available for sale investment securities with a book value of $181.9 million, and realized a loss of $7.2 million, in order to use the proceeds to pay down FHLB advances. The impact on the NIM-FTE for the year ended December 31, 2023, was three basis points. While the associated loss resulted in an $0.15 negative impact to diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2023, the difference between the relatively low yield on securities sold and the higher cost of FHLB advances was an attractive trade-off, with an estimated annualized positive forward impact to NIM-FTE of 11 basis points, an estimated annualized forward diluted EPS benefit of approximately $0.11 and an estimated earn-back period of 1.7 years. The estimated metrics above use our annualized third quarter of 2023 net income, less any non-operating income items, and added the estimated annualized tax-effected net interest income using a weighted average tax-effected yield of 3.08% on the securities sold and an expected interest rate of 5.62% on the FHLB advances paid off.
During the month ended December 31, 2023, we sold available for sale investment securities with a book value of $78.9 million, and realized a loss of $4.6 million. We intend to use the proceeds in order to support loan growth in our markets, including our new Southeast market; however, in the interim, the proceeds will be held in our interest-earning deposits with banks with an estimated annual yield of 5.4%. Due to the timing of this transaction, it had no impact on our NIM-FTE for the year ended December 31, 2023. While the associated loss resulted in an $0.11 negative impact to diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2023, the difference between the relatively low yield on the securities sold and the higher yield of either interest-earning deposits in banks and/or new loan originations as we deploy proceeds was an attractive trade-off. Depending on how long it takes to deploy from cash to loans, we estimate an annualized positive forward impact to NIM-FTE of three to five basis points, an estimated annualized forward diluted EPS benefit of approximately $0.06 to $0.11, and an estimated earn-back period of 1.9 to 1.1 years. The metrics above used the estimated annualized tax-effected net interest income generated in excess of the weighted average tax-effected yield of 2.04% on the securities sold compared to an estimated interest yield of 5.4% if the proceeds are invested in interest-earning deposits at other banks, or 7.7% if the proceeds are used to fund new loan production.
The NIM-FTE was 3.23% for the year ended December 31, 2023, a 19 basis point decrease from the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to 83 basis points of margin compression experienced during the year ended December 31, 2023, and reflected a 240 basis point increase in interest rates paid on total interest-bearing liabilities offset by a 157 basis point increase in the yield earned on interest-earning assets for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in the Federal Funds rate, and the pace at which it increased, caused a shift in average deposit balances reflected in increases of $782.5 million, or 127.0%, in average time deposit balances, and a $413.1 million, or 18.5%, increase in money market deposit balances compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The change in market interest rates driven primarily by the Federal Funds rate increases during the intervening period was also reflected in the decline of $275.1 million, or 11.4%, in average noninterest-bearing deposits for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
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The following table presents average consolidated balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yields earned and rates paid for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) Assets | Average Balance(1) |  | Income/Expense |  | Yield/Rate |  | Average Balance(1) |  | Income/Expense |  | Yield/Rate |  | Average Balance(1) |  | Income/Expense |  | Yield/Rate |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,404,530 |  |  | $ | 135,117 |  |  | 5.62 | % |  | $ | 1,951,246 |  |  | $ | 88,175 |  |  | 4.52 | % |  | $ | 1,501,890 |  |  | $ | 61,804 |  |  | 4.12 | % |
Construction/land/land development | 1,015,178 |  |  | 69,630 |  |  | 6.86 |  |  | 708,758 |  |  | 36,352 |  |  | 5.13 |  |  | 528,618 |  |  | 21,914 |  |  | 4.15 |  |
Residential real estate | 1,629,589 |  |  | 81,964 |  |  | 5.03 |  |  | 1,143,190 |  |  | 49,635 |  |  | 4.34 |  |  | 916,039 |  |  | 37,045 |  |  | 4.04 |  |
Commercial and industrial | 2,054,081 |  |  | 155,842 |  |  | 7.59 |  |  | 1,675,719 |  |  | 90,499 |  |  | 5.40 |  |  | 1,627,077 |  |  | 67,064 |  |  | 4.12 |  |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | 314,079 |  |  | 21,476 |  |  | 6.84 |  |  | 420,639 |  |  | 18,732 |  |  | 4.45 |  |  | 753,588 |  |  | 27,470 |  |  | 3.65 |  |
Consumer | 24,627 |  |  | 1,918 |  |  | 7.79 |  |  | 20,913 |  |  | 1,444 |  |  | 6.91 |  |  | 16,764 |  |  | 972 |  |  | 5.80 |  |
LHFI | 7,442,084 |  |  | 465,947 |  |  | 6.26 |  |  | 5,920,465 |  |  | 284,837 |  |  | 4.81 |  |  | 5,343,976 |  |  | 216,269 |  |  | 4.05 |  |
Loans held for sale | 18,055 |  |  | 868 |  |  | 4.81 |  |  | 32,272 |  |  | 1,313 |  |  | 4.07 |  |  | 68,917 |  |  | 2,512 |  |  | 3.65 |  |
Loans receivable | 7,460,139 |  |  | 466,815 |  |  | 6.26 |  |  | 5,952,737 |  |  | 286,150 |  |  | 4.81 |  |  | 5,412,893 |  |  | 218,781 |  |  | 4.04 |  |
Investment securities-taxable | 1,295,871 |  |  | 31,682 |  |  | 2.44 |  |  | 1,497,226 |  |  | 27,795 |  |  | 1.86 |  |  | 899,532 |  |  | 14,555 |  |  | 1.62 |  |
Investment securities-non-taxable | 214,232 |  |  | 5,098 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | 270,701 |  |  | 7,172 |  |  | 2.65 |  |  | 280,157 |  |  | 6,337 |  |  | 2.26 |  |
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions | 67,956 |  |  | 3,408 |  |  | 5.01 |  |  | 58,441 |  |  | 1,802 |  |  | 3.08 |  |  | 48,970 |  |  | 1,181 |  |  | 2.41 |  |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | 318,559 |  |  | 16,388 |  |  | 5.14 |  |  | 349,484 |  |  | 3,685 |  |  | 1.05 |  |  | 418,034 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 0.19 |  |
Total interest-earning assets | 9,356,757 |  |  | 523,391 |  |  | 5.59 |  |  | 8,128,589 |  |  | 326,604 |  |  | 4.02 |  |  | 7,059,586 |  |  | 241,656 |  |  | 3.42 |  |
Noninterest-earning assets(2) | 584,263 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 557,642 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 411,341 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 9,941,020 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,686,231 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,470,927 |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts | $ | 4,725,929 |  |  | $ | 144,324 |  |  | 3.05 | % |  | $ | 4,066,981 |  |  | $ | 29,025 |  |  | 0.71 | % |  | $ | 3,640,713 |  |  | $ | 8,842 |  |  | 0.24 | % |
Time deposits | 1,398,734 |  |  | 52,133 |  |  | 3.73 |  |  | 616,197 |  |  | 4,484 |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 607,742 |  |  | 4,576 |  |  | 0.75 |  |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 6,124,663 |  |  | 196,457 |  |  | 3.21 |  |  | 4,683,178 |  |  | 33,509 |  |  | 0.72 |  |  | 4,248,455 |  |  | 13,418 |  |  | 0.32 |  |
FHLB advances & other borrowings | 327,792 |  |  | 17,258 |  |  | 5.26 |  |  | 444,426 |  |  | 9,411 |  |  | 2.12 |  |  | 337,076 |  |  | 4,654 |  |  | 1.38 |  |
Subordinated indebtedness | 198,856 |  |  | 10,119 |  |  | 5.09 |  |  | 176,028 |  |  | 8,406 |  |  | 4.78 |  |  | 157,304 |  |  | 7,332 |  |  | 4.66 |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 6,651,311 |  |  | 223,834 |  |  | 3.37 |  |  | 5,303,632 |  |  | 51,326 |  |  | 0.97 |  |  | 4,742,835 |  |  | 25,404 |  |  | 0.54 |  |
Noninterest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 2,147,019 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,422,132 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,905,045 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities(2) | 142,786 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 148,984 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 135,399 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | 8,941,116 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,874,748 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,783,279 |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity | 999,904 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 811,483 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 687,648 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 9,941,020 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,686,231 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,470,927 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest spread |  |  |  |  | 2.22 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.05 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.88 | % |
Net interest income and margin |  |  | $ | 299,557 |  |  | 3.20 |  |  |  |  | $ | 275,278 |  |  | 3.39 |  |  |  |  | $ | 216,252 |  |  | 3.06 |  |
Net interest income and margin - (tax equivalent)(3) |  |  | $ | 302,132 |  |  | 3.23 |  |  |  |  | $ | 278,403 |  |  | 3.42 |  |  |  |  | $ | 219,155 |  |  | 3.10 |  |

____________________________
(1)Nonaccrual loans are included in their respective loan category for the purpose of calculating the yield earned. All average balances are daily average balances.
(2)Includes Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA") repurchase average balances of $1.1 million, $33.6 million, $53.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The GNMA repurchase asset and liability are recorded as equal offsetting amounts in the consolidated balance sheets, with the asset included in loans held for sale and the liability included in FHLB advances and other borrowings. During the second half of 2022, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its GNMA MSR portfolio, which met all final sale conditions in early 2023. The Company derecognized the related GNMA repurchase asset and offsetting liability during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. For more information on the GNMA repurchase option, see Note 9 — Mortgage Banking in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
(3)In order to present pre-tax income and resulting yields on tax-exempt investments comparable to those on taxable investments, a tax-equivalent adjustment has been computed. This adjustment also includes income tax credits received on Qualified School Construction Bonds and income from tax-exempt investments, and tax credits were computed using a federal income tax rate of 21%.
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Rate/Volume Analysis
The following tables present the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. It distinguishes between the changes related to outstanding balances and those due to changes in interest rates. The change in interest attributable to rate changes has been determined by applying the change in rate between periods to average balances outstanding in the earlier period. The change in interest due to volume has been determined by applying the rate from the earlier period to the change in average balances outstanding between periods. For purposes of the below table, changes attributable to both rate and volume that cannot be segregated, including the difference in day count, have been allocated to rate.

| Year Ended December 31, 2023 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2022 |
(Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets | Increase (Decrease) due to Change in |  |  |
Loans: | Volume |  | Yield/Rate |  | Total Change |
Commercial real estate | $ | 20,483 |  |  | $ | 26,459 |  |  | $ | 46,942 |  |
Construction/land/land development | 15,716 |  |  | 17,562 |  |  | 33,278 |  |
Residential real estate | 21,118 |  |  | 11,211 |  |  | 32,329 |  |
Commercial and industrial | 20,434 |  |  | 44,909 |  |  | 65,343 |  |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | (4,745) |  |  | 7,489 |  |  | 2,744 |  |
Consumer | 256 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 474 |  |
Loans held for sale | (578) |  |  | 133 |  |  | (445) |  |
Loans receivable | 72,684 |  |  | 107,981 |  |  | 180,665 |  |
Investment securities-taxable | (3,738) |  |  | 7,625 |  |  | 3,887 |  |
Investment securities-non-taxable | (1,496) |  |  | (578) |  |  | (2,074) |  |
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions | 293 |  |  | 1,313 |  |  | 1,606 |  |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | (326) |  |  | 13,029 |  |  | 12,703 |  |
Total interest-earning assets | 67,417 |  |  | 129,370 |  |  | 196,787 |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts | 4,703 |  |  | 110,596 |  |  | 115,299 |  |
Time deposits | 5,694 |  |  | 41,955 |  |  | 47,649 |  |
FHLB advances & other borrowings | (2,470) |  |  | 10,317 |  |  | 7,847 |  |
Subordinated indebtedness | 1,090 |  |  | 623 |  |  | 1,713 |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 9,017 |  |  | 163,491 |  |  | 172,508 |  |
Net interest income | $ | 58,400 |  |  | $ | (34,121) |  |  | $ | 24,279 |  |

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| Year Ended December 31, 2022 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets | Increase (Decrease) due to Change in |  |
Loans: | Volume |  | Yield/Rate |  | Total Change
Commercial real estate | $ | 18,491 |  |  | $ | 7,880 |  |  | $ | 26,371 |
Construction/land/land development | 7,468 |  |  | 6,970 |  |  | 14,438 |
Residential real estate | 9,186 |  |  | 3,404 |  |  | 12,590 |
Commercial and industrial | 2,005 |  |  | 21,430 |  |  | 23,435 |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | (12,137) |  |  | 3,399 |  |  | (8,738) |
Consumer | 240 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 472 |
Loans held for sale | (1,336) |  |  | 137 |  |  | (1,199) |
Loans receivable | 23,917 |  |  | 43,452 |  |  | 67,369 |
Investment securities-taxable | 9,671 |  |  | 3,569 |  |  | 13,240 |
Investment securities-non-taxable | (214) |  |  | 1,049 |  |  | 835 |
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions | 229 |  |  | 392 |  |  | 621 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | (131) |  |  | 3,014 |  |  | 2,883 |
Total interest-earning assets | 33,472 |  |  | 51,476 |  |  | 84,948 |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts | 1,035 |  |  | 19,148 |  |  | 20,183 |
Time deposits | 64 |  |  | (156) |  |  | (92) |
FHLB advances & other borrowings | 1,482 |  |  | 3,275 |  |  | 4,757 |
Subordinated indebtedness | 873 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 1,074 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 3,454 |  |  | 22,468 |  |  | 25,922 |
Net interest income | $ | 30,018 |  |  | $ | 29,008 |  |  | $ | 59,026 |

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Provision for Credit Losses
We recorded a provision expense of $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a $7.9 million decrease from $24.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to the $14.9 million provision for loan credit losses on non-PCD loans associated with the BTH merger that occurred on August 1, 2022, offset by an increase in loan provision primarily due to loan growth during the intervening period, as well as increases in required reserves on individually evaluated loans at December 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022. In addition, we recorded a release of credit loss provision of $836,000 on our investment securities during the year ended December 31, 2023, an improvement of $1.6 million from a provision expense of $732,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022. Net charge-offs were $7.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $4.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The ALCL to nonperforming LHFI was 321.66% at December 31, 2023, compared to 876.87% at December 31, 2022, primarily driven by a $20.2 million increase in nonperforming LHFI compared to December 31, 2022. The increase in nonperforming loans was driven by increases of $14.5 million and $5.3 million in commercial and industrial and nonperforming residential real estate loans, respectively.
The provision for credit losses, which includes the provisions for loan losses, off-balance sheet commitments and investment security credit losses, is based on management's assessment of the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses ("ACL") for loans, securities and our reserve for off-balance sheet lending commitments. Factors impacting the provision include inherent risk characteristics in our loan portfolio, the level of nonperforming loans and net charge-offs, both current and historic, local economic and credit conditions, the direction of the change in collateral values, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and the funding probability on unfunded lending commitments. The provision for credit losses is charged against earnings in order to maintain our allowance for credit losses, which reflects management's best estimate of life of loan credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio at the balance sheet date, investment security credit losses and our reserve for off-balance sheet lending commitments, which reflects management's best estimate of losses inherent in our legally binding lending-related commitments. The allowance is increased by the provision for loan credit losses and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries.
Noninterest Income
The table below presents the various components of and changes in our noninterest income for the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands) | Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  | 2023 vs. 2022 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |
Noninterest income: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
Insurance commission and fee income | $ | 25,085 |  |  | $ | 22,869 |  |  |  | $ | 13,098 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,216 |  |  | 9.7 | % |  | $ | 9,771 |  |  | 74.6 | % |
Service charges and fees | 18,803 |  |  | 17,669 |  |  |  | 15,049 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,134 |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 2,620 |  |  | 17.4 |  |
Mortgage banking revenue | 3,356 |  |  | 6,722 |  |  |  | 12,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,366) |  |  | (50.1) |  |  | (6,205) |  |  | (48.0) |  |
Other fee income | 3,871 |  |  | 3,530 |  |  |  | 2,879 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 341 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 651 |  |  | 22.6 |  |
Swap fee income | 1,277 |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | 814 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 820 |  |  | N/M |  | (357) |  |  | (43.9) |  |
(Loss) gain on sales of securities, net | (11,635) |  |  | 1,664 |  |  |  | 1,748 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13,299) |  |  | N/M |  | (84) |  |  | (4.8) |  |
Limited partnership investment gain (loss) income | 405 |  |  | (199) |  |  |  | 5,701 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 604 |  |  | N/M |  | (5,900) |  |  | (103.5) |  |
Gain (loss) on sales and disposals of other assets, net | 64 |  |  | (175) |  |  |  | (185) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 239 |  |  | N/M |  | 10 |  |  | (5.4) |  |
Change in fair value of equity investments | 10,096 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,096 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | N/A |
Other income | 7,013 |  |  | 4,737 |  |  |  | 10,162 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,276 |  |  | 48.0 |  |  | (5,425) |  |  | (53.4) |  |
Total noninterest income | $ | 58,335 |  |  | $ | 57,274 |  |  |  | $ | 62,193 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,061 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | $ | (4,919) |  |  | (7.9) |  |
____________________________ N/M = Not meaningful. N/A = Not applicable. |  |  |  |  |

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Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2023, increased by $1.1 million, or 1.9%, to $58.3 million, compared to $57.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increases of $10.1 million, $2.3 million and $2.2 million in the change in fair value of equity investments, other noninterest income and insurance commission and fee income, respectively. The BTH merger contributed $1.8 million of the noninterest income increase between the two periods, primarily reflected in service charges and fee income. The increases were partially offset by an increase of $13.3 million in the loss on sales of securities, net, and a decrease of $3.4 million in mortgage banking revenue, respectively.
Insurance commission and fee income. The $2.2 million increase in insurance commission and fee income was mainly due to increases in new commercial accounts combined with higher contingency income earned due to lower claims for catastrophic events experienced by our insurance agency counterparties during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Mortgage banking revenue. The $3.4 million decrease in mortgage banking revenue compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily due to a slowdown in the residential housing market brought on by higher mortgage interest rates, and in some key markets, continued housing supply shortages, leading to overall lower lending during the period. During December 2023 and January 2024, the Company solicited non-binding indications of interest with respect to the proposed sale of substantially all of its mortgage servicing rights asset and recognized an impairment of $1.8 million. The Company plans to sell approximately $17.4 million in mortgage servicing rights, representing approximately $1.39 billion in unpaid principal balances, subject to successful negotiation of a definitive purchase and sale agreement and satisfaction of all closing conditions. Late in the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a $2.0 million impairment on the held for sale GNMA MSR portfolio. We sold the GNMA MSR, with no significant additional gain or loss realized, and derecognized the related GNMA repurchase asset and offsetting liability early in the year ended December 31, 2023.
(Loss) gain on sales of securities, net. The loss on sales of securities was due to the sale of available for sale investment securities with a book value of $260.8 million, which realized a loss on sale of $11.8 million during the second half of 2023. We used the proceeds from the sales to pay down FHLB advances and support loan growth in our markets. Please see the Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin section above for more information on these transactions.
Change in fair value of equity investments. The $10.1 million increase in change in fair value of equity investments was due to a gain realized from a positive valuation adjustment on one of our non-marketable equity securities, which qualified for the practical expedient under which we carry these securities at cost adjusted for any observable transactions during the period, less any impairment. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we observed multiple orderly transactions for identical equity securities indicating a price change had occurred and adjusted our basis upwards accordingly.
Other noninterest income. The $2.3 million increase in other noninterest income was primarily due to a positive fair value adjustment of our municipal securities of $726,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to a negative fair value adjustment of $854,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the significant components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) | Years Ended December 31, |  | 2023 vs. 2022 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  |
Noninterest expense: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 138,819 |  |  | $ | 118,971 |  |  | $ | 93,026 |  |  | $ | 19,848 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  | $ | 25,945 |  |  | 27.9 | % |  |  |  |
Occupancy and equipment, net | 26,783 |  |  | 20,203 |  |  | 17,347 |  |  | 6,580 |  |  | 32.6 |  |  | 2,856 |  |  | 16.5 |  |  |  |  |
Data processing | 11,590 |  |  | 10,456 |  |  | 9,117 |  |  | 1,134 |  |  | 10.8 |  |  | 1,339 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible asset amortization | 9,628 |  |  | 5,488 |  |  | 844 |  |  | 4,140 |  |  | 75.4 |  |  | 4,644 |  |  | N/M |  |  |  |
Office and operations | 10,834 |  |  | 8,120 |  |  | 6,399 |  |  | 2,714 |  |  | 33.4 |  |  | 1,721 |  |  | 26.9 |  |  |  |  |
Professional services | 5,931 |  |  | 3,813 |  |  | 3,644 |  |  | 2,118 |  |  | 55.5 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  |  |
Loan-related expenses | 5,035 |  |  | 6,097 |  |  | 7,688 |  |  | (1,062) |  |  | (17.4) |  |  | (1,591) |  |  | (20.7) |  |  |  |  |
Advertising and marketing | 5,986 |  |  | 4,431 |  |  | 3,438 |  |  | 1,555 |  |  | 35.1 |  |  | 993 |  |  | 28.9 |  |  |  |  |
Electronic banking | 4,712 |  |  | 3,958 |  |  | 3,563 |  |  | 754 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 395 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  |  |
Franchise tax expense | 3,334 |  |  | 3,582 |  |  | 2,538 |  |  | (248) |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | 1,044 |  |  | 41.1 |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory assessments | 6,456 |  |  | 3,547 |  |  | 2,904 |  |  | 2,909 |  |  | 82.0 |  |  | 643 |  |  | 22.1 |  |  |  |  |
Communications | 1,527 |  |  | 1,246 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 22.6 |  |  | (328) |  |  | (20.8) |  |  |  |  |
Merger-related expense | — |  |  | 6,171 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,171) |  |  | (100.0) |  |  | 6,171 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  |
Other expenses | 4,581 |  |  | 4,336 |  |  | 4,697 |  |  | 245 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | (361) |  |  | (7.7) |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest expense | $ | 235,216 |  |  | $ | 200,419 |  |  | $ | 156,779 |  |  | $ | 34,797 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | $ | 43,640 |  |  | 27.8 |  |  |  |  |

____________________________
N/M = Not meaningful.
N/A = Not applicable.
Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, increased by $34.8 million, or 17.4%, to $235.2 million, compared to $200.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The BTH merger contributed $18.1 million the total increase, excluding merger-related expenses.
Salaries and employee benefits. The $19.8 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expenses was primarily driven by increases of $15.0 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million in salary expense, incentive compensation and medical self-insurance costs, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
•The BTH merger contributed $7.5 million to the total salaries and employee benefits increase, primarily due to an additional seven months of BTH expense during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to five months of BTH expense during the year ended December 31, 2022.
•The impact of the cost of living increases made in August 2022 and annual cost of living adjustments and raises made on March 1, 2023, increased the comparative change in salaries and employee benefits between the two periods.
Occupancy and equipment, net. The $6.6 million increase was primarily due to the BTH merger that closed on August 1, 2022, which contributed $3.3 million to the total increase. Additionally, the increase was due to the addition of two new banking locations and two mortgage production offices being added during the intervening period.
Intangible asset amortization expense. The $4.1 million increase was primarily due to the core deposit intangible established in conjunction with the BTH merger.
Office and operations. These increases were mainly due to increases in connection with the BTH merger.
Professional services. The increase was mainly due to a $1.1 million increase in consulting expense.
Regulatory assessment. The $2.9 million increase in regulatory assessments was driven primarily by an increase in the blended FDIC’s Uniform Assessment rate to 7.10% at December 31, 2023, from 4.09% at December 31, 2022, which was primarily the result of growth in our average assets during the intervening period.
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Merger-related expense. The $6.2 million merger-related expenses in 2022 were associated with the BTH merger that was closed on August 1, 2022, while no comparable expense occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Income Tax Expense
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized income tax expense of $22.1 million, compared to $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our effective tax rate was 20.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 18.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The effective tax rate was higher for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to higher state income taxes as a result of higher state income, as well as an increase in stock compensation tax expense during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022
General
Total assets increased by $36.5 million, or 0.4%, to $9.72 billion at December 31, 2023, from $9.69 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase in total assets is primarily due to an increase of $570.9 million, or 8.1%, in our loans held for investment (“LHFI”). LHFI was $7.66 billion at December 31, 2023, compared to $7.09 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase was partially offset by decreases of $387.9 million and $78.5 million in available for sale securities and cash and cash equivalents, respectively. Available for sale securities and cash and cash equivalents were $1.25 billion and $280.4 million at December 31, 2023, respectively compared to $1.64 billion and $359.0 million at December 31, 2022, respectively.
Federal Home Loan Bank advances, repurchase obligations and other borrowings decreased $555.6 million, or 86.9%, to $83.6 million at December 31, 2023, from $639.2 million at December 31, 2022, offset by a $475.4 million, or 6.1%, increase in total deposits to $8.25 billion at December 31, 2023, from $7.78 billion at December 31, 2022. Total deposits increased at December 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022, primarily due to increases in brokered time deposits and money market deposits.
Loan Portfolio
Our loan portfolio is our largest category of interest-earning assets, and interest income earned on our loan portfolio is our primary source of income. At December 31, 2023, 77.1% of the loan portfolio held for investment was comprised of commercial and industrial loans, including mortgage warehouse lines of credit, commercial real estate and construction/land/land development loans, which were primarily originated within our legacy market areas of Texas, North Louisiana, and Mississippi, compared to 78.8% at December 31, 2022.
The following table presents the ending balance of our loan portfolio held for investment at the dates indicated.

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | 2023 vs. 2022 |
Real estate: | Amount |  | Percent |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
Commercial real estate (“CRE”)(1) | $ | 2,442,734 |  |  | 31.9 | % |  | $ | 2,304,678 |  |  | 32.6 | % |  | $ | 138,056 |  |  | 6.0 | % |
Construction/land/land development | 1,070,225 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 945,625 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 124,600 |  |  | 13.2 |  |
Residential real estate | 1,734,935 |  |  | 22.6 |  |  | 1,477,538 |  |  | 20.8 |  |  | 257,397 |  |  | 17.4 |  |
Total real estate | 5,247,894 |  |  | 68.5 |  |  | 4,727,841 |  |  | 66.7 |  |  | 520,053 |  |  | 11.0 |  |
Commercial and industrial | 2,059,460 |  |  | 26.9 |  |  | 2,051,161 |  |  | 28.9 |  |  | 8,299 |  |  | 0.4 |  |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | 329,966 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 284,867 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 45,099 |  |  | 15.8 |  |
Consumer | 23,624 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 26,153 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (2,529) |  |  | (9.7) |  |
Total LHFI | $ | 7,660,944 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,090,022 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 570,922 |  |  | 8.1 |  |

______________________
(1)Includes owner-occupied CRE of $953.8 million and $843.0 million at December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

At December 31, 2023, total LHFI were $7.66 billion, an increase of $570.9 million, or 8.1%, compared to $7.09 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by loan growth of $520.1 million in real estate loans. Total LHFI at December 31, 2023, excluding mortgage warehouse lines of credit, was $7.33 billion, reflecting an increase of $525.8 million, or 7.7%, compared to December 31, 2022. Our lending focus continues to be on operating companies, including commercial loans and lines of credit, as well as owner-occupied commercial real estate loans.
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A significant portion, 31.9%, of our LHFI portfolio at December 31, 2023, consisted of CRE loans secured by real estate properties. Such loans can involve high principal loan amounts, and the repayment of these loans is dependent, in large part, on a borrower’s ongoing business operations or on income generated from the properties that are leased to third parties.
The table below sets forth the CRE loan portfolio, by portfolio industry sector and collateral location as of December 31, 2023.

| December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) | Louisiana State |  | Mississippi State |  | Texas State |  | All other states |  | Total
Non-owner occupied CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office building | $ | 24,165 |  |  | $ | 49,501 |  |  | $ | 281,160 |  |  | $ | 21,065 |  |  | $ | 375,891 |
Retail shopping | 47,633 |  |  | 36,200 |  |  | 206,309 |  |  | 104,677 |  |  | 394,819 |
Real estate & construction | 35,253 |  |  | 5,234 |  |  | 138,369 |  |  | 54,314 |  |  | 233,170 |
Healthcare | 47,905 |  |  | 5,865 |  |  | 113,686 |  |  | 35,931 |  |  | 203,387 |
Hotels | 51,238 |  |  | 36,790 |  |  | 7,085 |  |  | 9,902 |  |  | 105,015 |
All others sectors | 17,192 |  |  | 8,626 |  |  | 114,247 |  |  | 36,565 |  |  | 176,630 |
Total non-owner occupied CRE | 223,386 |  |  | 142,216 |  |  | 860,856 |  |  | 262,454 |  |  | 1,488,912 |
Owner-occupied CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate & construction | $ | 44,764 |  |  | $ | 21,939 |  |  | $ | 175,688 |  |  | $ | 13,146 |  |  | $ | 255,537 |
Retail shopping | 15,190 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 120,075 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 135,554 |
Consumer Services | 23,513 |  |  | 4,715 |  |  | 45,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 73,268 |
Entertainment & Recreation | 21,432 |  |  | 10,658 |  |  | 37,890 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,980 |
All others sectors | 120,081 |  |  | 25,545 |  |  | 205,184 |  |  | 68,673 |  |  | 419,483 |
Total owner-occupied CRE | 224,980 |  |  | 63,048 |  |  | 583,877 |  |  | 81,917 |  |  | 953,822 |
Total CRE loans | $ | 448,366 |  |  | $ | 205,264 |  |  | $ | 1,444,733 |  |  | $ | 344,371 |  |  | $ | 2,442,734 |

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Loan Portfolio Maturity Analysis
The table below presents the maturity distribution of our LHFI at December 31, 2023. The table also presents the portion of our loans that have fixed interest rates, rather than interest rates that fluctuate over the life of the loans, based on changes in the interest rate environment.

| December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) | One Year or Less |  | After One Year Through Five Years |  | After Five Years Through Fifteen Years |  | After Fifteen Years |  | Total
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 382,457 |  |  | $ | 1,545,582 |  |  | $ | 496,836 |  |  | $ | 17,859 |  |  | $ | 2,442,734 |
Construction/land/land development | 310,988 |  |  | 582,521 |  |  | 138,852 |  |  | 37,864 |  |  | 1,070,225 |
Residential real estate | 103,946 |  |  | 716,411 |  |  | 121,440 |  |  | 793,138 |  |  | 1,734,935 |
Total real estate | 797,391 |  |  | 2,844,514 |  |  | 757,128 |  |  | 848,861 |  |  | 5,247,894 |
Commercial and industrial | 860,534 |  |  | 1,093,768 |  |  | 105,025 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 2,059,460 |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | 329,966 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 329,966 |
Consumer | 9,234 |  |  | 13,393 |  |  | 485 |  |  | 512 |  |  | 23,624 |
Total LHFI | $ | 1,997,125 |  |  | $ | 3,951,675 |  |  | $ | 862,638 |  |  | $ | 849,506 |  |  | $ | 7,660,944 |
Amounts with fixed rates | $ | 475,146 |  |  | $ | 2,275,168 |  |  | $ | 517,740 |  |  | $ | 151,555 |  |  | $ | 3,419,609 |
Amounts with variable rates | 1,521,979 |  |  | 1,676,507 |  |  | 344,898 |  |  | 697,951 |  |  | 4,241,335 |
Total | $ | 1,997,125 |  |  | $ | 3,951,675 |  |  | $ | 862,638 |  |  | $ | 849,506 |  |  | $ | 7,660,944 |

Nonperforming Assets
Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming/nonaccrual loans and property acquired through foreclosures or repossession, as well as bank-owned property not in use and listed for sale.
Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition, after giving consideration to economic and business conditions, and collection efforts, is such that collection of interest is doubtful, or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status even if the contractual payments are not past due if information becomes available that causes substantial doubt about the borrower’s ability to meet the contractual obligations of the loan. When accrual of interest is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. Interest income on nonaccrual loans may be recognized to the extent cash payments are received, but payments received are usually applied to principal. Nonaccrual loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. If a loan is determined by management to be uncollectible, regardless of size, the portion of the loan determined to be uncollectible is then charged to the ALCL.
Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. The Company evaluates acquired loans for deterioration in credit quality based on any of, but not limited to, the following: (1) nonaccrual status; (2) borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty which results in modification to the loan terms; (3) risk ratings of special mention, substandard or doubtful; (4) watchlist credits; and (5) delinquency status, including loans that are current on merger/acquisition date, but had previously been 60 days delinquent twice. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other individually evaluated loans. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses. We held approximately $34.8 million of unpaid principal balance PCD loans at December 31, 2023, and $48.1 million of unpaid principal balance PCD loans at December 31, 2022.
We manage the quality of our lending portfolio in part through a disciplined underwriting policy and through continual monitoring of loan performance and borrowers’ financial condition. There can be no assurance, however, that our loan portfolio will not become subject to losses due to declines in economic conditions or deterioration in the financial condition of our borrowers.
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The following table shows our nonperforming loans and nonperforming assets at the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonperforming LHFI: |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  | $ | 786 |  |  | $ | 526 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction/land/land development |  |  |  |  | 305 |  |  | 270 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  | 13,037 |  |  | 7,712 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  | 15,897 |  |  | 1,383 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer |  |  |  |  | 90 |  |  | 49 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming LHFI |  |  |  |  | 30,115 |  |  | 9,940 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonperforming loans held for sale |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,933 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  |  |  | 30,115 |  |  | 13,873 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate, construction/land/land development |  |  |  |  | 3,068 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  | 846 |  |  | 806 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total other real estate owned |  |  |  |  | 3,914 |  |  | 806 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other repossessed assets owned |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total repossessed assets owned |  |  |  |  | 3,929 |  |  | 806 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming assets |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,044 |  |  | $ | 14,679 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty - nonaccrual(1) |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,388 |  |  | $ | 4,389 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty - accruing(1) |  |  |  |  | 28,969 |  |  | 3,248 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total LHFI |  |  |  |  | 7,660,944 |  |  | 7,090,022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ratio of nonperforming LHFI to total LHFI |  |  |  |  | 0.39 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets |  |  |  |  | 0.35 |  |  | 0.15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

______________________
(1)December 31, 2022, amounts were previously disclosed as troubled debt restructured (“TDR”) loans under Accounting Standards Codification 310-40. Accounting Standards Update 2022-02 eliminated the TDR guidance effective for public business entities on January 1, 2023.
At December 31, 2023, total nonperforming LHFI increased by $20.2 million from December 31, 2022. The increase in nonperforming LHFI was driven by increases of $14.5 million and $5.3 million in nonperforming commercial and industrial loans and residential real estate loans, respectively. The net increase in nonperforming commercial and industrial loans was mainly due to two relationships totaling $11.1 million, which maintained reserves of $5.2 million as of December 31, 2023. The increase in nonperforming residential real estate loans was driven by a reclassification of nonperforming mortgage loans from the held for sale portfolio to the held for investment portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2023, which contributed a $5.8 million increase in nonperforming residential real estate loans, with government guarantees of $5.0 million. The residential real estate loans carry government guarantees and considering the guaranty, as well as the value, of the underlying collateral resulted in an immaterial impact to the ALCL. Please see Note 4 — Loans to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report for more information on nonperforming loans.
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Potential Problem Loans
From a credit risk standpoint, we classify loans using risk grades which fall into one of five categories: pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss. The classifications of loans reflect a judgment about the risks of default and loss associated with the loan. We review the ratings on loans and adjust them to reflect the degree of risk and loss that is felt to be inherent or expected in each loan. The methodology is structured so that reserve allocations are increased in accordance with deterioration in credit quality (and a corresponding increase in risk and loss) or decreased in accordance with improvement in credit quality (and a corresponding decrease in risk and loss). Loans rated special mention reflect borrowers who exhibit credit weaknesses or downward trends deserving close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the bank’s credit position at some future date. While potentially weak these borrowers currently do not pose sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Loans rated substandard are those borrowers with deteriorating trends and well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly liquidation of debt. A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. Normal repayment from the borrower might be in jeopardy.
Loans rated as doubtful have the weaknesses of substandard assets with the additional characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full questionable, and there is a high probability of loss based on currently existing facts, conditions and values. Loans classified as loss are charged-off and we have low expectations for the recovery of any payments in respect to loans rated as loss. Information regarding the internal risk ratings of our loans at December 31, 2023, is included in Note 4 — Loans to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Allowance for Loan Credit Losses
The ALCL represents the estimated losses for loans accounted for on an amortized cost basis. Expected losses are calculated using relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. We evaluate LHFI on a pool basis with pools of loans characterized by loan type, collateral, industry, internal credit risk rating and FICO score. We applied a probability of default, loss given default loss methodology to the loan pools at December 31, 2023. Historical loss rates for each pool are calculated based on charge-off and recovery data beginning with the second quarter of 2012. These loss rates are adjusted for the effects of certain economic variables forecast over a one-year period, particularly for differences between current period conditions and the conditions existing during the historical loss period. Subsequent to the forecast effects, historical loss rates are used to estimate losses over the estimated remaining lives of the loans. The estimated remaining lives consist of the contractual lives, adjusted for estimated prepayments. Loans that exhibit characteristics different from their pool characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Certain of these loans are considered to be collateral dependent, with the borrower experiencing financial difficulty. For these loans, the fair value of collateral practical expedient is elected whereby the allowance is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost exceeds the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell (if applicable). Those individual loans that are not collateral dependent are evaluated based on a discounted cash flow methodology.
The amount of the ALCL is affected by loan charge-offs, which decrease the allowance, recoveries on loans previously charged off, which increase the allowance, as well as the provision for loan credit losses charged to income, which increases the allowance. In determining the provision for loan credit losses, management monitors fluctuations in the allowance resulting from actual charge-offs and recoveries and periodically reviews the size and composition of the loan portfolio in light of current and forecasted economic conditions. If actual losses exceed the amount of the ALCL, it would materially and adversely affect our earnings.
Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans. We account for our mergers/acquisitions under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, are recorded at fair value. In accordance with ASC 326, we record a discount or premium, and also an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. All purchased loans are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.
Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are PCD loans. An ALCL is determined using the same methodology as other individually evaluated loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ALCL are recorded through the provision for credit losses.
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As a general rule, when it becomes evident that the full principal and accrued interest of a loan may not be collected, or at 90 days past due, we will reflect that loan as nonperforming. It will remain nonperforming until it performs in a manner that it is reasonable to expect that we will collect principal and accrued interest in full. When the amount or likelihood of a loss on a loan has been confirmed, a charge-off will be taken in the period it is determined.
We establish general allocations for each major loan category and credit quality. The general allocation is based, in part, on historical charge-off experience and loss given default methodology, derived from our internal risk rating process. Other adjustments may be made to the allowance for pools of loans after an assessment of internal or external influences on credit quality that are not fully reflected in the historical loss or risk rating data. We give consideration to trends, changes in loan mix, delinquencies, prior losses, reasonable and supportable forecasts and other related information.
In connection with the review of our loan portfolio, we consider risk elements attributable to particular loan types or categories in assessing the quality of individual loans. Some of the risk elements we consider include:
•for commercial real estate loans, the debt service coverage ratio, operating results of the owner in the case of owner-occupied properties, the loan to value ratio, the age and condition of the collateral and the volatility of income, property value and future operating results typical of properties of that type;
•for construction, land and land development loans, the perceived feasibility of the project, including the ability to sell developed lots or improvements constructed for resale or the ability to lease property constructed for lease, the quality and nature of contracts for presale or prelease, if any, experience and ability of the developer and loan to value ratio;
•for residential mortgage loans, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, including a consideration of the debt to income ratio and employment and income stability, the loan-to-value ratio, and the age, condition and marketability of the collateral; and
•for commercial and industrial loans, the debt service coverage ratio (income from the business in excess of operating expenses compared to loan repayment requirements), the operating results of the commercial, industrial or professional enterprise, the borrower’s business, professional and financial ability and expertise, the specific risks and volatility of income and operating results typical for businesses in that category and the value, nature and marketability of collateral.

The following table presents the allowance for credit loss by loan category:
| December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Loans secured by real estate: | Amount |  | %(1) |  | Amount |  | %(1) |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 19,625 |  |  | 31.9 | % |  | $ | 19,772 |  |  | 32.6 | % |  |  |  |
Construction/land/land development | 9,990 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 7,776 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | 10,619 |  |  | 22.6 |  |  | 8,230 |  |  | 20.8 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 55,330 |  |  | 26.9 |  |  | 50,148 |  |  | 28.9 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | 529 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  |  |
Consumer | 775 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 856 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 96,868 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 87,161 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |

___________________________
(1)Represents the ratio of each loan type to total LHFI.

Our ALCL increased by $9.7 million, or 11.1%, to $96.9 million at December 31, 2023, from $87.2 million at December 31, 2022. The ratio of ALCL to total LHFI increased to 1.26% at December 31, 2023, compared to 1.23% at December 31, 2022. Qualitative factor changes across the Company’s risk pools drove a $6.7 million increase in the ALCL, with the allowance for individually evaluated loans contributing another $4.4 million of the increase for the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
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The following table presents an analysis of the ALCL and other related data at the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands) | Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
ALCL | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 87,161 |  |  | $ | 64,586 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ALCL - BTH merger | — |  |  | 5,527 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan credit losses | 17,514 |  |  | 21,613 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 42 |  |  | 166 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | 27 |  |  | 91 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 11,833 |  |  | 8,459 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer | 147 |  |  | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total charge-offs | 12,049 |  |  | 8,759 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 140 |  |  | 40 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction/land/land development | 3 |  |  | 211 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | 17 |  |  | 102 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 4,068 |  |  | 3,825 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer | 14 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total recoveries | 4,242 |  |  | 4,194 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs | 7,807 |  |  | 4,565 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period | $ | 96,868 |  |  | $ | 87,161 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ratio of ALCL to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonperforming LHFI | 321.66 | % |  | 876.87 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LHFI | 1.26 |  |  | 1.23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan credit losses | 44.58 |  |  | 21.12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ALCL | 8.06 |  |  | 5.24 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average LHFI | 0.10 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The ALCL to nonperforming LHFI decreased to 321.66% at December 31, 2023, compared to 876.87% at December 31, 2022, primarily driven by a $20.2 million increase in nonperforming LHFI at December 31, 2023. Past due loans to total LHFI increased to 0.34% at December 31, 2023, compared to 0.15% at December 31, 2022.
The steep incline in the interest rate environment driven by the Federal Reserve Board’s Federal Funds rate setting policy, as outlined in the Results of Operations section above, has negatively impacted borrowers with variable or floating rate loans causing their cost of borrowings to increase significantly over the last eighteen months. This has put pressure on borrower’s cash flow and contributed to higher overall nonperforming loans at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022.
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Securities
Our securities portfolio is the second largest component of earning assets and provides a significant source of revenue. We use the securities portfolio to provide a source of liquidity, provide an appropriate return on funds invested, manage interest rate risk and meet collateral as well as regulatory capital requirements. We manage the securities portfolio to optimize returns while maintaining an appropriate level of risk. Securities within the portfolio are classified as either held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or at fair value through income, based on the intent and objective of the investment and the ability to hold to maturity. Unrealized gains and losses arising in the available for sale portfolio as a result of changes in the fair value of the securities are reported on an after-tax basis as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in stockholders’ equity while securities classified as held to maturity are carried at amortized cost. For further discussion of the valuation components and classification of investment securities, see Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Our securities portfolio totaled $1.27 billion at December 31, 2023, representing a decrease of $387.1 million, or 23.3%, from $1.66 billion at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to sales, maturities and calls, as well as normal principal paydowns, which was partially offset by decrease in unrealized losses during the year ended December 31, 2023. During the last few days of the quarter ended September 30, 2023, we made a strategic decision to sell available for sale investment securities with a book value of $181.9 million and realized a loss of $7.2 million, the proceeds of which were used to pay down FHLB advances. In order to support loan operations heading into 2024, during the last quarter of the 2023 year we sold available for sale investment securities with a book value of $78.9 million and realized a loss of $4.6 million.
Our available for sale portfolio totaled $1.25 billion at December 31, 2023, and represented 98.6% of our total security portfolio and is comprised of 47.8% mortgage-backed, 22.5% municipal, 6.4% treasury/agency, 13.2% collateralized mortgage obligations and 10.1% corporate/asset-backed securities. Our available for sale portfolio totaled $1.64 billion at December 31, 2022, and represented 98.9% of our total security portfolio and was comprised of 40.5% mortgage-backed, 23.7% municipal, 15.1% treasury/agency, 11.3% collateralized mortgage obligations and 9.4% corporate/asset-backed securities.
The securities portfolio had a weighted average effective duration of 4.28 years at December 31, 2023, compared to 4.24 years at December 31, 2022. For additional information regarding our securities portfolio, please see Note 3 — Securities to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
The following table sets forth the composition of our securities portfolio at the dates indicated.

| December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Available for sale: | Carrying Amount |  | % of Total |  | Carrying Amount |  | % of Total |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 282,126 |  |  | 22.5 | % |  | $ | 389,477 |  |  | 23.7 | % |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | 83,635 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 82,258 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | 79,640 |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 248,420 |  |  | 15.1 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 93,396 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 91,943 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 506,502 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  | 572,303 |  |  | 34.9 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | 35,183 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 38,813 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  |  |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | 130,144 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 146,370 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 43,005 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 71,900 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 1,253,631 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,641,484 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities, net of allowance | $ | 11,615 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,275 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities carried at fair value through income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 6,808 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,368 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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The following table presents the fair value of securities available for sale and amortized cost of securities held to maturity and their corresponding yields at December 31, 2023. The securities are grouped by contractual maturity and use amortized cost for all yield calculations. Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities, which do not have contractual payments due at a single maturity date, are shown at the date the last underlying mortgage matures.

| December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) | Within One Year |  | After One Year but Within Five Years |  | After Five Years but Within Ten Years |  | After Ten Years |  | Total
Available for sale: | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield
State and municipal securities (1) | $ | 17,798 |  |  | 0.42 | % |  | $ | 36,964 |  |  | 1.85 | % |  | $ | 83,551 |  |  | 2.15 | % |  | $ | 143,813 |  |  | 2.17 | % |  | $ | 282,126 |  |  | 2.01 | %
Corporate bonds | 3,970 |  |  | 4.23 |  |  | 9,197 |  |  | 3.75 |  |  | 70,124 |  |  | 4.64 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | 83,635 |  |  | 4.52 |
U.S. government and agency securities | 45,392 |  |  | 1.44 |  |  | 30,653 |  |  | 1.27 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,595 |  |  | 1.60 |  |  | 79,640 |  |  | 1.38 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,082 |  |  | 1.66 |  |  | 13,314 |  |  | 1.58 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,396 |  |  | 1.65 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,643 |  |  | 2.87 |  |  | 76,237 |  |  | 1.52 |  |  | 426,622 |  |  | 1.92 |  |  | 506,502 |  |  | 1.87 |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,902 |  |  | 1.66 |  |  | 12,281 |  |  | 1.80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,183 |  |  | 1.71 |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,239 |  |  | 2.82 |  |  | 119,905 |  |  | 1.96 |  |  | 130,144 |  |  | 2.03 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,005 |  |  | 6.54 |  |  | 43,005 |  |  | 6.54 |
Total securities available for sale | $ | 67,160 |  |  | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 183,441 |  |  | 1.76 |  |  | $ | 265,746 |  |  | 2.61 |  |  | $ | 737,284 |  |  | 2.24 |  |  | $ | 1,253,631 |  |  | 2.20 |
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,164 |  |  | 6.91 |  |  | 6,514 |  |  | 2.50 |  |  | 11,678 |  |  | 4.45 |
Securities carried at fair value through income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,808 |  |  | 4.51 |  |  | 6,808 |  |  | 4.51 |
Total | $ | 67,160 |  |  | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 183,441 |  |  | 1.76 |  |  | $ | 270,910 |  |  | 2.69 |  |  | $ | 750,606 |  |  | 2.26 |  |  | $ | 1,272,117 |  |  | 2.23 |

____________________________
(1)Tax-exempt security yields are calculated without consideration of their tax benefit status.
The contractual maturity of mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations is not a reliable indicator of their expected life because borrowers have the right to prepay their obligations at any time. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are typically issued with stated principal amounts and are backed by pools of mortgage loans and other loans with varying maturities. The term of the underlying mortgages and loans may vary significantly due to the ability of a borrower to prepay outstanding amounts. Monthly pay downs on mortgage-backed securities tend to cause the average life of the securities to be much different from the stated contractual maturity. During a period of increasing interest rates, fixed rate mortgage-backed securities do not tend to experience heavy prepayments of principal, and, consequently, the average life of this security is typically lengthened. If interest rates begin to fall, prepayments may increase, thereby shortening the estimated average life of these securities.
All of our mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are issued and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored entities. Other than securities issued by government agencies or government sponsored enterprises, we did not own securities of any one issuer for which aggregate cost exceeded 10.0% of consolidated stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2023 or 2022. Additionally, we do not hold any Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac preferred stock, collateralized debt obligations, structured investment vehicles or second lien elements in the investment portfolio, nor does the investment portfolio contain any securities that are directly backed by subprime or Alt-A mortgages.
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Securities Carried at Fair Value through Income
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we held one fixed rate community investment bond of $6.8 million and $6.4 million, respectively. We elected the fair value option on this security to offset corresponding changes in the fair value of related interest rate swap agreements.
Deposits
Deposits are the primary funding source used to fund our loans, investments and operating needs. We offer a variety of products designed to attract and retain both consumer and commercial deposit customers. These products consist of noninterest and interest-bearing checking accounts, savings deposits, money market accounts and time deposits. Deposits are primarily gathered from individuals, partnerships and corporations in our market areas. We also obtain deposits from local municipalities and state agencies.
Total deposits increased at December 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022, primarily due to increases in brokered time deposits and money market deposits, which increased by $439.6 million and $330.2 million, respectively, partially offset by a decrease in noninterest-bearing demand deposits of $562.8 million compared to December 31, 2022. Typically, higher interest rates and sustained inflation will cause customers to move liquid asset balances into higher interest-earning vehicles such as money market funds.
The following table presents our deposit mix at the dates indicated:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | % of Total |  | Balance |  | % of Total |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 1,919,638 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | $ | 2,482,475 |  |  | 32.0 | % |  | $ | (562,837) |  |  | (22.7) | % |  |  |  |
Money market | 2,772,807 |  |  | 33.6 |  |  | 2,442,559 |  |  | 31.4 |  |  | 330,248 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | 1,875,864 |  |  | 22.7 |  |  | 1,737,158 |  |  | 22.3 |  |  | 138,706 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits | 967,901 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | 781,880 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 186,021 |  |  | 23.8 |  |  |  |  |
Brokered time deposits | 444,989 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 5,407 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 439,582 |  |  | N/M |  |  |  |
Savings | 269,926 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 326,223 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | (56,297) |  |  | (17.3) |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | $ | 8,251,125 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,775,702 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 475,423 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |  |  |
__________________ N/M = Not meaningful. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

We manage our interest expense on deposits through specific deposit product pricing that is based on competitive pricing, economic conditions and current and anticipated funding needs. We may use interest rates as a mechanism to attract or deter additional deposits based on our anticipated funding needs and liquidity position. We also consider potential interest rate risk caused by extended maturities of time deposits when setting the interest rates in periods of future economic uncertainty.
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The following table reflects the classification of our average deposits and the average rate paid on each deposit category for the periods indicated:

| Years Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Average Balance |  | Interest Expense |  | Average Rate Paid |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Expense |  | Average Rate Paid |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Expense |  | Average Rate Paid |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | 1,788,423 |  |  | $ | 50,033 |  |  | 2.80 | % |  | $ | 1,545,581 |  |  | $ | 11,007 |  |  | 0.71 | % |  | $ | 1,396,805 |  |  | $ | 2,822 |  |  | 0.20 | % |  |
Money market | 2,646,447 |  |  | 91,685 |  |  | 3.46 |  |  | 2,233,390 |  |  | 17,501 |  |  | 0.78 |  |  | 2,011,827 |  |  | 5,863 |  |  | 0.29 |  |  |
Time deposits | 928,694 |  |  | 27,892 |  |  | 3.00 |  |  | 611,195 |  |  | 4,476 |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 607,742 |  |  | 4,576 |  |  | 0.75 |  |  |
Brokered time deposits | 470,040 |  |  | 24,241 |  |  | 5.16 |  |  | 5,002 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 0.16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Savings | 291,059 |  |  | 2,606 |  |  | 0.90 |  |  | 288,010 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 232,081 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 0.07 |  |  |
Total interest-bearing | 6,124,663 |  |  | 196,457 |  |  | 3.21 |  |  | 4,683,178 |  |  | 33,509 |  |  | 0.72 |  |  | 4,248,455 |  |  | 13,418 |  |  | 0.32 |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | 2,147,019 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,422,132 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,905,045 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total average deposits | $ | 8,271,682 |  |  | $ | 196,457 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 7,105,310 |  |  | $ | 33,509 |  |  | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 6,153,500 |  |  | $ | 13,418 |  |  | 0.22 |  |  |

Our average deposit balance was $8.27 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $1.17 billion, or 16.4%, from $7.11 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average annualized rate paid on our interest-bearing deposits for the year ended December 31, 2023, was 3.21%, compared to 0.72% for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The increase in the average cost of our deposits was primarily the result of the rapidly rising interest rate environment experienced since March 17, 2022, when the Federal Reserve Board started a series of eleven Federal Funds target range rate increases cumulating in a 525 basis point increase to the current target range of 5.25% to 5.50%. Our current deposit rates have not yet completely absorbed all of the market interest rate increases that have occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Average noninterest-bearing deposits during the year ended December 31, 2023, were $2.15 billion, compared to $2.42 billion at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $275.1 million, or 11.4%, and represented 26.0% and 34.1% of average total deposits for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Noninterest-bearing deposits are impacted by the higher interest rate environment, as customers move out of noninterest-bearing deposit balances into higher interest-earning investments.
The following table presents the maturity distribution of our time deposits and the amount of such deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit at December 31, 2023. There were no otherwise uninsured time deposits below the FDIC insurance limit at December 31, 2023. The estimated total amount of uninsured deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022, was $3.58 billion and $4.19 billion, respectively.

(Dollars in thousands) Remaining maturity: | U.S. Time Deposits in Excess of the FDIC Insurance Limit |  | Total Time & Brokered Time Deposits
3 months or less | $ | 82,865 |  |  | $ | 506,313 |
Over 3 through 6 months | 72,627 |  |  | 383,610 |
Over 6 through 12 months | 97,583 |  |  | 422,843 |
Over 12 months | 17,320 |  |  | 100,124 |
Total | $ | 270,395 |  |  | $ | 1,412,890 |

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The following table reflects the estimated total amount of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits for the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Total deposits | $ | 8,251,125 |  |  | $ | 7,775,702 |
Estimated insured deposits: |  |  |
FDIC insured | (3,425,268) |  |  | (3,331,724) |
FDIC insured reciprocal | (801,699) |  |  | (245,621) |
FDIC insured brokered time deposits | (444,989) |  |  | (5,407) |
Total estimated FDIC insured deposits | (4,671,956) |  |  | (3,582,752) |
Estimated FDIC uninsured deposits | 3,579,169 |  |  | 4,192,950 |
Collateralized public funds | (849,603) |  |  | (762,366) |
Estimated uninsured/uncollateralized deposits | $ | 2,729,566 |  |  | $ | 3,430,584 |
Percentage of estimated uninsured/uncollateralized deposits to total deposits | 33.1 | % |  | 44.1 | %

Borrowings
Borrowed funds are summarized as follows:

| December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Short-term FHLB advances | $ | 70,000 |  |  | $ | 550,000 |  |  |
Long-term FHLB advances | 6,474 |  |  | 6,740 |  |  |
GNMA repurchase liability | — |  |  | 24,569 |  |  |
Overnight repurchase agreements with depositors | 7,124 |  |  | 27,921 |  |  |
Correspondent short-term borrowings | — |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |
Total FHLB advances and other borrowings | $ | 83,598 |  |  | $ | 639,230 |  |  |
Subordinated indebtedness, net | $ | 194,279 |  |  | $ | 201,765 |  |  |

Short-term FHLB advances decreased $480.0 million, or 87.3%, at December 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022. During the last few days of the quarter ended September 30, 2023, we made a strategic decision to sell available for sale investment securities with a book value of $181.9 million and realized a loss of $7.2 million, and used the proceeds to pay down FHLB advances.
Our long-term debt consists of advances from the FHLB with original maturities greater than one year and the subordinated indebtedness captioned and described below. Interest rates for FHLB long-term advances outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, ranged from 1.99% to 4.57% and were subject to restrictions or penalties in the event of prepayment.
Overnight repurchase agreements with depositors consist of obligations of ours to depositors and mature on a daily basis. These obligations to depositors carried a daily average interest rate of 2.21% and 0.24% for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, we held 31 unfunded letters of credit from the FHLB totaling $693.6 million with expiration dates ranging from January 14, 2024, to September 22, 2027. These letters of credit either support pledges for our public fund deposits or confirm letters of credit we have issued to support our customers’ businesses. Security for all indebtedness and outstanding commitments to the FHLB consists of a blanket floating lien on all of our first mortgage loans, commercial real estate and other real estate loans, as well as our investment in capital stock of the FHLB and deposit accounts at the FHLB. The net amounts available under our borrowing capacity from the FHLB at December 31, 2023 and 2022, were $2.01 billion and $1.29 billion, respectively.
Additionally, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had the ability to borrow $1.42 billion and $1.23 billion from the discount window at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas ("FRB"), with $1.69 billion and $1.76 billion in commercial and industrial loans pledged as collateral, respectively. There were no borrowings against this line at both December 31, 2023 and 2022.
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Holding Company Line of Credit
The Company has a line of credit under the terms of which the loan amount shall not exceed an aggregate principal balance of $100 million, consisting of an initial $50.0 million extension of credit and any one or more potential incremental revolving loan amounts that the lender may make in its sole discretion, up to an aggregate principal of $50.0 million, upon the request of the Company. The revolving line of credit matures on October 27, 2024, and the Company had no balance outstanding on this revolving credit loan under the Loan Agreement at December 31, 2023, and $30.0 million outstanding at December 31, 2022.
Subordinated Indebtedness
Included in subordinated indebtedness, net in the table above, are $37.6 million of subordinated promissory notes ("BTH Notes") assumed from BTH in conjunction with the merger on August 1, 2022. At December 31, 2023, the Company had BTH Notes of $34.7 million with maturity dates ranging from December 2024 to June 2031. Interest rates on the BTH Notes primarily reprice quarterly and range from Prime +50 bps to Prime +175 bps, with a floor of 3.875% on all the BTH Notes, and ceilings ranging from 6.125% to 6.375%.
In February 2020, Origin Bank completed an offering of $70.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030 (the “4.25% Notes”) to certain investors in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 3(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 4.25% Notes initially bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 4.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears, to but excluding February 15, 2025. From and including February 15, 2025, to but excluding the maturity date or early redemption date, the interest rate will equal the three-month LIBOR rate (provided that in the event the three-month LIBOR is less than zero, the three-month LIBOR will be deemed to be zero) plus 282 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. On June 30, 2023, in conjunction with the customary fallback provision upon the discontinuation of LIBOR, the rate for the floating rate periods from and including February 15, 2025, on these notes transitioned to the three-month term SOFR plus 308 basis points. Origin Bank is entitled to redeem the 4.25% Notes, in whole or in part, on or after February 15, 2025, and to redeem the 4.25% Notes at any time in whole upon certain other specified events. The 4.25% Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes for Origin Bank.
In October 2020, the Company completed of an offering of $80.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.50% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030 (the “4.50% Notes”). The 4.50% Notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.50%, payable semi-annually in arrears, to but excluding November 1, 2025. From and including November 1, 2025, to but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption date, the 4.50% Notes bear a floating interest rate expected to equal the three-month term Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 432 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The Company may redeem the 4.50% Notes at any time upon certain specified events or in whole or in part on or after November 1, 2025. The 4.50% Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes for the Company and a portion of the proceeds was transferred to Origin Bank during the fourth quarter of 2020, which qualifies as Tier 1 capital for regulatory capital purposes for the Bank. During the year ended December 31, 2023, and with the approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Company repurchased $5.0 million of the 4.50% notes in conjunction the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s failed bank resolution process.
On August 1, 2022, the Company assumed BTH’s obligations with respect to $7.2 million in aggregate principal amount of junior subordinated debentures issued to a statutory trust of BTH ("BTH TruPS"). The BTH TruPS and the Company’s two other wholly-owned, unconsolidated subsidiary grantor trusts were established for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities.
For additional information regarding our holding company line of credit, subordinated indebtedness, including the junior subordinated debentures underlying the issuance of trust preferred securities, please see Note 11 — Borrowings in the notes to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Management oversees our liquidity position to ensure adequate cash and liquid assets are available to support our operations and satisfy current and future financial obligations, including demand for loan funding and deposit withdrawals. Management continually monitors, forecasts and tests our liquidity and non-core dependency ratios to ensure compliance with targets established by our Asset-Liability Management Committee and approved by our board of directors.
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Management measures our liquidity position by giving consideration to both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet sources of and demands for funds on a daily and weekly basis. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our cash and liquid securities totaled 10.9% and 12.1% of total assets, respectively, providing liquidity to support our existing operations.
The Company, which is a separate legal entity apart from the Bank, must provide for its own liquidity, including the funding of the payment of any dividends that may be declared for our common stockholders and interest and principal on any outstanding debt or trust preferred securities incurred by the Company. The available cash balances as noted in the table below are available for the general corporate purposes described above, as well as providing capital support to the Bank. In addition, the Company has a line of credit as referenced above under Holding Company Line of Credit.
The table below shows the liquidity measures for the Company at the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Available cash balances at the holding company (unconsolidated) | $ | 87,698 |  |  | $ | 99,810 |
Cash and liquid securities as a percentage of total assets | 10.9 | % |  | 12.1 | %

There are regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends under federal and state laws, regulations and policies. See "Item 1. Business - Regulation and Supervision" above for more information.
Currently, we believe we have sufficient liquidity from our available on- and off-balance sheet liquidity sources, however, should market conditions change, we may take action to enhance our financial flexibility.
In addition to cash generated from operations, we utilize a number of funding sources to manage our liquidity, including core deposits, investment securities, cash and cash equivalents, loan repayments, federal funds lines of credit available from other financial institutions, as well as advances from the FHLB. We may also use the discount window at the FRB as a source of short-term funding.
Core deposits, which are total deposits excluding time deposits greater than $250,000 and brokered deposits, are a major source of funds used to meet cash flow needs. Maintaining the ability to acquire these funds as needed in a variety of markets is the key to assuring our liquidity.
The investment portfolio is another source for meeting our liquidity needs. Monthly payments on mortgage-backed securities are used for short-term liquidity, and our investments are generally traded in active markets that offer a readily available source of cash through sales, if needed. Securities in our investment portfolio are also used to secure certain deposit types, such as deposits from state and local municipalities, and can be pledged as collateral for other borrowing sources.
Other sources available for meeting liquidity needs include long- and short-term advances from the FHLB, and federal funds lines of credit. Long-term funds obtained from the FHLB are primarily used as an alternative source to fund long-term growth of the balance sheet by supporting growth in loans and other long-term interest-earning assets. We typically rely on such funding when the cost of such borrowings compares favorably to the rates that we would be required to pay for other funding sources, including certain deposits. See Note 11 — Borrowings to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report for additional borrowing capacity and outstanding advances at the FHLB.
We also had unsecured federal funds lines of credit available to us, with no amounts outstanding at either December 31, 2023 or 2022. These lines of credit primarily provide short-term liquidity and in order to ensure availability of these funds, we test these lines of credit at least annually. Interest is charged at the prevailing market rate on federal funds purchased and FHLB advances.
Additionally, we had the ability to borrow at the discount window of the FRB using our commercial and industrial loans as collateral. There were no borrowings against this line at December 31, 2023.
In the normal course of business as a financial services provider, we enter into various financial instruments, such as certain contractual obligations and commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, to meet the financing needs of our customers. These commitments are discussed in more detail in Note 18 — Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
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Stockholders’ Equity
Stockholders’ equity provides a source of permanent funding, allows for future growth and provides a degree of protection to withstand unforeseen adverse developments. Changes in stockholders’ equity is reflected below:

(Dollars in thousands) | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | 949,943 |  |
Net income | 83,800 |  |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | 38,852 |  |
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.60 per share) | (18,797) |  |
Other | 9,107 |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 1,062,905 |  |

Stock Repurchases
In July 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase up to $50 million of its outstanding common stock. The shares may be repurchased in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, depending upon market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The stock repurchase program is intended to expire in three years but may be terminated or amended by the Board of Directors at any time. The stock repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any shares at any time.
There were no stock repurchases during the year ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 signed into law during in August 2022 includes a provision for an excise tax equal to 1% of the fair market value of any stock repurchased by covered corporations during a taxable year, subject to certain limits and provisions. The excise tax is effective beginning in 2023. There was no impact to our financial condition or result of operations as a result of this tax.
Regulatory Capital Requirements
Together with the Bank, we are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements may result in certain actions by regulators that, if enforced, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we and the Bank were in compliance with all applicable regulatory capital requirements, and the Bank was classified as “well capitalized” for purposes of the prompt corrective action regulations of the Federal Reserve. As we deploy capital and continue to grow operations, regulatory capital levels may decrease depending on the level of earnings. However, we expect to monitor and control growth in order to remain “well capitalized” under applicable regulatory guidelines and in compliance with all applicable regulatory capital standards. While we are currently classified as “well capitalized,” an extended economic recession could adversely impact our reported and regulatory capital ratios.
The following table presents our regulatory capital ratios, as well as those of the Bank, at the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 1,012,916 |  |  | 11.83 | % |  | $ | 906,859 |  |  | 10.93 | %
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 1,028,729 |  |  | 12.01 |  |  | 922,584 |  |  | 11.12 |
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 1,286,604 |  |  | 15.02 |  |  | 1,180,665 |  |  | 14.23 |
Tier 1 capital (to average total consolidated assets) | 1,028,729 |  |  | 10.50 |  |  | 922,584 |  |  | 9.66 |
Origin Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 1,019,732 |  |  | 11.95 | % |  | $ | 952,579 |  |  | 11.50 | %
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 1,019,732 |  |  | 11.95 |  |  | 952,579 |  |  | 11.50 |
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 1,188,000 |  |  | 13.92 |  |  | 1,109,257 |  |  | 13.39 |
Tier 1 capital (to average total consolidated assets) | 1,019,732 |  |  | 10.45 |  |  | 952,579 |  |  | 9.94 |

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk
As a financial institution, our primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Our financial management policy provides management with guidelines for effective funds management and we have established a measurement system for monitoring the net interest rate sensitivity position.
Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities, and the market value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those which have a short-term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential for economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair market values. The objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the consolidated balance sheets to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income.
We manage exposure to interest rates by structuring the consolidated balance sheet in the ordinary course of business. We may utilize derivative financial instruments as part of an ongoing effort to mitigate interest rate risk exposure to interest rate fluctuations and facilitate the needs of our customers. For more information about our derivative financial instruments, see Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments in the notes to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report. Based on the nature of operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk.
Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed by the Bank’s Asset-Liability Management Committee in accordance with policies approved by the Bank’s board of directors. The committee formulates strategies based on appropriate levels of interest rate risk. In determining the appropriate level of interest rate risk, the committee considers the impact on earnings and capital of the current outlook on interest rates, potential changes in interest rates, regional economies, liquidity, business strategies and other factors.
The committee meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and market values of assets and liabilities, unrealized gains and losses, purchase and sale activities, commitments to originate loans and the maturities of investments and borrowings. Additionally, the committee reviews liquidity, cash flow flexibility, maturities of deposits and consumer and commercial deposit activity. We employ methodologies to manage interest rate risk, which includes an analysis of relationships between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and an interest rate shock simulation model.
We use interest rate risk simulation models and shock analyses to test the interest rate sensitivity of net interest income and fair value of equity, and the impact of changes in interest rates on other financial metrics. Our interest rate risk modeling incorporates a number of assumptions, including the repricing sensitivity of certain assets and liabilities, asset prepayment speeds, and the expected average life of non-maturity deposits. The assumptions used are inherently uncertain, and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies.
On a quarterly basis, we run various simulation models, including a static balance sheet and a dynamic growth balance sheet. These models test the impact on net interest income and fair value of equity from changes in market interest rates under various scenarios. Under the static model, rates are shocked instantaneously and ramped rates change over a twelve-month and twenty-four-month horizon based upon parallel yield curve shifts. Parallel shock scenarios assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario. Additionally, we run a non-parallel simulation involving analysis of interest income and expense under various changes in the shape of the yield curve. Internal policy regarding interest rate risk simulations currently specifies that for instantaneous parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated net interest income at risk for the subsequent one-year period should not decline by more than 8.0% for a 100 basis point shift, 15.0% for a 200 basis point shift, 20.0% for a 300 basis point shift, and 25.0% for a 400 basis point shift. We continue to monitor our asset sensitivity and evaluate strategies to prevent being significantly impacted by future changes in interest rates.
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The following table summarizes the impact of an instantaneous, sustained simulated change in net interest income and fair value of equity over a 12-month horizon at the date indicated.

| December 31, 2023
Change in Interest Rates (basis points) | % Change in Net Interest Income |  | % Change in Fair Value of Equity
+400 | 15.9 | % |  | 4.1 | %
+300 | 11.9 |  |  | 3.5 |
+200 | 8.0 |  |  | 3.0 |
+100 | 0.3 |  |  | (1.1) |
Base |  |  |
-100 | (4.5) |  |  | (2.6) |
-200 | (0.8) |  |  | (0.1) |
-300 | (0.8) |  |  | (1.4) |
-400 | (1.0) |  |  | (2.9) |

We have found that, historically, interest rates on deposits do not change completely in tandem with the changes in the discount and federal funds rates. Overall, interest rates on deposits typically experience lower rate increases than a cumulative full-cycle rising-rate environment exhibits. This assumption is incorporated into the simulation model and is generally not fully reflected in a gap analysis, meaning that process by which we measure the gap between interest rate sensitive assets versus interest rate sensitive liabilities. The assumptions incorporated into the model are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various strategies.
Economic conditions and growth prospects are currently impacted by record inflation and recessionary concerns. Increasing interest rates and rising building costs have caused some slowing in the single family housing market. Furthermore, worker shortages especially in the restaurant, hospitality and retail industries, combined with supply chain disruptions impacting numerous industries, and inflationary conditions has had some impact on the level of economic growth. Ongoing higher inflation levels and higher interest rates could have a negative impact on both our consumer and commercial borrowers.
The Federal Reserve Board sets various benchmark rates, including the Federal Funds rate, and thereby influences the general market rates of interest, including the loan and deposit rates offered by financial institutions and the fair value of our available for sale securities. The Federal Funds target rate range has increased 525 basis points starting with the Federal Reserve Board’s first rate increase in 2022, and in order to remain competitive as market interest rates increased, we increased interest rates paid on our deposits.
Impact of Inflation
Our financial statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which presently requires us to measure the majority of our financial position and operating results primarily in terms of historic dollars. Changes in the relative value of money due to inflation or recession are generally not considered.
Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than the general level of inflation. However, inflation affects financial institutions by increasing their cost of goods and services purchased, as well as the cost of salaries and benefits, occupancy expense, and similar items. Inflation and related increases in interest rates generally decrease the market value of investments and loans held and may adversely affect liquidity, earnings, and stockholders’ equity. In management’s opinion, changes in interest rates affect the financial condition of a financial institution to a far greater degree than changes in the inflation rate. While interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not necessarily change at the same rate or in the same magnitude as the inflation rate. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including changes in the expected rate of inflation, the influence of general and local economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government, its agencies and various other governmental regulatory authorities.
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Market Risk
In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority announced that after 2021 it would no longer compel banks to submit the rates required to calculate the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). Publication of the one week and two month LIBOR offered rates ceased on December 31, 2021, and the publication of the remaining LIBOR offered rates ceased to be representative on June 30, 2023. The Company discontinued the use of LIBOR for new contracts after December 31, 2021, with limited exceptions as permitted by regulatory guidance and internal policy.
Regulators, industry groups and certain committees (e.g., the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (ARRC)) have, among other things, published recommended fallback language for LIBOR-linked financial instruments, identified recommended alternatives for certain LIBOR rates (e.g., AMERIBOR or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as the recommended alternative to U.S. Dollar LIBOR), and proposed implementations of the recommended alternatives in floating rate instruments. Further, the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act, enacted in March 2022, provides a statutory framework to replace U.S. dollar LIBOR with a benchmark rate based on the SOFR for contracts governed by U.S. law that have no or ineffective fallbacks, and in December 2022, the Federal Reserve Board adopted related implementing rules. In addition, where fallback language allows the Bank to select a benchmark rate, the statutory framework grants the authority to select the Board-selected benchmark replacement as the benchmark replacement, including the safe harbor provisions that, among other things, generally provide that such selection or use will not discharge or excuse performance under, give any person the right to unilaterally terminate or suspend performance under, or constitute a breach, of the contract.
Effective July 1, 2023, all remaining LIBOR instruments were transitioned in accordance with the statutory framework established by the Federal Reserve with no material financial impact to the Company. In general, the Company converted the index rate of variable rate loans based on 1-Month LIBOR to an index rate equal to 1-Month Term SOFR as of June 30, 2023. In addition, the Company converted the index rates of variable rate loans based on 3-Month LIBOR and 12-Month LIBOR to index rates equal to 3-Month Term SOFR and 12-Month Term SOFR, respectively, as of June 30, 2023, plus the incremental differences between the corresponding LIBOR and Term SOFR index rates on June 30, 2023. Likewise, all LIBOR-based indexes in the Bank’s swap agreements were converted to appropriate SOFR-based indexes. While we have not had any material issues to-date, the discontinuance of LIBOR could result in customer uncertainty and disputes arising as a consequence of the transition, and could result in damage to our reputation and loss of customers.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Financial Statements
DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
INDEX

| Page
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID 686) | 77
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 81
Consolidated Statements of Income | 82
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 84
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity | 85
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 86
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 88

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee
Origin Bancorp, Inc.
Ruston, Louisiana
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Origin Bancorp, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company’s loan portfolio totaled $7.66 billion as of December 31, 2023, and the allowance for credit losses on loans was $96.9 million. The Company’s unfunded loan commitments totaled $2.4 billion, with an allowance for credit losses of $4.7 million. The Company’s available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities portfolios totaled $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2023, and the allowance for credit losses on securities was $63,000. Together these amounts represent the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”).
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As more fully described in Notes 1, 3, 4, and 18 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates its exposure to expected credit losses as of the balance sheet date, for existing financial instruments held at amortized cost, securities classified as available for sale, and off-balance sheet exposures, such as unfunded loan commitments, letters of credit, and other financial guarantees that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.
The determination of the ACL requires management to exercise significant judgment and consider numerous subjective factors, including determining qualitative factors utilized to adjust historical loss rates, loan credit risk grading, and identifying loans requiring individual evaluation among others. As disclosed by management, different assumptions and conditions could result in a materially different amount for the estimate of the ACL.
We identified the valuation of the ACL at December 31, 2023 as a critical audit matter. Auditing the valuation of the ACL involved a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management's estimates, such as evaluating management's identification of credit quality indicators, grouping of loans determined to be similar into pools, estimating the remaining life of loans in a pool, assessment of economic conditions and other environmental factors, evaluating the adequacy of specific allowances associated with individually evaluated loans, and assessing the appropriateness of loan credit risk grades.
The primary procedures we performed as of December 31, 2023 to address this critical audit matter included:
•Obtained an understanding of the Company’s process for establishing the ACL;
•Tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls, including those related to technology, over the allowance for loan credit losses, including:
◦loan data completeness and accuracy,
◦reconciliation of loan balances accounted for at amortized cost to underlying detail,
◦classifications of loans by loan pool,
◦historical charge-off data,
◦the calculation of loss rates given probability of default and loss given default,
◦review of commercial real-estate appraisals,
◦the calculation of estimated remaining lives of the loans,
◦the establishment of qualitative adjustments,
◦loan credit risk ratings,
◦establishment of specific ACL on individually evaluated loans,
◦and management’s review and disclosure controls over the ACL;
•Tested of completeness and accuracy of the information utilized in the ACL, including evaluating the relevance and reliability of such information;
•Tested the ACL model’s computational accuracy such as probability of default, loss given default, and estimated remaining lives of loans;
•Evaluated the qualitative adjustments to the ACL, including assessing the basis for adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions;
•Tested the loan review functions and evaluated the reasonableness of loan credit risk ratings;
•Evaluated the reasonableness of specific allowances on individually evaluated loans;
•Evaluated the overall reasonableness of assumptions used by management considering trends identified within peer groups;
•Evaluated the accuracy and completeness of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, disclosures in the consolidated financial statements;
•Evaluated credit quality trends in delinquencies, non-accruals, charge-offs, and loan risk ratings;
•Tested estimated utilization rate of unfunded loan commitments;
•Evaluated documentation prepared to assess the methodology utilized by third party performing the ACL calculation for securities for reasonableness.
/s/ FORVIS, LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.
Little Rock, Arkansas
February 28, 2024
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 127,278 |  |  | $ | 150,180 |  |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | 153,163 |  |  | 208,792 |  |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 280,441 |  |  | 358,972 |  |
Securities: |  |  |  |
Available for sale | 1,253,631 |  |  | 1,641,484 |  |
Held to maturity, net allowance for credit losses of $63 and $899 at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively (fair value of $10,848 and $11,970 at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) | 11,615 |  |  | 11,275 |  |
Securities carried at fair value through income | 6,808 |  |  | 6,368 |  |
Total securities | 1,272,054 |  |  | 1,659,127 |  |
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions | 55,190 |  |  | 67,378 |  |
Loans held for sale ($16,852 and $25,389 at fair value at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) | 16,852 |  |  | 49,957 |  |
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $96,868 and $87,161 at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively | 7,564,076 |  |  | 7,002,861 |  |
Premises and equipment, net | 118,978 |  |  | 100,201 |  |
Mortgage servicing rights | 15,637 |  |  | 20,824 |  |
Cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance | 39,905 |  |  | 39,040 |  |
Goodwill | 128,679 |  |  | 128,679 |  |
Other intangible assets, net | 45,452 |  |  | 49,829 |  |
Accrued interest receivable and other assets | 185,320 |  |  | 209,199 |  |
Total assets | $ | 9,722,584 |  |  | $ | 9,686,067 |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | $ | 1,919,638 |  |  | $ | 2,482,475 |  |
Interest-bearing deposits | 4,918,597 |  |  | 4,505,940 |  |
Time deposits | 1,412,890 |  |  | 787,287 |  |
Total deposits | 8,251,125 |  |  | 7,775,702 |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances, repurchase obligations and other borrowings | 83,598 |  |  | 639,230 |  |
Subordinated indebtedness, net | 194,279 |  |  | 201,765 |  |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 130,677 |  |  | 119,427 |  |
Total liabilities | 8,659,679 |  |  | 8,736,124 |  |
Commitments and contingencies - See Note 18 — Commitments and Contingencies | — |  |  | — |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized | — |  |  | — |  |
Common stock ($5.00 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 30,986,109 and 30,746,600 shares issued at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) | 154,931 |  |  | 153,733 |  |
Additional paid‑in capital | 528,578 |  |  | 520,669 |  |
Retained earnings | 500,419 |  |  | 435,416 |  |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (121,023) |  |  | (159,875) |  |
Total stockholders’ equity | 1,062,905 |  |  | 949,943 |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 9,722,584 |  |  | $ | 9,686,067 |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Income
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  |  |
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans |  |  |  |  | $ | 466,815 |  |  | $ | 286,150 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 218,781 |  |  |  |
Investment securities-taxable |  |  |  |  | 31,682 |  |  | 27,795 |  |  |  |  |  | 14,555 |  |  |  |
Investment securities-nontaxable |  |  |  |  | 5,098 |  |  | 7,172 |  |  |  |  |  | 6,337 |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income on assets held in other financial institutions |  |  |  |  | 19,796 |  |  | 5,487 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,983 |  |  |  |
Total interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  | 523,391 |  |  | 326,604 |  |  |  |  |  | 241,656 |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  |  |  | 196,457 |  |  | 33,509 |  |  |  |  |  | 13,418 |  |  |  |
FHLB advances and other borrowings |  |  |  |  | 17,258 |  |  | 9,411 |  |  |  |  |  | 4,654 |  |  |  |
Subordinated indebtedness |  |  |  |  | 10,119 |  |  | 8,406 |  |  |  |  |  | 7,332 |  |  |  |
Total interest expense |  |  |  |  | 223,834 |  |  | 51,326 |  |  |  |  |  | 25,404 |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | 299,557 |  |  | 275,278 |  |  |  |  |  | 216,252 |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  | 16,753 |  |  | 24,691 |  |  |  |  |  | (10,765) |  |  |  |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  | 282,804 |  |  | 250,587 |  |  |  |  |  | 227,017 |  |  |  |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance commission and fee income |  |  |  |  | 25,085 |  |  | 22,869 |  |  |  |  |  | 13,098 |  |  |  |
Service charges and fees |  |  |  |  | 18,803 |  |  | 17,669 |  |  |  |  |  | 15,049 |  |  |  |
Mortgage banking revenue |  |  |  |  | 3,356 |  |  | 6,722 |  |  |  |  |  | 12,927 |  |  |  |
Other fee income |  |  |  |  | 3,871 |  |  | 3,530 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,879 |  |  |  |
Swap fee income |  |  |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 457 |  |  |  |  |  | 814 |  |  |  |
(Loss) gain on sales of securities, net |  |  |  |  | (11,635) |  |  | 1,664 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,748 |  |  |  |
Limited partnership investment (loss) income |  |  |  |  | 405 |  |  | (199) |  |  |  |  |  | 5,701 |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) on sales and disposals of other assets, net |  |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | (175) |  |  |  |  |  | (185) |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of equity investments |  |  |  |  | 10,096 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Other income |  |  |  |  | 7,013 |  |  | 4,737 |  |  |  |  |  | 10,162 |  |  |  |
Total noninterest income |  |  |  |  | 58,335 |  |  | 57,274 |  |  |  |  |  | 62,193 |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Income - Continued
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  |  |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  |  |  | $ | 138,819 |  |  | $ | 118,971 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 93,026 |  |  |  |
Occupancy and equipment, net |  |  |  |  | 26,783 |  |  | 20,203 |  |  |  |  |  | 17,347 |  |  |  |
Data processing |  |  |  |  | 11,590 |  |  | 10,456 |  |  |  |  |  | 9,117 |  |  |  |
Intangible asset amortization |  |  |  |  | 9,628 |  |  | 5,488 |  |  |  |  |  | 844 |  |  |  |
Office and operations |  |  |  |  | 10,834 |  |  | 8,120 |  |  |  |  |  | 6,399 |  |  |  |
Professional services |  |  |  |  | 5,931 |  |  | 3,813 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,644 |  |  |  |
Loan-related expenses |  |  |  |  | 5,035 |  |  | 6,097 |  |  |  |  |  | 7,688 |  |  |  |
Advertising and marketing |  |  |  |  | 5,986 |  |  | 4,431 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,438 |  |  |  |
Electronic banking |  |  |  |  | 4,712 |  |  | 3,958 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,563 |  |  |  |
Franchise tax expense |  |  |  |  | 3,334 |  |  | 3,582 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,538 |  |  |  |
Regulatory assessments |  |  |  |  | 6,456 |  |  | 3,547 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,904 |  |  |  |
Communications |  |  |  |  | 1,527 |  |  | 1,246 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,574 |  |  |  |
Merger-related expense |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 6,171 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Other expenses |  |  |  |  | 4,581 |  |  | 4,336 |  |  |  |  |  | 4,697 |  |  |  |
Total noninterest expense |  |  |  |  | 235,216 |  |  | 200,419 |  |  |  |  |  | 156,779 |  |  |  |
Income before income tax expense |  |  |  |  | 105,923 |  |  | 107,442 |  |  |  |  |  | 132,431 |  |  |  |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  | 22,123 |  |  | 19,727 |  |  |  |  |  | 23,885 |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 83,800 |  |  | $ | 87,715 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 108,546 |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.72 |  |  | $ | 3.29 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4.63 |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  |  |  |  | 2.71 |  |  | 3.28 |  |  |  |  |  | 4.60 |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Dollars in thousands)

|  |  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 83,800 |  |  | $ | 87,715 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 108,546 |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale and transferred securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during the period |  |  |  |  | 37,811 |  |  | (209,097) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (24,061) |  |
Reclassification adjustment for net (gain) loss included in net income |  |  |  |  | 11,635 |  |  | (1,664) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,748) |  |
Change in the net unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale investment securities, before tax |  |  |  |  | 49,446 |  |  | (210,761) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (25,809) |  |
Net gain realized as a yield adjustment in interest on transferred investment securities |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |
Change in the net unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities, before tax |  |  |  |  | 49,436 |  |  | (210,771) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (25,819) |  |
Income tax expense (benefit) related to net unrealized gain (loss) arising during the period |  |  |  |  | 10,382 |  |  | (44,262) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,422) |  |
Change in the net unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities, net of tax |  |  |  |  | 39,054 |  |  | (166,509) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (20,397) |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain arising during the period |  |  |  |  | 867 |  |  | 1,161 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 400 |  |
Reclassification adjustment for net (gain) loss included in net income |  |  |  |  | (1,123) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (204) |  |
Change in the net unrealized (loss) gain on cash flow hedges, before tax |  |  |  |  | (256) |  |  | 1,146 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 604 |  |
Income tax expense related to net unrealized (loss) gain on cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  | (54) |  |  | 241 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 127 |  |
Change in net unrealized net (loss) gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax |  |  |  |  | (202) |  |  | 905 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 477 |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  | 38,852 |  |  | (165,604) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,920) |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | $ | 122,652 |  |  | $ | (77,889) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 88,626 |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |  |
Balance at January 1, 2021 | 23,506,312 |  |  | $ | 117,532 |  |  | $ | 237,341 |  |  | $ | 266,628 |  |  | $ | 25,649 |  |  | $ | 647,150 |  |  |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 108,546 |  |  | — |  |  | 108,546 |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,920) |  |  | (19,920) |  |  |
Stock based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,295 |  |  |
Stock based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld | 12,514 |  |  | 63 |  |  | (63) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld | 87,896 |  |  | 439 |  |  | (2,962) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,523) |  |  |
Stock Issuance - Lincoln Agency Acquisition | 125,386 |  |  | 627 |  |  | 4,646 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,273 |  |  |
Stock Issuance - Pulley-White Acquisition | 51,962 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 1,925 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,185 |  |  |
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.49 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,539) |  |  | — |  |  | (11,539) |  |  |
Repurchase of common stock | (37,568) |  |  | (188) |  |  | (1,068) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,256) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 23,746,502 |  |  | 118,733 |  |  | 242,114 |  |  | 363,635 |  |  | 5,729 |  |  | 730,211 |  |  |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,715 |  |  | — |  |  | 87,715 |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (165,604) |  |  | (165,604) |  |  |
Stock based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,449 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,449 |  |  |
Stock based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld | 36,868 |  |  | 184 |  |  | (184) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld | 142,231 |  |  | 711 |  |  | 2,185 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,896 |  |  |
Shares issued under employee stock purchase program | 26,089 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 736 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 866 |  |  |
Options assumed - BTH Merger | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,687 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,687 |  |  |
Stock issuance - BTH Merger | 6,794,910 |  |  | 33,975 |  |  | 258,682 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 292,657 |  |  |
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.58 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,934) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,934) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 30,746,600 |  |  | 153,733 |  |  | 520,669 |  |  | 435,416 |  |  | (159,875) |  |  | 949,943 |  |  |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 83,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,800 |  |  |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,852 |  |  | 38,852 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,281 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,281 |  |  |
Stock based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld | 60,329 |  |  | 302 |  |  | (696) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (394) |  |  |
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld | 132,967 |  |  | 665 |  |  | 2,437 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,102 |  |  |
Shares issued under employee stock purchase program | 46,213 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 887 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,118 |  |  |
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.60 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,797) |  |  | — |  |  | (18,797) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 30,986,109 |  |  | $ | 154,931 |  |  | $ | 528,578 |  |  | $ | 500,419 |  |  | $ | (121,023) |  |  | $ | 1,062,905 |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Dollars in thousands)

| Years Ended December 31,
Cash flows from operating activities: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income | $ | 83,800 |  |  | $ | 87,715 |  |  | $ | 108,546 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 16,753 |  |  | 24,691 |  |  | (10,765) |
Depreciation and amortization | 17,628 |  |  | 12,305 |  |  | 6,830 |
Net amortization on securities | 6,889 |  |  | 8,734 |  |  | 7,758 |
Accretion of net premium/discount on purchased loans | (2,023) |  |  | (2,840) |  |  | — |
Amortization of investments in tax credit funds | 1,842 |  |  | 1,659 |  |  | 1,825 |
Loss (gain) on sale of securities, net | 11,635 |  |  | (1,664) |  |  | (1,748) |
Deferred income tax expense | 27,714 |  |  | 18,309 |  |  | 6,279 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 5,281 |  |  | 3,449 |  |  | 2,295 |
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale | (187,088) |  |  | (259,202) |  |  | (478,325) |
Proceeds from mortgage loans held for sale | 158,357 |  |  | 264,607 |  |  | 542,638 |
Gain on mortgage loans held for sale, including origination of mortgage servicing rights | (3,819) |  |  | (7,175) |  |  | (17,015) |
Mortgage servicing rights valuation adjustment | 4,089 |  |  | (1,219) |  |  | 2,593 |
Net loss (gain) on disposals of premises and equipment | 2 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 82 |
Increase in the cash surrender value of life insurance | (865) |  |  | (688) |  |  | (810) |
Gain on equity securities without a readily determinable fair value | (10,096) |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |
Net (gain) losses on sales and write-downs of other real estate owned | (66) |  |  | 194 |  |  | 103 |
Gain on fair value of previously held interest in Lincoln Agency | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,213) |
Net change in operating leases | (770) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 124 |
(Increase) decrease in other assets | (6,627) |  |  | (2,099) |  |  | 1,731 |
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities | 7,285 |  |  | (1,105) |  |  | 4,577 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 129,921 |  |  | 145,649 |  |  | 171,486 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Cash acquired in (paid for) business combination | — |  |  | 69,953 |  |  | (7,457) |
Purchases of securities available for sale | (10,981) |  |  | (558,091) |  |  | (717,028) |
Maturities and pay downs of securities available for sale | 137,815 |  |  | 165,328 |  |  | 146,941 |
Proceeds from sales and calls of securities available for sale | 291,189 |  |  | 487,544 |  |  | 44,893 |
Purchase of securities held to maturity | — |  |  | (7,000) |  |  | — |
Maturities, pay downs and calls of securities held to maturity | 486 |  |  | 17,750 |  |  | 15,250 |
Pay downs of securities carried at fair value | 285 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 3,243 |
Net redemption (purchases) of non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions | 23,980 |  |  | (15,818) |  |  | 17,583 |
Originations of mortgage warehouse loans | (6,470,400) |  |  | (9,126,356) |  |  | (16,121,464) |
Proceeds from pay-offs of mortgage warehouse loans | 6,425,300 |  |  | 9,468,569 |  |  | 16,578,387 |
Net (increase) decrease in loans, excluding mortgage warehouse and loans held for sale | (499,558) |  |  | (949,638) |  |  | 55,020 |
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Return of capital and other distributions from limited partnership investments | 1,757 |  |  | 6,668 |  |  | — |
Capital calls on limited partnership investments | (2,644) |  |  | (4,057) |  |  | (225) |
Purchase of low-income housing tax credit investments | (572) |  |  | (3,646) |  |  | (1,254) |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (26,830) |  |  | (8,466) |  |  | (5,015) |
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned | 93 |  |  | 997 |  |  | 3,949 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (130,031) |  |  | (455,988) |  |  | 12,852 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Continued
(Dollars in thousands)

| Years Ended December 31,
Cash flows from financing activities: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net increase (decrease) in deposits | $ | 475,423 |  |  | $ | (361,450) |  |  | $ | 819,378 |
Repayments on long-term FHLB advances | (266) |  |  | (250,257) |  |  | (13,716) |
Proceeds from short-term FHLB advances | 6,065,000 |  |  | 10,025,000 |  |  | 5,726,000 |
Repayments on short-term FHLB advances | (6,545,000) |  |  | (9,475,000) |  |  | (6,376,000) |
Repurchase of subordinated debentures, net | (4,729) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Maturities of subordinated debentures | (2,625) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
(Repayments on) proceeds from other short-term borrowings | (30,000) |  |  | 30,000 |  |  | — |
Net (decrease) increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase | (20,797) |  |  | 8,339 |  |  | 1,039 |
Dividends paid | (18,567) |  |  | (15,887) |  |  | (11,525) |
Cash received from exercise of stock options | 3,140 |  |  | 2,948 |  |  | 146 |
Common stock repurchased | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,256) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (78,421) |  |  | (36,307) |  |  | 144,066 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (78,531) |  |  | (346,646) |  |  | 328,404 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 358,972 |  |  | 705,618 |  |  | 377,214 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 280,441 |  |  | $ | 358,972 |  |  | $ | 705,618 |
Interest paid | $ | 215,479 |  |  | $ | 50,104 |  |  | $ | 26,265 |
Income taxes paid (refund) | 383 |  |  | (6,261) |  |  | 21,164 |
Significant non-cash transactions: |  |  |  |  |
Unsettled liability for investment purchases recorded at trade date | — |  |  | 751 |  |  | 8,191 |
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans | 3,243 |  |  | 675 |  |  | 3,889 |
Decrease in Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) repurchase obligation | (24,569) |  |  | (18,786) |  |  | (12,130) |
Recognition of operating right-of-use assets | 20,568 |  |  | 13,428 |  |  | 5,776 |
Recognition of operating lease liabilities | 20,653 |  |  | 13,643 |  |  | 6,310 |
Total assets acquired in BTH merger | — |  |  | 1,846,598 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities assumed in BTH merger | — |  |  | 1,633,340 |  |  | — |
Common stock issued in BTH merger as consideration | — |  |  | 292,657 |  |  | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations. Origin Bancorp, Inc. ("Company") is a financial holding company headquartered in Ruston, Louisiana. The Company’s wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Origin Bank ("Bank"), was founded in 1912 in Choudrant, Louisiana. Deeply rooted in Origin’s history is a culture committed to providing personalized relationship banking to businesses, municipalities, and personal clients to enrich the lives of the people in the communities it serves. The Company provides a broad range of financial services and currently has over 60 locations from Dallas/Fort Worth, East Texas and Houston, across North Louisiana and into Mississippi. In early 2024, we entered our new Southeast market with two planned banking locations in Mobile, Alabama and Fort Walton Beach, Florida. The Company principally operates in one business segment, community banking.
Basis of Presentation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all other entities in which Origin Bancorp, Inc. has a controlling financial interest, including the Bank, and Forth Insurance, LLC, formerly known as Davison Insurance Agency, LLC and doing business as Lincoln Agency, LLC, Lincoln Agency Transportation Insurance, Pulley-White Insurance Agency, Reeves, Coon & Funderburg, Simoneaux & Wallace Agency and Thomas & Farr Agency. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s accounting and financial reporting policies conform, in all material respects, to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and to general practices within the financial services industry. The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued.
Reclassifications. Certain amounts previously reported have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or stockholders’ equity.
Variable Interest Entities. The Company determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity ("VIE") under U.S. GAAP. Voting interest entities are entities in which the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance itself independently and provides the equity holders with the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make decisions about the entity’s activities. The Company consolidates voting interest entities in which it has all, or at least a majority of, the voting interest. As defined in applicable accounting standards, VIEs are entities that lack one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when an enterprise has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The enterprise with a controlling financial interest, known as the primary beneficiary, consolidates the VIE. The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries CTB Statutory Trust I, First Louisiana Statutory Trust I and BT Holdings Trust I are VIEs for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the accounts of these trusts are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Operating Segments. Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Bank is the only significant subsidiary upon which management makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Individual bank branches offer a group of similar services, including commercial, real estate and consumer loans, time deposits, checking and savings accounts, all with similar operating and economic characteristics. While the chief operating decision-maker monitors the revenue streams of the various products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the community banking services and branch locations are considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment, community banking.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and disclosures provided, including the accompanying notes, and actual results could differ. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change include the allowance for credit losses for loans and available for sale securities; fair value measurements of assets and liabilities; and income taxes. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically and the effects of revisions are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in the period they are deemed necessary. While management uses its best judgment, actual results could differ from those estimates.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Cash and Cash Equivalents. For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all cash on hand, demand deposits with other banks, federal funds sold and short-term interest-bearing cash items with an original maturity less than 90 days to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains deposits with other financial institutions in amounts that exceed federal deposit insurance coverage. Furthermore, federal funds sold are essentially uncollateralized loans to other financial institutions. Management regularly evaluates the credit risk associated with the counterparties to these transactions and believes that the Company is not exposed to any significant credit risks on cash and cash equivalents.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company had cash collateral required to be held with counterparties on certain derivative transactions as discussed in Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments.
Securities. The Company accounts for debt and equity securities as follows:
Available for Sale ("AFS") - Debt securities that will be held for indefinite periods of time, including securities that may be sold in response to changes in market interest or prepayment rates, needs for liquidity and changes in the availability of and the yield of alternative investments are classified as AFS. These assets are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined using published quotes. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on other methods including, but not limited to the discounting of cash flows. Unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities are excluded from earnings and reported net of tax in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income until realized. Please see the paragraphs under Allowance for Credit Losses referenced below in this footnote for information on the allowance for credit losses pertaining to AFS securities.
Held to Maturity ("HTM") - Debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity are classified as HTM and are carried at their remaining unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premiums or unaccredited discounts. Please see the paragraphs under Allowance for Credit Losses referenced below in this footnote for information on the allowance for credit losses pertaining to HTM securities.
Securities Carried at Fair Value through Income - Debt securities for which the Company has elected the fair value option for accounting are classified as securities carried at fair value through income. Management has elected the fair value option for these items to offset the corresponding change in fair value of related interest rate swap agreements. Fair value is determined using discounted cash flows and credit quality indicators. Changes in fair value are reported through the consolidated statements of income as a part of other noninterest income.
Interest income on securities includes amortization of purchase premiums and discounts. Premiums and discounts on securities are generally amortized using the interest method with a constant effective yield without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to their earliest call date. A security is placed on nonaccrual status if (i) principal or interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more or (ii) full payment of principal and interest is not expected. The Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of debt securities and report accrued interest in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on nonaccrual status is reversed against interest income. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and are recorded in noninterest income on the trade date.
Non-marketable Equity Securities Held in Other Financial Institutions. Securities with limited marketability, such as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas ("FRB") or the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas ("FHLB"), are carried at cost, less impairment, if any. These investments in stock do not have readily determinable fair values. The Company’s remaining equity investments in other financial institutions, excluding FRB and FHLB, totaling $25.9 million and $15.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, qualify for the practicability exception under Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-01 due to having illiquid markets and are carried at cost, less impairment, plus or minus any observable price changes. The carrying value of these securities was evaluated and determined not to be impaired during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Loans Held for Sale. Loans held for sale include mortgage loans and are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded in the consolidated statements of income. Please see Mortgage Servicing Rights and Transfers of Financial Assets below for information on the GNMA repurchase asset, which represented the difference between the total loans held for sale and the loans held for sale at fair value, which are both shown on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Forward commitments to sell mortgage loans are acquired to reduce market risk on mortgage loans in the process of origination and mortgage loans held for sale. The forward commitments acquired by the Company for mortgage loans in process of origination are mandatory forward commitments, and the Company is required to substitute another loan or to buy back the commitment if the original loan does not fund. Typically, the Company delivers the mortgage loans within a few days after the loans are funded. These commitments are derivative instruments carried at fair value.
Gains and losses resulting from sales of mortgage loans are realized when the respective loans are sold to investors. Gains and losses are determined by the difference between the selling price (including the fair value of any items such as mortgage servicing rights) and the carrying amount of the loans sold. Fees received from borrowers to guarantee the funding of mortgage loans held for sale are recognized as income or expense when the loans are sold or when it becomes evident that the commitment will not be used.
Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans. The Company accounts for its mergers/acquisitions under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, are recorded at fair value. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company records a discount or premium and also an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. All purchased loans are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.
Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. The Company evaluates acquired loans for deterioration in credit quality based on any of, but not limited to, the following: (1) non-accrual status; (2) troubled debt restructured designation; (3) risk ratings of special mention, substandard or doubtful; (4) watchlist credits; and (5) delinquency status, including loans that are current on merger/ acquisition date, but had been previously delinquent two times 60 days. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other individually evaluated loans.
The Non-PCD model utilizes data from the Bank in order to determine the probability of default and loss given default to be used in the calculation. The initial allowance for credit losses, determined on a collective basis, is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses.
Loans. Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or payoff, are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances adjusted for charge-offs, the allowance for credit losses, and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, and certain direct origination costs, are deferred and amortized as a yield adjustment over the lives of the related loans using the interest method. Late fees are recognized as income when earned, assuming collectability is reasonably assured.
In addition to loans issued in the normal course of business, the Company considers overdrafts on customer deposit accounts to be loans and classifies these overdrafts as loans in its consolidated balance sheets.
Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition, after giving consideration to economic and business conditions and collection efforts, is such that collection of interest is doubtful, or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status even if the contractual payments are not past due if information becomes available that causes substantial doubt about the borrower’s ability to meet the contractual obligations of the loan. Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the contractual principal or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. When accrual of interest is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. Interest income on nonaccrual loans may be recognized to the extent cash payments are received, but payments received are usually applied to principal. Nonaccrual loans are generally returned to accrual status when payments are considered current, the customer has made required payments for at least six months, and the Company reasonably expects to collect all principal and interest. If a loan is determined by management to be uncollectible, regardless of size, the portion of the loan determined to be uncollectible is then charged to the allowance for loan credit losses.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Allowance for Credit Losses. The allowance for loan credit losses represents the estimated losses for financial assets accounted for on an amortized cost basis. Expected losses are calculated using relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The Company evaluates loans held for investment ("LHFI") on a pool basis with pools of loans characterized by loan type, collateral, industry, internal credit risk rating and Fair Isaac Corporation ("FICO") score. Historical loss rates for each pool are calculated based on charge-off and recovery data beginning with the second quarter of 2012. These loss rates are adjusted for differences between current period conditions, including the economic forecast and the conditions existing during the historical loss period. Historical losses are additionally adjusted for the effects of certain economic variables forecast over a one-year period. Subsequent to the forecast effects, historical loss rates are used to estimate losses over the estimated remaining lives of the loans. The estimated remaining lives consist of the contractual lives, adjusted for estimated prepayments. Loans that exhibit characteristics different from their pool characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Certain of these loans are considered to be collateral dependent with the borrower experiencing financial difficulty. For these loans, the fair value of collateral practical expedient is elected whereby the allowance is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost exceeds the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell (if applicable). Those individual loans that are not collateral dependent are evaluated based on a discounted cash flow methodology. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. Loans are charged off against the allowance for credit losses when management believes the principal balance is unlikely to be collected. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.
Delinquency statistics are updated at least monthly and are the most meaningful indicator of the credit quality of one-to-four single-family residential, home equity loans and lines of credit and other consumer loans. Internal risk ratings are considered the most meaningful indicator of credit quality for commercial and industrial, construction, and commercial real estate loans. Internal risk ratings are a key factor in identifying loans that are individually evaluated for credit loss and impact management’s estimates of loss factors used in determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses. Internal risk ratings are updated on a regular basis.
ASU No. 2022-02 eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings and enhanced disclosure requirements for certain loan modifications. The Company may provide modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the form of principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, or term extensions. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses. In some cases, the Company may provide multiple types of concessions on one loan. The Company will evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The Company assesses all loan modifications to determine whether they were made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
The allowance for off-balance sheet exposures was determined using the same methodology that is applied to LHFI. Utilization rates are determined based on historical usage.
The Company evaluates the portfolio of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, on a quarterly basis, to determine if it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the securities’ amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS securities that do not meet the criteria, the Company evaluates relevant factors to determine if the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, such factors as extent of the loss, adverse conditions related to the entity, industry or geographic region, security structure, ratings and changes by a rating agency and past performance are considered. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized costs basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded and reflected in income as provision for credit loss expense.
The Company measures the expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. These amounts are established as an allowance for credit losses and included in earnings as provision for credit loss expense.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Premises and Equipment, net. Land is carried at cost. Buildings and improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 15 to 39 years. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and depreciated using the straight-line method over the terms of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to seven years.
Leases. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease assets are included in accrued interest receivable and other assets, operating lease liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to recognize short-term lease assets and liabilities (less than a 12-month term) or immaterial equipment and server space leases in its consolidated balance sheets; instead, the Company recognizes the lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. The Company has no material finance leases.
Right of use ("ROU") assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses an estimated incremental collateralized borrowing rate, which is derived from information available at the lease commencement date and gives consideration to the applicable FHLB borrowing rates, when determining the present value of lease payments.
The Company’s lease terms include options to extend a lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees. All of the Company’s operating long-term leases are real estate leases, which are accounted for as a single lease component.
Mortgage Servicing Rights and Transfers of Financial Assets. Gains or losses on "servicing-retained" loan sale transactions generally include a component reflecting the differential between the contractual interest rate of the loan and the interest rate to be received by the investor. The present value of the estimated future profit for servicing the loans is also taken into account in determining the amount of gain or loss on the sale of these loans. For loans sold servicing-retained, the fair value of mortgage servicing rights is recorded as an asset, with their value estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology to arrive at the present value of future expected earnings from the servicing of the loans. Significant model inputs include prepayment speeds, discount rates, and servicing costs. Servicing revenues are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned.
Loans sold into the secondary market are considered transfers of financial assets. These transfers are accounted for as sales when control over the asset has been surrendered, which is deemed to have occurred when: an asset does not have any claims to it by the transferor or their creditors, including in bankruptcy or other receivership situations; the transferee obtains the unconditional right to pledge or exchange the asset; or the transfer does not include a repurchase provision above the limited recourse provisions of these loan sales.
GNMA optional repurchase programs allow financial institutions to buy back individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria from the securitized loan pool for which the institution provides servicing. At the servicer’s option and without GNMA’s prior authorization, the servicer may repurchase a delinquent loan for an amount equal to 100% of the remaining principal balance of the loan. This buy-back option is considered a conditional option until the delinquency criteria are met, at which time the option becomes unconditional. When a financial institution is deemed to have regained effective control over these loans under the unconditional buy-back option, the loans can no longer be reported as sold and must be included in the consolidated balance sheets as mortgage loans held for sale, regardless of whether the institution intends to exercise the buy-back option. These loans were recorded as mortgage loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value with a corresponding liability in FHLB advances and other borrowings on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, the Company entered into a contract to sell substantially all of its GNMA mortgage servicing rights portfolio, recognized an impairment of $2.0 million, and met all final sale conditions in early 2023. The sale was completed in February 2023. The Company sold approximately $1.8 million in GNMA mortgage servicing rights, representing $453.3 million in unpaid principal balances, with no significant additional gain or loss realized, and derecognized the related GNMA repurchase asset and offsetting liability of $24.6 million.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities. All derivatives are recorded on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. During the term of a cash flow hedge contract, the effective portion of changes in fair value in the derivative instrument are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income. Changes in the fair value of derivatives to which hedge accounting does not apply are recognized immediately in earnings. Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments describes the derivative instruments currently used by the Company and discloses how these derivatives impact its consolidated balance sheets and statements of income.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. Goodwill, which represents the excess of cost over the fair value of the net assets of an acquired business, is not amortized but evaluated for potential impairment on an annual basis, which is typically October 1 for the Company, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that there may be impairment.
Other intangible assets, such as core deposit intangibles and relationship based intangibles, are amortized on a basis consistent with the receipt of economic benefit to the Company. Such assets are evaluated at least annually as to the recoverability of their carrying value for potential impairment. In the quarter following the period in which identified intangible assets become fully amortized, the fully amortized balances are removed from the gross asset and accumulated amortization amounts.
Other Real Estate Owned. Other real estate owned ("OREO") represents properties acquired through foreclosure or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure on loans on which the borrowers have defaulted as to payment of principal and interest. OREO also includes bank-owned real estate which the Company is no longer utilizing and intends to sell. These properties are initially recorded at fair value, less cost to sell, at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Fair value is determined based on third-party appraisals. Any valuation adjustments required at the date of transfer from loans to OREO are charged to the allowance for credit losses. Any subsequent write-downs to reflect current fair value, or gains and losses on the sale of the properties are charged to noninterest income. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance of OREO was $3.9 million and $806,000, respectively, and included as a component of accrued interest receivable and other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Overnight Repurchase Agreements with Depositors. The Company enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Company may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates it to repurchase the assets. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase generally mature on the banking day following that on which the investment was initially sold and are treated as collateralized financing transactions which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were sold plus accrued interest. Interest rates and maturity dates of the securities involved vary and are not intended to be matched with funds from customers.
Revenue Recognition. In general, for revenue not associated with financial instruments, guarantees and lease contracts, the Company applies the following steps when recognizing revenue from contracts with customers: (i) identify the contract, (ii) identify the performance obligations, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations and (v) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied. Our contracts with customers are generally short-term in nature, typically due within one year or less or cancellable by us or our customer upon a short notice period. Performance obligations for our customer contracts are generally satisfied at a single point in time, typically when the transaction is complete, or over time. Descriptions of the Company’s revenue generating activities that are within the scope of the revenue recognition standard are described below.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Service charges and fees on deposit accounts
Service charges and fees on deposit accounts are primarily comprised of maintenance fees, service fees, stop payment and insufficient funds fees. The Company’s performance obligation for service fees or other fees covering a period of time are generally satisfied, and related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. The Company’s performance obligations for transactional-based fees are generally satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time.
Insurance commission and fee income
The Company earns commission income through production on behalf of insurance carriers and also earns fee income by providing complementary services such as collection of premiums. In most instances, the Company considers the performance obligation to be complete at the time the service was rendered.
Credit card interchange income
The Company records credit card interchange income at a point in time as card transactions occur. The Company’s performance obligation for these transactions is deemed to have occurred upon completion of each transaction. The amounts are included as a component of other income in the consolidated statements of income.
Gain or loss on sale of other assets and OREO
In the normal course of business, the Company recognizes the sale on other assets and OREO, along with any gain or loss, when control of the property transfers to the buyer through an executed contractual agreement. The transaction price is fixed, and the Company may finance a portion of the purchase price of the transferred asset on an infrequent basis.
Mortgage Banking Revenue. This revenue category primarily reflects the Company’s mortgage production, sales and mortgage servicing revenue, including fees and income derived from mortgages originated with the intent to sell, mortgage sales and servicing, and the impact of risk management activities associated with the mortgage pipeline and mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs"). This revenue category also includes gains and losses on sales and changes in fair value for mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell and measured at fair value under the fair value option. Changes in the fair value of MSRs are reported in mortgage banking revenue. Net interest income from mortgage loans is recorded in interest income.
Income Taxes. Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is "more likely than not" that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the "more likely than not" test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company did not have any amount accrued with respect to uncertain income tax positions at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters as a component of noninterest expense. There were no penalties or related interest for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021. Federal income tax expense or benefit has been allocated to subsidiaries on a separate return basis.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Stock-Based Compensation. The cost of employee services received in exchange for stock options, restricted stock and performance stock grants and/or units are measured using the fair value of the award on the grant date and is recognized over the service period.
Other Investments. The Company accounts for investments in limited partnerships, limited liability companies ("LLCs"), and other privately held companies using either the equity method of accounting or at amortized cost net of impairments and observable price changes. The accounting treatment depends upon the Company’s percentage ownership or degree of management influence.
Under the equity method of accounting, the Company records its initial investment at cost. Subsequently, the carrying amount of the investment is increased or decreased to reflect its share of income or loss of the investee. The Company’s recognition of earnings or losses from an equity method investment is based on its ownership percentage in the investee and the investee’s earnings for the reporting period, and is recorded on a one-quarter lag.
All of the Company’s investments in limited partnerships, LLCs, and other companies are privately held, and their fair values are not readily available. Management evaluates the investments in investees for impairment based on the investee’s ability to generate cash through its operations or obtain alternative financing, and other subjective factors. There are inherent risks associated with investments in such companies, which may result in volatility in the consolidated statements of income in future periods.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, investments in limited partnerships, LLCs and other privately held companies totaled $22.2 million and $20.9 million, respectively, and were included in accrued interest receivable and other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Investments in Tax Credit Entities. As part of its Community Reinvestment Act responsibilities and due to their favorable economic characteristics, the Company invests in tax credit-motivated projects primarily in the markets it serves. These projects are directed at tax credits issued under Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (“LIHTC”). The Company generates returns on tax credit motivated projects through the receipt of federal, and if applicable, state tax credits. The federal tax credits are recorded as an offset to the income tax provision in the year that they are earned under federal income tax law – over 10 to 15 years beginning in the year in which rental activity commences. These credits, if not used in the tax return for the year of origination, can be carried forward for 20 years.
The Company invests in a tax credit entity, usually an LLC, which owns the real estate. The Company receives a nonvoting interest in the entity that must be retained during the compliance period for the credits (15 years for Low-Income Housing Tax Credit programs). Control of the tax credit entity rests in the 0.1% interest general partner, who has the power and authority to make decisions that impact economic performance of the project and is required to oversee and manage the project. Due to the lack of any voting, economic, or managerial control, and due to the contractual reduction in the investment, the Company accounts for its investment by amortizing the investment, beginning at the issuance of the certificate of occupancy of the project, over the compliance period, as management believes any potential residual value in the real estate will have limited value. Amortization is included as a component of income tax expense.
The Company has the risk of credit recapture if the project does not maintain compliance during the compliance period. No such events have occurred to date. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had investments in tax credit entities of $7.6 million and $9.4 million, respectively, which are included in accrued interest receivable and other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Earnings Per Share. Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated using the treasury method, under which basic earnings per share is calculated as net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under stock options and restricted stock awards and units.
Diluted income per common share considers common stock issuable under the assumed release of unvested restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance stock units, shares potentially issuable under the employee stock purchase plan, and the assumed exercise of stock options granted. The dilutive effect of share-based payment awards that are not deemed to be participating securities is calculated using the treasury stock method, which assumes that the proceeds from exercise are used to purchase common stock at the average market price for the period. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share in periods in which the effect would be anti-dilutive.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Effect of Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
ASU No. 2021-06, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Financial Services —Depository and Lending(Topic 942), and Financial Services — Investment Companies (Topic 946) —Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Final Rule Releases No. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses, and No. 33-10835, Update of Statistical Disclosures for Bank and Savings and Loan Registrants amends the Accounting Standards Codification in order to agree the Codification to the new SEC releases 33-10786 and 33-10835 (the "Releases"). The Releases clearly define whether an acquired or disposed business subsidiary is significant; update, expand and eliminate certain disclosures; eliminate overlap with certain SEC and U.S. GAAP rules; and add a new subpart of Regulation S-K. The ASU is effective upon issuance, however, the SEC release on which the ASU is based is effective for registrants with the first fiscal year ending after December 15, 2021, while Guide 3 was rescinded effective January 1, 2023. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company’s financial statement disclosures.
ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805) — Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this Update affect accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination by addressing diversity in practice and inconsistency related to recognition of an acquired contract liability and payment terms and their effect on subsequent revenue recognized by the acquirer. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.
ASU No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) — Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method. The amendments in this Update clarify the accounting for and promote consistency in the reporting of hedge basis adjustments applicable to both a single hedged layer and multiple hedged layers. Additionally, this Update allows entities to elect to apply the portfolio layer method of hedge accounting in accordance with Topic 815. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.
ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) — Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments in this Update eliminate the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Specifically, rather than applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, an entity must apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance in paragraphs 310-20-35-9 through 35-11 to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Measured at Amortized Cost. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.
Effect of Newly Issued But Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards
ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 — The amendments in this Update provide temporary relief during the transition period in complying with Update No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The Board included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. At the time that Update 2020-04 was issued, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) had established its intent that it would no longer be necessary to persuade, or compel, banks to submit to LIBOR after December 31, 2021. As a result, the sunset provision was set for December 31, 2022 - 12 months after the expected cessation date of all currencies and tenors of LIBOR. In March 2021, the FCA announced that the intended cessation date of the overnight 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month tenors of USD LIBOR would be June 30, 2023, which is beyond the current sunset date of Topic 848.
Because the current relief in Topic 848 may not cover a period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the amendments in this Update defer the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. The ASU is effective immediately. Implementation of this ASU is not expected to materially impact the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
ASU No. 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method — The amendments in this Update allow entities to elect to account for equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the tax credit program through which the investment earns income tax credits, if certain conditions are met. The amendments in this Update also eliminate certain LIHTC-specific guidance to align the accounting more closely for LIHTCs with the accounting for other equity investments in tax credit structures and require that the delayed equity contribution guidance apply only to tax equity investments accounted for using the proportional amortization method. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Implementation of this ASU is not expected to materially impact the Company's financial statements or disclosures.
ASU No. 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative — The amendments in this Update modify the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification. Certain of the amendments represent clarifications to or technical corrections of the current requirements. Because of the variety of Topics amended, a broad range of entities may be affected by one or more of those amendments. The effective date of this ASU will be coincident with the removal of the related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. Implementation of this ASU is not expected to materially impact the Company's financial statements or disclosures.
ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures — The amendments in this Update improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this Update:
1.Require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss (collectively referred to as the “significant expense principle”).
2.Require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the segment expenses disclosed under the significant expense principle and each reported measure of segment profit or loss.
3.Require that a public entity provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods.
4.Clarify that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. However, at least one of the reported segment profit or loss measures (or the single reported measure, if only one is disclosed) should be the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles used in measuring the corresponding amounts in the public entity’s consolidated financial statements. In other words, in addition to the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), a public entity is not precluded from reporting additional measures of a segment’s profit or loss that are used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.
5.Require that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.
6.Require that a public entity that has a single reportable segment provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in this Update and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280.
The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Retrospective application to all periods presented in the financial statements is required. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures — The amendments in this Update, on an annual basis, require that public business entities (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Specifically, public business entities are required to disclose a tabular reconciliation, using both percentages and reporting currency amounts, for specific listed categories.
The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 2 — Earnings Per Share
Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated using the treasury method. Under the treasury method, basic earnings per share is calculated as net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under the Company’s stock and incentive compensation plans. Information regarding the Company’s basic and diluted earnings per common share is presented in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 83,800 |  |  | $ | 87,715 |  |  |  |  | $ | 108,546 |  |  |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  | 30,822,993 |  |  | 26,627,476 |  |  |  |  | 23,431,504 |  |  |
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards |  |  |  |  |  | 108,612 |  |  | 133,116 |  |  |  |  | 177,082 |  |  |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  | 30,931,605 |  |  | 26,760,592 |  |  |  |  | 23,608,586 |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.72 |  |  | $ | 3.29 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4.63 |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  | 2.71 |  |  | 3.28 |  |  |  |  | 4.60 |  |  |

There were 442,909, 9,881 and 2,085 shares of anti-dilutive stock-based awards excluded from calculation of earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, primarily due to the stock price of the stock awards exceeding the average market price of the Company’s stock during the respective periods.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 3 — Securities
The following table is a summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value, including the allowance for credit losses and gross unrealized gains and losses, of available for sale, held to maturity and securities carried at fair value through income for the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2023 | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Net Carrying Amount |  |
Available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 323,356 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | (41,440) |  |  | $ | 282,126 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 282,126 |  |  |
Corporate bonds | 92,244 |  |  | 80 |  |  | (8,689) |  |  | 83,635 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,635 |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | 84,377 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (4,740) |  |  | 79,640 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,640 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 104,459 |  |  | — |  |  | (11,063) |  |  | 93,396 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,396 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 569,622 |  |  | — |  |  | (63,120) |  |  | 506,502 |  |  | — |  |  | 506,502 |  |  |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | 39,386 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,203) |  |  | 35,183 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,183 |  |  |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | 150,710 |  |  | — |  |  | (20,566) |  |  | 130,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 130,144 |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 43,521 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (520) |  |  | 43,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,005 |  |  |
Total | $ | 1,407,675 |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | (154,341) |  |  | $ | 1,253,631 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,253,631 |  |  |
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 11,678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (830) |  |  | $ | 10,848 |  |  | $ | (63) |  |  | $ | 11,615 |  |  |
Securities carried at fair value through income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities(1) | $ | 6,815 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,808 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,808 |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 447,086 |  |  | $ | 996 |  |  | $ | (58,605) |  |  | $ | 389,477 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 389,477 |  |  |
Corporate bonds | 89,449 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,191) |  |  | 82,258 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,258 |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | 264,755 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (16,339) |  |  | 248,420 |  |  | — |  |  | 248,420 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 105,536 |  |  | — |  |  | (13,593) |  |  | 91,943 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,943 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 649,765 |  |  | — |  |  | (77,462) |  |  | 572,303 |  |  | — |  |  | 572,303 |  |  |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | 44,330 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,517) |  |  | 38,813 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,813 |  |  |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | 170,136 |  |  | — |  |  | (23,766) |  |  | 146,370 |  |  | — |  |  | 146,370 |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 73,918 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,018) |  |  | 71,900 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,900 |  |  |
Total | $ | 1,844,975 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | (204,491) |  |  | $ | 1,641,484 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,641,484 |  |  |
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 12,174 |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | (482) |  |  | $ | 11,970 |  |  | $ | (899) |  |  | $ | 11,275 |  |  |
Securities carried at fair value through income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities(1) | $ | 7,100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,368 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,368 |  |  |

________________________
(1)Securities carried at fair value through income have no unrealized gains or losses at the consolidated balance sheet dates as all changes in value have been recognized in the consolidated statements of income. See Note 5 — Fair Value of Financial Instruments for more information.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Securities with unrealized losses at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, aggregated by investment category and those individual securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months, and for 12 months or more, were as follows.

| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2023 | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss
Available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 27,106 |  |  | $ | (266) |  |  | $ | 246,442 |  |  | $ | (41,174) |  |  | $ | 273,548 |  |  | $ | (41,440) |
Corporate bonds | 4,254 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 74,566 |  |  | (8,636) |  |  | 78,820 |  |  | (8,689) |
U.S. government and agency securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77,340 |  |  | (4,740) |  |  | 77,340 |  |  | (4,740) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,396 |  |  | (11,063) |  |  | 93,396 |  |  | (11,063) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 60 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 506,442 |  |  | (63,115) |  |  | 506,502 |  |  | (63,120) |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,183 |  |  | (4,203) |  |  | 35,183 |  |  | (4,203) |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130,144 |  |  | (20,566) |  |  | 130,144 |  |  | (20,566) |
Asset-backed securities | 7,350 |  |  | (52) |  |  | 31,618 |  |  | (468) |  |  | 38,968 |  |  | (520) |
Total | $ | 38,770 |  |  | $ | (376) |  |  | $ | 1,195,131 |  |  | $ | (153,965) |  |  | $ | 1,233,901 |  |  | $ | (154,341) |
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 4,717 |  |  | $ | (447) |  |  | $ | 6,131 |  |  | $ | (383) |  |  | $ | 10,848 |  |  | $ | (830) |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 171,079 |  |  | $ | (14,947) |  |  | $ | 175,011 |  |  | $ | (43,658) |  |  | $ | 346,090 |  |  | $ | (58,605) |
Corporate bonds | 69,618 |  |  | (5,581) |  |  | 11,640 |  |  | (1,610) |  |  | 81,258 |  |  | (7,191) |
U.S. government and agency securities | 152,471 |  |  | (7,373) |  |  | 95,576 |  |  | (8,966) |  |  | 248,047 |  |  | (16,339) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 37,083 |  |  | (3,416) |  |  | 54,860 |  |  | (10,177) |  |  | 91,943 |  |  | (13,593) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 231,848 |  |  | (20,465) |  |  | 340,455 |  |  | (56,997) |  |  | 572,303 |  |  | (77,462) |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | 21,999 |  |  | (2,516) |  |  | 16,814 |  |  | (3,001) |  |  | 38,813 |  |  | (5,517) |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | 48,749 |  |  | (3,928) |  |  | 97,621 |  |  | (19,838) |  |  | 146,370 |  |  | (23,766) |
Asset-backed securities | 62,047 |  |  | (1,528) |  |  | 9,853 |  |  | (490) |  |  | 71,900 |  |  | (2,018) |
Total | $ | 794,894 |  |  | $ | (59,754) |  |  | $ | 801,830 |  |  | $ | (144,737) |  |  | $ | 1,596,724 |  |  | $ | (204,491) |
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 6,518 |  |  | $ | (482) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,518 |  |  | $ | (482) |

At December 31, 2023, the Company had 602 individual securities that were in an unrealized loss position. Management evaluates available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions to determine whether the impairment is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Consideration is given to (1) the extent to which the fair value is less than the cost, and (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.
Management does not currently intend to sell any securities in an unrealized loss position and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Accordingly, at December 31, 2023, management believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous table are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in interest rates and other market conditions.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities.

(Dollars in thousands) | Municipal Securities
Allowance for credit losses: | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at January 1, | $ | 899 |  |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 66 |
Provision (recovery) expense for credit loss for held to maturity securities | (836) |  |  |  | 732 |  |  | 101 |
Balance at December 31, | $ | 63 |  |  |  | $ | 899 |  |  | $ | 167 |

Accrued interest of $5.3 million and $8.2 million was not included in the calculation of the allowance or the amortized cost basis of the securities at December 31, 2023 or 2022, respectively. There were no past due or nonaccrual available for sale or held to maturity securities at December 31, 2023 or 2022.
Proceeds from sales and calls, and related gross gains and losses of securities available for sale, are shown below.

| Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales/calls | $ | 291,189 |  |  | $ | 487,544 |  |  | $ | 44,893 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains | 596 |  |  | 3,810 |  |  | 1,780 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized losses | (12,231) |  |  | (2,146) |  |  | (32) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and held to maturity at December 31, 2023, grouped by contractual maturity. Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities, which do not have contractual payments due at a single maturity date, are shown separately. Actual maturities for mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and asset-backed securities will differ from contractual maturities as a result of prepayments made on the underlying loans.

(Dollars in thousands) | Held to Maturity |  | Available for Sale
December 31, 2023 | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 67,657 |  |  | $ | 67,160 |
Due after one year through five years | — |  |  | — |  |  | 83,105 |  |  | 76,814 |
Due after five years through ten years | 5,164 |  |  | 4,717 |  |  | 172,944 |  |  | 153,675 |
Due after ten years | 6,514 |  |  | 6,131 |  |  | 176,271 |  |  | 147,752 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 104,459 |  |  | 93,396 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 569,622 |  |  | 506,502 |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,386 |  |  | 35,183 |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,710 |  |  | 130,144 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,521 |  |  | 43,005 |
Total | $ | 11,678 |  |  | $ | 10,848 |  |  | $ | 1,407,675 |  |  | $ | 1,253,631 |

The following table presents carrying amounts of securities pledged as collateral for deposits and repurchase agreements at the periods presented.

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits | $ | 421,273 |  |  | $ | 769,691 |
Carrying value of securities pledged to repurchase agreements | 5,477 |  |  | 6,797 |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 4 — Loans
Loans consist of the following:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |
Loans held for sale | $ | 16,852 |  |  | $ | 49,957 |  |
LHFI: |  |  |  |
Loans secured by real estate: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate(1) | $ | 2,442,734 |  |  | $ | 2,304,678 |  |
Construction/land/land development | 1,070,225 |  |  | 945,625 |  |
Residential real estate | 1,734,935 |  |  | 1,477,538 |  |
Total real estate | 5,247,894 |  |  | 4,727,841 |  |
Commercial and industrial | 2,059,460 |  |  | 2,051,161 |  |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | 329,966 |  |  | 284,867 |  |
Consumer | 23,624 |  |  | 26,153 |  |
Total LHFI(2) | 7,660,944 |  |  | 7,090,022 |  |
Less: Allowance for loan credit losses (“ALCL”) | 96,868 |  |  | 87,161 |  |
LHFI, net | $ | 7,564,076 |  |  | $ | 7,002,861 |  |

____________________________
(1)Includes owner occupied commercial real estate of $953.8 million and $843.0 million at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(2)Includes unamortized purchase accounting adjustment and net deferred loan fees of $11.8 million and $14.2 million at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the remaining purchase accounting net loan discount was $222,000 and $2.2 million, respectively.
Credit quality indicators. As part of the Company’s commitment to managing the credit quality of its loan portfolio, management annually and periodically updates and evaluates certain credit quality indicators, which include but are not limited to (i) weighted-average risk rating of the loan portfolio, (ii) net charge-offs, (iii) level of non-performing loans, (iv) level of classified loans (defined as substandard, doubtful and loss), and (v) the general economic conditions particularly in the cities and states in which the Company operates. The Company maintains an internal risk rating system where ratings are assigned to individual loans based on assessed risk. Loan risk ratings are the primary indicator of credit quality for the loan portfolio and are continually evaluated to ensure they are appropriate based on currently available information.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following is a summary description of the Company’s internal risk ratings:

• Pass (1-6) | Loans within this risk rating are further categorized as follows:
Minimal risk (1) | Well-collateralized by cash equivalent instruments held by the Banks.
Moderate risk (2) | Borrowers with excellent asset quality and liquidity. Borrowers’ capitalization and liquidity exceed industry norms. Borrowers in this category have significant levels of liquid assets and have a low level of leverage.
Better than average risk (3) | Borrowers with strong financial strength and excellent liquidity that consistently demonstrate strong operating performance. Borrowers in this category generally have a sizable net worth that can be converted into liquid assets within 12 months.
Average risk (4) | Borrowers with sound credit quality and financial performance, including liquidity. Borrowers are supported by sufficient cash flow coverage generated through operations across the full business cycle.
Marginally acceptable risk (5) | Loans generally meet minimum requirements for an acceptable loan in accordance with lending policy, but possess one or more attributes that cause the overall risk profile to be higher than the majority of newly approved loans.
Watch (6) | A passing loan with one or more factors that identify a potential weakness in the overall ability of the borrower to repay the loan. These weaknesses are generally mitigated by other factors that reduce the risk of delinquency or loss.
• Special Mention (7) | This grade is intended to be temporary and includes borrowers whose credit quality has deteriorated and is at risk of further decline.
• Substandard (8) | This grade includes “Substandard” loans under regulatory guidelines. Substandard loans exhibit a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes debt repayment in accordance with contractual agreements, even though the loan may be performing. These obligations are characterized by the distinct possibility that a loss may be incurred if these weaknesses are not corrected and repayment may be dependent upon collateral liquidation or secondary source of repayment.
• Doubtful (9) | This grade includes “Doubtful” loans under regulatory guidelines. Such loans are placed on nonaccrual status and repayment may be dependent upon collateral with no readily determinable valuation or valuations that are highly subjective in nature. Repayment for these loans is considered improbable based on currently existing facts and circumstances.
• Loss (0) | This grade includes “Loss” loans under regulatory guidelines. Loss loans are charged-off or written down when repayment is not expected.

In connection with the review of the loan portfolio, the Company considers risk elements attributable to particular loan types or categories in assessing the quality of individual loans. The list of loans to be reviewed for possible individual evaluation consists of unsecured loans over 90 days past due, modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, loans greater than $100,000 in which the borrower has filed bankruptcy, collateralized loans 180 days or more past due, classified commercial loans, including non-accrual, over $100,000 with direct exposure, and consumer loans greater than $100,000 with a FICO score under 625. Loans under $50,000 will be evaluated collectively in designated pools unless a loss exposure has been identified. Some additional risk elements considered by loan type include:
•for commercial real estate loans, the debt service coverage ratio, operating results of the owner in the case of owner-occupied properties, the loan to value ratio, the age and condition of the collateral and the volatility of income, property value and future operating results typical of properties of that type;
•for construction, land and land development loans, the perceived feasibility of the project, including the ability to sell developed lots or improvements constructed for resale or the ability to lease property constructed for lease, the quality and nature of contracts for presale or prelease, if any, experience and ability of the developer and loan to value ratio;
•for residential mortgage loans, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, including a consideration of the debt to income ratio and employment and income stability, the loan-to-value ratio, and the age, condition and marketability of the collateral; and
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
•for commercial and industrial loans, the debt service coverage ratio (income from the business in excess of operating expenses compared to loan repayment requirements), the operating results of the commercial, industrial or professional enterprise, the borrower’s business, professional and financial ability and expertise, the specific risks and volatility of income and operating results typical for businesses in that category and the value, nature and marketability of collateral.
Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are PCD loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other individually evaluated loans. As a result of the merger with BT Holdings, Inc., (“BTH”), the Company held approximately $34.8 million and $48.1 million of unpaid principal balance PCD loans at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Please see Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies included in these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of our accounting policies related to purchased financial assets with credit deterioration.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table reflects recorded investments in loans by credit quality indicator and origination year at December 31, 2023, and gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023, excluding loans held for sale. Loans acquired are shown in the table by origination year, not merger date. The Company had an immaterial amount of revolving loans converted to term loans at December 31, 2023.

| Term Loans |
| Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 333,887 |  |  | $ | 885,234 |  |  | $ | 470,252 |  |  | $ | 253,700 |  |  | $ | 204,421 |  |  | $ | 188,532 |  |  | $ | 77,993 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,414,019 |  |
Special mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | 308 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,950 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 8,258 |  |
Classified | 726 |  |  | 4,285 |  |  | 3,212 |  |  | 1,765 |  |  | 524 |  |  | 9,945 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20,457 |  |
Total commercial real estate loans | $ | 334,613 |  |  | $ | 889,519 |  |  | $ | 473,772 |  |  | $ | 255,465 |  |  | $ | 204,945 |  |  | $ | 206,427 |  |  | $ | 77,993 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,442,734 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 42 |  |
Construction/land/land development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 259,502 |  |  | $ | 461,373 |  |  | $ | 214,526 |  |  | $ | 21,309 |  |  | $ | 7,221 |  |  | $ | 25,460 |  |  | $ | 42,700 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,032,091 |  |
Special mention | 746 |  |  | 10,462 |  |  | 19,811 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 31,019 |  |
Classified | 191 |  |  | 3,132 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 662 |  |  | 560 |  |  | 2,289 |  |  |  |  | 7,115 |  |
Total construction/land/land development loans | $ | 260,439 |  |  | $ | 474,967 |  |  | $ | 234,378 |  |  | $ | 21,549 |  |  | $ | 7,883 |  |  | $ | 26,020 |  |  | $ | 44,989 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,070,225 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
Residential real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 332,874 |  |  | $ | 549,504 |  |  | $ | 289,289 |  |  | $ | 237,813 |  |  | $ | 79,499 |  |  | $ | 142,265 |  |  | $ | 91,972 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,723,216 |  |
Special mention | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 391 |  |
Classified | 689 |  |  | 1,985 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 1,367 |  |  | 4,949 |  |  | 492 |  |  |  |  | 11,328 |  |
Total residential real estate loans | $ | 333,813 |  |  | $ | 551,489 |  |  | $ | 290,728 |  |  | $ | 238,361 |  |  | $ | 80,866 |  |  | $ | 147,214 |  |  | $ | 92,464 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,734,935 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 27 |  |
Commercial and industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 399,485 |  |  | $ | 272,152 |  |  | $ | 160,636 |  |  | $ | 36,995 |  |  | $ | 57,562 |  |  | $ | 48,523 |  |  | $ | 1,035,021 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,010,374 |  |
Special mention | 498 |  |  | 6,383 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 650 |  |  |  |  | 7,531 |  |
Classified | 3,583 |  |  | 1,676 |  |  | 12,908 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 22,325 |  |  |  |  | 41,555 |  |
Total commercial and industrial loans | $ | 403,566 |  |  | $ | 280,211 |  |  | $ | 173,544 |  |  | $ | 37,366 |  |  | $ | 58,032 |  |  | $ | 48,745 |  |  | $ | 1,057,996 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,059,460 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 328 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | 679 |  |  | $ | 9,710 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,833 |  |
Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 329,966 |  |  |  |  | $ | 329,966 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 11,053 |  |  | $ | 3,567 |  |  | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 6,988 |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,534 |  |
Classified | 35 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 90 |  |
Total consumer loans | $ | 11,088 |  |  | $ | 3,609 |  |  | $ | 1,050 |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 6,989 |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,624 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  |  |  | $ | 147 |  |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table reflects recorded investments in loans by credit quality indicator and origination year at December 31, 2022, and gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2022, excluding loans held for sale. Loans acquired are shown in the table by origination year, not merger date. The Company had an immaterial amount of revolving loans converted to term loans at December 31, 2022.

| Term Loans |
| Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 885,244 |  |  | $ | 502,287 |  |  | $ | 283,368 |  |  | $ | 230,040 |  |  | $ | 168,079 |  |  | $ | 131,411 |  |  | $ | 69,952 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,270,381 |  |
Special mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,174 |  |  | 1,359 |  |  | 1,558 |  |  |  |  | 11,091 |  |
Classified | 930 |  |  | 1,795 |  |  | 1,551 |  |  | 4,014 |  |  | 2,965 |  |  | 11,901 |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  | 23,206 |  |
Total commercial real estate loans | $ | 886,174 |  |  | $ | 504,082 |  |  | $ | 284,919 |  |  | $ | 234,054 |  |  | $ | 179,218 |  |  | $ | 144,671 |  |  | $ | 71,560 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,304,678 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 166 |  |
Construction/land/land development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 445,943 |  |  | $ | 320,951 |  |  | $ | 58,880 |  |  | $ | 27,381 |  |  | $ | 27,753 |  |  | $ | 5,253 |  |  | $ | 48,436 |  |  |  |  | $ | 934,597 |  |
Special mention | 6,217 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6,217 |  |
Classified | 180 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 1,708 |  |  | 2,339 |  |  |  |  | 4,811 |  |
Total construction/land/land development loans | $ | 452,340 |  |  | $ | 321,051 |  |  | $ | 59,166 |  |  | $ | 27,419 |  |  | $ | 27,913 |  |  | $ | 6,961 |  |  | $ | 50,775 |  |  |  |  | $ | 945,625 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
Residential real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 535,739 |  |  | $ | 308,070 |  |  | $ | 261,293 |  |  | $ | 107,530 |  |  | $ | 48,652 |  |  | $ | 123,052 |  |  | $ | 80,375 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,464,711 |  |
Special mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | 390 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 390 |  |
Classified | 2,227 |  |  | 2,764 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 1,494 |  |  | 1,064 |  |  | 4,653 |  |  | 145 |  |  |  |  | 12,437 |  |
Total residential real estate loans | $ | 537,966 |  |  | $ | 310,834 |  |  | $ | 261,773 |  |  | $ | 109,024 |  |  | $ | 49,716 |  |  | $ | 127,705 |  |  | $ | 80,520 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,477,538 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 91 |  |
Commercial and industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 454,813 |  |  | $ | 239,411 |  |  | $ | 82,168 |  |  | $ | 75,043 |  |  | $ | 40,534 |  |  | $ | 29,745 |  |  | $ | 1,083,221 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,004,935 |  |
Special mention | 8,683 |  |  | 2,563 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 187 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,620 |  |  |  |  | 13,053 |  |
Classified | 3,641 |  |  | 11,455 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 14,684 |  |  |  |  | 33,173 |  |
Total commercial and industrial loans | $ | 467,137 |  |  | $ | 253,429 |  |  | $ | 82,356 |  |  | $ | 77,021 |  |  | $ | 41,945 |  |  | $ | 29,748 |  |  | $ | 1,099,525 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,051,161 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 726 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 869 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 1,103 |  |  | $ | 5,348 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,459 |  |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

| Term Loans |
| Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  |  | Total |
Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 282,298 |  |  |  |  | $ | 282,298 |  |
Special mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,042 |  |  |  |  | 2,042 |  |
Classified | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 527 |  |  |  |  | 527 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 284,867 |  |  |  |  | $ | 284,867 |  |
Current period year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 9,730 |  |  | $ | 3,822 |  |  | $ | 1,210 |  |  | $ | 784 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 10,408 |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,104 |  |
Classified | 22 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 49 |  |
Total consumer loans | $ | 9,752 |  |  | $ | 3,841 |  |  | $ | 1,210 |  |  | $ | 790 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 10,410 |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,153 |  |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  |  | $ | 43 |  |

The following tables present the Company’s loan portfolio aging analysis at the dates indicated:

| December 31, 2023 |
(Dollars in thousands) | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More |  | Total Past Due |  | Current Loans |  | Total Loans Receivable |  | Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due |
Loans secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,264 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,264 |  |  | $ | 2,440,470 |  |  | $ | 2,442,734 |  |  | $ | — |  |
Construction/land/land development | 834 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 874 |  |  | 1,069,351 |  |  | 1,070,225 |  |  | — |  |
Residential real estate | 8,055 |  |  | 1,326 |  |  | 5,960 |  |  | 15,341 |  |  | 1,719,594 |  |  | 1,734,935 |  |  | — |  |
Total real estate | 11,153 |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 5,973 |  |  | 18,479 |  |  | 5,229,415 |  |  | 5,247,894 |  |  | — |  |
Commercial and industrial | 1,221 |  |  | 713 |  |  | 5,417 |  |  | 7,351 |  |  | 2,052,109 |  |  | 2,059,460 |  |  | — |  |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 329,966 |  |  | 329,966 |  |  | — |  |
Consumer | 200 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 23,411 |  |  | 23,624 |  |  | — |  |
Total LHFI | $ | 12,574 |  |  | $ | 2,076 |  |  | $ | 11,393 |  |  | $ | 26,043 |  |  | $ | 7,634,901 |  |  | $ | 7,660,944 |  |  | $ | — |  |

| December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More |  | Total Past Due |  | Current Loans |  | Total Loans Receivable |  | Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due
Loans secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 2,304,543 |  |  | $ | 2,304,678 |  |  | $ | — |
Construction/land/land development | 854 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 871 |  |  | 944,754 |  |  | 945,625 |  |  | — |
Residential real estate | 1,814 |  |  | 891 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 3,155 |  |  | 1,474,383 |  |  | 1,477,538 |  |  | — |
Total real estate | 2,699 |  |  | 891 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 4,161 |  |  | 4,723,680 |  |  | 4,727,841 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 3,878 |  |  | 1,972 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 6,394 |  |  | 2,044,767 |  |  | 2,051,161 |  |  | — |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 284,867 |  |  | 284,867 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 350 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 377 |  |  | 25,776 |  |  | 26,153 |  |  | — |
Total LHFI | $ | 6,927 |  |  | $ | 2,879 |  |  | $ | 1,126 |  |  | $ | 10,932 |  |  | $ | 7,079,090 |  |  | $ | 7,090,022 |  |  | $ | — |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following tables detail activity in the ALCL by portfolio segment. Accrued interest of $35.1 million and $27.1 million was not included in the book value for the purposes of calculating the allowance at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

| Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
| Commercial Real Estate |  | Construction/ Land/ Land Development |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit |  | Consumer |  | Total |  |
| (Dollars in thousands) |
Beginning balance | $ | 19,772 |  |  | $ | 7,776 |  |  | $ | 8,230 |  |  | $ | 50,148 |  |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | 87,161 |  |  |
Charge-offs | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 11,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |  |  | 12,049 |  |  |
Recoveries | 140 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 4,068 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 4,242 |  |  |
Provision(1) | (245) |  |  | 2,211 |  |  | 2,399 |  |  | 12,947 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 17,514 |  |  |
Ending balance | $ | 19,625 |  |  | $ | 9,990 |  |  | $ | 10,619 |  |  | $ | 55,330 |  |  | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | 775 |  |  | $ | 96,868 |  |  |
Average balance | $ | 2,404,530 |  |  | $ | 1,015,178 |  |  | $ | 1,629,589 |  |  | $ | 2,054,081 |  |  | $ | 314,079 |  |  | $ | 24,627 |  |  | $ | 7,442,084 |  |  |
Net charge-offs to loan average balance (annualized) | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 0.38 | % |  | — | % |  | 0.54 | % |  | 0.10 | % |  |
_________________________ (1)The $16.8 million provision for credit losses on the consolidated statement of income includes a $17.5 million provision for loan losses, a $75,000 provision for off-balance sheet commitments and an $836,000 net benefit provision for credit losses on held to maturity securities for the year ended December 31, 2023. |  |

| Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Commercial Real Estate |  |  |  | Construction/ Land/ Land Development |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit |  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 13,425 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,011 |  |  | $ | 6,116 |  |  | $ | 40,146 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 548 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64,586 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan credit losses - BTH merger(1) | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,527 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs | 166 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 8,459 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,759 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries | 40 |  |  |  |  | 211 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 3,825 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,194 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision(2) | 6,472 |  |  |  |  | 3,554 |  |  | 2,103 |  |  | 9,111 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 334 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,613 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ | 19,772 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,776 |  |  | $ | 8,230 |  |  | $ | 50,148 |  |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 856 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 87,161 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average balance | $ | 1,951,246 |  |  |  |  | $ | 708,758 |  |  | $ | 1,143,190 |  |  | $ | 1,675,719 |  |  | $ | 420,639 |  |  | $ | 20,913 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,920,465 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs to loan average balance (annualized) | 0.01 | % |  |  |  | (0.03) | % |  | — | % |  | 0.28 | % |  | — | % |  | 0.13 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.08 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
_________________________ (1)Excluded from the allowance is $10.8 million in PCD loans that were acquired in the merger with BTH that were added to the allowance and immediately written off. (2)The $24.7 million provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income includes a $21.6 million provision for loan losses, a $2.3 million provision for off-balance sheet commitments and a $732,000 provision for held to maturity securities credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2022. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Commercial Real Estate |  |  |  | Construction/ Land/ Land Development |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit |  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Beginning Balance | $ | 15,430 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,191 |  |  | $ | 9,418 |  |  | $ | 51,857 |  |  | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | 918 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 86,670 |
Charge-offs | 170 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 11,923 |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,234 |
Recoveries | 65 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 117 |  |  | 717 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 948 |
Provision(1) | (1,900) |  |  |  |  | (4,180) |  |  | (3,341) |  |  | (505) |  |  | (516) |  |  | (356) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,798) |
Ending Balance | $ | 13,425 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,011 |  |  | $ | 6,116 |  |  | $ | 40,146 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 548 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64,586 |
Average Balance | $ | 1,501,890 |  |  |  |  | $ | 528,618 |  |  | $ | 916,039 |  |  | $ | 1,627,077 |  |  | $ | 753,588 |  |  | $ | 16,764 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,343,976 |
Net Charge-offs to Loan Average Balance | 0.01 | % |  |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 0.69 | % |  | — | % |  | 0.08 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.21 | %
_________________________ (1)The $10.8 million net benefit provision for credit losses on the consolidated statement of income includes a $10.8 million net benefit provision for loan losses, a $68,000 net benefit provision for off-balance sheet commitments and a $101,000 provision for held to maturity securities credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Provision expense for loan credit losses declined $4.1 million to $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $21.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The higher provision expense for loan credit losses during the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily due to the Day 1 CECL loan provision of $14.9 million for loan credit losses on non-PCD loans associated with the BTH merger which occurred on August 1, 2022.
The Company’s credit quality profile in relation to the ALCL drove an increase of $5.3 million in the collectively evaluated portion of the reserve at December 31, 2023, when compared to December 31, 2022, primarily due to qualitative factor changes across the Company’s risk pools. The individually evaluated portion of the reserve increased $4.4 million at December 31, 2023, when compared to December 31, 2022.
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, and the related ALCL allocated to these loans.

| December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Construction/ Land/ Land Development |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit |  | Consumer |  | Total
Real Estate | $ | 605 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,029 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,634 |
Equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 258 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 258 |
Total | $ | 605 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,029 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,011 |
ALCL Allocation | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

| December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Construction/ Land/ Land Development |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit |  | Consumer |  | Total
Real Estate | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 6,731 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,101 |
Accounts Receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 831 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 831 |
Equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |
Total | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 6,731 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,217 |
ALCL Allocation | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 738 |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Collateral-dependent loans consist primarily of residential real estate, commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. These loans are individually evaluated when foreclosure is probable or when the repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral. In the case of commercial and industrial loans secured by equipment, the fair value of the collateral is estimated by third-party valuation experts. Loan balances are charged down to the underlying collateral value when they are deemed uncollectible. Note that the Company did not elect to use the collateral maintenance agreement practical expedient available under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) guidance.
Nonaccrual LHFI was as follows:

| Nonaccrual With No Allowance for Credit Loss |  | Total Nonaccrual |
(Dollars in thousands) Loans secured by real estate: | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |
Commercial real estate | $ | 746 |  |  | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | 786 |  |  | $ | 526 |  |
Construction/land/land development | 96 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 270 |  |
Residential real estate | 5,695 |  |  | 7,023 |  |  | 13,037 |  |  | 7,712 |  |
Total real estate | 6,537 |  |  | 7,517 |  |  | 14,128 |  |  | 8,508 |  |
Commercial and industrial | 4,706 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 15,897 |  |  | 1,383 |  |
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | 49 |  |
Total nonaccrual loans | $ | 11,243 |  |  | $ | 8,044 |  |  | $ | 30,115 |  |  | $ | 9,940 |  |

All interest formerly accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual status is reversed from interest income. Subsequent receipts on nonaccrual loans are recorded as a reduction of principal, and interest income is recorded only after principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had $1.6 million and zero funding commitments for loans in which the terms were modified as a result of the borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, gross interest income that would have been recorded had the nonaccruing loans been current in accordance with their original terms, was $1.4 million, $1.3 million, $1.9 million, respectively. No interest income was recorded on these loans while they were considered nonaccrual during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
The Company elects the fair value option for recording residential mortgage loans held for sale in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company transferred $7.1 million of nonperforming mortgage loans from the held for sale portfolio to the held for investment portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2023. As a result, the company had zero nonaccrual mortgage loans held for sale that were recorded using the fair value option election at December 31, 2023, compared to $3.9 million at December 31, 2022.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The table below summarizes modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by loan and modification type during the year ended December 31, 2023.

|  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost Basis at December 31, 2023 |
|  |  | Term Extension |  | Combination: Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction |  |  |  | Other-Than-Insignificant Payment Delay |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost |  | % of Loans |  | Amortized Cost |  | % of Loans |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost |  | % of Loans |
Loans secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,845 |  |  | 0.32 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 428 |  |  | 0.02 | % |
Construction/land/land development |  |  |  |  | 3,979 |  |  | 0.37 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  | 2,599 |  |  | 0.15 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 98 |  |  | 0.01 |  |
Total real estate |  |  |  |  | 14,423 |  |  | 0.27 |  |  | 190 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 526 |  |  | 0.01 |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  | 21,093 |  |  | 1.02 |  |  | 1,072 |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53 |  |  | — |  |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 35,516 |  |  | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 1,262 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 579 |  |  | 0.01 |  |

The following table describes the financial effect of the modification made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively.

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
| Interest Rate Reduction |  | Term Extension |  | Other-Than-Insignificant Payment Delay |  |
Commercial real estate | N/A |  | Added a weighted average 10.7 months to the life of the modified loans |  | Delayed payment of weighted average 6 months |  |
Construction/land/land development | N/A |  | Added a weighted average 13.0 months to the life of the modified loans |  | N/A |  |
Residential real estate | Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate from 8.8% to 6.0% |  | Added a weighted average 32.8 months to the life of the modified loans |  | Delayed payment of weighted average 2 months |  |
Commercial and industrial | Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate from 9.9% to 8.9% |  | Added a weighted average 9.5 months to the life of the modified loans |  | Delayed payment of weighted average 6 months |  |

The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified during the year ended December 31, 2023.

| Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) |  |  |
| December 31, 2023 |
(Dollars in thousands) | Current |  | 30-89 Days Past Due |  | 90 Days or More Past Due |  |  |
Loans secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 8,272 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |
Construction/land/land development | 3,979 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | 2,484 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 282 |  |  |  |
Total real estate | 14,735 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 282 |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 22,219 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total LHFI | $ | 36,954 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  |  |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The table below provides the details of borrowers that were experiencing financial difficulty that were modified within the last twelve months and defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2023.

|  |  | At Or For The Year Ended December 31, 2023
|  |  | Term Extension |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  | Amortized Cost |  | Default Amount |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total LHFI |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  |  |  |  |

A payment default is defined as a loan that was 90 or more days past due. The Company monitors the performance of modified loans on an ongoing basis. In the event of subsequent default, the ALCL is assessed on the basis of an individual evaluation of each loan. The modifications made during the periods presented did not significantly impact the Company’s determination of the allowance for credit losses.
Note 5 — Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is the exchange price that is expected to be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Certain assets and liabilities are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements at fair value. Some are recorded on a recurring basis and some on a nonrecurring basis.
The Company utilizes fair value measurement to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The determination of fair values of financial instruments often requires the use of estimates. In cases where quoted market values in an active market are not available, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach to estimate the fair values of its financial instruments. Such valuation techniques are consistently applied.
A hierarchy for fair value has been established, which categorizes the valuation techniques into three levels used to measure fair value. The three levels are as follows:
Level 1 - Fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Fair value is based on significant other observable inputs that are generally determined based on a single price for each financial instrument provided to the Company by an unrelated third-party pricing service and is based on one or more of the following:
•Quoted prices for similar, but not identical, assets or liabilities in active markets;
•Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active;
•Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, such as interest rate and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and
•Other inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market inputs.
Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant and unobservable in the market. These instruments are valued using the best information available, some of which is internally developed, and reflects the Company’s own assumptions about the risk premiums that market participants would generally require and the assumptions they would use. These estimates can be inherently uncertain.
There were no transfers between fair value reporting levels for any period presented.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Recorded on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize financial assets and financial liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, segregated by the level of valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value. There were no changes in the valuation techniques during 2023 or 2022.

| December 31, 2023 |
(Dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
State and municipal securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 232,679 |  |  | $ | 49,447 |  |  | $ | 282,126 |  |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 82,635 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 83,635 |  |
U.S. treasury securities | 55,480 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,480 |  |
U.S. government agency securities | — |  |  | 24,160 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,160 |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 93,396 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,396 |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 506,502 |  |  | — |  |  | 506,502 |  |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | 35,183 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,183 |  |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | 130,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 130,144 |  |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 43,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,005 |  |
Securities available for sale | 55,480 |  |  | 1,147,704 |  |  | 50,447 |  |  | 1,253,631 |  |
Securities carried at fair value through income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,808 |  |  | 6,808 |  |
Loans held for sale | — |  |  | 16,852 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,852 |  |
Mortgage servicing rights | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,637 |  |  | 15,637 |  |
Other assets - derivatives | — |  |  | 20,487 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,487 |  |
Total recurring fair value measurements - assets | $ | 55,480 |  |  | $ | 1,185,043 |  |  | $ | 72,892 |  |  | $ | 1,313,415 |  |
Other liabilities - derivatives | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18,300) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18,300) |  |
Total recurring fair value measurements - liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18,300) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18,300) |  |

| December 31, 2022 |
(Dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
State and municipal securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 334,708 |  |  | $ | 54,769 |  |  | $ | 389,477 |  |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 81,258 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 82,258 |  |
U.S. treasury securities | 110,645 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 110,645 |  |
U.S. government agency securities | — |  |  | 137,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,775 |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 91,943 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,943 |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 572,303 |  |  | — |  |  | 572,303 |  |
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | 38,813 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,813 |  |
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | 146,370 |  |  | — |  |  | 146,370 |  |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 71,900 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,900 |  |
Securities available for sale | 110,645 |  |  | 1,475,070 |  |  | 55,769 |  |  | 1,641,484 |  |
Securities carried at fair value through income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,368 |  |  | 6,368 |  |
Loans held for sale | — |  |  | 25,389 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,389 |  |
Mortgage servicing rights | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,824 |  |  | 20,824 |  |
Other assets - derivatives | — |  |  | 26,733 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,733 |  |
Total recurring fair value measurements - assets | $ | 110,645 |  |  | $ | 1,527,192 |  |  | $ | 82,961 |  |  | $ | 1,720,798 |  |
Other liabilities - derivatives | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25,275) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25,275) |  |
Total recurring fair value measurements - liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25,275) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25,275) |  |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  | MSRs |  | Securities Available for Sale |  | Securities at Fair Value Through Income |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  |  | $ | 20,824 |  |  | $ | 55,769 |  |  | $ | 6,368 |  |
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage banking revenue(1) |  |  | (4,089) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Other noninterest income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 725 |  |
Loss recognized in AOCI |  |  | — |  |  | (193) |  |  | — |  |
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Originations |  |  | 708 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Sales |  |  | (1,806) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Settlements |  |  | — |  |  | (5,129) |  |  | (285) |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | $ | 15,637 |  |  | $ | 50,447 |  |  | $ | 6,808 |  |

___________________________
(1)Total mortgage banking revenue includes changes in fair value due to market changes and run-off.

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  | MSRs |  | Securities Available for Sale |  | Securities at Fair Value Through Income
Balance at January 1, 2022 |  |  | $ | 16,220 |  |  | $ | 41,461 |  |  | $ | 7,497 |
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage banking revenue(1) |  |  | 1,219 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other noninterest income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (854) |
Loss recognized in AOCI |  |  | — |  |  | (4,421) |  |  | — |
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Originations |  |  | 2,286 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases |  |  | — |  |  | 22,384 |  |  | — |
Acquired in BTH merger |  |  | 1,099 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements |  |  | — |  |  | (3,655) |  |  | (275) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | $ | 20,824 |  |  | $ | 55,769 |  |  | $ | 6,368 |

___________________________
(1)Total mortgage banking revenue includes changes in fair value due to market changes and run-off.
The Company obtains fair value measurements for securities available for sale and securities at fair value through income from an independent pricing service; therefore, quantitative unobservable inputs are unknown.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following methodologies were used to measure the fair value of financial assets and liabilities valued on a recurring basis:
Securities Available for Sale
Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 inputs. For Level 1 securities, the Company obtains the fair value measurements for those identical assets from an independent pricing service. For Level 2 securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the security's terms and conditions, among other things. In order to ensure the fair values are consistent with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, the Company periodically checks the fair value by comparing them to other pricing sources, such as Bloomberg LP. The third-party pricing service is subject to an annual review of internal controls in accordance with the Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements No. 16, which was made available to the Company. In certain cases where Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. For level 3 securities, the Company determines the fair value of the instruments based on their callability, putability and prepay optionality. Putable instruments are valued at book value, non-putable instruments are priced mainly using a present value calculation based on the spread to the yield curve.
Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSRs”)
The carrying amounts of the MSRs equal fair value, which are determined using a discounted cash flow valuation model. The significant assumptions used to value MSRs were as follows:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |
| Range |  | Weighted Average(1) |  | Range |  | Weighted Average(1) |
Prepayment speeds | 7.49% - 8.50% |  | 8.10 | % |  | 7.65% - 9.20% |  | 8.11 | % |
Discount rates | 10.25 - 12.75 |  | 10.31 |  |  | 9.50 - 22.07 |  | 12.55 |  |

__________________________
(1)The weighted average was calculated with reference to the principal balance of the underlying mortgages.
Recently there have been significant market-driven fluctuations in the assumptions listed above. These fluctuations can be rapid and may continue to be significant. Typically, loans with higher average coupon rates have a greater likelihood of prepayment during comparatively low interest rate environments, while loans with lower average coupon rates have a lower likelihood of prepayment. The recent increase in rates has caused a decrease in the weighted average prepayment speed. Estimating these assumptions within ranges that market participants would use in determining the fair value of MSRs requires significant management judgment.
Derivatives
Fair values for interest rate swap agreements and interest rate lock commitments are based upon the amounts that would be required to settle the contracts. Fair values for risk participations, forward mortgage backed security purchases or loan sale commitments and future contracts to purchase United States treasury notes are based on the fair values of the underlying mortgage loans or securities and the probability of such commitments being exercised. Significant management judgment and estimation is required in determining these fair value measurements.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Fair Values of Assets Recorded on a Recurring Basis for which the Fair Value Option has been Elected
Certain assets are measured at fair value on a recurring basis due to the Company’s election to adopt fair value accounting treatment for those assets. This election allows for a more effective offset of the changes in fair values of the assets and the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. For assets for which the fair value has been elected, the earned current contractual interest payment is recognized in interest income. At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there were no gains or losses recorded attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk. The following tables summarize the difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance for financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:

| December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) | Aggregate Fair Value |  | Principal Balance/Amortized Cost |  | Difference
Loans held for sale(1) | $ | 16,852 |  |  | $ | 16,475 |  |  | $ | 377 |
Securities carried at fair value through income | 6,808 |  |  | 6,815 |  |  | (7) |
Total | $ | 23,660 |  |  | $ | 23,290 |  |  | $ | 370 |

____________________________
(1)There were no loans held for sale that were designated as nonaccrual or 90 days or more past due at December 31, 2023.

| December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) | Aggregate Fair Value |  | Principal Balance/Amortized Cost |  | Difference
Loans held for sale(1) | $ | 25,389 |  |  | $ | 24,946 |  |  | $ | 443 |
Securities carried at fair value through income | 6,368 |  |  | 7,100 |  |  | (732) |
Total | $ | 31,757 |  |  | $ | 32,046 |  |  | $ | (289) |

____________________________
(1)$3.9 million of loans held for sale were designated as nonaccrual or 90 days or more past due at December 31, 2022. Of this balance, $3.3 million was guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies.
Changes in the fair value of assets for which the Company elected the fair value option are classified in the consolidated statements of income line items reflected in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
Changes in fair value included in noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Mortgage banking revenue (loans held for sale) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (66) |  |  | $ | (517) |  |  | $ | (5,111) |
Other income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans at fair value held for investment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (251) |
Securities carried at fair value through income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 726 |  |  | (854) |  |  | (814) |
Total fair value option impact on noninterest income (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | (1,371) |  |  | $ | (6,176) |

____________________________
(1)The fair value option impact on noninterest income is offset by the derivative gain/loss recognized in noninterest income. Please see Note 9 — Mortgage Banking for more detail.
The following methodologies were used to measure the fair value of financial assets valued on a recurring basis for which the fair value option was elected:
Securities at Fair Value through Income
Securities carried at fair value through income are valued using a discounted cash flow with a credit spread applied to each instrument based on the creditworthiness of each issuer. Credit spreads ranged from 83 to 227 basis points at both December 31, 2023, and 2022. The Company believes the fair value approximates an exit price.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Loans Held for Sale
Fair values for loans held for sale are established using anticipated sale prices for loans allocated to a sale commitment, and those unallocated to a commitment are valued based on the interest rate and term for similar loans allocated. The Company believes the fair value approximates an exit price.
Fair Value of Assets Recorded on a Nonrecurring Basis
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions
The majority of the Company’s non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions qualify for the practical expedient allowed for equity securities without a readily determinable fair values, such that the Company has elected to carry these securities at cost adjusted for any observable transactions during the period, less any impairment. Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions totaled $55.2 million and $67.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are shown on the face of the consolidated balance sheets. To date, no impairment has been recorded on the Company's investments in equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company observed a price change in multiple orderly transactions for identical equity securities in one of the Company’s equity securities and adjusted the Company’s basis upwards by $10.1 million.
Government National Mortgage Association Repurchase Asset
The Company had zero and $24.6 million Government National Mortgage Association repurchase assets included in loans held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. The assets were valued at the lower of cost or market and, where market is lower than cost, valued using anticipated sale prices for loans allocated to a sale commitment, and those unallocated to a commitment are valued based on the interest rate and term for similar loans.
During the second half of 2022, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its GNMA MSR portfolio, which met all final sale conditions in early 2023. The Company sold $1.8 million in GNMA MSR, with no significant additional gain or loss realized, and derecognized the related GNMA repurchase asset and offsetting liability during the quarter ended March 31, 2023.
Individually Evaluated Loans with Credit Losses
Loans for which it is probable that the Company will not collect all principal and interest due according to contractual terms are measured to determine if any credit loss exists. Allowable methods for determining the amount of credit loss include estimating the fair value using the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans and a discounted cash flow methodology for other evaluated loans that are not collateral dependent. If the loan is identified as collateral-dependent, the fair value method of measuring the amount of credit loss is utilized. Evaluating the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans requires obtaining a current independent appraisal of the collateral and applying a discount factor to the value. If the loan is not collateral-dependent, the discounted cash flow method is utilized, which involves assumptions and judgments as to credit risk, prepayment risk, liquidity risk, default rates, loss severity, payment speeds, collateral values and discount rate. Loans that have experienced a credit loss with specific allocated losses are within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy when the credit loss is determined using the fair value method. The fair value of loans that have experienced a credit loss with specific allocated losses was approximately $19.7 million and $20.7 million at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Non-Financial Assets
Foreclosed assets held for sale are the only non-financial assets valued on a nonrecurring basis that are initially recorded by the Company at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At foreclosure, if the fair value, less estimated costs to sell, of the real estate acquired is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the ALCL. Additionally, valuations are periodically performed by management, and any subsequent reduction in value is recognized by a charge to income. The carrying value and fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale was estimated using Level 3 inputs based on observable market data and was $3.9 million and $806,000 at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had zero and $10,000, respectively, in principal amount of residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Fair Values of Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value
Loans
The estimated fair value approximates carrying value for variable-rate loans that reprice frequently and with no significant change in credit risk. The fair value of fixed rate loans and variable-rate loans, which reprice on an infrequent basis, is estimated by discounting future cash flows using exit level pricing, which combines the current interest rates at which similar loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers of similar credit quality and an estimated additional rate to reflect a liquidity premium. An overall valuation adjustment is made for specific credit risks as well as general portfolio credit risk.
Deposits
The estimated fair value approximates carrying value for demand deposits. The fair value of fixed rate deposit liabilities with defined maturities is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the interest rates currently available for funding from the FHLB. The estimated fair value of deposits does not take into account the value of our long-term relationships with depositors, commonly known as core deposit intangibles, which are separate intangible assets, and not considered financial instruments. Nonetheless, the Company would likely realize a core deposit premium if the deposit portfolio were sold in the principal market for such deposits.
Borrowed Funds
The estimated fair value approximates carrying value for short-term borrowings. The fair value of long-term fixed rate and fixed-to-floating-rate borrowings is estimated using quoted market prices, if available, or by discounting future cash flows using current interest rates for similar financial instruments. The estimated fair value approximates carrying value for variable-rate junior subordinated debentures that reprice quarterly.
The carrying value and estimated fair values of financial instruments not recorded at fair value are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |
Financial assets: Level 1 inputs: | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 280,441 |  |  | $ | 280,441 |  |  | $ | 358,972 |  |  | $ | 358,972 |  |
Level 2 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions | 55,190 |  |  | 55,190 |  |  | 67,378 |  |  | 67,378 |  |
GNMA repurchase asset | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,569 |  |  | 24,569 |  |
Accrued interest and loan fees receivable | 41,688 |  |  | 41,688 |  |  | 38,136 |  |  | 38,136 |  |
Level 3 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held to maturity | 11,615 |  |  | 10,848 |  |  | 11,275 |  |  | 11,970 |  |
LHFI, net | 7,564,076 |  |  | 7,177,720 |  |  | 7,002,861 |  |  | 6,835,770 |  |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 2 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 8,251,125 |  |  | 8,240,520 |  |  | 7,775,702 |  |  | 7,753,966 |  |
FHLB advances and other borrowings | 83,598 |  |  | 83,187 |  |  | 639,230 |  |  | 639,103 |  |
Subordinated indebtedness | 194,279 |  |  | 186,251 |  |  | 201,765 |  |  | 181,624 |  |
Accrued interest payable | 12,272 |  |  | 12,272 |  |  | 3,917 |  |  | 3,917 |  |

Note 6 — Premises and Equipment
Major classifications of premises and equipment are summarized below:
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

|  |  |  | December 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Land, buildings and improvements |  |  |  | $ | 106,300 |  |  | $ | 102,342 |  |  |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment |  |  |  | 35,560 |  |  | 31,648 |  |  |
Leasehold improvements |  |  |  | 25,079 |  |  | 21,481 |  |  |
Construction in process |  |  |  | 19,390 |  |  | 4,808 |  |  |
Total premises and equipment |  |  |  | 186,329 |  |  | 160,279 |  |  |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  | (67,351) |  |  | (60,078) |  |  |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  |  | $ | 118,978 |  |  | $ | 100,201 |  |  |

Depreciation expense for premises and equipment totaled $8.0 million, $6.8 million and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note 7 — Leases
The Company leases certain real estate, as well as certain equipment, under non-cancelable operating leases that expire at various dates through 2052.
The consolidated balance sheets detail and components of the Company’s lease expense were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Operating lease right of use assets (included in Accrued interest receivable and other assets) | $ | 47,619 |  |  | $ | 32,608 |
Operating lease liabilities (included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities) | 48,917 |  |  | 34,621 |
Finance lease liabilities (included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities) | 2,244 |  |  | 2,551 |
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) - operating leases | 11.59 |  | 10.66
Weighted average discount rate - operating leases | 4.12 | % |  | 3.71 | %

| Years Ended |
(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |
Lease expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease expense | $ | 7,884 |  |  | $ | 5,344 |  |  | $ | 4,553 |  |
Other lease expense | 360 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 369 |  |
Total lease expense | $ | 8,244 |  |  | $ | 5,709 |  |  | $ | 4,922 |  |
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | $ | 20,568 |  |  | $ | 13,428 |  |  | $ | 5,776 |  |

Maturities of operating lease liabilities at December 31, 2023, were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |
2024 | $ | 6,753 |  |
2025 | 6,214 |  |
2026 | 5,712 |  |
2027 | 5,583 |  |
2028 | 5,338 |  |
Thereafter | 33,361 |  |
Total lease payments | 62,961 |  |
Less: Imputed interest | 14,044 |  |
Total lease obligations | $ | 48,917 |  |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Supplemental cash flow related to leases was as follows:

| Years Ended
(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Cash paid for operating leases | $ | 8,131 |  |  | $ | 5,311 |

Note 8 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
There were zero changes to the carrying amount of goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded goodwill totaling $94.5 million and other intangible assets totaling $38.4 million in connection with the merger with BTH.
The components of the Company’s goodwill and other intangible assets are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2023 | Gross Carrying Amount at Period End |  | Net Carrying Amount at the Beginning of the Period |  | Mergers/Acquisitions |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount at Period End
Goodwill |  |  | $ | 128,679 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |  | $ | 128,679 |
Other intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles | $ | 38,356 |  |  | $ | 34,940 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10,944) |  |  | $ | 27,412 |
Relationship based intangibles | 19,650 |  |  | 13,710 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,369) |  |  | 12,281 |
Tradename | 818 |  |  | 727 |  |  | — |  |  | (181) |  |  | 637 |
Non-compete | 903 |  |  | 452 |  |  | — |  |  | (903) |  |  | — |
Naming rights | 5,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (128) |  |  | 5,122 |
Total | $ | 64,977 |  |  | $ | 49,829 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19,525) |  |  | $ | 45,452 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | $ | 34,153 |  |  | $ | 94,526 |  |  | N/A |  | $ | 128,679 |
Other intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles | $ | 38,356 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 38,356 |  |  | $ | (3,428) |  |  | $ | 34,940 |
Relationship based intangibles | 19,650 |  |  | 15,229 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,940) |  |  | 13,710 |
Tradename | 818 |  |  | 818 |  |  | — |  |  | (91) |  |  | 727 |
Non-compete | 903 |  |  | 903 |  |  | — |  |  | (451) |  |  | 452 |
Total | $ | 59,727 |  |  | $ | 16,962 |  |  | $ | 38,356 |  |  | $ | (9,910) |  |  | $ | 49,829 |

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company acquired naming and logo rights on certain facilities and properties for $5.3 million for a defined period of time.
Core deposit intangibles acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022, represent the value of the relationships that BTH had with their deposit customers and are amortized over 10 years using an accelerated amortization methodology.
Amortization expense on other intangible assets totaled $9.6 million, $5.5 million and $844,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and was included as a component of other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets remaining at December 31, 2023, was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, |
2024 | $ | 7,979 |
2025 | 6,677 |
2026 | 5,619 |
2027 | 4,729 |
2028 | 4,008 |
Thereafter | 16,440 |
Total | $ | 45,452 |

Note 9 — Mortgage Banking
The following table presents the Company’s revenue from mortgage banking operations:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |
Mortgage banking revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Origination |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 483 |  |  | $ | 774 |  |  | $ | 1,379 |  |  |
Gain on sale of loans held for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,111 |  |  | 4,889 |  |  | 11,862 |  |  |
Originations of MSRs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 708 |  |  | 2,286 |  |  | 5,153 |  |  |
Servicing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,739 |  |  | 5,643 |  |  | 5,990 |  |  |
Total gross mortgage revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,041 |  |  | 13,592 |  |  | 24,384 |  |  |
MSR valuation adjustments, net (1)(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,089) |  |  | 1,219 |  |  | (2,593) |  |  |
Mortgage HFS and pipeline fair value adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (53) |  |  | (1,352) |  |  | (6,897) |  |  |
MSR hedge impact |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (543) |  |  | (6,737) |  |  | (1,967) |  |  |
Mortgage banking revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,356 |  |  | $ | 6,722 |  |  | $ | 12,927 |  |  |

____________________________
(1)The Company recorded a $1.8 million impairment on the MSR portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2023 in conjunction with the planned sale of the mortgage servicing right asset.
(2)The Company recorded a $2.0 million impairment on the held for sale GNMA MSR portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Management uses forward-settling mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury futures to mitigate the impact of changes in fair value of MSRs. See Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments for further information.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
Activity in MSRs was as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of period |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,824 |  |  | $ | 16,220 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 13,660 |
Servicing acquired in BTH merger |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,099 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Addition of servicing rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 708 |  |  | 2,286 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,153 |
Settlement of sale of GNMA MSR |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,806) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Valuation adjustment, net of amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,089) |  |  | 1,219 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,593) |
Balance at end of period |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,637 |  |  | $ | 20,824 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,220 |

During the second half of 2022, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its GNMA MSR portfolio, which met all final sale conditions in early 2023. The Company sold $1.8 million in GNMA MSR, with no significant additional gain or loss realized, and derecognized the related GNMA repurchase asset and offsetting liability during the quarter ended March 31, 2023.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company receives annual servicing fee income approximating 0.25% of the outstanding balance of the underlying loans. In connection with the Company's activities as a servicer of mortgage loans, the investors and the securitization trusts have no recourse to the Company’s assets for failure of debtors to pay when due.
The Company is potentially subject to losses in its loan servicing portfolio due to loan foreclosures. The Company has obligations to either repurchase the outstanding principal balance of a loan or make the purchaser whole for the economic benefits of a loan if it is determined that the loan sold violated representations or warranties made by the Company and/or the borrower at the time of the sale, which the Company refers to as mortgage loan servicing putback expenses. Such representations and warranties typically include those made regarding loans that had missing or insufficient file documentation and/or loans obtained through fraud by borrowers or other third parties. Putback claims may be made until the loan is paid in full. When a putback claim is received, the Company evaluates the claim and takes appropriate actions based on the nature of the claim. The Company is required by the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation to provide a response to putback claims within 60 days of the date of receipt.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the reserve for mortgage loan servicing putback expenses totaled $127,000 and $217,000, respectively. There is inherent uncertainty in reasonably estimating the requirement for reserves against future mortgage loan servicing putback expenses. Future putback expenses depend on many subjective factors, including the review procedures of the purchasers and the potential refinance activity on loans sold with servicing released and the subsequent consequences under the representations and warranties.
GNMA optional repurchase programs allow financial institutions to buy back individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria from the securitized loan pool for which the institution provides servicing. At the servicer’s option, and without GNMA's prior authorization, the servicer may repurchase a delinquent loan for an amount equal to 100% of the remaining principal balance of the loan. This buy-back option is considered a conditional option until the delinquency criteria are met, at which time the option becomes unconditional. When a financial institution is deemed to have regained effective control over these loans under the unconditional buy-back option, the loans can no longer be reported as sold and must be included in the consolidated balance sheets as mortgage loans held for sale, regardless of whether the institution intends to exercise the buy-back option. These loans totaled $24.6 million at December 31, 2022, and were recorded as mortgage loans held for sale at the lower of cost or fair value with a corresponding liability in FHLB advances and other borrowings on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The final sale conditions of the GNMA MSR portfolio were met during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, and, accordingly, there were no GNMA repurchase program loans on the balance sheet at December 31, 2023.
Note 10 — Deposits
Deposit balances are summarized as follows:

|  |  |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Noninterest-bearing demand |  |  |  | $ | 1,919,638 |  |  | $ | 2,482,475 |
Money market |  |  |  | 2,772,807 |  |  | 2,442,559 |
Interest bearing demand |  |  |  | 1,875,864 |  |  | 1,737,158 |
Time deposits |  |  |  | 967,901 |  |  | 781,880 |
Brokered time deposits |  |  |  | 444,989 |  |  | 5,407 |
Savings |  |  |  | 269,926 |  |  | 326,223 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 8,251,125 |  |  | $ | 7,775,702 |

Municipal deposits totaled $881.5 million and $794.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Included in time and brokered time deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022, are $894.4 million and $322.2 million, respectively, of time deposits in denominations of $250,000 or more.
Maturities of time deposits, at December 31, 2023, are as follows:
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands) |
Years Ended December 31, |
2024 | $ | 1,312,766 |
2025 | 76,752 |
2026 | 11,807 |
2027 | 8,213 |
2028 | 3,352 |
Total | $ | 1,412,890 |

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, overdrawn deposits of $934,000 and $1.3 million, respectively, were reclassified as unsecured loans.
Note 11 — Borrowings
Borrowed funds are summarized as follows:

| December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Short-term FHLB advances | $ | 70,000 |  |  | $ | 550,000 |
Long-term FHLB advances | 6,474 |  |  | 6,740 |
GNMA repurchase liability | — |  |  | 24,569 |
Overnight repurchase agreements with depositors | 7,124 |  |  | 27,921 |
Correspondent short-term borrowings | — |  |  | 30,000 |
Total FHLB advances and other borrowings | $ | 83,598 |  |  | $ | 639,230 |
Subordinated indebtedness, net | $ | 194,279 |  |  | $ | 201,765 |

Additional details of certain FHLB advances are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | Interest Rate |  | Maturity Date
At December 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |
Short-term FHLB advance, fixed rate | $ | 70,000 |  |  | 5.68 | % |  | 1/5/2024
At December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |
Short-term FHLB advance, fixed rate | $ | 450,000 |  |  | 4.55 | % |  | 1/3/2023
Short-term FHLB advance, fixed rate | 100,000 |  |  | 4.62 |  |  | 1/13/2023

Security for all indebtedness and outstanding commitments to the FHLB consists of a blanket floating lien on all of the Company’s first mortgage loans, commercial real estate and other real estate loans, as well as the Company’s investment in capital stock of the FHLB and deposit accounts at the FHLB. The net amounts available under the blanket floating lien at December 31, 2023 and 2022, were $2.01 billion and $1.29 billion, respectively.
Long-Term Borrowings
Interest rates for FHLB long-term advances outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, ranged from 1.99% to 4.57%. These advances are all fixed rate and are subject to restrictions or penalties in the event of prepayment.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Scheduled maturities of long-term advances from the FHLB at December 31, 2023, are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |
Years Ended December 31, |  |
2026 | $ | 465 |  |
2027 | 1,302 |  |
2028 | — |  |
Thereafter | 4,707 |  |
Total | $ | 6,474 |  |

Short-Term Borrowings
In conjunction with the BTH merger, the Company assumed certain repurchase agreements with former BTH depositors that included the sale and repurchase of BTH investment securities of at least equal to the daily balance of the BTH depositor’s account, subject to maximum limitations, with various maturity dates. These BTH repurchase agreements were restructured and integrated into the Company’s repurchase agreements which include the sale and repurchase of investment securities and mature on a daily basis. The total overnight repurchase agreements with depositors carried a daily average interest rate of 2.21% for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 0.24% for the year ended December 31, 2022,
The Company had unsecured lines of credit for the purchase of federal funds in the amount of $145.0 million and $140.0 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company also had a $75.0 million secured repurchase line of credit at December 31, 2023 and 2022. There were no amounts outstanding on these lines at either date. It is customary for the financial institutions granting the unsecured lines of credit to require a minimum amount of cash be held on deposit at that institution. Amounts required to be held on deposit are typically $250,000 or less, and the Company has complied with all compensating balance requirements to allow utilization of these lines of credit.
Additionally, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the availability to borrow $1.42 billion and $1.23 billion, respectively, from the discount window at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, with $1.69 billion and $1.76 billion in commercial and industrial loans pledged as collateral, respectively. There were no borrowings against this line at December 31, 2023 or 2022.
Holding Company Line of Credit
The Company entered into a Loan Agreement (the "Loan Agreement"), along with certain ancillary instruments, with NexBank SSB ("Lender") pursuant to which the Lender can make one or more revolving credit loans of up to $50.0 million to the Company, which can be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. On October 29, 2021, the Company entered into a second amendment (the "Amendment") to the Loan Agreement. Pursuant to the Amendment, the loan may not exceed an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million, consisting of the $50.0 million existing loan amount and any one or more potential incremental revolving loan commitments that the Lender may make in its sole discretion, up to an aggregate principal of $50.0 million, upon the request of the Company. The Lender has no obligation to agree to extend any incremental revolving loan or to increase the loan amount. The principal amounts borrowed under the Loan Agreement bear interest at a variable rate equal to the applicable Term SOFR for the then-current SOFR Interest Period plus 3.35% (as such terms are defined in the Loan Agreement). Pursuant to the Amendment, the line of credit available to the Company expired on October 27, 2023, at which time all amounts borrowed, together with applicable interest, fees and other amounts owed by the Company were due and payable. The Company may extend the maturity date to a date that is three hundred and sixty-four (364) days after the then-effective maturity date, no more than two times upon (i) delivery of a written request therefor to Lender at least thirty (30) days, but no more than (60) days, prior to the maturity date then in effect; and (ii) receipt by the Lender of a certificate of the Company dated the date of such request. The Company exercised the request for extension and the maturity date was extended to October 27, 2024. The Company had no balance outstanding on this revolving credit loan under the Loan Agreement at December 31, 2023 and $30.0 million outstanding at December 31, 2022.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Subordinated Indebtedness
On August 1, 2022, the Company assumed $37.6 million of subordinated promissory notes ("BTH Notes") from BTH. At December 31, 2023, the Company had BTH Notes of $34.7 million with maturity dates ranging from December 2024 to June 2031. Interest rates on the BTH Notes primarily reprice quarterly and range from Prime +50 bps to Prime +175 bps with a floor of 3.875% on all the BTH Notes, and ceilings ranging from 6.125% to 6.375%. The BTH Notes are intended to qualify for Tier 2 capital treatment and are substantively identical in terms and conditions, including priority, except for the maturity dates and interest rates payable on the notes. Interest is payable on the BTH Notes quarterly, and the principal amount of each BTH Note is payable at maturity. After the five-year anniversary of issuance, the Company can redeem the BTH Notes in part or in full at the Company’s discretion and, if applicable, subject to receipt of any required regulatory approvals. In addition, the BTH Notes can be redeemed at any time without penalty, upon not less than ten days’ notice, in the event that (i) the BTH Notes no longer qualify as Tier 2 capital as a result of any amendment or change in interpretation or application of laws or regulation that becomes effective after the date of issuance of the BTH Notes, or (ii) a tax event, or (iii) investment company act event, as defined in the BTH Notes. The BTH Notes are unsecured and rank senior to the Company’s common stock, any preferred stock that may be issued, and the BTH TruPS (defined below).
In February 2020, Origin Bank completed an offering of $70.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030 (the “4.25% Notes”) to certain investors in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 3(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 4.25% Notes initially bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 4.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears, to but excluding February 15, 2025. From and including February 15, 2025, to but excluding the maturity date or early redemption date, the interest rate will equal the three-month LIBOR rate (provided, that in the event the three-month LIBOR is less than zero, the three-month LIBOR will be deemed to be zero) plus 282 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. On June 30, 2023, in conjunction with the customary fallback provision upon the discontinuation of LIBOR, the rate for the floating rate periods from and including February 15, 2025, on these notes transitioned to the three-month term SOFR plus 308 basis points. Origin Bank is entitled to redeem the 4.25% Notes, in whole or in part, on or after February 15, 2025, and to redeem the 4.25% Notes at any time in whole upon certain other specified events. The 4.25% Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes for Origin Bank.
In October 2020, the Company completed of an offering of $80.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.50% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030 (the “4.50% Notes”). The 4.50% Notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.50% payable semi-annually in arrears, to but excluding November 1, 2025. From and including November 1, 2025, to but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption date, the 4.50% Notes bear a floating interest rate expected to equal the three-month term Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 432 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The Company may redeem the 4.50% Notes at any time upon certain specified events or in whole or in part on or after November 1, 2025. The 4.50% Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes for the Company and a portion was transferred to Origin Bank, which qualifies as Tier 1 capital for regulatory capital purposes for the Bank. During the year ended December 31, 2023, and with the approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Company repurchased $5.0 million of the 4.50% notes in conjunction the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s failed bank resolution process.
On August 1, 2022, the Company assumed BTH’s obligations with respect to $7.2 million in aggregate principal amount of junior subordinated debentures issued to a statutory trust of BTH ("BTH TruPS"). The BTH TruPS and the Company’s two other wholly-owned, unconsolidated subsidiary grantor trusts were established for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities. The trust preferred securities accrue and pay distributions periodically at specified annual rates as provided in each trust agreement. The trusts used the net proceeds from each of the offerings to purchase a like amount of junior subordinated debentures (the "debentures") of the Company. The debentures are the sole assets of the trusts. The Company’s obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of the obligations of the trusts. The trust preferred securities are mandatorily redeemable upon maturity of the debentures and can be currently redeemed by the Company in whole or in part at a redemption price equal to 100% of the outstanding principal amount of the debentures, plus any accrued but unpaid interest to the redemption date. The trust preferred securities qualify as Tier 1 capital of the Company for regulatory purposes, subject to certain limitations.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table is a summary of the terms of the junior subordinated debentures at December 31, 2023:

(Dollars in thousands) Issuance Trust |  | Issuance Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Amount Outstanding |  | Rate Type |  | Current Rate |  | Maximum Rate
CTB Statutory Trust I |  | 07/2001 |  | 07/2031 |  | $ | 6,702 |  |  | Variable (1) |  | 8.94 | % |  | 12.50 | %
First Louisiana Statutory Trust I |  | 09/2006 |  | 12/2036 |  | 4,124 |  |  | Variable (2) |  | 7.45 |  |  | 16.00 |
BT Holdings Trust I |  | 05/2007 |  | 09/2037 |  | 7,217 |  |  | Variable (3) |  | 7.26 |  |  | N/A
Par amount |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,043 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized original issue discount |  |  | (1,016) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized purchase accounting discount |  |  | (671) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total junior subordinated debt at December 31, 2023 | $ | 16,356 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

____________________________
(1)The trust preferred securities reprice quarterly based on the three-month average SOFR plus 3.30%, with the last reprice date on October 27, 2023.
(2)The trust preferred securities reprice quarterly based on the three-month CME Term SOFR plus 1.80%, plus 0.26161% SOFR spread adjustment, with the last reprice date on December 13, 2023.
(3)The trust preferred securities reprice quarterly based on the three-month CME Term SOFR plus 1.64%, plus 0.26161% SOFR spread adjustment, with the last reprice date on December 4, 2023.
The balance of the subordinated indebtedness varies from the amounts carried on the consolidated balance sheets due to the remaining original issue and purchase discount of which was established at the time of issuance or purchase and is being amortized over the remaining life of the securities using the interest method.
Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments
Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives
The Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage risks related to differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments, as well as to manage changes in fair values of some assets which are marked at fair value through the consolidated statement of income on a recurring basis.
Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
The Company is a party to interest rate swap agreements under which the Company receives interest at a variable rate and pays at a fixed rate. The derivative instruments represented by these swap agreements are designated as cash flow hedges of the Company’s forecasted variable cash flows under a variable-rate term borrowing agreements. During the terms of the swap agreements, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the periods that the hedged forecasted variable-rate interest payments affected earnings. There was no ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives recognized directly in earnings. The entire swap fair value will be reclassified into earnings before the expiration dates of the swap agreements.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges
Customer interest rate derivative program
The Company offers certain derivatives products, primarily interest rate swaps, directly to qualified commercial banking customers to facilitate their risk management strategies. In most instances, the Company acts only as an intermediary, simultaneously entering into offsetting agreements with unrelated financial institutions, thereby mitigating its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions without significantly impacting its results of operations. Because the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and any offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings as a component of noninterest income.
From time to time, the Company shares in credit risk on interest rate swap arrangements, by entering into risk participation agreements with syndication partners. These are accounted for at fair value and disclosed as risk participation derivatives.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Mortgage banking derivatives
The Company enters into certain derivative agreements as part of its mortgage banking and related risk management activities. These agreements include interest rate lock commitments on prospective residential mortgage loans and forward commitments to sell these loans to investors on a mandatory delivery basis. The Company also economically hedges the value of MSRs by entering into a series of commitments to purchase mortgage-backed securities in the future and U.S. Treasury Notes.
Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
The following tables disclose the fair value of derivative instruments in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as the effect of these derivative instruments on the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Derivative instruments and their related gains and losses are reported in other operating activities, net in the statements of cash flows.

(Dollars in thousands) | Notional Amounts(1) |  | Fair Values
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments: | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest rate swaps included in other assets | $ | 10,500 |  |  | $ | 10,500 |  |  | $ | 786 |  |  | $ | 1,043 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps included in other assets | $ | 363,498 |  |  | $ | 352,842 |  |  | $ | 18,567 |  |  | $ | 25,482 |
Interest rate swaps included in other liabilities | 356,683 |  |  | 345,742 |  |  | (18,298) |  |  | (25,175) |
Risk participation agreements included in other liabilities | 20,000 |  |  | 59,738 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Forward commitments to purchase forward-settling mortgage-backed securities included in other assets (liabilities) | 9,000 |  |  | 7,000 |  |  | 91 |  |  | (100) |
Forward commitments to purchase treasury notes in other assets | 22,500 |  |  | 31,500 |  |  | 822 |  |  | — |
Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans included in other assets | — |  |  | 8,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Interest rate-lock commitments on residential mortgage loans included in other assets | 8,471 |  |  | 9,544 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 201 |
| $ | 780,152 |  |  | $ | 814,866 |  |  | $ | 1,401 |  |  | $ | 415 |

____________________________
(1)Notional or contractual amounts, which represent the extent of involvement in the derivatives market, are used to determine the contractual cash flows required in accordance with the terms of the agreement. These amounts are typically not exchanged, significantly exceed amounts subject to credit or market risk and are not reflected in the consolidated balance sheets.
The weighted-average rates paid and received for interest rate swaps were as follows:

| Weighted-Average Interest Rate
| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest rate swaps: | Paid |  | Received |  | Paid |  | Received
Cash flow hedges | 4.24 | % |  | 8.35 | % |  | 4.98 | % |  | 5.72 | %
Non-hedging interest rate swaps - financial institution counterparties | 4.88 |  |  | 7.82 |  |  | 3.72 |  |  | 5.75 |
Non-hedging interest rate swaps - customer counterparties | 7.82 |  |  | 4.88 |  |  | 5.75 |  |  | 3.72 |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Gains and losses recognized on derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of loss recognized in mortgage banking revenue (1) |  |  |  |  | $ | (573) |  |  | $ | (2,813) |  |  | $ | (3,118) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in other non-interest income |  |  |  |  | (41) |  |  | 655 |  |  | 816 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

____________________________
(1)Gains and losses on these instruments are largely offset by market fluctuations in mortgage servicing rights. See Note 9 — Mortgage Banking for more information on components of mortgage banking revenue.
Some interest rate swaps included in other assets were subject to a master netting arrangement with the counterparty in all periods presented and could be offset against some amounts included in interest rate swaps included in other liabilities. The Company has chosen not to net these exposures in the consolidated balance sheets, and any impact of netting these amounts would not be significant.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had cash collateral on deposit with swap counterparties totaling $865,000 and $7.6 million, respectively. These amounts are included in interest-bearing deposits in banks in the consolidated balance sheets and are considered restricted cash until such time as the underlying swaps are settled.
Note 13 — Stock and Incentive Compensation Plans
The Company has granted, and currently has outstanding, stock and incentive compensation awards subject to the provisions of the Company’s 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”). The 2012 Plan is designed to provide flexibility to the Company regarding its ability to motivate, attract and retain the services of key officers, employees and directors. The 2012 Plan allows the Company to make grants of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards (“RSA”), restricted stock units (“RSU”), dividend equivalent rights, performance stock units (“PSU”) or any combination thereof. At December 31, 2023, the maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the 2012 Plan was 33,365 shares.
Additionally, the Company’s stockholders approved an employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) which qualified as an ESPP under IRS guidelines. The ESPP provides for the purchase of up to an aggregate one million shares of the Company’s common stock by employees. Under the ESPP, employees of the Company, who elect to participate, have the right to purchase a limited number of shares of the Company’s common stock at a 15% discount from the lower of the market value of the common stock at the beginning or the end of each one year offering period, beginning on June 1st. The ESPP benefit is treated as compensation to the employee, and the compensation expense will be recognized over the service period based on the grant date fair value of the rights determined at the beginning of the purchase period, adjusted for forfeitures and certain modifications. At December 31, 2023, there was $188,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to estimated ESPP shares for the June 1, 2023, ESPP purchase period. These costs are expected to be recognized over a period of 0.42 year.
The table below includes the weighted-average assumptions used to calculate the grant date fair value of the ESPP rights for the periods indicated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model:

|  |  | Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expected term (in years) |  |  |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00
Dividend yield |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.88 |  |  | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 1.25 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  |  |  | 3.90 | % |  | 1.24 | % |  | 0.10 | %
Expected volatility |  |  |  |  | 31.63 |  |  | 37.90 |  |  | 45.96 |

The ESPP shares purchased are as follows for the dates indicated:
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

|  |  | Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
ESPP shares purchased |  |  |  |  | 46,213 |  |  | 26,089 |  |  | — |
Shares available for issuance under the ESPP |  |  |  |  | 927,698 |  |  | 973,911 |  |  | 1,000,000 |

The Compensation Committee (“Committee”) has approved and the Company has granted PSUs to select officers and employees under the 2012 Plan. Each PSU represents a right for the participant to receive shares of Company common stock or cash equal to the fair market value of such stock, as determined by the Committee. The number of PSUs to which the participant may be entitled will vary from 0% to 150% of the target number of PSUs, based on the Company’s achievement of specified performance criteria during the performance period compared to performance benchmarks adopted by the Committee and, further, the participant’s continuous service with the Company through the third anniversary of the date of the grant. Each performance period commences on January 1 and ends three years later on December 31, (“Performance Period”).
On December 7, 2022, the Committee and the independent members of the Board also approved a special, one-time stock award to Drake Mills, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer (the “One-Time Award”), having an approximate value of $10,000,000, was comprised of 129,736 restricted stock units (“CEO RSUs”) and 129,735 market-based performance stock units (“CEO PSUs”), and was effective as of December 13, 2022, (the “Grant Date”). In exchange for the One-Time Award, Mr. Mills agreed to a 2-year non-competition covenant, in addition to the standard non-solicitation of customers and employees covenant included in the Company’s form of award agreement. Pursuant to the One-Time Award, the CEO RSUs shall vest in five approximately equal installments on each of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh anniversaries of the Grant Date, subject to Mr. Mills’ continued employment with the Company on each respective vesting date, or upon the earlier occurrence of Mr. Mills’ death, disability, termination of employment without cause or resignation for good reason. The CEO PSUs shall be eligible to vest based on achievement of five pre-established stock price hurdles (each, a “Stock Price Hurdle”) during a seven-year performance period (the “CEO Performance Period”). Achievement of each Stock Price Hurdle requires substantial and sustained growth in the Company’s stock price, with each Stock Price Hurdle representing a twenty percent (20%) price appreciation over the 20-day average closing price of the Company’s common stock as of the Grant Date (such that 100% appreciation is required for 100% of the CEO PSUs to vest). Each Stock Price Hurdle must be maintained for twenty consecutive days during the CEO Performance Period. Each of the five tranches of CEO PSUs will vest on the later of the date that the applicable Stock Price Hurdle is achieved (“Achieved PSUs”) or the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh anniversaries of the Grant Date, respectively, subject to Mr. Mills’ continued employment with the Company on each respective vesting date, or upon the earlier occurrence of Mr. Mills’ death or disability. If Mr. Mills’ employment is terminated without cause or he resigns for good reason, then any Achieved PSUs will become fully vested and unearned CEO PSUs will remain outstanding and eligible to vest based on achievement of the Stock Price Hurdle during the CEO Performance Period. The One-Time Award was granted pursuant to, and subject to the terms and conditions of, the Origin Bancorp, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan and the Company’s form of RSU agreement and PSU agreement, respectively.
Compensation expense for the CEO PSUs will be recognized over the vesting period of the awards based on the fair value of the award at the grant date determined by using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the following inputs:

Simulation Inputs | Year Ended December 31, 2022
Grant date | December 13, 2022
Performance period | seven years
Stock price | $ | 36.87 |
Expected volatility (1) | 33.0 | %
Risk-free rate (2) | 3.5 |

____________________________
(1)The expected volatility was determined based on the historical volatilities of the Company and the specified peer group.
(2)The risk-free interest rate for the performance period was derived from the seven-year continuous U.S. Treasury Yield constant maturity curve on the valuation date.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Share-based compensation cost charged to income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, is presented below. There was no stock option expense for any of the periods shown.

|  |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
RSA & RSU |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,321 |  |  | $ | 2,845 |  |  | $ | 2,100 |
PSU |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 534 |  |  | 288 |  |  | — |
ESPP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 426 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 195 |
Total stock compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,281 |  |  | $ | 3,449 |  |  | $ | 2,295 |
Related tax benefits recognized in net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,109 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 482 |

Restricted Stock and Performance Stock Grants
The Company’s RSAs and RSUs are time-vested awards and are granted to the Company’s Board of Directors, executives and senior management team. The service period in which time-vested awards are earned ranges from one to seven years. Time-vested awards are valued utilizing the fair value of the Company’s stock at the grant date. These awards are recognized on the straight-line method over the requisite service period, with forfeitures recognized as they occur.
The Company’s PSU awards, excluding the CEO PSUs, are three-year cliff-vested awards, with each unit divided into two categories (“ROAA Unit Group” and “ROAE Unit Group”), composed of an equivalent number of initial PSUs granted. The PSU share amounts do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from the interim performance results until the final performance results are determined at the end of the three-year period. The ROAA Unit Group is based upon the Company’s Performance Period Return on Average Assets performance, and the ROAE Unit Group is based upon the Company’s Performance Period Return on Average Equity performance. The PSUs are initially valued utilizing the fair value of the Company’s stock at the grant date, assuming 100% of the target number of units are achieved. Subsequent valuation of the PSUs is determined using the ratio of the actual Company’s Performance Period ROAA or ROAE to the Company’s targeted Performance Period ROAA or ROAE, applied to the PSUs awarded times the Company’s closing month end stock price for the month immediately preceding the period end date. The determination of whether and to what extent the performance criteria has been satisfied during the applicable Performance Period shall be made by the Compensation Committee, in its sole and absolute discretion. Certain nonrecurring, unusual or infrequent items may be disregarded in the ROAA or ROAE calculation as described further in the PSU award agreement. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes the Company’s award activity:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested RSAs, January 1, | 27,391 |  |  | $ | 35.37 |  |  | 48,048 |  |  | $ | 35.27 |  |  | 103,359 |  |  | $ | 31.51 |
Granted RSAs | 16,788 |  |  | 28.61 |  |  | 12,840 |  |  | 37.39 |  |  | 13,460 |  |  | 42.26 |
Vested RSAs | (26,550) |  |  | 35.11 |  |  | (33,497) |  |  | 36.00 |  |  | (67,825) |  |  | 31.07 |
Forfeited RSAs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (946) |  |  | 24.69 |
Nonvested RSAs, December 31, | 17,629 |  |  | 29.33 |  |  | 27,391 |  |  | 35.37 |  |  | 48,048 |  |  | 35.27 |
Nonvested RSUs, January 1, | 270,390 |  |  | $ | 39.63 |  |  | 73,977 |  |  | $ | 40.64 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Granted RSUs | 116,098 |  |  | 35.65 |  |  | 222,282 |  |  | 39.43 |  |  | 73,977 |  |  | 40.64 |
Vested RSUs | (55,614) |  |  | 41.98 |  |  | (24,028) |  |  | 40.56 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited RSUs | (12,706) |  |  | 41.59 |  |  | (1,841) |  |  | 43.48 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Nonvested RSUs, December 31, | 318,168 |  |  | 37.69 |  |  | 270,390 |  |  | 39.63 |  |  | 73,977 |  |  | 40.64 |
Nonvested PSUs, January 1, | 157,367 |  |  | $ | 29.06 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Granted PSUs | 43,591 |  |  | 31.77 |  |  | 157,367 |  |  | 29.06 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited PSUs | (3,116) |  |  | 31.77 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Nonvested PSUs, December 31, | 197,842 |  |  | 28.33 |  |  | 157,367 |  |  | 29.06 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

At December 31, 2023, there was $153,000, $9.7 million and $2.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested RSA shares, RSU shares and PSU shares under the 2012 Plan, respectively. Those costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.3, 3.6 and 1.9 years for RSA, RSU and PSU shares, respectively.
Stock Option Grants
The Company has previously issued common stock options to select officers and employees primarily through individual agreements. The exercise price of each option varies by agreement and is based on the fair value of the stock at the date of the grant. No outstanding stock option has a term that exceeds twenty years, and all of the outstanding options are fully vested. The Company recognized compensation cost for stock option grants over the required service period based upon the grant date fair value, which is established using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The Black-Scholes valuation model uses assumptions of risk-free interest rate, expected term of stock options, expected stock price volatility and expected dividends. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.
In conjunction with the BTH merger, the Company assumed the BTH 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and converted all outstanding options to purchase BTH common stock into options to purchase an aggregate of 611,676 shares of the Company’s common stock. Under the terms of applicable change in control provisions within the BTH 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and BTH Notice Of Stock Option Award, all BTH stock options fully vested immediately prior to the closing of the merger that occurred on August 1, 2022. BTH converted options have no expiration dates past August 16, 2031, and no further grants will be made under the BTH 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The table below summarizes the status of the Company’s stock options and changes during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at January 1, 2023 | 504,437 |  |  | $ | 29.46 |  |  | 5.13 |  | $ | 3,736 |  |
Exercised | (135,746) |  |  | 23.61 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,533 |  |
Expired | (15,218) |  |  | 34.48 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2023 | 353,473 |  |  | 31.49 |  |  | 4.46 |  | 1,670 |  |
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at January 1, 2022 | 39,200 |  |  | $ | 10.73 |  |  | 2.28 |  | $ | 1,262 |  |
BTH options converted to OBK options | 611,676 |  |  | 28.62 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,838 |  |
Exercised | (144,785) |  |  | 20.80 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,992 |  |
Expired | (1,654) |  |  | 34.44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2022 | 504,437 |  |  | 29.46 |  |  | 5.13 |  | 3,736 |  |
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at January 1, 2021 | 224,000 |  |  | $ | 10.86 |  |  | 4.92 |  | $ | 3,789 |  |
Exercised | (184,800) |  |  | 10.88 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,447 |  |
Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2021 | 39,200 |  |  | 10.73 |  |  | 2.28 |  | 1,262 |  |

Note 14 — Employee Benefit Plans
Defined Contribution Retirement Plan
The Company maintains the Origin Bancorp, Inc. Employee Retirement Plan (the "Retirement Plan") that is a defined contribution benefit plan, that allows contributions under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Retirement Plan covers substantially all employees who meet certain other requirements and employment classification criteria. Under the provisions of the Retirement Plan, the Company may make discretionary matching contributions on a percentage, not to exceed 6%, of a participant’s elective deferrals. Any percentage(s) determined by the Company shall apply to all eligible persons for the entire plan year. Historically, the Company has matched 50% of the first 6% of eligible compensation deferred by a participant. Eligible compensation includes salaries, wages, overtime and bonuses, and excludes expense reimbursements and fringe benefits. In addition, the Company may make additional discretionary contributions out of current or accumulated net profit. Matching contributions are invested as directed by the participant. The total of the Company’s contributions may not exceed limitations set forth in the Retirement Plan document or the maximum deductible under the Internal Revenue Code.
Although it has not expressed any intention to do so, the Company has the right to terminate the Retirement Plan at any time. The total expense related to the Retirement Plan, including optional contributions, was $2.7 million, $2.4 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Other Benefit Plans
The Company has entered into individual Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (“SERP”) or Executive Supplemental Income Agreements (“ESIA”) with several of its executive officers. Eligibility to participate in a SERP or ESIA is limited to senior officers and determined by the Board. The SERPs and ESIA are unfunded and designed to be a nonqualified deferred compensation retirement plan in compliance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. Deferred compensation has been recorded for these plans as a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The deferred compensation liability was $10.8 million and $10.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Typically, payments to participants reduce the accrual and any actuarial adjustments are netted with the expense. The expense recorded for the deferred compensation plan totaled $452,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $1.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
On December 7, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the Origin Bank Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “DCP”), pursuant to which certain employees, including the Company’s named executive officers, may elect to participate. Pursuant to the DCP, which became effective January 1, 2023, participants may make deferral elections with respect to their base salary, bonus or stock units. The Company may make discretionary contributions to the DCP, which contributions will be subject to a vesting schedule. Unless otherwise specified by the Company, such Company contributions will have a 5-year ratable vesting schedule, subject to acceleration of vesting in the case of a change in control or the participant’s death, disability or retirement. Participants may make individual investment elections that will determine the rate of return on their cash deferral amounts under the DCP. Cash deferrals are only deemed to be invested in the investment options selected. The DCP does not provide any above-market returns or preferential earnings to participants, and, with the exception of Company contributions, the deferrals and their earnings are always 100% vested. Participants may elect, at the time they make their deferral elections, to receive in-service distributions or separation from service distributions. Distributions can be paid either as a lump sum payment or in substantially equal annual installments, over a period of up to 5 years for in-service distributions, or over a period of up to 10 years for separation from service distributions.
There was no deferred compensation liability or expense recorded pursuant to the DCP plan during the periods covered by this report.
Note 15 — Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes is as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | Years Ended December 31,
Federal income taxes: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current | $ | (7,181) |  |  | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | 17,022 |
Deferred | 27,458 |  |  | 18,634 |  |  | 6,077 |
State income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Current | 1,590 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 584 |
Deferred | 256 |  |  | (325) |  |  | 202 |
Income tax expense | $ | 22,123 |  |  | $ | 19,727 |  |  | $ | 23,885 |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
A reconciliation of income tax expense at the statutory rate to the Company’s actual income tax expense is below:

| Years Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  |
Income taxes computed at statutory rate | $ | 22,244 |  |  | 21.00 | % |  | $ | 22,563 |  |  | 21.00 | % |  | $ | 27,811 |  |  | 21.00 | % |  |
Tax exempt revenue, net of nondeductible interest | (1,072) |  |  | (1.01) |  |  | (1,510) |  |  | (1.41) |  |  | (1,339) |  |  | (1.01) |  |  |
Low-income housing tax credits, net of amortization | (758) |  |  | (0.72) |  |  | (832) |  |  | (0.77) |  |  | (468) |  |  | (0.35) |  |  |
Other tax credits, net of add-backs | (1,218) |  |  | (1.15) |  |  | (1,218) |  |  | (1.13) |  |  | (1,218) |  |  | (0.92) |  |  |
Bank-owned life insurance income | (182) |  |  | (0.17) |  |  | (145) |  |  | (0.13) |  |  | (170) |  |  | (0.13) |  |  |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 1,498 |  |  | 1.41 |  |  | (201) |  |  | (0.19) |  |  | 662 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | 632 |  |  | 0.60 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (1,272) |  |  | (0.96) |  |  |
Nondeductible expense | 814 |  |  | 0.77 |  |  | 996 |  |  | 0.93 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |
Other | 165 |  |  | 0.16 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 0.04 |  |  | (227) |  |  | (0.17) |  |  |
Total income tax expense | $ | 22,123 |  |  | 20.89 | % |  | $ | 19,727 |  |  | 18.36 | % |  | $ | 23,885 |  |  | 18.04 | % |  |

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, |
Deferred tax assets: | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Credit loss allowances | $ | 22,019 |  |  | $ | 20,480 |  |
Deferred compensation and share-based compensation | 7,442 |  |  | 7,699 |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 1,333 |  |  | 27,341 |  |
Credit carryforwards | — |  |  | 3,678 |  |
Other | 5 |  |  | 45 |  |
Investments in limited partnerships | 1,789 |  |  | 13 |  |
Other real estate owned | 24 |  |  | 9 |  |
Lease obligations | 48 |  |  | 36 |  |
Premium/discount on acquisitions | 187 |  |  | 624 |  |
Deferred rent obligations | 427 |  |  | 594 |  |
Gross deferred tax assets | 33,274 |  |  | 60,519 |  |
Valuation allowance | (1,193) |  |  | (899) |  |
Deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance | $ | 32,081 |  |  | $ | 59,620 |  |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Basis difference in premises and equipment | $ | 4,586 |  |  | $ | 3,811 |  |
Intangible assets | 6,858 |  |  | 8,539 |  |
Mortgage servicing rights | 3,378 |  |  | 4,499 |  |
Deferred Income | 2,181 |  |  | — |  |
Other | 361 |  |  | 341 |  |
Gross deferred tax liabilities | 17,364 |  |  | 17,190 |  |
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 14,717 |  |  | $ | 42,430 |  |

At December 31, 2023, the Company had $2.3 million of Federal gross net operating net loss carryforwards and $29.0 million in gross state net operating losses carryforwards. Of these net loss carryforwards, $2.3 million in Federal gross net operating loss carryforwards acquired in previous business combinations are expiring between 2024 and 2028, and 96.2% of the $29.0 million in state net operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely with the remaining carryforwards expiring between 2024 and 2042. Due to limitations on the amounts of these losses that can be recognized annually, the Company has determined that it is more likely than not that some of these net operating loss carryforwards will expire unused, and has established a $1,193,000 valuation allowance related to these carryforwards.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company files a consolidated income tax return in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities in these taxing jurisdictions for the years before 2020.
Note 16 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (“AOCI”) includes the after-tax change in unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities and cash flow hedging activities.

(Dollars in thousands) | Unrealized (Loss) Gain on AFS Securities |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |
Balance at January 1, 2021 | $ | 26,206 |  |  | $ | (557) |  |  | $ | 25,649 |  |
Net change | (20,397) |  |  | 477 |  |  | (19,920) |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 5,809 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 5,729 |  |
Net change | (166,509) |  |  | 905 |  |  | (165,604) |  |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | (160,700) |  |  | 825 |  |  | (159,875) |  |
Net change | 39,054 |  |  | (202) |  |  | 38,852 |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | (121,646) |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | (121,023) |  |

Note 17 — Capital and Regulatory Matters
The Company (on a consolidated basis) and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.
The Company is subject to the Basel III regulatory capital framework (“Basel III Capital Rules”), which includes a 2.5% capital conservation buffer. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress and requires increased capital levels for the purpose of capital distributions and other payments. Failure to meet the full amount of the buffer will result in restrictions on the Company’s ability to make capital distributions, which include dividend payments, stock repurchases and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers.
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total, common equity Tier 1 and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average total consolidated assets (as defined). Management believes, at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, that the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject, including the capital buffer requirement.
At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Bank’s capital ratios exceeded those levels necessary to be categorized as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as “well capitalized,” the Bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, common equity Tier 1 risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. A final rule adopted by the federal banking agencies in February 2019 provides banking organizations with the option to phase in, over a three-year period, the adverse day-one regulatory capital effects of the adoption of CECL. In addition, on March 27, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interim final rule that gives banking organizations that were required to implement CECL before the end of 2020 the option to delay for two years CECL’s adverse effects on regulatory capital. The Bank elected to adopt CECL in the first quarter of 2020 and exercised the option to delay the estimated impact of the adoption of CECL on the Company’s regulatory capital for two years (from January 2020 through December 31, 2021). The two-year delay is followed by a three-year transition period of CECL’s initial impact on the Company’s regulatory capital (from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024). The amount representing the CECL impact to the Company’s regulatory capital that will be ratably transitioning back into regulatory capital over the transition period is $2.5 million and $5.1 million at December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The actual capital amounts and ratios of the Company and the Bank at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, are presented in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2023 | Actual |  | Minimum Capital Required - Basel III |  | To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | $ | 1,012,916 |  |  | 11.83 | % |  | $ | 599,455 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Origin Bank | 1,019,732 |  |  | 11.95 |  |  | 597,548 |  |  | 7.00 |  |  | $ | 554,866 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | 1,028,729 |  |  | 12.01 |  |  | 727,907 |  |  | 8.50 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Origin Bank | 1,019,732 |  |  | 11.95 |  |  | 725,593 |  |  | 8.50 |  |  | 682,912 |  |  | 8.00 |
Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | 1,286,604 |  |  | 15.02 |  |  | 899,184 |  |  | 10.50 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Origin Bank | 1,188,000 |  |  | 13.92 |  |  | 896,320 |  |  | 10.50 |  |  | 853,638 |  |  | 10.00 |
Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | 1,028,729 |  |  | 10.50 |  |  | 391,822 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Origin Bank | 1,019,732 |  |  | 10.45 |  |  | 390,246 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 487,807 |  |  | 5.00 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | 906,859 |  |  | 10.93 |  |  | 580,857 |  |  | 7.00 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Origin Bank | 952,579 |  |  | 11.50 |  |  | 579,775 |  |  | 7.00 |  |  | 538,363 |  |  | 6.50 |
Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | 922,584 |  |  | 11.12 |  |  | 705,327 |  |  | 8.50 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Origin Bank | 952,579 |  |  | 11.50 |  |  | 704,013 |  |  | 8.50 |  |  | 662,600 |  |  | 8.00 |
Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | 1,180,665 |  |  | 14.23 |  |  | 871,290 |  |  | 10.50 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Origin Bank | 1,109,257 |  |  | 13.39 |  |  | 869,661 |  |  | 10.50 |  |  | 828,249 |  |  | 10.00 |
Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origin Bancorp, Inc. | 922,584 |  |  | 9.66 |  |  | 381,955 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Origin Bank | 952,579 |  |  | 9.94 |  |  | 383,359 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 479,198 |  |  | 5.00 |

In the ordinary course of business, the Company depends on dividends from the Bank to provide funds for the payment of dividends to stockholders and to provide for other cash requirements. Banking regulations may limit the amount of dividends that may be paid. Approval by regulatory authorities is required if the effect of dividends declared would cause the regulatory capital of the Bank to fall below specified minimum levels. Approval is also required if dividends declared and paid exceed the Bank’s year-to-date net income combined with the retained net income for the preceding year, which was $114.1 million at December 31, 2023.
Stock Repurchases
In July 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase up to $50 million of its outstanding common stock. The shares may be repurchased in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, depending upon market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The stock repurchase program is intended to expire in three years but may be terminated or amended by the Board of Directors at any time. The stock repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any shares at any time.
There have been no stock repurchases during the years ended December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 18 — Commitments and Contingencies
Credit-Related Commitments
In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into financial instruments, such as commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, to meet the financing needs of its customers. Such instruments are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements until they are funded, although they expose the Company to varying degrees of credit risk and interest rate risk in much the same way as funded loans.
Commitments to extend credit include revolving commercial credit lines, non-revolving loan commitments issued mainly to finance the merger and development or construction of real property or equipment, and credit card and personal credit lines. The availability of funds under commercial credit lines and loan commitments generally depends on whether the borrower continues to meet credit standards established in the underlying contract and has not violated other contractual conditions. Loan commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee by the borrower. Credit card and personal credit lines are generally subject to cancellation if the borrower’s credit quality deteriorates. A number of commercial and personal credit lines are used only partially or, in some cases, not at all before they expire, and the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements of the Company.
A substantial majority of the letters of credit are standby agreements that obligate the Company to fulfill a customer’s financial commitments to a third party if the customer is unable to perform. The Company issues standby letters of credit primarily to provide credit enhancement to its customers’ other commercial or public financing arrangements and to help them demonstrate financial capacity to vendors of essential goods and services.
The contract amounts of these instruments reflect the Company’s exposure to credit risk. The Company undertakes the same credit evaluation in making loan commitments and assuming conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments and may require collateral or other credit support.
The table below presents the Company’s commitments to extend credit by commitment expiration date for the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than One Year |  | One-Three Years |  | Three-Five Years |  | Greater than Five Years |  | Total
Commitments to extend credit(1) | $ | 955,486 |  |  | $ | 990,690 |  |  | $ | 349,918 |  |  | $ | 58,954 |  |  | $ | 2,355,048 |
Standby letters of credit | 103,280 |  |  | 20,458 |  |  | 32,957 |  |  | — |  |  | 156,695 |
Total off-balance sheet commitments | $ | 1,058,766 |  |  | $ | 1,011,148 |  |  | $ | 382,875 |  |  | $ | 58,954 |  |  | $ | 2,511,743 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit(1) | $ | 1,093,744 |  |  | $ | 988,212 |  |  | $ | 553,069 |  |  | $ | 96,783 |  |  | $ | 2,731,808 |
Standby letters of credit | 86,922 |  |  | 2,264 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 89,186 |
Total off-balance sheet commitments | $ | 1,180,666 |  |  | $ | 990,476 |  |  | $ | 553,069 |  |  | $ | 96,783 |  |  | $ | 2,820,994 |

____________________________
(1)Includes $759.4 million and $594.6 million of unconditionally cancellable commitments at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, the Company held 31 unfunded letters of credit from the FHLB totaling $693.6 million, with expiration dates ranging from January 14, 2024, to September 22, 2027. At December 31, 2022, the Company held 28 unfunded letters of credit from the FHLB totaling $277.4 million, with expiration dates ranging from January 14, 2023, to September 22, 2027.
Management establishes an asset-specific allowance for certain lending-related commitments and computes a formula-based allowance for performing consumer and commercial lending-related commitments. These are computed using a methodology similar to that used for the commercial loan portfolio, modified for expected maturities and probabilities of drawdown. The reserve for lending-related commitments was $4.7 million and $4.6 million at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Loss Contingencies
From time to time, the Company is also party to various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. At this time, management does not expect that loss contingencies, if any, arising from any such proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or liquidity of the Company.
Note 19 — Related Party Transactions
Loans to executive officers, directors, and their affiliates at December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 76,226 |  |  | $ | 471 |
Advances | 18,036 |  |  | 10,853 |
Principal repayments | (23,133) |  |  | (1,156) |
Effect of changes in composition of related parties | — |  |  | 66,058 |
Balance, end of year | $ | 71,129 |  |  | $ | 76,226 |
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 13,523 |  |  | $ | 2,570 |

None of the above loans were considered non-performing or potential problem loans. These loans were made in the ordinary course of business and on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other unaffiliated persons and do not involve more than normal risk of collectability.
Deposits from related parties held by the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, amounted to $34.6 million and $40.0 million, respectively.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 20 — Condensed Parent Company Only Financial Statements
Financial statements of Origin Bancorp, Inc. (parent company only) are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) | December 31, |  |
Condensed Balance Sheets | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 87,698 |  |  | $ | 99,810 |  |  |
Investment in affiliates/subsidiaries | 1,069,967 |  |  | 995,507 |  |  |
Other assets | 33,478 |  |  | 19,840 |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 1,191,143 |  |  | $ | 1,115,157 |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  |
Subordinated indebtedness, net | 125,078 |  |  | 132,661 |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 3,160 |  |  | 2,553 |  |  |
Total liabilities | 128,238 |  |  | 165,214 |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |
Common stock | 154,931 |  |  | 153,733 |  |  |
Additional paid‑in capital | 528,578 |  |  | 520,669 |  |  |
Retained earnings | 500,419 |  |  | 435,416 |  |  |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (121,023) |  |  | (159,875) |  |  |
Total stockholders’ equity | 1,062,905 |  |  | 949,943 |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,191,143 |  |  | $ | 1,115,157 |  |  |

(Dollars in thousands) | Years Ended December 31,
Condensed Statements of Income | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Income: |  |  |  |  |
Dividends from subsidiaries | $ | 53,150 |  |  | $ | 17,500 |  |  | $ | 19,200 |
Other | 10,945 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 1,608 |
Total income | 64,095 |  |  | 17,908 |  |  | 20,808 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 7,515 |  |  | 5,612 |  |  | 4,313 |
Salaries and employee benefits | 370 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 221 |
Other | 1,708 |  |  | 4,915 |  |  | 1,079 |
Total expenses | 9,593 |  |  | 10,747 |  |  | 5,613 |
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 54,502 |  |  | 7,161 |  |  | 15,195 |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (943) |  |  | 3,359 |  |  | 762 |
Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 53,559 |  |  | 10,520 |  |  | 15,957 |
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 30,241 |  |  | 77,195 |  |  | 92,589 |
Net income | $ | 83,800 |  |  | $ | 87,715 |  |  | $ | 108,546 |

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands) | Years Ended December 31, |
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 83,800 |  |  | $ | 87,715 |  |  | $ | 108,546 |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes | 4,451 |  |  | (2,254) |  |  | 7 |  |
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | (30,241) |  |  | (77,195) |  |  | (92,589) |  |
Amortization of subordinated indebtedness discount including purchase accounting adjustment | 220 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 147 |  |
Gain on equity securities without a readily determinable fair value | (10,096) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Gain on repurchase of subordinated debentures | (471) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Other, net | (4,540) |  |  | 4,805 |  |  | (5,898) |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 43,123 |  |  | 13,252 |  |  | 10,213 |  |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Lincoln Agency, LLC and Pulley-White Insurance Agency acquisitions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,457) |  |
BTH acquisition | — |  |  | 44,265 |  |  | — |  |
Net purchases of non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,612) |  |
Capital calls on limited partnership investments | (2,454) |  |  | (3,722) |  |  | (513) |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (2,454) |  |  | 40,543 |  |  | (11,582) |  |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from short-term borrowings | — |  |  | 30,000 |  |  | — |  |
Repayments on short-term borrowings | (30,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Dividends paid | (18,567) |  |  | (15,887) |  |  | (11,525) |  |
Cash received on exercise of stock options | 3,140 |  |  | 2,998 |  |  | 146 |  |
Repurchase of subordinated debentures, net | (4,729) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Maturities of subordinated debentures | (2,625) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (52,781) |  |  | 17,111 |  |  | (12,635) |  |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (12,112) |  |  | 70,906 |  |  | (14,004) |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 99,810 |  |  | 28,904 |  |  | 42,908 |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 87,698 |  |  | $ | 99,810 |  |  | $ | 28,904 |  |

Note 21 — Business Combinations
BT Holdings, Inc.
On August 1, 2022, the Company completed its merger with BT Holdings, Inc. (“BTH”), a Texas corporation and the registered bank holding company of BTH Bank, acquiring 100% of the voting equity interests of BTH. The Company issued 6,794,910 shares of its common stock, and all outstanding BTH common stock options were converted into options to purchase an aggregate of 611,676 shares of Origin common stock. Based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on July 29, 2022, of $43.07 per share, the aggregate consideration to be paid to holders of BTH common stock in connection with the merger is valued at approximately $307.8 million. Goodwill of $94.5 million was recorded as a result of the transaction. The merger added new markets for expansion and brings complementary businesses together to drive synergies and growth, which are the factors that gave rise to the goodwill recorded. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes.
Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the merger date, Origin had approximately $9.84 billion in assets, $6.77 billion in loans and $7.99 billion in deposits on a consolidated basis. Origin Bank and BTH Bank, N.A. operated as separate banking subsidiaries of the Company until the merger of the banks, which Origin completed on October 7, 2022, concurrently with the data processing conversion. BTH formerly operated its banking business from 13 locations in East Texas, Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, each of which now operates as a banking location of Origin Bank.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company has determined that the merger of the net assets of BTH constitutes a business combination as defined by the ASC Topic 805. Accordingly, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are presented at their fair values as required. Fair values were determined based on the requirements of ASC Topic 820. The Company has finalized its analysis of the loans acquired along with the other acquired assets and assumed liabilities related to the merger with BT Holdings, Inc.
The following schedule is a breakdown of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the merger date:

|  |  |  |  | BT Holdings, Inc. |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | As Recorded by Origin |
Assets Acquired: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | $ | 69,953 |  |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  | 456,808 |  |
Loans acquired |  |  |  |  | 1,239,532 |  |
Allowance for credit losses on loans |  |  |  |  | (5,527) |  |
Loans receivable, net |  |  |  |  | 1,234,005 |  |
Premises and equipment |  |  |  |  | 17,825 |  |
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions |  |  |  |  | 5,873 |  |
Core deposit intangible |  |  |  |  | 38,356 |  |
Other assets |  |  |  |  | 23,778 |  |
Total assets acquired |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,846,598 |  |
Liabilities Assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  |  |  |  | $ | 398,089 |  |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  |  |  | 865,864 |  |
Time deposits |  |  |  |  | 302,506 |  |
Total deposits |  |  |  |  | 1,566,459 |  |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  |  |  | 10,133 |  |
Subordinated indebtedness, net |  |  |  |  | 44,074 |  |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |  |  | 12,674 |  |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  |  |  | 1,633,340 |  |
Net assets acquired |  |  |  |  | 213,258 |  |
Purchase price |  |  |  |  | 307,784 |  |
Goodwill |  |  |  |  | $ | 94,526 |  |

The Company’s operating results include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of BTH subsequent to the merger date.
Acquisition Accounting. The following is a description of the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities acquired as part of a merger or acquisition. The Company elected to use the pushdown accounting method to record the merger.
Loans acquired – Fair values for PCD loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan and whether or not the loan was amortizing, and current discount rates except when a fair value of collateral approach was applied. The discount rates used for PCD loans were based on current market rates and include adjustments for liquidity concerns. The discount rate does not include a factor for credit losses, as that has been included in the estimated cash flows. Non-PCD loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics and were treated in the aggregate when applying valuation techniques. See Note 4 — Loans in these notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information related to loans acquired.
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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Loan Acquisition Accounting – The Company accounts for its acquisitions/mergers under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, are recorded at fair value. The fair value for acquired loans at the time of acquisition or merger is based on a variety of factors, including discounted expected cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments and credit losses. In accordance with ASC 326, the fair value adjustment is recorded as premium or discount to the unpaid principal balance of each acquired loan. Loans that have been identified as having experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination are PCD loans. The net premium or discount on PCD loans is adjusted by the Company’s allowance for credit losses recorded at the time of merger/acquisition. The remaining net premium or discount is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the effective interest rate method. The net premium or discount on loans that are not classified as PCD (“non-PCD”), that includes credit and non-credit components, is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using a constant yield method. The Company then records the necessary allowance for credit losses on the non-PCD loans through provision for credit losses expense.
Purchased loans that reflect a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered PCD. For PCD loans, the initial estimate of expected credit losses is recognized in the allowance for credit loss on the date of the merger using the same methodology as other loans held for investment as discussed in Note 4 — Loans in these notes to the consolidated financial statements. The following table provides a summary of loans purchased with credit deterioration at the merger transaction date with BTH:

| August 1, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Construction/ Land/ Land Development |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit |  | Consumer |  | Total
Unpaid principal balance | $ | 10,731 |  |  | $ | 1,315 |  |  | $ | 2,880 |  |  | $ | 37,117 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 52,212 |
PCD allowance for credit loss at merger | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,527 |
Non-credit related (premium)/discount | (277) |  |  | (92) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (77) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (442) |
Fair value of PCD loans | $ | 11,007 |  |  | $ | 1,407 |  |  | $ | 2,877 |  |  | $ | 31,669 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 47,127 |

Revenue and earnings of BTH since the acquisition date have not been disclosed as the acquired company was merged into the Company and separate financial information is not readily available.
The following table presents unaudited pro-forma information as if the merger with BTH had occurred on January 1, 2022. This pro-forma information gives effect to certain adjustments, including purchase accounting fair value adjustments, amortization of core deposit intangible and related income tax effects and is based on our historical results for the periods presented. Transaction-related costs related to the merger are not reflected in the pro-forma amounts. The pro-forma information does not necessarily reflect the results of operations that would have occurred had the Company acquired BTH at the beginning of fiscal year 2021. Cost savings are also not reflected in the unaudited pro-forma amounts.

(Dollars in thousands except share and per share data) |  |  | Pro-Forma for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 323,772 |  |  |  |
Noninterest income |  |  | 65,900 |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | 104,969 |  |  |  |
Pro-forma earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | $ | 3.14 |  |  |  |
Diluted |  |  | 3.11 |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 33,455,866 |  |  |  |

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures — As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was performed by the Company, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating its controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) were effective at the end of the period covered by this report.
Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting — Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). At December 31, 2023, management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in “2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the assessment, management determined that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2023, based on the specified criteria. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2023, has been audited by FORVIS, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting — There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the year ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures — Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and implemented, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues within a company are detected.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee
Origin Bancorp, Inc.
Ruston, Louisiana
Opinion on the Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Origin Bancorp, Inc.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ FORVIS, LLP
Little Rock, Arkansas
February 28, 2024
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Item 9B. Other Information
Pursuant to Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, none of our directors or executive officers adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
None.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year end.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year end.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
With the exception of the equity compensation plan information provided below, the information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year end.
Information regarding stock-based compensation awards outstanding and available for future grants at December 31, 2023, is presented in the table below. Additional information regarding stock-based compensation plans is presented in Note 13 — Stock and Incentive Compensation Plans to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

| Number of Securities to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options(1) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans |
2012 Stock Incentive Plan | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 33,365 |  |
Issued prior to establishment of the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan | 9,600 |  |  | 13.31 |  |  | — |  |
BTH 2012 Equity Incentive Plan | 343,873 |  |  | 33.34 |  |  | 343,873 |  |
Total | 353,473 |  |  | 31.49 |  |  | 377,238 |  |

____________________________
(1)Includes any compensation plan and individual compensation arrangement of the Company under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance.
Certain information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans is included under the section captioned "Stock-Based Compensation Plans" in Part II, Item 5, elsewhere in this report.
We know of no arrangements, including any pledge by any person of our securities, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.
Further information regarding security ownership of our 5% stockholders and our directors, director nominees and executive officers required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year end.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year end.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year end.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a) Documents filed as part of this Report:
(1) Financial Statements: Reference is made to the information set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules: All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are either not applicable or not required, or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(3) Exhibits: See (b) below.
(b) Exhibits:

Exhibit Number |  | Description
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and BT Holdings, Inc. dated February 23, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed February 24, 2022 (File No. 001-38487))
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 28, 2020 (File No. 001-38487)
3.2 |  | Bylaws, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 28, 2020 (File No. 001-38487)
4.1 |  | Specimen common stock certificate, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 10, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
4.2 |  | Subordinated Indenture, dated as of October 16, 2020, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2020 (File No. 001-38487)
4.3 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 16, 2020, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2020 (File No. 001-38487)
4.4 |  | Description of Common Stock, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (File No. 001-38487)
10.1 * |  | Origin Bancorp, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 (File No. 001-38487)
10.2 * |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Origin Bancorp, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed August 28, 2018 (File No. 001-38487)
10.3 * |  | Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under the Community Trust Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 10, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
10.4 * |  | BT Holdings, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan. incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed August 1, 2022 (File No. 333-266440))
10.5 * |  | 2020 Restated Employment Agreement, dated February 27, 2020, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and Drake Mills, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (File No. 001-38487)
10.6 * |  | Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Plan, effective May 1, 2008, between Community Trust Bank and Drake Mills, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 (File No. 001-38487)
10.7 * |  | Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement, dated March 30, 2001, by and between Community Trust Bank and Drake Mills, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 19, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
10.8 * |  | Amended and Restated Life Insurance Endorsement Method Split Dollar Plan Agreement, dated April 25, 2018, by and among New York Life Insurance Company, Origin Bank and Drake Mills, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 27, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.9 * |  | Amended and Restated Life Insurance Endorsement Method Split Dollar Plan Agreement, dated April 26, 2018, by and among Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company, Origin Bank and Drake Mills, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 27, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
10.10 * |  | Amended and Restated Endorsement Split Dollar Life Insurance Agreement, dated February 27, 2020, by and between Origin Bank and Drake Mills, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (File No. 001-38487)
10.11 * |  | 2020 Restated Employment Agreement, dated February 27, 2020, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and M. Lance Hall, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (File No. 001-38487)
10.12 * |  | §409A Amended & Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement, dated December 13, 2008, by and between Community Trust Bank and M. Lance Hall, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 19, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
10.13 * |  | Life Insurance Endorsement Method Split Dollar Plan Agreement, dated September 4, 2002, by and between Community Trust Bank and M. Lance Hall, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 19, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
10.14 * |  | Amendment to the Life Insurance Endorsement Split Dollar Plan Agreement, dated December 8, 2008, by and between Community Trust Bank and M. Lance Hall, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 19, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
10.15 * |  | Amendment to the Life Insurance Endorsement Method Split Dollar Plan Agreement, dated December 18, 2009, by and between Community Trust Bank and M. Lance Hall, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 19, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
10.16 * |  | Executive Supplemental Income Agreement, dated October 29, 2019, by and between Origin Bank and M. Lance Hall, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed October 31, 2019 (File No. 001-38487)
10.17 * |  | Endorsement Split Dollar Life Insurance Agreement, dated October 29, 2019, by and between Origin Bank and M. Lance Hall, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed October 31, 2019 (File No. 001-38487)
10.18 * |  | Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, dated August 17, 2018, by and between Origin Bank and Stephen H. Brolly, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed August 21, 2018 (File No. 001-38487)
10.19 * |  | Endorsement Split Dollar Life Insurance Agreement, dated August 17, 2018, by and between Origin Bank and Stephen H. Brolly, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed August 21, 2018 (File No. 001-38487)
10.20 |  | Loan Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2018, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and NexBank SSB, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed October 11, 2018 (File No. 001-38487)
10.21 |  | Revolving Promissory Note issued to NexBank SSB on October 5, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed October 11, 2018 (File No. 001-38487)
10.22 |  | Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2018, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and NexBank SSB, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed October 11, 2018 (File No. 001-38487)
10.23 |  | Fiscal and Paying Agency Agreement, dated as of February 6, 2020, by and between Origin Bank and U.S. Bank National Association, as Fiscal and Paying Agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed February 6, 2020 (File No. 001-38487)
10.24 |  | Form of Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 6, 2020, by and among Origin Bank and the several Purchasers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed February 6, 2020 (File No. 001-38487)
10.25 * |  | Change in Control Agreement, dated March 28, 2018, among Origin Bank, Origin Bancorp, Inc. and Preston Moore incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Company’s 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (file No. 001-38487)
10.26 |  | First Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2021, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and NexBank, SSB, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed for year ended December 31, 2021, (File No. 001-38487)
10.27 |  | Second Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2021, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and NexBank, SSB, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed for year ended December 31, 2021, (File No. 001-38487)
10.28 * |  | Change in Control Agreement, dated June 14, 2018, among Origin Bank, Origin Bancorp, Inc. and Jimmy R. Crotwell, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed for year ended December 31, 2021, (File No. 001-38487)

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.29 * |  | Form of Performance Stock Unit Agreement under the Origin Bancorp, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.30 * |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Origin Bancorp, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.31 * |  | Change in Control Agreement, dated February 22, 2022, among Origin Bank, Origin Bancorp, Inc. and Derek McGee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.32 * |  | Termination of Change in Control Agreement, dated August 8, 2022, among Origin Bancorp, Inc., Origin Bank and Stephen Brolly, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.33 * |  | Change in Control Agreement, dated July 27, 2022, among Origin Bank, Origin Bancorp, Inc. and William Wallace, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.5 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed July 27, 2022 (File No. 001-38487)
10.34 * |  | Employment Agreement between Origin Bancorp, Inc., and Stephen Brolly, dated August 8, 2022, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed July 27, 2022 (File No. 001-38487)
10.35 * |  | Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated May 24, 2022, among BTH Bank, N.A, BT Holdings, Inc., and Lori Sirman, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.36 * |  | Origin Bancorp, Inc., Origin Bank Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, dated December 8, 2022, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.37 * |  | Origin Bancorp, Inc., Origin Bank Long Term Equity Deferred Compensation Plan, dated December 8, 2022, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.38 * |  | Form of Incentive Agreement for Performance Unit Award under the Origin Bancorp, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, dated December 13, 2022, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and Drake Mills, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.39 * |  | Form of Incentive Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit Award under the Origin Bancorp, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, dated December 13, 2022, by and between Origin Bancorp, Inc. and Drake Mills, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 22, 2023 (File No. 001-38487)
10.40 * |  | Origin Bancorp, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed April 30, 2021 (File No. 001-38487)
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1 |  | Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 |  | Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 |  | Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 |  | Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97 |  | Origin Bancorp, Inc. Clawback Policy, dated October 2, 2023
101 |  | The following financial information from Origin Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, is formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Origin Bancorp, Inc.
|  | (Registrant)
Date: February 28, 2024 | By: | /s/ Drake Mills
|  | Drake Mills
|  | Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
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Signature |  | Date
/s/ Drake Mills |  | February 28, 2024
Drake Mills, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ William J. Wallace, IV |  | February 28, 2024
William J. Wallace, IV, Chief Financial Officer/Senior Executive Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  |
/s/ Stephen H. Brolly |  | February 28, 2024
Stephen H. Brolly, Chief Accounting Officer/Senior Executive Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Daniel Chu |  | February 28, 2024
Daniel Chu, Director |  |
/s/ James S. D’Agostino |  | February 28, 2024
James S. D’Agostino, Director |  |
/s/ James E. Davison, Jr. |  | February 28, 2024
James E. Davison, Jr., Director |  |
/s/ Jay Dyer |  | February 28, 2024
Jay Dyer, Director |  |
/s/ A. La’Verne Edney |  | February 28, 2024
A. La’Verne Edney, Director |  |
/s/ Meryl Farr |  | February 28, 2024
Meryl Farr, Director |  |
/s/ Richard Gallot, Jr. |  | February 28, 2024
Richard Gallot, Jr., Director |  |
/s/ Stacey W. Goff |  | February 28, 2024
Stacey W. Goff, Director |  |
/s/ Michael A. Jones |  | February 28, 2024
Michael A. Jones, Director |  |
/s/ Gary E. Luffey |  | February 28, 2024
Gary E. Luffey, Director |  |
/s/ Farrell J. Malone |  | February 28, 2024
Farrell J. Malone, Director |  |
/s/ Lori Sirman |  | February 28, 2024
Lori Sirman, Director |  |
/s/ Elizabeth E. Solender |  | February 28, 2024
Elizabeth E. Solender, Director |  |
/s/ Steven Taylor |  | February 28, 2024
Steven Taylor, Director |  |

151