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STOCK BASED COMPENSATION | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
STOCK BASED COMPENSATION |
STOCK BASED COMPENSATION | 16. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Performance Share Units, Restricted Stock Units and Stock Options Performance Share Units ​ The Company periodically grants PSUs to certain members of the Company's senior management team. PSUs vest subject to the satisfaction of annual and cumulative performance and/or market conditions established by the Compensation Committee. ​ In January 2019, the Company granted PSUs with performance conditions related to 2019, 2020, 2021 and three-year cumulative revenue goals for Xtampza ER. The PSUs were to vest following a three-year performance period, subject to the satisfaction of the performance criteria and the executive’s continued employment through the performance period. PSUs may vest in a range between 0% and 200%, based on the satisfaction of performance criteria, and no shares will be issued if the minimum applicable performance metric is not achieved. The Company recognizes compensation expense ratably over the required service period based on its estimate of the number of shares that will vest based upon the probability of achieving the performance metrics. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company adjusted cumulative compensation expense based on the number of shares that vested. ​ Beginning in February 2020 and each year thereafter, the Company granted PSUs with performance criteria related to the relative ranking of the total stockholder return (“TSR”) of the Company’s common stock for each individual year within a three-year performance period as well as the cumulative three-year performance period return relative to the TSR of certain peer companies within the S&P Pharmaceutical Select Industry Index. TSR will be measured based on the 30-day average stock price on the first day of each period compared to the 30-day average stock price on the last day of each period. The PSUs subject to the annual performance criteria will vest annually, subject to the satisfaction of the performance criteria and the executive’s continued employment through the performance period. The cumulative PSUs will vest following the three-year performance period, subject to the satisfaction of the performance criteria and the executive’s continued employment through the performance period. PSUs may vest in a range between 0% and 200%, based on the satisfaction of performance, and no shares will be issued if the minimum applicable performance metric is not achieved. As these PSUs vest based on the achievement of market conditions, the grant date fair values were determined using a Monte-Carlo valuation model. The Monte-Carlo valuation model considered a variety of potential future share prices for the Company as well as its peer companies in the selected market index. ​ In December 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a modification of PSUs that were originally granted to the Company’s senior management team in January 2019. The modification replaced the original performance criteria for the 2020, 2021 and cumulative performance periods from being based on Xtampza 2020, 2021 and three-year cumulative revenue goals to being based on TSR for 2020, 2021 and the corresponding two-year cumulative period. The PSUs achieved based on 2019 Xtampza revenues goals were not changed as part of the modification. The Company accounted for this modification under ASC 718, and, per guidance, determined the modification created incremental value as the fair value of these awards was increased upon modification. The increase in fair value resulted in an accelerated recognition of stock-based compensation expense on the modification date of $906. The total expense for these PSUs in years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was zero, $289 and $950, respectively. ​ A summary of the Company’s performance share units activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 and related information is as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted-Average
​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | ​ | 353,100 | ​ | $ | 31.77
Granted | ​ | 241,550 | ​ | ​ | 24.12
Vested | ​ | (126,081) | ​ | ​ | 29.12
Forfeited | ​ | (22,104) | ​ | ​ | 29.60
Performance adjustment | ​ | 1,305 | ​ | ​ | 28.96
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | ​ | 447,770 | ​ | $ | 28.71
​ The number of PSUs awarded represents the target number of shares of common stock that may be earned; however, the actual number of shares earned may vary based on the satisfaction of performance criteria. The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSUs granted for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $24.12, $35.15, and $28.49, respectively. ​ For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the stock-based compensation expense for PSUs was $5,398, $4,817, and $3,551, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the unrecognized compensation cost related to performance share units was $4,242 and is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 1.6 years. Restricted Stock Units ​ A summary of the Company’s RSUs activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 and related information is as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted-Average
​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | ​ | 1,620,023 | ​ | $ | 22.48
Granted | ​ | 1,372,247 | ​ | ​ | 17.53
Vested | ​ | (573,204) | ​ | ​ | 21.89
Forfeited | ​ | (371,495) | ​ | ​ | 20.57
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | ​ | 2,047,571 | ​ | $ | 19.67
​ The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $17.53, $24.23 and $21.35. The total fair value of RSUs vested (measured on the date of vesting) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $10,166, $11,165 and $6,992 respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units was $26,742 and is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 2.6 years. The weighted-average grant date fair value of restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $12,547, $8,526, and $5,989, respectively. Stock Options A summary of the Company’s stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 and related information is as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Weighted- |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | Weighted- |  | Average | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | Average |  | Remaining | ​ | ​ | Aggregate
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Exercise Price |  | Contractual | ​ | ​ | Intrinsic
​ |  | Shares |  | ​ | per Share |  | Term (in years) |  | ​ | Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 2,728,169 | ​ | $ | 18.33 |  | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 6,070
Exercised |  | (742,348) | ​ | ​ | 15.93 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cancelled |  | (302,016) | ​ | ​ | 21.35 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  | 1,683,805 | ​ | $ | 18.84 |  | 5.5 | ​ | $ | 7,953
Exercisable at December 31, 2022 |  | 1,545,610 | ​ | $ | 18.82 |  | 5.4 | ​ | $ | 7,394
​ The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the employee stock option grants were as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020
Risk-free interest rate | — | % | ​ | 0.7 | % | ​ | 1.3 | %
Volatility | — | % | ​ | 67.2 | % | ​ | 66.2 | %
Expected term (years) | — | ​ | ​ | 6.0 | ​ | ​ | 6.0 | ​
Expected dividend yield | — | % | ​ | — | % | ​ | — | %
​ Risk-free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates appropriate for the expected term of the stock option grants. Expected Volatility. Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility, the expected volatility assumption is based on the Company’s volatility as well as the historical volatilities of a peer group of similar companies whose share prices are publicly available. The peer group was developed based on companies in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. In evaluating similarity, the Company considers factors such as industry, stage of life cycle and size. Expected Term. The expected term represents the period of time that options are expected to be outstanding. Because the Company does not have historical exercise behavior through December 31, 2021, it determined the expected term assumption using the simplified method, which is an average of the contractual term of the option and its vesting period. Expected Dividend Yield. The expected dividend yield assumption is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and has no present intention to pay cash dividends. The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was zero, $12.60 and $12.78 respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $3,943, $6,456 and $7,516, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding options was $1,322 and is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 1.1 years. Employee Stock Purchase Plan ​ The Company’s 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan allows employees as designated by the Company’s Board of Directors to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The purchase price is equal to 85% of the lower of the closing price of the Company’s common stock on (1) the first day of the purchase period or (2) the last day of the purchase period. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 22,627 shares of common stock were purchased for total proceeds of $337. As of December 31, 2022, there were 1,932,173 shares of common stock authorized for issuance pursuant to the employee stock purchase plan. The expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $117, $224 and $342 respectively. ​ Stock-Based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation for all stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance share units and for the employee stock purchase plan are reported within the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020
Research and development | $ | 1,591 |  | ​ | 3,422 |  | ​ | 3,909
Selling, general and administrative |  | 21,283 | ​ | ​ | 20,833 | ​ | ​ | 18,001
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 22,874 | ​ | $ | 24,255 | ​ | $ | 21,910
​

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