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Stock-based Employee Compensation, Stock Option Plans, and Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Stock-based Employee Compensation, Stock Option Plans, and Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors | Stock-based Employee Compensation, Stock Option Plans, and Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors In 2004, the Company established a stock incentive plan (the “Plan”), as amended. Under the Plan, options are granted at an exercise price not less than the market value of the common stock on the date of grant and expire ten years from the date of grant. Officer options vest ratably over four years following the grant and are charged to expense using the straight-line method over the vesting period. Director options vest immediately and are charged to expense as of the date of grant. The Company uses the fair value method to value and account for employee stock options. The fair value of options granted is determined at the time of the grant using the Black-Scholes model, a widely used method for valuing stock-based employee compensation, and the following assumptions: (1) Expected Volatility determined using the most recent trading history of the Company’s common stock (month-end closing prices) corresponding to the average expected term of the options; (2) Average Expected Term of the options based on prior exercise history, scheduled vesting and the expiration date; (3) Expected Dividend Yield determined by management after considering the Company’s current and historic dividend yield, the Company’s yield in relation to other retail REITs and the Company’s market yield at the grant date; and (4) a Risk-free Interest Rate based upon the market yields of US Treasury obligations with maturities corresponding to the average expected term of the options at the grant date. The Company amortizes the value of options granted ratably over the vesting period and includes the amounts as compensation expense in general and administrative expenses. Pursuant to the Plan, the Compensation Committee established a Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors for the benefit of the Company’s directors and their beneficiaries, which replaced a previous Deferred Compensation and Stock Plan for Directors. Annually, directors are given the ability to make an election to defer all or part of their fees and have the option to have their fees paid in cash, in shares of common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock upon separation from the Board. If a director elects to have their fees paid in stock, fees earned during a calendar quarter are aggregated and divided by the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the first trading day of the following quarter to determine the number of shares to be credited to the director. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, 7,797 shares were credited to director’s deferred fee accounts and 8,225 shares were issued. As of September 30, 2023, the director's deferred fee accounts comprise 120,396 shares. Effective May 12, 2023, the Company granted 253,500 options to its directors and certain officers. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the valuation of the 2023 and 2022 option grants.
|  | Directors |  |  | Officers
Grant date |  | May 12, 2023 | May 13, 2022 |  |  | May 12, 2023 | May 13, 2022
Exercise price per share |  | $ | 33.79 | $ | 47.90 |  |  | $ | 33.79 | $ | 47.90
Fair value per option |  | $ | 6.53 | $ | 8.34 |  |  | $ | 6.06 | $ | 7.66
Volatility |  | 0.319 | 0.300 |  |  | 0.288 | 0.271
Expected life (years) |  | 5.0 | 5.0 |  |  | 7.0 | 7.0
Assumed yield |  | 4.94% | 4.90% |  |  | 4.96% | 4.93%
Risk-free rate |  | 3.45% | 2.89% |  |  | 3.45% | 2.95%
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, stock option expense totaling $1.0 million was included in general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of September 30, 2023, the estimated future expense related to unvested stock options was $2.5 million. The table below summarizes the option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price per share |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1 |  | 1,768,375 |  |  | $ | 51.28 |  |  | $ | — |
Granted |  | 253,500 |  |  | 33.79 |  |  | 375,180 |
Exercised |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expired/Forfeited |  | (114,375) |  |  | 49.67 |  |  | — |
Outstanding at September 30 |  | 1,907,500 |  |  | 49.05 |  |  | 375,180 |
Exercisable at September 30 |  | 1,229,875 |  |  | 52.28 |  |  | 44,400 |
The intrinsic value of stock options outstanding or exercisable measures the price difference between the options’ exercise price and the closing share price quoted by the New York Stock Exchange as of the date of measurement. There were no options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was calculated by using the transaction price on the date of exercise and totaled $179,217. At September 29, 2023, the final trading day of the 2023 third quarter, the closing share price of $35.27 was lower than the exercise price of 1.7 million outstanding options granted in 2014 through 2022. The weighted average remaining contractual life of the Company’s outstanding and exercisable options is 5.7 years and 4.4 years, respectively.

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