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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____to _____
Commission File Number: 001-40003
loanDepot, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware |  | 85-3948939
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
6561 Irvine Center Drive, | Irvine, | California |  | 92618
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (888) 337-6888
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.001 per value per share |  | LDI |  | The New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☒ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒ |
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of June 30, 2023 the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.0001 par value (“common stock”), held by non-affiliates was $122,265,791 based on the closing price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on that date.
As of March 13, 2024, 84,732,443 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share, were outstanding. No shares of registrant’s Class B common stock were outstanding, 141,329,339 shares of registrant’s Class C common stock were outstanding and 97,026,671 shares of registrant’s Class D common stock were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for use in connection with its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is to be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

loanDepot, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K
December 31, 2023
Table of Contents

|  | Page
PART I |  | 1
| Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | 1
| Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Terms | 2
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 11
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 50
Item 1C. | C ybersecurity | 50
Item 2. | Properties | 51
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 51
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 52
PART II |  | 53
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 53
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 54
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 54
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 66
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 69
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 116
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 116
Item 9B. | Other Information | 116
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 117
PART III |  | 117
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 117
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 117
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 117
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 117
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 117
PART IV |  | 117
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 117
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 126
| Signatures | 127

PART I.
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, business strategies, technology developments, financing and investment plans, dividend policy, competitive position, industry and regulatory environment, potential growth opportunities and the effects of competition. Forward-looking statements include statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” "seek," “should,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms.
Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management’s beliefs and assumptions only as of the date of this report. You should read this report with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations are included in “Item 1A Risk Factors.”
Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.
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Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Terms
The acronyms, abbreviations, and terms listed below are used in various sections of this Form 10-K, including “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Agencies | GSEs, FHA, FHFA and certain other federal governmental authorities
ART | Artemis Management, LLC (direct wholly-owned subsidiary of LD Holdings)
CFPB | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
ECOA | Equal Credit Opportunity Act
Fannie Mae | Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FHA | Federal Housing Administration
FHFA | Federal Housing Finance Agency
FIRREA | Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989
Freddie Mac | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
GAAP | U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Ginnie Mae | Government National Mortgage Association
GSE | Government Sponsored Enterprises, namely Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
HOEPA | Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994
HUD | Department of Housing and Urban Development
IRLC | interest rate lock commitments
LD Holdings | LD Holdings Group LLC
LDLLC | loanDepot.com, LLC (direct subsidiary of LD Holdings)
LDSS | LD Settlement Services, LLC (direct wholly-owned subsidiary of LD Holdings)
LHFS | loans held for sale
LTV | loan-to-value
MBA | Mortgage Bankers Association
MBS | mortgage-backed securities
MCS | mello Credit Strategies, LLC (direct wholly-owned subsidiary of LD Holdings)
Mello | mello Holdings, LLC (direct wholly-owned subsidiary of LD Holdings)
MSR | mortgage servicing rights
RESPA | Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act
TBA MBS | to be announced mortgage-backed securities
TILA | Truth in Lending Act
UPB | unpaid principal balance
VA | Department of Veterans Affairs
VIE | Variable Interest Entity

Numerical figures included in this Form 10-K have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in various tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the figures that precede them.
All references to years, unless otherwise noted or indicated by the context, refer to our fiscal years, which end on December 31.
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Item 1. Business
Our Company
We are a leading provider of lending solutions that make the American dream of homeownership more accessible and achievable for all, especially the increasingly diverse communities of first-time homebuyers, through a broad suite of lending and real estate services that simplify one of life's most complex transactions. We launched our business in 2010 to disrupt the legacy mortgage industry and make obtaining a mortgage a positive experience for consumers. Our goal is to be the lender of choice for consumers and the employer of choice by being a company that operates on sound principles of exceptional value, ethics, and transparency. We offer a wide variety of loan products and our in-house servicing platform complements our loan origination strategy. We are the fifth largest retail-focused non-bank mortgage originator and the seventh largest overall retail originator (based on data through February 29, 2024, published by Inside Mortgage Finance).
Market Considerations
During 2022 and 2023, the U.S. residential mortgage market experienced the impact of geopolitical risks and inflation, leading the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates and transition from a low-rate to a rising-rate environment. In July 2023, the Federal Reserve increased the Federal Funds rate to a range of 5.25% - 5.50%. Meanwhile, the average rate for a 30-year fixed rate mortgage as reported by the St. Louis Fed continued to increase during the year and peaked in October 2023. The heightened rate environment negatively affected the affordability and loan qualification of homebuyers and decreased demand for refinancing, subsequently influencing mortgage loan origination volumes.
The MBA reported a 29% decline in U.S. annual one-to-four family residential mortgage origination volume from $2.3 trillion in 2022 to $1.6 trillion in 2023, with a 54% decrease in refinance activity. As of December 2023, the MBA forecasts a 22% increase in annual one-to-four family residential mortgage origination projecting to reach $2.0 trillion by the end of 2024. However, existing economic conditions such as market volatility, geopolitical risks, inflation, and uncertainties in the banking sector, contribute to inherent uncertainties in estimates and assumptions.
Vision 2025
In response to the challenges posed by these market dynamics, we introduced our Vision 2025 Plan in July 2022, characterized by four key elements:
1.Transforming our originations business to drive purchase money transactions with an expanded emphasis on purpose-driven lending;
2.Investing in profitable growth-generating initiatives and critical business platforms and processes to support operating leverage and best-in-class quality and delivery;
3.Aggressively right sizing our cost structure to address current and future projected market conditions; and
4.Optimizing and simplifying our organizational structure.
Since the initial announcement, we have made the following strides toward the realization of Vision 2025:
•Exited the wholesale channel: We completed our exit of the wholesale channel, reducing operational complexities and focusing our originations business on direct customer engagement.
•Established NHC Mortgage Joint Venture: In collaboration with National HomeCorp., loanDepot formed NHC Mortgage, the latest in a series of joint ventures for loanDepot that expand the company's reach in the important purchase mortgage market and its strategic focus on increasing and sustaining homeownership in underserved communities.
•Partnered with Habitat for Humanity: As a purpose-driven lender committed to helping more families realize their financial and homeownership goals, loanDepot supports the nonprofit organization on its mission to help Habitat homeowners achieve the strength, stability and independence they need to build a better life for themselves and for their families.
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•Transitioned Servicing Portfolio: We transitioned our servicing portfolio to an in-house platform, resulting in a reduction in servicing expenses and allowing direct engagement with our customers, improving service levels and our customers’ homeownership experience.
•Expanded HELOC Platform: After launching our home equity line of credit (“HELOC”) solution in late 2022, we added additional states, broadening the offering to more customers, enhancing our digital presence and customer engagement, and diversifying our revenue base.
•Consolidated Retail and Corporate Locations: We have consolidated our retail and corporate locations, reducing our occupancy related expenses.
•Streamlined Leadership Structure: We centralized management of loan originations and loan fulfillment under senior leaders and reduced management spans to enhance quality and effectiveness.
•Aligned Cost Structure: We have made significant progress toward aligning our cost structure for improved operational efficiency. Total expenses decreased $693.4 million, or 35.6%, for the year 2023 compared to 2022. Non-volume related expenses decreased from $1.5 billion in 2022 to $1.0 billion in 2023. This reduction has been primarily achieved through strategic measures such as headcount reduction, attrition, business process optimization, diminished marketing and third-party spending, and the consolidation of real estate assets. We reduced staffing levels to 4,250 at December 31, 2023 from 5,194 at December 31, 2022 and 11,307 at December 31, 2021. In November 2023, we announced an additional $120 million annualized cost reduction target, including $100 million in non-volume related expenses such as vendor contract termination and renegotiation, optimized marketing spending, and corporate real estate cost reductions, that we expect will benefit our 2024 results.
Products
We have a broad loan product suite including conventional agency-conforming loans, conventional prime jumbo loans, FHA & VA loans, and home equity lines of credit.
i)Conventional Agency-Conforming loans: our conventional Agency-conforming loans meet the general underwriting guidelines established by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and may be modified through special arrangements we have with both GSEs.
ii)Conventional prime jumbo loans: comprised of our proprietary “Jumbo Advantage” product, and other white label products, these loans generally conform to the underwriting guidelines of the GSEs but exceed the maximum loan size allowed for single unit properties.
iii)FHA & VA loans: FHA loans are federal assistance residential mortgage loans that insure the lender against default on the loan. VA loans are federal assistance residential mortgage loans for eligible U.S. veterans and their surviving spouses that are guaranteed against default by the U.S. government.
iv)Home equity lines of credit: we originate home equity lines of credit that are designed to provide homeowners access to efficient capital by accessing the equity that borrowers have accumulated in their homes.
Loan Origination Strategy
We aim to reach a wider audience and provide a seamless customer experience through our streamlined organization and digital-first approach. Using our brand, technology, and data, we connect with customers through various channels, including digital and direct marketing, realtor relationships, joint ventures, and referral partners. Our proprietary technology platform, mello®, plays a role in improving the mortgage process by applying intelligent underwriting parameters for automated loan determination. This approach prioritizes efficiency and responsiveness, directing leads to either in-house or in-market loan officers, or our digital self-service platform, based on consumer needs and preferences.
Consumer Direct: Our consumer direct platform leverages our centralized operations centers and algorithms to generate rate quotes in seconds. Customers can independently complete the mortgage application process digitally, often without human interaction. Real-time assistance is available when needed from our sales force. Mortgages from our digital and call center operations are primarily focused on refinancing.
In-Market Loan Officers: We originate loans through dedicated in-market loan officers nationwide, who build and maintain local customer relationships with real estate agents and builders and are often supplemented by leads developed from
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our enterprise wide marketing. Our technology platform serves as a lead generation tool for these loan officers, particularly focusing on purchase originations.
Joint Ventures and Other Referral Partners: We've formed joint ventures with national home builders and affinity partners, aiming to offer integrated mortgage products. This approach reduces acquisition costs compared to our other channels. Our collaboration with home builders in this channel emphasizes a high percentage of purchase originations. Additionally, we source originations through direct referrals from our partners' customer interactions and user interface.
Servicing
Servicing involves collecting loan payments, sending principal and interest payments to investors, managing escrow funds for mortgage-related expenses like taxes and insurance, conducting loss mitigation activities on behalf of investors, and administering our mortgage loan servicing portfolio in compliance with state and federal regulations. Unlike origination and sale, servicing revenues are recurring in nature and repeat throughout the life of the underlying mortgage loan. In February 2023, we completed the transition of our servicing portfolio to our in-house platform. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 we retained servicing rights on 66% and 65% of loans sold, respectively. We service loans on behalf of investors or owners of the underlying mortgages, and because we do not generally hold loans for investment purposes, our loss exposure is limited to investor guidelines regarding the servicing of delinquent loans. As of December 31, 2023, we serviced 496,894 customers with $145.1 billion in UPB of residential mortgage loans, 82% of which was associated with FICO scores above 680. Our servicing portfolio is comprised of 65% Agency MSRs associated with mortgage loans that conform to the guidelines set forth by GSEs, and 28% Government MSRs associated with mortgage loans that are insured or guaranteed by government agencies, primarily through Ginnie Mae mortgage-backed securities.
Our servicing portfolio and in-house capabilities complement our loan origination strategy. In addition to fees we earn from servicing the loans, we also derive value from the ability to “recapture” the subsequent refinance or purchase mortgage business of borrowers in the servicing portfolio. The value of the recapture business is comprised of both the gain on sale revenue from the origination and with lower marketing expenses than a non-recapture origination. Our preliminary organic refinance consumer direct recapture rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 66%. We define organic refinance consumer direct recapture rate as the total UPB of loans in our servicing book that are paid in full for purposes of refinancing the loan on the same property, with the Company acting as lender on both the existing and new loan, number divided by the UPB of loans in our servicing book that are paid in full for the purpose of refinancing the loan on the same property.
Ancillary Business
Settlement Services. LDSS is our captive title and escrow business. Title insurance is one of the most significant pieces of a real estate transaction, with vast potential to be digitized and better integrated with our lending operation.
Real Estate Services. mello Home Services, LLC is our wholly-owned captive real estate referral business. A large portion of our purchase-oriented customer leads have not yet selected a realtor, thus affording us the opportunity to provide a more integrated customer service between the two key home-buying functions, as well as capture ancillary revenue in a RESPA-compliant manner.
Insurance Services. mello Insurance Services, LLC is our wholly-owned captive insurance broker established to sell homeowners and other consumer insurance policies to loanDepot’s customers who typically do not have a quote at the time of loan application.
Risk Management
Our experienced management team understands the importance of risk management, employing enterprise-wide risk management principles and policies to guide their decision making and business strategy. Our risk management objectives include an effective and scalable environment and resource and process optimization, anticipation and mitigation of emerging risks, consistent application of risk framework principles, maintaining satisfactory positions with regulatory agencies, investors, lenders and other critical counterparties, maintaining adequate capital to satisfy our internal, regulatory and agency
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requirements, holding adequate liquidity to fund our business through both normal and stressed environments, mitigating credit risk exposure, and managing towards attractive long-term risk-adjusted returns on capital.
As part of our risk management practices, we proactively hedge the interest rate risk on our MSR portfolio. Derivative instruments utilized by the Company primarily include forward sale contracts, put options on treasuries, and interest rate swap futures. Our dedicated capital markets team actively manages the pooling and sale of loans into the secondary market as well as hedging of the Company’s whole-loans, origination pipeline, and MSRs.
Liquidity is crucial to the overall success of our business and is primarily managed by our treasury and capital markets teams. We have historically maintained liquidity levels that are designed to allow us to fund our loan origination business, manage our day-to-day operations and protect us against foreseeable market risks. Our sources of liquidity include loan funding warehouse facilities, MSR and servicing advance facilities, off-balance sheet gestation facilities, as well as cash on hand. As of December 31, 2023, we had $660.7 million of cash and cash equivalents, along with $3.1 billion of loan funding capacity across eight credit facilities, of which $1.9 billion was outstanding. Our $3.1 billion loan funding capacity was comprised of maturities staggered throughout 2024.
Competition
As a technology-enabled platform that provides multiple mortgage loan and real estate services products, we compete with other lenders and market participants across a variety of industry segments, including banks and other “originate-to-hold” lenders, non-bank lenders, and other financial institutions, as well as traditional and technology-oriented platforms across the broader real estate and mortgage industry. With respect to our mortgage loan businesses, we face and may in the future face competition in such areas as loan product offerings, rates, fees and customer service. With respect to servicing, we face competition in areas such as fees, compliance capabilities and performance in reducing delinquencies. Increased competition from new and existing market participants can impact our ability to continue to grow our loan origination volume, and we may be forced to accept lower margins in order to continue to compete and keep our volume of activity consistent with past or projected levels.
We believe that the principal factors that generally determine competitive advantage within our market include:
•ease and quickness of the loan application, underwriting and approval processes;
•overall customer experience, including transparency throughout each step of the transaction;
•brand recognition and trust;
•product selection; and
•effectiveness of customer acquisition.
We believe we compete favorably on the basis of our proprietary technology, diversified customer acquisition model and origination channels, scale, brand, and broad suite of products. We have increased our originations market share from 1.0% in 2014 to 1.4% for the year ended December 31, 2023 1 and we believe our strong consumer brand and proprietary technology platform have positioned us to continue gaining additional share.
Regulatory Compliance
We operate within a complex area of the financial services industry, and our business requires a significant compliance and regulatory infrastructure. We have developed an operating platform designed to meet the needs of today’s compliance and regulatory environment. We leverage our proprietary technology powered by mello® and automated systems which are designed to reduce errors and standardize processes.
We employ an in-house team of lawyers and other professionals dedicated to legal, regulatory and compliance related matters. Our compliance functions sit independently of our production operations from a reporting perspective, which allows for autonomy. However, our compliance department also works alongside the production areas of our organization on a day-to-day basis, which enables our compliance function and business units to collaborate and work more efficiently. We regularly and
1 Total market originations based on data as of December 2023, from the Mortgage Bankers Association.
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proactively engage with our regulators to stay ahead of regulatory trends. In addition, we utilize third-party verification and internal audit procedures to assist with compliance on fundamental issues. We view our infrastructure and culture of compliance to be a competitive advantage, as it enables us to leverage our platform and rapidly scale our business while minimizing, as much as possible, compliance risk.
Supervision and Regulation
We describe below the material elements of the regulatory and supervisory framework applicable to us. Statutes, regulations and policies that affect mortgage lending and servicing are continually under review by Congress and state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies, and a change in them, including changes in how they are interpreted or implemented, could have a material effect on our business. The regulatory and supervisory framework applicable to originators, lenders and facilitators in the mortgage loan markets is generally intended to protect consumers and not investors in such companies.
Supervision and Enforcement
Because we are not a depository institution, we generally do not benefit from federal preemption of state mortgage lending, loan servicing or debt collection licensing and regulatory requirements. Accordingly, we must comply with state licensing requirements in all of the states in which we conduct business. We are licensed as a loan originator in all 50 states and the District of Columbia and also are licensed as a loan servicer and loan broker in a number of states and jurisdictions in which such licenses are required. We are also subject to an extensive framework of state laws in the jurisdictions in which we do business, and to periodic audits and examinations conducted by the state regulators to ensure compliance with those laws. From time to time, we receive requests from state regulators and other agencies for records, documents and information regarding our policies, procedures and practices related to our loan origination, loan facilitation, loan servicing and debt collection operations. State attorneys general, state licensing regulators, and state and local consumer protection offices have authority to investigate consumer complaints and to commence investigations and other formal and informal proceedings regarding our operations and activities.
We are also subject to supervision and enforcement activity by federal government entities. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB was established in 2011 to ensure, among other things, that consumers receive clear and accurate disclosures regarding financial products and to protect consumers from hidden fees and unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices. The CFPB has broad supervisory and enforcement powers with regard to nonbanking companies, such as us, that engage in the origination and servicing of mortgage loans. As an approved originator and servicer of loans that are guaranteed by FHA and VA and loans that are sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, our operations also may be reviewed by these, and other, entities with whom we do business. We are also subject to oversight by the Federal Trade Commission, Department of Justice, HUD and FHFA.
Federal, State and Local Regulation
Our business is highly regulated. Regulatory and legal requirements are subject to change and may become more restrictive, making our compliance more complex or expensive or otherwise restricting our ability to conduct our business as it is now conducted. Changes in these regulatory and legal requirements, including changes in their enforcement, could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. We are subject to extensive federal laws and regulations as well as to numerous state-specific laws and regulations. We are also subject to judicial and administrative decisions that impose requirements and restrictions on our business.
The U.S. federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations to which we are subject, among other things:
•limit certain practices related to loan officer compensation;
•impose licensing obligations and financial requirements on us;
•limit the interest rates, finance charges and other fees that we may charge or pay;
•regulate the use of credit reports and the reporting of credit information;
•impose underwriting requirements;
•mandate disclosures and notices to consumers;
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•mandate maintenance and retention of loan records;
•mandate the collection and reporting of statistical data regarding applications for, originations of and purchases of mortgage loans;
•regulate any direct consumer marketing techniques and practices;
•require us to safeguard public and non-public information about our customers and regulate the sharing of such non-public personal information with third parties and affiliates;
•regulate our privacy and cybersecurity obligations;
•regulate our servicing practices, including but not limited to collection and foreclosure practices, the manner and timing for responding to consumer complaints, and the administration of escrow accounts;
•require us to take precautions against money-laundering and doing business with certain government-designated parties, such as suspected terrorists and parties engaged in narcotics trafficking;
•regulate the method by which appraisals are ordered and reviewed and our interaction with appraisers; and
•mandate the terms and conditions under which we must offer and approve loan modification programs for our servicing customers.
In particular, we are required to comply with:
•Title V of the GLBA and Regulation P, which requires initial and periodic communication with consumers on privacy matters and the maintenance of privacy regarding certain consumer data in our possession;
•the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) and Regulation F, which regulates the timing and content of communications on debt collections;
•the TILA and Regulation Z, which, in conjunction with the RESPA under the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule, require certain disclosures be made to mortgagors regarding terms of mortgage financing, including but not limited to information designed to promote consumer understanding of the cost of a loan, expressed in terms of an annual percentage rate, and other credit terms including the disclosure of the number, amount and due dates or periods of scheduled repayments; TILA and Regulation Z also include the rules on loan officer compensation, require special disclosures and treatment for certain high-cost loans, require certain disclosures in connection with the servicing, assumption or refinancing of mortgage loans, provide for consumers’ right to rescind loans under certain circumstances, contain rules with respect to the ordering and review of appraisals and interaction with appraisers, and provide rules requiring a determination of the consumer’s ability to repay certain mortgage loans and providing either a safe harbor or rebuttable presumption of compliance for certain qualified mortgage loans;
•the FCRA and Regulation V, which collectively regulate the use and reporting of information related to the credit history of consumers and provides a national legal standard for lenders in sharing information with affiliates and certain third parties and in providing firm offers of credit to consumers;
•the ECOA and Regulation B, which prohibit discrimination on the basis of age, race and certain other characteristics in the extension of credit and requires that in certain circumstances, creditors provide appraisal-related disclosures and copies of appraisals to borrowers;
•the Homeowners Protection Act, which requires the cancellation of mortgage insurance once certain equity levels are reached;
•the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Regulation C, which require public reporting of certain loan data;
•the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discrimination in housing on the basis of race, sex, national origin, and certain other characteristics;
•the SCRA, which provides certain legal protections and relief to members of the military;
•RESPA and Regulation X, which governs the actions of servicers related to escrow accounts, servicing transfers, general mortgage servicing and loss mitigation practices, and other customer communications, and prohibits certain practices, such as giving or accepting a fee, kickback, or anything of value in exchange for referrals of settlement service business;
•Regulation N (the Mortgage Acts and Practices Advertising Rule), which prohibits deceptive claims in mortgage advertising and other commercial communications;
•Regulation AB under the Securities Act, which requires registration, reporting and disclosure for MBS;
•the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act, commonly known as the SAFE Act, which is designed to enhance consumer protection and reduce fraud by requiring states to establish minimum standards for the licensing and registration of state licensed mortgage loan originators;
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•the CCPA, which provides California consumers with new privacy rights and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such consumers, as well as other state privacy laws;
•the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, which prohibits telemarketers, banks, debt collectors, and other companies from using an automatic dialer or robocalls to call people either at home or on their cell phones without their consent;
•Dodd-Frank Act provisions prohibiting unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices; and
•certain other provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, which, as discussed elsewhere, is extensive in scope and authorizes the CFPB to engage in rulemaking activity and to enforce compliance with federal consumer financial laws, including TILA, RESPA, and the FDCPA.
In addition, various federal, state and local laws have been enacted that are designed to discourage predatory lending and servicing practices. HOEPA, which amended TILA, in particular prohibits inclusion of certain provisions in residential loans that have mortgage rates or origination costs in excess of prescribed levels and requires that borrowers be given certain disclosures prior to origination. The Dodd-Frank Act amended HOEPA to enhance its protections. Some states have enacted, or may enact, similar laws or regulations, which in some cases impose restrictions and requirements greater than those in HOEPA. Also, under the anti-predatory lending laws of some states, the origination of certain residential loans, including loans that are not classified as “high cost” loans under applicable law, must satisfy a net tangible benefits test with respect to the related borrower. This test may be highly subjective and open to interpretation. As a result, a court may determine that a residential loan, for example, does not meet the test even if the related originator reasonably believed that the test was satisfied. Failure of residential loan originators or servicers to comply with these laws, to the extent any of their residential loans are or become part of our mortgaged-related assets, could subject us, as a servicer or as an assignee or purchaser, in the case of acquired loans, to monetary penalties and could result in the borrowers rescinding the affected residential loans. Lawsuits have been brought in various states making claims against originators, servicers, assignees and purchasers of high cost loans for violations of state law. Named defendants in these cases have included numerous participants within the secondary mortgage market. If our loans are found to have been originated in violation of predatory or abusive lending laws, we could incur losses, which could materially and adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and business.
We are subject to compliance with the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (commonly known as the PATRIOT Act), which is intended to strengthen the ability of U.S. law enforcement agencies and intelligence communities to work together to combat terrorism on a variety of fronts, and are required to establish anti-money laundering programs and file suspicious activity reports under the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970.
Some states have special rules that govern mortgage loan servicing practices, such as California’s Homeowner’s Bill of Rights. Failure to comply with these rules can result in delays or rescission of foreclosure, and subject the servicer to penalties and damages.
Other Laws
We are subject to various other laws, including employment laws related to hiring practices and termination of employees, wage and hour laws, health and safety laws, environmental laws and other federal, state and local laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. We are also subject to a variety of regulatory and contractual obligations imposed by the GSEs, Ginnie Mae, the VA, the FHA, and others.
Human Capital
Our People As of December 31, 2023, we had 4,250 employees, all of whom are based in the United States. As of December 31, 2023, we also employed 1,047 full-time contractors. None of our employees are represented by a labor union and we consider our employee relations to be good. As of December 31, 2023, our workforce was 54.3% female and 45.7% male, and the ethnicity of our workforce was 58.2% White, 18.4% Hispanic or Latino, 9.4% Asian, 9.3% Black or African American, and 4.7% other (which includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and “Two or More Races”).
Diversity and Inclusion We achieve success by serving a diverse customer base and recruiting employees of all backgrounds and nationalities. We believe diversity in our workforce and an inclusive culture that supports equal opportunities
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to be essential to our success and remain committed to maintaining such a focus in our hiring and retention efforts. In order to successfully achieve these goals we have worked to educate employees and leadership on these essential topics. Our efforts include mandated harassment prevention training for employees and managers that meet the guidelines of various state requirements for states in which we operate. In addition, all newly hired or promoted managers are invited to manager sessions that incorporate a few of our core values, including ethics and integrity, taking care of our people, and excellence.
Training and Development We thoroughly support our people with a significant amount of ongoing education and proficiency resources. We also operate in highly regulated areas that are subject to licensing requirements, so we offer a robust onboarding training for existing mortgage professionals who join our team. Additionally, we have developed our own new-to-industry training programs that help us scale production roles at the speed of business needs. This is a complete program that escorts an employee from a starting point in lending to their career as a fully licensed professional.
Intellectual Property
As of December 31, 2023, we hold 32 registered United States trademarks and 26 United States trademark applications, including with respect to the name “loanDepot,” “mello” and other logos and various additional designs and word marks relating to the “loanDepot” name, as well as three issued United States patents and 11 United States patent applications. We do not otherwise rely on any registered copyrights or other forms of registered intellectual property. Our other intellectual property rights consist of unregistered copyrights, trade secrets, proprietary know-how and technological innovations that we have developed to maintain our competitive position.
Available Information
loanDepot files annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments of such reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Any document loanDepot files may be inspected, without charge, at the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, through our corporate website at www.investors.loandepot.com, loanDepot provides a hyperlink to a third-party SEC filing website which posts these filings as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with the SEC where they can be reviewed without charge. The information found on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
An investment in our Class A Common Stock involves risk. You should carefully consider the following risks as well as the other information included in this annual report on Form 10-K and the information incorporated by reference herein. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. However, the selected risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or those we currently view to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In such a case, the trading price of the Class A Common Stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment in our Company. Certain statements below are forward-looking statements. See the information included under the heading "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information" included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Summary of Risk Factors
Below is a summary of the risk factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary can be found below under the heading “Risk Factors” and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, before making an investment decision regarding our common stock:
•We may not achieve some or all of the expected benefits of our Vision 2025 plan and our initiatives may adversely affect our business.
•Our loan production volume decreased significantly as a result of certain market factors.
•Our ability to execute on our Vision 2025 Plan will depend, among other things, on our ability to maintain an operating platform and management system sufficient to conduct our business.
•If new products, services, enhancements or expansions do not achieve sufficient market acceptance or do not result in anticipated efficiencies and revenues, our financial results and competitive position could be harmed.
•The success and growth of our business will depend upon our ability to adapt to and implement technological changes.
•If we fail to promote and maintain our brands in a cost-effective manner, or if we experience negative publicity, we may lose market share and our revenue may decrease.
•We rely on warehouse lines of credit and other sources of capital and liquidity to meet the financing requirements of our business.
•Our hedging strategies may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with changes in interest rates.
•In-house servicing of loans carries with it increased operational and compliance costs as we become directly responsible for complying with regulatory requirements.
•Cyberattacks, information or security breaches and technology disruptions or failures, of ours or of our third-party vendors, could damage our business operations, increase our costs adversely affect our business.
•The outcome of legal proceedings to which we are a party.
•Our mortgage loan origination revenues are highly dependent on macroeconomic and U.S. residential real estate market conditions, including interest rates levels.
•Changing federal, state and local laws, as well as changing regulatory enforcement policies and priorities.
•The multi-class structure of our common stock may adversely affect the trading market for our Class A Common Stock and will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters.
•The multi-class structure of our common stock results in the Hsieh Stockholders holding a majority of the voting power of our capital stock.
•We are a “controlled company” and, as a result, qualify for, and intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.
•Certain provisions in our certificate of incorporation and our by-laws that may delay or prevent a change of control, and the requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members and officers.
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Risks Related to our Business and Strategy
We may not achieve some or all of the expected benefits of our Vision 2025 plan and our initiatives may adversely affect our business.
In July 2022, we announced our Vision 2025 plan designed to address current and anticipated mortgage market conditions by (i) increasing our focus on purchase transactions while servicing increasingly diverse communities across the country, (ii) executing on previously announced growth-generating initiatives including our HELOC offering, (iii) centralizing management of loan originations and loan fulfillment to enhance quality and effectiveness, and (iv) aggressively right sizing our cost structure by targeting approximately $375 million to $400 million in annualized cost reductions by December 31, 2022. By the end of December 31, 2022, we achieved annualized non-volume related cost reductions of over $500 million primarily by reducing staffing levels from 5,194 at December 31, 2022, to 4,250 at December 31, 2023, and implementing business process optimization, growth generating initiatives, and other cost-saving measures. In November 2023, we announced an additional $120 million annualized cost reduction target. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements in our operations from our restructuring efforts due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings through headcount reduction, attrition, business process optimization, reduced marketing and third-party spending, and real estate consolidation, our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and competitive position may be materially adversely affected. We also cannot guarantee that we will not have to undertake additional staffing reductions or strategic reorganization activities in the future.
Furthermore, staffing reductions that occurred in fiscal 2023 could create an additional risk of claims being made on behalf of affected employees. Any alleged violation of applicable wage laws or other labor or employment-related laws could result in complaints by current or former employees, adverse media coverage, investigations and damages or penalties, which could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation, business, operating results and prospects. While staffing reductions have not resulted in a significant increase in claims or costs to date, responding to existing and additional possible proceedings may result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources, significant defense costs and other professional fees.
Finally, we may be exposed to unanticipated consequences of our staffing reductions, including attrition beyond the planned reductions, increased difficulties in our day-to-day operations, including as a result of a loss of continuity, loss of accumulated knowledge and/or efficiency, reduced employee morale and reduced ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Employees who were not affected by our planned staffing reductions may seek alternate employment, which may force us to rely on third-party contract support creating unplanned additional expense or harm our productivity.
Our loan production volume decreased significantly as a result of certain market factors, including elevated interest rates, which has materially adversely affected, and may continue to materially adversely affect, our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our loan originations, particularly our refinance mortgage loan volume, are dependent on interest rates and typically decline if interest rates increase. During fiscal 2022 and part of 2023, in response to increased inflation, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates significantly. The resulting increase in mortgage interest rates have impacted mortgage transaction volumes in 2023 and as a result, our revenue decreased and we experienced net losses for fiscal 2023. Our loan origination activities are also subject to overall market factors that can impact our ability to grow our loan production volume. For example, increased competition from new and existing market participants, slow growth in the level of new home purchase activity, inadequate inventory of homes for sale or reductions in the overall level of refinancing activity can impact our ability to grow our loan origination volume, and we may be forced to accept lower margins in order to continue to compete and keep our volume of activity consistent with past or projected levels.
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Our mortgage loan originations also depend on the referral-driven nature of the mortgage loan industry. The origination of purchase money mortgage loans is greatly influenced by traditional market participants in the home buying process such as real estate agents and builders. As a result, our ability to maintain existing, and secure new, relationships with such traditional market participants will influence our ability to grow our purchase money mortgage loan volume and, thus, our mobile and local retail originations business. Regulatory developments also limit our ability to enter into marketing services agreements with referral sources, which could adversely impact our ability to grow. In addition, our ability to convert leads into funded loans depends on the pricing that we will be able to offer relative to the pricing of our competitors and our ability to process, underwrite and close loans on a timely basis. Institutions that compete with us in this regard may have significantly greater access to capital or resources than we do, which may give them the benefit of a lower cost of operations.
Our ability to execute on our Vision 2025 Plan will depend, among other things, on our ability to maintain an operating platform and management system sufficient to conduct our business, which may place significant demands on our operational, administrative and financial resources.
We are required to continuously develop our systems and infrastructure in response to the increasing sophistication of the lending markets and legal, accounting and regulatory developments relating to all of our existing and projected business activities. Our ability to execute on our Vision 2025 Plan will depend, among other things, on our ability to maintain an operating platform and management system sufficient to address our business plan and will require us to incur significant additional expenses and to commit additional senior management and operational resources. As a result, we may face significant challenges in:
•securing funding to maintain our operations and future growth;
•maintaining and improving our loan retention and recapture rates;
•maintaining and scaling adequate financial, business and risk controls;
•implementing new or updated information and financial systems and procedures;
•training, managing and appropriately sizing our work force and other components of our business on a timely and cost-effective basis;
•increasing and maintaining the number of borrowers utilizing our products and services;
•increasing the volume of loans originated and facilitated through us;
•entering into new markets and introducing new products;
•continuing to develop, maintain and scale our platform;
•effectively using personnel and technology resources;
•maintaining the security of our platform, systems and infrastructure and the confidentiality of the information (including personally identifiable information) provided and utilized across our platform; and
•attracting, integrating and retaining an appropriate number of qualified employees.
We may not be able to execute on our Vision 2025 Plan and failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses.
If new products, services, enhancements or expansions do not achieve sufficient market acceptance or do not result in anticipated efficiencies and revenues, our financial results and competitive position could be harmed.
We have derived substantially all of our revenue from originating, selling and servicing traditional mortgage loans. Efforts to expand into new consumer products, such as HELOCs, insurance, real estate services, or other products consistent with our business purpose, may not succeed and may reduce expected revenue growth. Furthermore, we incur expenses and expend resources upfront to develop, acquire and market new products and platform enhancements to incorporate additional features, improve functionality or otherwise make our products more desirable to consumers. New products and services must achieve high levels of market acceptance in order for us to recoup our investment in developing and bringing them to market. If we are unable to grow our revenues or if our margins become compressed, then our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Recently launched and future products could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including:
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•our failure to predict market demand accurately or to supply products that meet market demand in a timely fashion;
•negative publicity about our products’ performance or effectiveness or our customer experience;
•our ability to obtain financing sources at competitive rates to support such products;
•regulatory hurdles;
•delays in releasing the new products to market; and
•the offering or anticipated offering of competing products by our competitors.
If our new and recently launched products do not achieve adequate acceptance in the market, our competitive position, revenue and operating results could be harmed. The adverse effect on our financial results may be particularly acute because of
the significant development, marketing, sales and other expenses we will have incurred in connection with the new products or enhancements before such products or enhancements generate sufficient revenue. Additionally, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to develop, commercially market and achieve acceptance of our new and recently launched products. Our investment of resources to develop new products may either be insufficient or result in expenses that are excessive in light of revenue actually originated from these new products.
In addition, significantly expanding existing business activities or strategies may expose us to new or increased financial, regulatory, reputational and other risks. For example, we increased the servicing of our own mortgage loans beginning in 2021 and, as of February 2023, service all loans for which we hold the MSR. Developing a servicing operation required us to heavily invest in employee recruiting and development, and to implement new technologies and new control processes to manage the increased risk and regulatory requirements. We cannot be certain that we will be able to manage the associated costs, risks and compliance requirements of maintaining our in-house mortgage servicing capabilities in accordance with our expectations. Such risks include a lack of experienced management-level personnel, increased administrative burden, increased logistical problems common to large, expansive operations, increased credit and liquidity risk and increased regulatory scrutiny. If our operations are not maintained effectively, any revenues we earn from any new or expanded business initiative or strategy may not be sufficient to offset the initial and ongoing costs of that initiative, which would result in a loss with respect to that initiative, strategy or acquisition.
The success and growth of our business will depend upon our ability to adapt to and implement technological changes.
We rely on both our proprietary technology and third-party developed technology to make our platform available to clients, evaluate loan applicants, service loans, and enable greater operational efficiency. In addition, we may increasingly rely on technological innovation as we introduce new products, expand our current products into new markets and continue to streamline various loan-related and lending processes. The process of developing new technologies and products is complex, and if we are unable to successfully innovate and continue to deliver a superior client experience, the demand for our products and services may decrease as operational costs may increase. Further, the failure of certain technological enhancements to reduce our cost of production could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.
All of our loan distribution channels are dependent upon technological advancement, such as our ability to process applications over the internet, accept electronic signatures, provide process status updates instantly and other conveniences expected by borrowers and counterparties. We must ensure that our technology facilitates a borrower experience that equals or exceeds the borrower experience provided by our competitors. Maintaining and improving this technology requires significant capital expenditures. To the extent we are dependent on any particular technology or technological solution, we may be harmed if such technology or technological solution becomes non-compliant with existing industry standards, fails to meet or exceed the capabilities of our competitors’ equivalent technologies or technological solutions, becomes increasingly expensive to service, retain and update, becomes subject to third-party claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other violation, or malfunctions or functions in a way we did not anticipate that results in loan defects potentially requiring repurchase and increased operational expense. In particular, we utilize and are dependent upon certain service providers for significant loan origination and servicing systems and there is no assurance that we can renew the agreements at expiration on commercially favorable terms or at all. While we believe that we would be able to procure comparable services from alternative providers if required, our business and operations may be adversely affected in the short-term while we transition to such alternative providers. Additionally, new technologies and technological solutions are continually being released. As such, it is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in improving our technologies’ functionality. We may not be able to successfully adopt new technology as critical systems and applications become obsolete and better ones become available.
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Additionally, if we fail to develop our technologies to respond to technological developments and changing borrower needs in a cost-effective manner, or fail to acquire, integrate or interface with third-party technologies effectively, we may experience disruptions in our operations, lose market share or incur substantial costs. As these requirements increase in the future, we will have to fully develop these technological capabilities to remain competitive and any failure to do so could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to promote and maintain our brands in a cost-effective manner, or if we experience negative publicity, we may lose market share and our revenue may decrease.
We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of our brands in a cost-effective manner is critical to attracting new and retaining existing consumers. Successful promotion of our brands will depend largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and the experience of our consumers. Our efforts to build our brands have involved significant expense, and our future marketing efforts will require us to maintain or incur significant additional expense. These brand promotion activities may not result in increased revenue and, even if they do, any increases may not offset the expenses incurred. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brands or if we incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote and maintain our brands, we may lose our existing consumers to our competitors or be unable to attract new consumers.
Additionally, reputational risk, or the risk to our business, results of operations and financial condition from negative public opinion, is inherent in our business. Negative public opinion can result from actual or alleged conduct by our employees or representatives in any number of activities, including lending and debt collection practices, cybersecurity incidents, marketing and promotion practices, corporate governance and actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to those activities. Negative public opinion can also result from media coverage, whether accurate or not. Negative public opinion could erode trust and confidence and damage our reputation among existing and potential customers. In turn, this could decrease the demand for our products, increase regulatory scrutiny and detrimentally affect our business.
In recent years, consumer advocacy groups and some media reports have advocated governmental action to prohibit or place severe restrictions on nonbank lenders. If the negative characterization of independent mortgage loan originators becomes increasingly accepted by consumers, demand for any or all of our mortgage loan products could significantly decrease. Additionally, if the negative characterization of independent mortgage loan originators is accepted by legislators and regulators, we could become subject to more restrictive laws and regulations applicable to mortgage loan products.
In addition, our ability to attract and retain customers is highly dependent upon the external perceptions of our level of service, trustworthiness, business practices, financial condition and other subjective qualities. Negative perceptions or publicity regarding these matters—even if related to isolated incidents or to practices not specific to the origination or servicing of loans, such as debt collection—could erode trust and confidence and damage our reputation among existing and potential customers. In turn, this could decrease the demand for our products, increase regulatory scrutiny and detrimentally effect our business.
We may grow by making acquisitions, and we may not be able to identify or consummate acquisitions or otherwise manage our future growth effectively.
Part of our growth strategy has included acquisitions, and we may acquire additional companies or businesses. We may not be successful in identifying origination platforms or businesses, or other businesses that meet our acquisition criteria in the future. In addition, even after a potential acquisition target has been identified, we may not be successful in completing or integrating the acquisition. We face significant competition for attractive acquisition opportunities from other well-capitalized companies, who may have greater financial resources and a greater access to debt and equity capital to secure and complete acquisitions than we do. As a result of such competition, we may be unable to acquire certain assets or businesses that we deem attractive or the purchase price may be significantly elevated or other terms may be substantially more onerous. Any delay or failure on our part to identify, negotiate, finance on favorable terms, consummate and integrate such acquisitions could impede our growth.
There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our future growth effectively, and any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses. Furthermore, we may be responsible for any legacy
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liabilities of businesses we acquire, including liabilities resulting from an acquisition target’s controls related to financial reporting, disclosure, and cyber and information security environment. The existence or amount of these liabilities may not be known at the time of acquisition and may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flow.
We may not be able to retain loans from customers who refinance.
One of the focuses of our origination efforts is retention, which involves actively working with existing customers to refinance their mortgage loans with us instead of another residential mortgage originator of mortgage loans. Customers who refinance have no obligation to refinance their loans with us and may choose to refinance with a competitor. Additionally, we may elect not to refinance an existing customer’s mortgage loan due to a number of reasons, including, but not limited to, the customer’s inability to meet our eligibility requirements. If customers refinance with a competitor, this decreases the profitability of our retained servicing portfolio because the original loan will be repaid prematurely, and we will not have an opportunity to earn further servicing fees after the original loan is paid in full. If we are not successful in retaining our existing loans that are refinanced, our servicing portfolio will become increasingly subject to run-off, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flow.
Risks Related to our Operations
Our hedging strategies may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with changes in interest rates.
Our profitability is directly affected by the level of, and changes in, interest rates. The market value of closed LHFS and IRLCs generally decline as interest rates rise and increase when interest rates fall. Changes in interest rates could also lead to increased prepayment rates, which could materially and adversely affect the value of our MSRs. Historically, the value of MSRs has increased when interest rates rise as higher interest rates lead to decreased prepayment rates and have decreased when interest rates decline as lower interest rates lead to increased prepayment rates. As a result, large moves and substantial volatility in interest rates materially affect our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
We employ various economic hedging strategies that utilize derivative instruments to mitigate the interest rate and fall-out risks that are inherent in many of our assets, including our IRLCs, our LHFS and our MSRs. Our derivative instruments, which currently consist of forward sale contracts, interest rate swap futures, and put options on treasuries are accounted for as free-standing derivatives and are included on our consolidated balance sheet at fair market value. Our operating results may suffer because losses on derivatives we enter into may not be offset by changes in the fair value of the related hedged transaction.
Our hedging strategies may also require us to post cash or collateral margin to our hedging counterparties. The level of cash or collateral that is required to be posted is largely driven by the mark to market of our derivative instruments. The exchange of margin with our hedging counterparties could under certain market conditions, adversely affect our short-term liquidity position.
Some of our derivatives (forward sale contracts and TBA MBS) are not traded on a regulated exchange with a central clearinghouse that determines the margin requirements and offers protection against a lack of performance by individual market participants. This exposes us to the risk that a counterparty may not be able to post margin or otherwise perform on the terms of the contract. This failure could adversely affect our liquidity position and have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Our hedging activities in the future may include entering into interest rate swaps and/or purchasing caps and floors. Our hedging decisions in the future will be determined by the facts and circumstances existing at that time and may differ from our current hedging strategy. Moreover, our hedging strategies may not be effective in mitigating the risks related to changes in interest rates and could affect our profitability and financial condition. Poorly designed strategies or improperly executed transactions could increase our risk and losses.
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We rely on internal models to manage risk and to make business decisions. Our business could be adversely affected if those models fail to produce reliable and/or valid results.
We make significant use of business and financial models in connection with our proprietary technology to measure and monitor our risk exposures and to manage our business. For example, we use models to measure and monitor our exposures to interest rate, credit and other market risks. The information provided by these models is used in making business decisions relating to strategies, initiatives, transactions, pricing and products. If these models are ineffective at predicting future losses or are otherwise inadequate, we may incur unexpected losses or otherwise be adversely affected.
We build these models using historical data and assumptions about factors such as future mortgage loan demand, default rates, home price trends and other factors that may overstate or understate future experience. Our assumptions may be inaccurate and our models may not be as predictive as expected for many reasons, including the fact that they often involve matters that are beyond our control and difficult to predict, such as macroeconomic conditions, and that they often involve complex interactions between a number of variables and factors.
Our models could produce unreliable results for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, the limitations of historical data to predict results due to unprecedented events or circumstances, invalid or incorrect assumptions underlying the models, the need for manual adjustments in response to rapid changes in economic conditions, incorrect coding of the models, incorrect data being used by the models, or inappropriate application of a model to products or events outside of the model’s intended use.
We continue to monitor the markets and make necessary adjustments to our models and apply appropriate management judgment in the interpretation and adjustment of the results produced by our models. This process takes into account updated information while maintaining controlled processes for model updates, including model development, testing, independent validation and implementation. As a result of the time and resources, including technical and staffing resources, that are required to perform these processes effectively, it may not be possible to replace existing models quickly enough to ensure that they will always properly account for the impacts of recent information and actions.
The geographic concentration of our loan originations may adversely affect our lending business, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
A substantial portion of our aggregate mortgage loan origination is secured by properties concentrated in the states of California, Texas and Florida, and properties securing a substantial portion of our outstanding UPB of mortgage loan servicing rights portfolio are located in California, Texas, Florida, Virgina, Washington and Arizona. During the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 (the “Financial Crisis”), the states of California and Florida experienced severe declines in property values and a disproportionately high rate of delinquencies and foreclosures relative to other states. To the extent that the states of California, Florida, Texas, Virginia, Washington and New York experience weaker economic conditions or greater rates of decline in real estate values than the United States generally, the concentration of loans that we service in those states may decrease the value of our servicing rights and adversely affect our lending business. The impact of property value declines may increase in magnitude and it may continue for a long period of time. Additionally, if states in which we have greater concentrations of business were to change their licensing or other regulatory requirements to make our business cost-prohibitive, we may be required to stop doing business in those states or may be subject to a higher cost of doing business in those states, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be required to indemnify the purchasers of loans that we originate (including securitization trusts), or repurchase those loans, if those loans fail to meet certain criteria or characteristics or under other circumstances.
Our contracts with purchasers of mortgage loans that we originate, including the GSEs and other financial institutions that purchase mortgage loans for investor or private label securitization, and the agreements for securitization transactions for which we act as the securitizer, contain provisions that require us to indemnify the related securitization trust or the purchaser of the mortgage loans or to repurchase the mortgage loans under certain circumstances. We also pool FHA-insured and VA-guaranteed mortgage loans, which back securities guaranteed by Ginnie Mae. While our contracts vary, they generally contain provisions that require us to indemnify these parties, or repurchase these mortgage loans, if:
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•our representations and warranties concerning mortgage loan quality and mortgage loan characteristics are inaccurate or are otherwise breached and not remedied within any applicable cure period (usually 90 days or less) after we receive notice of the breach;
•we fail to secure adequate mortgage insurance within a certain period after closing of the applicable mortgage loan;
•a mortgage insurance provider denies coverage;
•if the borrower defaults on the on the loan payments within a contractually defined period (early payment default); or
•the mortgage loans fail to comply with underwriting or regulatory requirements.
We believe that, as a result of the current market environment, many purchasers of mortgage loans are particularly aware of the conditions under which mortgage loan originators or sellers must indemnify them against losses related to purchased mortgage loans, or repurchase those mortgage loans, and may benefit from enforcing any repurchase remedies they may have.
Repurchased loans typically can only be resold at a discount to their repurchase price. Due in large part to current market conditions, we have experienced and may continue to experience increased severity of losses on repurchased loans or loans subject to repurchase that were originated at interest rates lower than currently prevailing rates. Additionally, certain investors may no longer offer alternatives to repurchase that could help to mitigate losses on repurchased loans. To recognize these potential indemnification and repurchase losses, we have recorded estimated loan loss obligations for loans sold of $32.0 million and $70.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our liability for repurchase losses is assessed quarterly. Although not all mortgage loans repurchased are in arrears or default, as a practical matter most have been. Factors that we consider in evaluating our reserve for such losses include default expectations, actual and expected investor repurchase demands (influenced by, among other things, current and expected mortgage loan file requests and mortgage loan insurance rescission notices) and appeals success rates (where the investor rescinds the demand based on a cure of the defect or acknowledges that the mortgage loan satisfies the investor’s applicable representations and warranties), reimbursement by third-party originators and projected loss severity. Also, although we re-evaluate our reserves for repurchase losses each quarter, evaluations of that sort necessarily are estimates and there remains a risk that the reserves will not be adequate.
Additionally, if home values decrease, our realized mortgage loan losses from mortgage loan indemnifications and repurchases may increase. As such, our indemnification and repurchase costs may increase beyond our current expectations. Any additional increase in repurchase volumes of loans originated at lower interest rates and/or if we are required to indemnify the GSEs or other purchasers against loan losses, or repurchase loans, that result in losses that exceed our reserve, this could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, we may not be able to recover amounts from some third parties whom we may seek indemnification or against whom we may assert a loan repurchase demand in connection with a breach of a representation or warranty due to financial difficulties or otherwise. As a result, we are exposed to counterparty risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to our various contracts, including, without limitation, as a result of the rejection of an agreement or transaction in bankruptcy proceedings, which could result in substantial losses for which we may not have insurance coverage.
If the value of the collateral underlying certain of our loan funding facilities decreases, we could be required to satisfy a margin call, and an unanticipated margin call could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.
Certain of our loan funding and MSR-backed facilities are subject to margin calls based on the lender’s opinion of the value of the loan collateral securing such financing. In addition, certain of our hedges related to newly originated mortgages are also subject to margin calls. A margin call would require us to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings. A large, unanticipated margin call could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity. As a result of the change in the interest rate market due to stimulus, interest rate and inflation uncertainty, we have faced some margin calls on hedges and our financing facilities and may face additional margin calls in the future. To date these calls have not been material, and we regularly stress test our positions, but if the interest rate market experiences significant volatility, we could face additional margin calls that could impact our liquidity.
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Our servicing rights are highly volatile assets with continually changing values, and these changes in value, or inaccuracies in our estimates of their value, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The value of our servicing rights is based on the cash flows projected to result from the servicing of the related loans and continually fluctuates due to a number of factors. Our servicing portfolio is subject to “run off,” meaning that loans serviced by us may be prepaid prior to maturity, refinanced with a loan not serviced by us or liquidated through foreclosure, deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or other liquidation process or repaid through standard amortization of principal. As a result, our ability to maintain the size of our servicing portfolio depends on our ability to originate additional mortgages. In determining the value for our servicing rights, management makes certain assumptions, many of which are beyond our control, including, among other things:
•the speed of prepayment and repayment within the underlying pools of loans;
•projected and actual rates of delinquencies, defaults and liquidations;
•future interest rates and other market conditions;
•our cost to service the loans;
•ancillary fee income; and
•amounts of future servicing advances.
Our mortgage servicing rights are capitalized at fair value for purposes of financial reporting. We also benchmark these valuations to external, third-party valuations. The valuation models are complex and use asset-specific collateral data and market inputs for interest and discount rates. In addition, the modeling requirements of servicing rights are complex because of the high number of variables that drive cash flows associated with servicing rights. Even if the general accuracy of our valuation models is validated, valuations are highly dependent upon the reasonableness of the assumptions and the results of the models utilized in such valuations.
If loan delinquencies or prepayment speeds are higher than anticipated or other factors perform worse than modeled, the recorded value of our servicing rights would decrease, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The performance of our prior subservicer to effectively service our portfolio of MSRs, mortgage loans and other loan products, could materially and adversely affect us.
On February 1, 2023, we completed the transfer of servicing operations from Cenlar FSB (“Cenlar”) and brought the servicing of all MSRs in-house. However, Cenlar was our primary subservicer from 2012 through March 2022, and our subservicer until February 1, 2023. Notably, on October 26, 2021, Cenlar entered into a consent order with its regulator, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, regarding an alleged failure to establish effective controls and risk management practices related to its mortgage servicing and subservicing activities. When Cenlar serviced our loans on our behalf, there were a number of factors out of our control that could have a negative impact on Cenlar’s ability to effectively service our portfolio and to satisfy their contractual obligations to us. These included both intentional actions Cenlar took in running their businesses such as management of staffing levels and the number of customers serviced, and the occurrence of external events, including, but not limited to regulatory changes, enforcement actions, and natural disasters that may have posed challenges to Cenlar. The failure on Cenlar’s part to effectively service our portfolio of MSRs in the past could result in residual, regulatory, operational and litigation risk which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Our current servicing operations also could be required to address any past servicing concerns on behalf of Cenlar, which also could result in regulatory, operational and litigation risk.
In-house servicing of loans carries with it increased operational and compliance costs as we become directly responsible for complying with regulatory requirements.
Our transition from an outsourcing model to the servicing of loans in-house means that we are more directly responsible for complying with guidelines set forth by the Agencies and other investors (including securitization trusts) on whose behalf we service mortgage loans. Failure to meet stipulations of servicing guidelines can result in the assessment of fines and loss of
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reimbursement of loan-related advances, expenses, interest and servicing fees. When the subservicing of a loan is transferred to the Company to be serviced in-house, the loan may have been previously serviced in a manner that will contribute towards our not meeting certain servicing guidelines. If not recovered from a prior servicer, such event could lead to the eventual realization of a loss to us.
We are required to make servicing advances that can be subject to delays in recovery or, to a lesser extent, may not be recoverable in certain circumstances, which could adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.
For mortgage loans, during any period in which a borrower is not making payments, we are required under most of our servicing agreements in respect of our servicing rights to advance our own funds to meet contractual principal and interest remittance requirements for investors, pay property taxes and insurance premiums, legal expenses and other protective advances. We also advance funds under these agreements to maintain, repair and market real estate properties on behalf of investors. In addition, if a mortgage loan serviced by us is in default or becomes delinquent, the repayment to us of the advance may be delayed until the mortgage loan is repaid or refinanced or foreclosure or a liquidation occurs. If the home value decreases and the property is sold in foreclosure or is real estate owned, we may not recover some or all of our advance funds. If we are required to advance funds in excess of amounts that we are able to fund at that time, we may not be able to fund these advance requests, which could materially and adversely affect our mortgage loan servicing activities and our status as an approved servicer by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and result in our termination as an issuer and approved servicer by Ginnie Mae. A delay in our ability to collect an advance may adversely affect our liquidity, and our inability to be reimbursed for an advance could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. As our servicing portfolio continues to age, defaults might increase as the loans age, which may increase our costs of servicing and could be detrimental to our business. Market disruptions, natural disasters or economic downturns which may necessitate the offering of a temporary period of forbearance for customers unable to pay on certain mortgage loans may also increase the number of defaults, delinquencies or forbearances related to the loans we service, increasing the advances we make for such loans.
With delinquent VA guaranteed loans, the VA guarantee may not make us whole on losses or advances we may have made on the loan. If the VA determines the amount of the guarantee payment will be less than the cost of acquiring the property, it may elect to pay the VA guarantee and leave the property securing the loan with us (a “VA no-bid”). If we cannot
sell the property for a sufficient amount to cover amounts outstanding on the loan we will suffer a loss which may, on an aggregate basis and if the percentage of VA no-bids increases, have a detrimental impact on our business and financial condition.
In addition, for certain loans securitized in accordance with Ginnie Mae guidelines, we, as the servicer, have the unilateral right to repurchase any individual loan in a Ginnie Mae securitization pool if that loan meets defined criteria, including being delinquent greater than 90 days. Once we have the unilateral right to repurchase the delinquent loan, we have effectively regained control over the loan and we must recognize the loan on our balance sheet and recognize a corresponding financial liability. Any significant increase in required servicing advances or delinquent loan repurchases, could have a significant adverse impact on our cash flows, even if they are reimbursable, and could also have a detrimental effect on our business and financial condition.
Our counterparties may terminate our servicing rights, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The owners of the mortgage loans (including securitization trusts) for which we have retained servicing rights, may, under certain circumstances, terminate our right to service the mortgage loans. As is standard in the industry, under the terms of our master servicing agreements with the GSEs in respect of the servicing rights for mortgage loans that we retain, the GSEs have the right to terminate us as servicer of the mortgage loans we service on their behalf at any time (and, in certain instances, without the payment of any termination fee) and also have the right to cause us to sell the servicing rights to a third-party. In addition, failure to comply with servicing standards could result in termination of our agreements with the GSEs with little or no notice and without any compensation.
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Adverse actions by Ginnie Mae could materially and adversely impact our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, including if Ginnie Mae were to terminate us as an issuer or servicer of Ginnie Mae loans or otherwise take action indicating that such a termination was planned. For example, such actions could make financing our business more difficult, including by making future financing more expensive or, if a lender were to allege a default under our debt agreements, could trigger cross-defaults under all our other material debt agreements. See “—Changes in GSE or Ginnie Mae selling and/or servicing guidelines could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
If we were to have our servicing rights terminated on a material portion of our servicing portfolio, the value of our servicing rights could be reduced or, potentially, eliminated entirely and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our servicing rights portfolio may experience unanticipated increased delinquencies and defaults as it ages, which may adversely affect our business and financial condition.
With respect to mortgage loans, the likelihood of delinquencies and defaults, and the associated risks to our business, including higher costs to service such mortgage loans and a greater risk that we may incur losses due to repurchase or indemnification demands, may change as mortgage loans season, or increase in age. Newly originated mortgage loans typically exhibit low delinquency and default rates as the changes in economic conditions, individual financial circumstances and other factors that drive borrower delinquency often do not appear for months or years. The delinquency rate and defaults of the loans underlying the servicing rights portfolio, in particular FHA insured loans, have increased in the last year and may continue to increase as the portfolio continues to season, but we may not accurately predict the magnitude of this impact on our results of operations. In addition, it may be difficult to compare our business to our mortgage loan originator competitors. Such competitors may have better ability to model delinquency and default risk and may have a better ability than we do in establishing appropriate loss reserves based on their longer operating histories. Any inadequacy of our loss reserves established for delinquencies and defaults may result in future financial restatements or other adverse events.
We may incur increased costs and related losses if a borrower challenges the validity of a foreclosure action on a mortgage loan or if a court overturns a foreclosure, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
We may incur costs if we are required to, or if we elect to, execute or re-file documents or take other action in our capacity as a servicer in connection with pending or completed foreclosures on mortgage loans. We may incur litigation costs if the validity of a foreclosure action is challenged by a borrower. If a court overturns a foreclosure because of errors or deficiencies in the foreclosure process, we may have liability to a title insurer or the purchaser of the property sold in foreclosure. These costs and liabilities may not be legally or otherwise reimbursable to us, particularly to the extent they relate to securitized mortgage loans. In addition, if certain documents required for a foreclosure action are missing or defective, we could be obligated to cure the defect or repurchase the mortgage loan. A significant increase in litigation costs could adversely affect our liquidity, and our inability to be reimbursed for an advance could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on joint ventures with industry partners through which we originate mortgage loans. If any of these joint ventures are terminated, our revenues could decline.
We are party to joint ventures, with partners such as home builders and real estate brokers, and the termination of any of these joint ventures (including as a result of one of our partners exiting the industry or the formation of a joint venture with another lender), or a decline in the activity of the building industry generally, could cause revenue from loans originated through these joint ventures to decline, which would negatively impact our business.
Challenges to the MERS System could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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MERSCORP, Inc. maintains an electronic registry, referred to as the MERS®System, which tracks servicers, ownership of servicing rights and ownership of mortgage loans in the United States. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of MERSCORP, Inc., can serve as a nominee for the owner of a mortgage loan and in that role initiate foreclosures or become the mortgagee of record for the loan in local land records. We have in the past and intend to continue to use MERS as a nominee. The MERS®System is widely used by participants in the mortgage finance industry.
Several legal challenges in the courts and by governmental authorities have been made disputing MERS’s legal standing to initiate foreclosures or act as nominee for lenders in mortgages and deeds of trust recorded in local land records. These challenges have focused public attention on MERS and on how mortgage loans are recorded in local land records. Although most legal decisions have accepted MERS as mortgagee, these challenges could result in delays and additional costs in commencing, prosecuting and completing foreclosure proceedings, conducting foreclosure sales of mortgaged properties and submitting proofs of claim in borrower bankruptcy cases.
Finally, borrowers are raising new challenges to the recording of mortgages in the name of MERS, including challenges questioning the ownership and enforceability of mortgage loans registered in MERS. Currently, MERS is the primary defendant in several class action lawsuits in various state jurisdictions, where the plaintiffs allege improper mortgage assignment and the failure to pay recording fees in violation of state recording statutes. The plaintiffs in such actions generally seek to compel defendants to record all assignments, restitution, compensatory and punitive damages, and appropriate attorneys’ fees and costs. An adverse decision in any jurisdiction may delay the foreclosure process in other jurisdictions.
We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about borrowers and any misrepresented information could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In deciding whether to extend credit or to enter into other transactions with borrowers, we rely on information furnished to us by or on behalf of borrowers, including credit, identification, employment and other relevant information. Some of the information regarding borrowers provided to us is used to determine whether to lend to borrowers and the risk profiles of such borrowers. Such risk profiles are subsequently utilized by warehouse line counterparties who lend us capital to fund mortgage loans. We also may rely on representations of borrowers as to the accuracy and completeness of that information.
While we have a practice of seeking to independently verify some of the borrower information that we use in deciding whether to extend credit or to agree to a loan modification, including, depending on the program, employment, assets, income and credit score, not all borrower information is independently verified, and if any of the information that is independently verified (or any other information considered in the loan review process) is misrepresented and such misrepresentation is not
detected prior to loan funding, the value of the loan may be significantly lower than expected. Additionally, there is a risk that, following the date of the credit report that we obtain and review, a borrower may have become delinquent in the payment of an outstanding obligation, defaulted on a pre-existing debt obligation, taken on additional debt, lost his or her job or other sources of income; or sustained other adverse financial events. Whether a misrepresentation is made by the loan applicant, another third-party or one of our employees, we generally bear the risk of loss associated with the misrepresentation. We may not detect all misrepresented information in our mortgage loan originations or from service providers we engage to assist in the loan approval process. Any such misrepresented information could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are also subject to the risk of fraudulent activity associated with the origination of loans, and this risk is compounded with recent advancements in technology innovation such as artificial intelligence (“AI”) which has the ability to make fraud schemes more sophisticated. The level of our fraud charge-offs and results of operations could be materially adversely affected if fraudulent activity were to significantly increase. High profile fraudulent activity or significant increases in fraudulent activity could lead to regulatory intervention, increased losses, and negatively impact our operating results, brand and reputation and lead us to take steps to reduce fraud risk, which could increase our costs.
Our underwriting guidelines may not be able to accurately predict the likelihood of defaults on some of the mortgage loans in our portfolio.
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We originate and sell Agency-eligible and non-Agency-eligible residential mortgage loans. Agency-eligible loans are underwritten in accordance with guidelines defined by the Agencies, as well as additional requirements in some cases, designed to predict a borrower’s ability and willingness to repay and reduce origination risk. In spite of these standards, our underwriting guidelines may not always correlate with mortgage loan defaults. For example, FICO scores, which we obtain on a substantial majority of our loans, purport only to be a measurement of the relative degree of historical risk a borrower represents to a lender (i.e., that a borrower with a higher score is statistically expected to be less likely to default in payment than a borrower with a lower score). While we seek to consider these risks in our reserve assumptions and pricing, underwriting guidelines cannot predict all future events or other occurrences such as life events, natural disasters, pandemics, a change in the borrower’s employment, financial condition or other negative local or macroeconomic conditions, including but not limited to, increased property tax rates and increased costs for homeowners’ insurance. For example, two of the most common reasons for a default on a mortgage loan: loss of employment and serious medical illness. Any increase in default rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Our financial statements are based in part on assumptions and estimates made by our management, including those used in determining the fair values of a substantial portion of our assets. If the assumptions or estimates are subsequently proven incorrect or inaccurate, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
A substantial portion of our assets are recorded at fair value based upon significant estimates and assumptions with changes in fair value included in our consolidated results of operations. The determination of the fair value of our assets involves numerous estimates and assumptions made by our management. Such estimates and assumptions include, without limitation, estimates of future cash flows associated with our servicing rights and derivative assets based upon assumptions involving, among other things, discount rates, prepayment speeds, cost of servicing of the underlying serviced mortgage loans, pull-through rates and direct origination expenses. The use of different estimates or assumptions in connection with the valuation of these assets could produce materially different fair values, or our fair value estimates may not be realized in an actual sale or settlement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Accounting rules for mortgage loan sales and securitizations, valuations of financial instruments and servicing rights, and other aspects of our operations are highly complex and involve significant judgment and assumptions. For example, we utilize certain assumptions and estimates in preparing our financial statements, including when determining the fair values of certain assets and liabilities and reserves related to mortgage loan representations and warranty claims and to litigation claims and assessments. These complexities and significant assumptions could lead to a delay in the preparation of financial information and also increase the risk of errors and restatements, as well as the cost of compliance. Changes in accounting interpretations or assumptions could impact our financial statements and our ability to timely prepare our financial statements. If the assumptions or estimates underlying our financial statements are incorrect, we may experience significant losses as the ultimate realization of value may be materially different than the amounts reflected in our consolidated statement of financial position as of any particular date, and there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Reserves are established for mortgage loan representations and warranty claims when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. In light of the inherent uncertainties involved in loan repurchase claims related to representations and warranties, it is not always possible to determine a reasonable estimate of the amount of a probable loss, and we may estimate a range of possible loss for consideration in our estimates. The estimates are based upon currently available information and involve significant judgment taking into account the varying stages and inherent uncertainties of such repurchase and indemnification requests. Accordingly, our estimates may change from time to time and such changes may be material to our consolidated results of operations, and the ultimate settlement of such matters may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Reserves are established for pending or threatened litigation, claims or assessments when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. In light of the inherent uncertainties involved in litigation and other legal proceedings, it is not always possible to determine a reasonable estimate of the amount of a probable
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loss, and we may estimate a range of possible loss for consideration in its estimates. The estimates are based upon currently available information and involve significant judgment taking into account the varying stages and inherent uncertainties of such matters. Accordingly, our estimates may change from time to time and such changes may be material to our consolidated results of operations, and the ultimate settlement of such matters may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
For additional information on the key areas for which assumptions and estimates are used in preparing our financial statements, see “Item 7. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations—Critical accounting policies and estimates.”
Our reported financial results may be materially and adversely affected by future changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
GAAP is subject to standard setting or interpretation by the FASB, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and could materially and adversely affect the transactions completed before the announcement of a change. A change in these principles or interpretations could also require us to alter our accounting systems in a manner that could increase our operating costs, impact the content of our financial statements and impact our ability to timely prepare our financial statements.
Our vendor relationships subject us to a variety of risks and the failure of third parties to provide various services that are important to our operations could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We have significant vendors that, among other things, provide us with financial, technology and other services to support our loan servicing and originations activities. Our servicing vendors help us provide escrow services, print vendor, loss mitigation, foreclosure and bankruptcy services. In the event that a vendor’s activities do not comply with the applicable servicing criteria, we could be exposed to liability as the servicer and it could negatively impact our relationships with our servicing customers or regulators, among others. In addition, if our current vendors were to stop providing services to us on acceptable terms, including as a result of one or more vendor bankruptcies due to poor economic conditions, we may be unable to procure alternatives from other vendors in a timely and efficient manner and on acceptable terms, or at all. If a vendor fails to comply with applicable legal requirements on our behalf, or provide to us the services we are contractually owed, we may incur significant costs to resolve any such disruptions in service and this could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If a vendor we rely on is unable to provide services expected to us, as a result of their own lack of operational resilience measures, we may experience operational impacts, including business disruption.
Our risk management policies and procedures may not be effective.
Our risk management framework seeks to anticipate, mitigate, detect, measure and manage risk while balancing risk and return according to the Company’s risk appetite. We have established policies and procedures intended to help identify, monitor and manage the types of risk to which we are subject, including market and interest rate risk, liquidity risk, cyber risk, regulatory and legal risk, reputational risk, operational risk, vendor risk, and counterparty risk. Developing and maintaining our risk management policies, procedures and framework requires significant resources and while we expect to continue to devote such resources to the risk management program in the future, these policies and procedures, as well as our risk management techniques such as our hedging strategies, may not be fully effective. There may also be risks that exist, or that develop in the future, that we have not appropriately anticipated, identified or mitigated. As regulations and markets in which we operate continue to evolve, our risk management framework may not always keep sufficient pace with those changes. If our risk management framework does not effectively identify or mitigate our risks, we could suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected.
The loss of the services of our senior management could adversely affect our business.
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The experience of our senior management is a valuable asset to us. Our management team has significant experience in the residential mortgage loan production and servicing industry and the investment management industry, and, therefore, we are particularly dependent on retaining members of our management with such critical capabilities. If we are unable to do so, our ability to maintain relationships with counterparties and other third parties, operate, innovate and generate new business could be jeopardized, any of which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We also depend on identifying, developing and retaining top talent to innovate and lead our businesses. In addition, our incentive compensation plans are intended to reward high-performing individuals for their contributions and provide incentives for them to remain with us. If the anticipated value of such incentives does not materialize because of volatility or lack of positive performance in our stock price, or if our total compensation package is not viewed as being competitive, our ability to attract and retain the personnel we need to operate could be adversely affected. The inability to fill vacancies in our senior executive positions on a timely basis could adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy, which could negatively impact our results of operations. Additionally, the understanding of talent available with the appropriate expertise and development of succession planning for key positions is imperative to ensure business continuity.
Our business could suffer if we fail to attract and retain a highly skilled workforce.
Our future success will depend on our ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified personnel for all areas of our organization, in particular skilled managers, loan officers and underwriters. Trained and experienced personnel are in high demand and may be in short supply in some areas. Companies with which we compete for experienced employees may have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. The increased availability of flexible, hybrid or work-from-home arrangements has both intensified and expanded competition. In addition, we invest significant time and expense in training our employees, which may increase their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. We may not be able to attract, develop and maintain an adequate skilled workforce necessary to operate our business and labor expenses may increase as a result of a shortage in the supply of qualified personnel. Further, to the extent changes in our workforce and related restructuring, reduction-in-force or other initiatives are not viewed favorably, our ability to attract, retain and motivate employees can be weakened. If we are unable to attract and retain such personnel, we may not be able to take advantage of acquisitions and other growth opportunities that may be presented to us and this could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Cyberattacks, information or security breaches and technology disruptions or failures, including failure of internal operational or security systems or infrastructure, or other cybersecurity incidents of ours or of our third-party vendors, have and may in the future damage our business operations and increase our costs, which have and may in the future materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The financial services industry as a whole is characterized by rapidly changing technologies and we are dependent on the security and efficacy of our infrastructure, computer and data management systems, as well as those of third parties with whom we interact. In the ordinary course of our business, we receive, process, retain, transmit and store proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data, including certain public and nonpublic personal information concerning employees and borrowers. Additionally, we enter into relationships with third-party vendors to assist with various aspects of our business, some of which require the exchange of personal employee or borrower information.
We and our third-party vendors may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all cybersecurity incidents, such as security breaches or unauthorized access of our information technology systems or the information technology systems of third-party vendors that receive, process, retain and transmit electronic information on our behalf. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to our systems and those of our third-party vendors, our data, our employees’ customers’ and loan applicants’ data or to disable, degrade or sabotage service are constantly evolving, and have become increasingly complex and sophisticated. Furthermore, such techniques change frequently and are often not recognized or detected until after they have been launched and security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including employees or third parties such as computer hackers, persons involved with organized crime or associated with external service providers, or foreign state or foreign state-supported actors. Those parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers or other users of our systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or that of our borrowers. These risks may increase in the future as we continue to increase our reliance on the internet and use of web-based product offerings.
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Cybersecurity risks have significantly increased in recent years. We and our third-party vendors that collect, store, process, retain and transmit confidential or sensitive information, including borrower personal and transactional data or employee data (including service providers located offshore who conduct support services for us), are vulnerable as targets of unauthorized parties using malicious code and viruses or otherwise attempting to breach the security of our or our vendors’ systems and data. We and our third-party vendors have in the past and may in the future experience system disruptions and failures caused by software failure, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, employee misconduct, human error, unauthorized intrusion, security breaches, acts of vandalism, traditional computer hackers, computer viruses and disabling devices, phishing attacks, malicious or destructive code, denial of service or information, natural disasters, health pandemics and other similar events, which may result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary or other sensitive information of ours, our employees or customers, and otherwise interrupt or delay our ability to provide services to our customers. For example, we experienced a cybersecurity incident in January 2024 that resulted from unauthorized access to our systems (as described further in Item 1C. Cybersecurity) (the “Cybersecurity Incident”). Developments in technological capabilities and the implementation of technology changes or upgrades could also result in a compromise or breach of the technology that we use to protect our employees’ and customers’ personal information and transaction data. Although we have established, and continue to establish on an ongoing basis, defenses to identify and mitigate cybersecurity incidents, any loss, unauthorized access to, or misuse of confidential or personal information could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, increased costs to prevent, respond to, or mitigate cybersecurity incidents, and expose us to claims from customers, financial institutions, regulators, employees and other persons, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any of the foregoing may be exacerbated by a delay or failure to detect a cybersecurity incident or the full extent of such incident. Further, the continuing and evolving nature of cybersecurity incidents has resulted in increased regulatory focus on prevention. To the extent we face increased regulatory requirements related to cybersecurity, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to meet such requirements.
A successful penetration, compromise, breach or circumvention of the security of our or our third-party vendors’ information technology systems through electronic, physical or other means, or a defect in the integrity of our or our third-party vendors’ systems or cybersecurity has in the past and could in the future have a material negative impact on our business, including through significant disruption of our operations, misappropriation of our proprietary, confidential or sensitive information, including personal information of our borrowers or employees, damage to our computers or operating systems and to those of our borrowers and counterparties, and subject us to significant costs, litigation, disputes, reporting obligations, regulatory action, investigation, fines, penalties, remediation costs, damages and other liabilities. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful and we may not have adequate insurance to cover these losses. Any of the foregoing events could result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws, financial loss to us or to our borrowers, loss of confidence in our security measures, customer dissatisfaction, significant litigation exposure and harm to our reputation, and diversion of management attention, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face litigation and legal proceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
We are routinely and currently involved in legal proceedings concerning matters that arise in the ordinary course of our business. These legal proceedings range from actions involving a single plaintiff to class action lawsuits with potentially tens of thousands of class members. These actions and proceedings are generally based on alleged violations of consumer protection, employment, contract, securities and other laws.
For instance, beginning in September 2021, a later consolidated class action lawsuit alleging violations of the federal securities laws was filed against the Company and certain of its directors and officers, regarding certain disclosures made in connection with the Company’s IPO. Additionally, derivative lawsuits related to the Company’s IPO have been filed. Also, on December 24, 2020, we received a demand letter from one of the senior members of our operations team asserting, among other things, allegations of loan origination noncompliance and various employment related claims, including allegations of a hostile work environment and gender discrimination, with unspecified damages. The executive has since resigned her position with the Company. While the Company’s management believes there are substantial defenses to these allegations, these legal matters resulted in, and may continue to result in, substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources, and any associated negative publicity could negatively affect our future business and results of operations. For further details on
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these matters and other legal proceedings, see “Item 3 - Legal Proceedings” and “Note 19- Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Further, our share price has been, and may in the future be, volatile, and in the past companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. Such lawsuits are expensive to defend, and may divert our management’s attention from the conduct of our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business.
Our business in general exposes us to both formal and informal periodic inquiries, from various state and federal agencies as part of those agencies’ oversight of the origination and sale of mortgage loans and servicing activities. See “—Risks related to our regulatory environment” below. An adverse result in governmental investigations or examinations or private lawsuits, including purported class action lawsuits, may adversely affect our financial results. In addition, a number of participants in our industry have been the subject of purported class action lawsuits and regulatory actions by state regulators, and other industry participants have been the subject of actions by state Attorneys General. Litigation and other proceedings may require that we pay settlement costs, legal fees, damages, penalties or other charges, any or all of which could adversely affect our financial results. In particular, legal proceedings brought under state consumer protection statutes may result in a separate fine for each violation of the statute, which, particularly in the case of class action lawsuits, could result in damages substantially in excess of the amounts we earned from the underlying activities and that could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position and results of operations.
Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war may affect the real estate industry generally and our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, disrupted the U.S. financial markets, including the real estate capital markets, and negatively impacted the U.S. economy in general. Any future terrorist attacks, the anticipation of any such attacks, the consequences of any military or other response by the United States and its allies, and other armed conflicts, such as the war involving Russia and Ukraine, the conflict in Israel and surrounding areas including the actions in the Red Sea region, could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease or result in increased volatility in the United States and worldwide financial markets and economy. The economic impact of these events could also adversely affect the credit quality of some of our loans and investments and the properties underlying our interests.
We may suffer losses as a result of the adverse impact of any future attacks and these losses may adversely impact our performance. A prolonged economic slowdown, recession or declining real estate values could impair the performance of our investments and harm our financial condition and results of operations, increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. We cannot predict the severity of the effect that potential future armed conflicts and terrorist attacks would have on us. Losses resulting from these types of events may not be fully insurable.
Flooding, severe storms, hurricanes, landslides, wildfires, mudslides, earthquakes or other natural disasters may affect the real estate industry generally and our business, financial condition and results of operations.
From time to time, areas of the United States may be affected by flooding, severe storms, hurricanes, landslides, wildfires, mudslides, earthquakes or other natural disasters, which may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change. For instance, properties in California may be particularly susceptible to certain types of uninsurable hazards, such as earthquakes, floods, mudslides, wildfires and other natural disasters, properties in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina may be particularly susceptible to certain types of uninsurable hazards, such as hurricanes, and properties located in Texas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana and Mississippi may be particularly susceptible to damage by flooding. The Agencies or investors may be unwilling to reimburse for losses experienced with the property disposition and associated losses on sales in connection with material natural disasters. Additionally, such material natural disasters could disrupt or displace members of our workforce, which would affect our ability to operate our business in the ordinary course.
The lasting impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic still pose unique challenges to our business and could adversely impact our ability to originate mortgages, our servicing operations and our employees.
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The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the national economy and its impacts are still felt in the communities in which we operate. Although the impact of COVID-19 on our business has been immaterial so far, such effects contributed to a challenging macroeconomic environment, which adversely affected our business and results of operation. Furthermore, at the height of the pandemic, federal, state and local executive, legislative and regulatory responses evolved quickly, were not consistent in their scope or application, and were subject to change without advance notification. This included compliance obligations imposed by the CARES Act and investors with respect to our mortgage servicing activities, and those of our prior subservicer, including, but not limited to mandatory forbearance offerings, altered credit reporting obligations, and moratoriums on foreclosure actions. While many pandemic-related protections have expired, federal and state agencies may continue to assess industry compliance with those obligations.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
We may be unable to sufficiently obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights and we may encounter disputes from time to time relating to our use of the intellectual property of third parties.
We rely on a combination of trademarks, service marks, copyrights, trade secrets, domain names and confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions with employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. As of December 31, 2023, we hold 32 registered United States trademarks and 26 United States trademark applications, including with respect to the name “loanDepot,” “mello” and other logos and various additional designs and word marks relating to the “loanDepot” name, as well as seven United States patent applications. Nonetheless, as new challenges with respect to intellectual property protection arise, we cannot assure you that these measures will be adequate to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights that we have secured, that we will be able to secure appropriate protections for all of our intellectual property and proprietary rights in the future, or that third parties will not misappropriate, infringe upon or otherwise violate our intellectual property or proprietary rights, particularly in foreign countries where laws or enforcement practices may not protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, unauthorized third parties may attempt to disclose, obtain, duplicate, copy or use proprietary aspects of our technology, curricula, online resource material, and other intellectual property. Our management’s attention may be diverted by these attempts, and we may need to expend funds in litigation or other proceedings to protect our intellectual property proprietary rights against any infringement, misappropriation or violation. Furthermore, attempts to enforce our intellectual property rights against third parties could also provoke these third parties to assert their own intellectual property or other rights against us, or result in a holding that invalidates or narrows the scope of our rights, in whole or in part.
Confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions can also be difficult to enforce and, even if successfully enforced, may not be entirely effective. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into confidentiality agreements with all employees, partners, independent contractors or consultants that have or may have had access to our trade secrets or other proprietary information. Any of our issued or registered intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, held unenforceable or circumvented in litigation or other proceedings, including re-examination, inter partes review, post-grant review, interference and derivation proceedings and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings), and such intellectual property rights may be lost or no longer provide us meaningful competitive advantages. Third parties may also independently develop products, services and technology similar or duplicative of our products and services.
Our success and ability to compete also depends in part on our ability to operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties. We have encountered and may in the future encounter disputes from time to time over rights and obligations concerning intellectual property or proprietary rights of others, and we may not prevail in these disputes. Third parties may raise claims against us alleging an infringement, misappropriation or other violation of their intellectual property or proprietary rights. Some third-party intellectual property rights may be extremely broad, and it may not be possible for us to conduct our operations in such a way as to avoid all alleged infringements, misappropriations or other violations of such intellectual property rights. In addition, former employers of our current, former or future employees may assert claims that such employees have improperly disclosed to us the confidential or proprietary
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information of these former employers. The resolution of any such disputes or litigation is difficult to predict. Future litigation may also involve non-practicing entities or other intellectual property owners who have no relevant product offerings or revenue and against who our own intellectual property may therefore provide little or no deterrence or protection. Any such intellectual property claims could subject us to costly litigation and impose a significant strain on our financial resources and management personnel, regardless of whether such claim has merit. Such claims may also result in adverse judgements or settlement on unfavorable terms. Our insurance may not cover potential claims of this type adequately or at all, and we may be required to pay significant money damages, lose significant revenues, be prohibited from using the relevant systems, processes, technologies or other intellectual property, cease offering certain products or services, alter the content of our classes, or incur significant license, royalty or technology development expenses.
Our products and operations use software, hardware and services that may be difficult to replace or cause errors or failures of our products and disrupt our operations, which could adversely affect our business.
In addition to our proprietary technology, we license third-party software, utilize third-party hardware and depend on services from various third parties for use in our products and day-to-day operations. In the future, this software or these services may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of the software or services could result in decreased functionality of our products and operations until equivalent technology is either developed by us or, if available from another provider, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, any errors or defects in or failures of the software or services we rely on, whether maintained by us or by third parties, could result in errors or defects in our products or cause our products to fail or could disrupt our day-to-day operations, which could adversely affect our business and be costly to correct. Many of these providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our clients or to other third
parties that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs. We will need to maintain our relationships with third-party software and service providers and to obtain software and services from such providers that do not contain any errors or defects. Any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to deliver effective products to our clients and loan applicants, as well as interrupt our day-to-day operations, which could adversely affect our business.
Risks Related to the Mortgage Industry
Our mortgage loan origination revenues are highly dependent on macroeconomic and U.S. residential real estate market conditions.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the mortgage loan and real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally, including inflation fluctuations, interest rates, consumer confidence and demand. Continuing concerns about inflation, rising interest rates, energy costs, geopolitical issues (including the potential for increased tensions between the United States and Russia resulting from the war involving Russia and Ukraine, the conflict in Israel and surrounding areas including the actions in the Red Sea region), political gridlock on United States federal budget matters including full or partial government shutdowns, trade wars, pandemic(s) and the availability and cost of credit have and could continue to contribute to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets going forward. As a result of such macroeconomic conditions, including elevated interest rates, loan origination activity significantly declined in fiscal 2023 and is expected to remain muted through 2024. This has resulted in a substantial decrease in our revenues and we incurred a net loss in fiscal 2023.
Our earnings have decreased and may continue to be adversely affected because of elevated interest rates.
We generate a sizeable portion of our revenues from loans we make to clients that are used to refinance existing mortgage loans. Generally, the refinance market experiences significant fluctuations. As interest rates rise, refinancing volumes generally decrease as fewer consumers are incentivized to refinance their mortgages. As interest rates rose in 2022 and 2023, refinancing volumes decreased. As a result, our revenues decreased substantially and we experienced net losses for fiscal years 2022 and 2023. Higher interest rates may also reduce demand for purchase mortgage loans as home ownership becomes more expensive, though demand for purchase money mortgage loans are expected to increase in 2024 (based on a report published by the MBA dated February 20, 2024). Higher interest rates may reduce demand for our home equity lines of credit. Decreases in
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interest rates can also potentially adversely affect our business as the stream of servicing fees and, correspondingly the value of servicing rights, decreases as interest rates decrease.
For more information regarding how changes in interest rates may negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations, see “Item 7. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations—Key factors influencing our results of operations” and “Item 7A. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.”
The industries in which we operate are highly competitive, and are likely to become more competitive, and our inability to compete successfully or decreased margins resulting from increased competition could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We operate in highly competitive industries that could become even more competitive as a result of economic, legislative, regulatory and technological changes. With respect to our mortgage loan businesses, we face and may in the future face competition in such areas as loan product offerings, rates, fees and customer service. With respect to servicing, we face competition in areas such as fees, compliance capabilities and performance in reducing delinquencies.
Competition in originating loans comes from large commercial banks and savings institutions and other independent loan originators and servicers. These institutions may have significantly greater resources and access to capital than we do, which may give them the benefit of a lower cost of funds. Commercial banks and savings institutions may also have significantly greater access to potential customers given their deposit-taking and other banking functions. Also, some of these competitors are less reliant than we are on the sale of mortgage loans into the secondary markets to maintain their liquidity and may be able to participate in government programs that we are unable to participate in because we are not a state or federally chartered depository institution, all of which may place us at a competitive disadvantage. The advantages of our largest
competitors include, but are not limited to, their ability to hold new loan originations in an investment portfolio and their access to lower rate bank deposits as a source of liquidity.
Additionally, more restrictive loan underwriting standards have resulted in a more homogenous product offering, which has increased competition across the mortgage loan industry for loan originations. Furthermore, our existing and potential competitors may decide to modify their business models to compete more directly with our loan origination and servicing models.
In addition, technological advances and heightened e-commerce activities have increased consumers’ accessibility to products and services. This has intensified competition among banks and nonbanks in offering mortgage loans. We may be unable to compete successfully in our industries and this could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Increases in mortgage loan delinquencies and defaults may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The level of home prices and home price appreciation affects performance in the mortgage loan industry. For example, during the financial crisis that occurred between 2007 and 2011, falling home prices across the United States resulted in higher LTV ratios, lower recoveries in foreclosure and an increase in loss severity above those that would have been realized had property values remained the same or continued to increase. There is a risk that housing prices decline, reducing borrower equity and incentive to repay. Additionally, adverse macroeconomic conditions may reduce borrowers’ ability to pay. Further, if rates continue to rise, borrowers with adjustable rate mortgage loans may face higher monthly payments as the interest rates on those mortgage loans adjust upward from their initial fixed rates or low introductory rates. All of these factors could potentially contribute to an increase in mortgage loan delinquencies and correspondingly, defaults and foreclosures.
Increased mortgage loan delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures may result in lower revenue for loans that we service for the Agencies, because we only collect servicing fees for performing loans. Additionally, while increased delinquencies generate higher ancillary fees, including late fees, these fees are not likely to be recoverable in the event that the related loan is liquidated. Also, increased mortgage loan defaults may ultimately reduce the number of mortgage loans that we service.
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Increased mortgage loan delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures will also result in a higher cost to service those loans due to the increased time and effort required to collect payments from delinquent borrowers and to liquidate properties or otherwise resolve loan defaults if payment collection is unsuccessful, and only a portion of these increased costs are recoverable under our servicing agreements. Any loan level advances made on defaulted loans within the allowable levels provided by investors and insurers are recoverable either from the borrower in a reinstatement or the investors/insurers in a liquidation. Increased mortgage loan delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures may also result in an increase in our interest expense and affect our liquidity if we are required to borrow to fund an increase in our advancing obligations. Any additional cost to service these loans, including interest expense on loan level advances, are generally not recoverable and are considered a cost of doing business.
In addition, we are subject to risks of borrower defaults and bankruptcies in cases where we might be required to repurchase loans sold with recourse or under representations and warranties. In these cases, a borrower filing for bankruptcy during foreclosure could have the effect of staying the foreclosure and thereby delaying the foreclosure process, which may potentially result in a reduction or discharge of a borrower’s mortgage loan debt. Even if we are successful in directing a foreclosure on a mortgage loan that has been repurchased, the liquidation proceeds upon sale of the underlying real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, resulting in a loss to us. Furthermore, any costs or delays involved in the foreclosure of the mortgage loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the net proceeds and, thus, increase the loss. If these risks materialize, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In the event we originate mortgage loans that we are unable to sell, we will bear the risk of loss of principal on such mortgage loans. An increase in delinquency rates could therefore adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Adverse developments in the secondary mortgage loan market, including the MBS market, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
We historically have relied on selling or securitizing our mortgage loans into the secondary market in order to generate liquidity to fund maturities of our indebtedness, the origination and warehousing of mortgage loans, the retention of servicing rights and for general working capital purposes. We bear the risk of being unable to sell or securitize our mortgage loans at advantageous times and prices or in a timely manner. Demand in the secondary market and our ability to complete the sale or securitization of our mortgage loans depends on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including general economic conditions, general conditions in the banking system, the willingness of lenders to provide funding for mortgage loans, the willingness of investors to purchase mortgage loans and MBS and changes in regulatory requirements. If it is not possible or economical for us to complete the sale or securitization of certain of our LHFS, we may lack liquidity under our warehouse lines to continue to fund such mortgage loans and our revenues and margins on new loan originations would be materially and negatively impacted, which would materially and negatively impact our consolidated net revenue and net income and also have a material adverse effect on our overall business and our consolidated financial position. The severity of the impact would be most significant to the extent we were unable to sell conforming mortgage loans to the GSEs or securitize such loans pursuant to Agency-sponsored programs.
Any significant disruption or period of illiquidity in the general MBS market would directly affect our liquidity because no existing alternative secondary market would likely be able to accommodate on a timely basis the volume of loans that we typically sell in any given period. Accordingly, if the MBS market experiences a period of illiquidity, we might be prevented from selling the loans that we produce into the secondary market in a timely manner or at favorable prices, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment
We operate in a highly regulated industry that is undergoing regulatory transformation which has created inherent uncertainty. Changing federal, state and local laws, as well as changing regulatory enforcement policies and priorities, may negatively impact the management of our business, results of operations and ability to compete.
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We are required to comply with a wide array of federal, state and local laws and regulations that regulate, among other things, the manner in which we conduct our loan origination and servicing activities, the terms of our loans and the fees that we may charge, and the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information. A material or continued failure to comply with any of these laws or regulations could subject us to lawsuits or governmental actions and/ or damage our reputation, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, federal, state and local governments and regulatory agencies have recently proposed or enacted numerous new laws, regulations and rules related to mortgage loans. Federal and state regulators are also rigorously enforcing existing laws, regulations and rules and enhancing their supervisory expectations regarding the management of legal and regulatory compliance risks. Consumer finance regulation is constantly changing, and new laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, could have a materially adverse impact on our ability to operate as we currently intend. See “—Regulatory agencies and consumer advocacy groups are becoming more aggressive in asserting claims that the practices of lenders and loan servicers result in a disparate impact on protected classes.”
These regulatory changes and uncertainties make our business planning more difficult and could result in changes to our business model and potentially adversely impact our result of operations. Ensuring compliance with new or changing laws and regulations also require increased expense and may create significant operational impact. Accordingly, uncertainty persists regarding the competitive impact of new laws or regulations. As compared to our competitors, we could be subject to more stringent state or local regulations, or could incur marginally greater compliance costs as a result of regulatory changes. In addition, our failure to comply (or to ensure that our agents and third-party service providers comply) with these laws or regulations may result in costly litigation or enforcement actions, the penalties for which could include but are not limited to: revocation of required licenses; fines and other monetary penalties; civil and criminal liability; substantially reduced payments by borrowers; modification of the original terms of loans, permanent forgiveness of debt, or inability to directly or indirectly collect all or a part of the principal of or interest on loans; delays in the foreclosure process and increased servicing advances; and increased repurchase and indemnification claims.
Proposals to change the statutes affecting financial services companies are frequently introduced in Congress, state legislatures and local governing bodies and, if enacted, may affect our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. In addition, numerous federal, state and local regulators have the authority to pass or change regulations that could affect
our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. We cannot determine whether any such legislative or regulatory proposals will be enacted and, if enacted, the ultimate impact that any such potential legislation or implementing regulations, or any such potential regulatory actions by federal or state regulators, would have upon our financial condition or results of operations.
With respect to state regulation, although we seek to comply with applicable state loan, loan broker, mortgage loan originator, servicing, debt collection and similar statutes in all U.S. jurisdictions, and with licensing or other requirements that we believe may be applicable to us, if we are found to not have complied with applicable laws, we could lose one or more of our licenses or authorizations or face other sanctions or penalties or be required to obtain a license in such jurisdiction, which may have an adverse effect on our ability to continue to originate mortgage loans, perform our servicing obligations or make our loan platform available to borrowers in particular states, which may adversely impact our business.
We depend on the programs of the Agencies. Discontinuation, or changes in the roles or practices, of these entities, without comparable private sector substitutes, could materially and negatively affect our results of operations and ability to compete.
We sell mortgage loans to various entities, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which include the mortgage loans in GSE-guaranteed securitizations. In addition, we pool FHA insured and VA guaranteed mortgage loans, which back securities guaranteed by Ginnie Mae. We derive material financial benefits from our relationships with the Agencies, as our ability to originate and sell mortgage loans under their programs reduces our credit exposure and mortgage loans inventory financing costs. In addition, we receive compensation for servicing loans on behalf of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae.
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The future of the GSEs and the role of the Agencies in the U.S. mortgage markets are uncertain. In 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac experienced catastrophic credit losses and were placed in the conservatorship of the FHFA. As a result, housing finance reform continues to be an ongoing topic of discussion. The roles of the GSEs (including as insurers or guarantors of MBS) could be eliminated, or significantly reduced as a consequence of Congressional or administrative reforms. Elimination of the traditional roles of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, or any changes to the nature or extent of the guarantees provided by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or the fees, terms and guidelines that govern our selling and servicing relationships with them, such as increases in the guarantee fees we are required to pay, initiatives that increase the number of repurchase requests and/or the manner in which they are pursued, or possible limits on delivery volumes imposed upon us and other seller/servicers, could also materially and adversely affect our business, including our ability to sell and securitize loans through our loan production segment, and the performance, liquidity and market value of our investments. Moreover, any changes to the nature of the GSEs or their guarantee obligations could redefine what constitutes an Agency MBS and could have broad adverse implications for the market and our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
The extent and timing of any reform regarding the GSEs and/or the home mortgage market are uncertain, which makes our business planning more difficult. Discontinuation, or significant changes in the roles or practices, of the Agencies, including changes to their guidelines and other proposed reforms, could require us to revise our business models, which could ultimately
negatively impact our results of operations.
Changes in GSE or Ginnie Mae selling and/or servicing guidelines could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Agencies require us to follow specific guidelines, which may be changed at any time. The Agencies have the ability to provide monetary incentives for loan servicers upon the performance of specific tasks that conform to their requirements and to assess penalties for those that do not, including compensatory penalties against loan servicers in connection with the failure to meet specified timelines relating to delinquent loans and foreclosure proceedings and other breaches of servicing obligations. We generally cannot negotiate the terms of these guidelines nor predict the penalties that the Agencies might impose for a failure to comply with those guidelines. Any failure by us to perform within Agency guidelines could materially adversely affect us. The Agencies, as well as their regulator, the FHFA, also have authority to approve or limit the number of their loans that may be transferred to or from our servicing portfolio, which may impact our ability to grow our existing mortgage servicing operation.
We are required to follow specific guidelines that impact the way that we originate and service Agency loans, including guidelines with respect to:
•credit standards for mortgage loans;
•managing prepayment speeds commensurate with that of our peers;
•our staffing levels and other origination and servicing practices;
•the fees that we may charge to consumers or pass-through to the Agencies;
•our modification standards and procedures;
•unanticipated changes to pricing and guarantee fees;
•the amount of non-reimbursable advances; and
•internal controls such as data privacy and security, compliance, quality control and internal audit.
Our selling and servicing obligations under our contracts with the Agencies may be amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified by the Agencies from time to time without our specific consent. A significant modification to our selling and/or servicing obligations under our Agency contracts could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In particular, the nature of the GSEs’ guidelines for servicing delinquent mortgage loans that they own, or that back securities which they guarantee, can result in monetary incentives for servicers that perform well and penalties for those that do not. In addition, the FHFA has directed Fannie Mae to assess compensatory penalties against servicers in connection with the failure to meet specified timelines relating to delinquent loans and foreclosure proceedings and other breaches of servicing obligations. A significant change in these guidelines that has the effect of decreasing the fees we charge or requires us to
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expend additional resources in providing mortgage loan services could decrease our revenues or increase our costs, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In August 2022, the Federal Housing Finance Agency and Ginnie Mae announced updated minimum financial eligibility requirements for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Seller/Servicers, and Ginnie Mae for single family issuers. The updated minimum financial eligibility requirements modify the definitions of tangible net worth and eligible liquidity, modify their minimum standard measurement and include a new risk-based capital ratio, among other changes. In September 2022, at the direction of the FHFA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac announced similar revisions to minimum financial eligibility requirements. The majority of the requirements are effective on September 30, 2023 with origination liquidity and certain other capital requirements effective as of December 31, 2023. On October 21, 2022, Ginnie Mae extended the compliance date for its risk-based capital requirements to December 31, 2024. Certain of these new capital requirements may impact liquidity in Ginnie Mae markets and while the ultimate impact remains uncertain, such requirements could have the effect of devaluing certain Ginnie Mae MSRs. If we misjudge the magnitude of the costs and benefits of these updated minimum financial eligibility requirements and their impacts on our business, our financial results could be negatively impacted.
We are subject to regulatory investigations and inquiries and may incur fines, penalties and increased costs that could negatively impact our future liquidity, financial position and results of operations or damage our reputation.
Federal and state agencies have broad enforcement powers over us and others in the loan origination and servicing industry, including powers to investigate our lending and servicing practices and broad discretion to deem particular practices unfair, deceptive, abusive or otherwise not in accordance with the law. See “Business— Supervision and regulation.” The continued focus of regulators on the practices of the loan origination and servicing industry have resulted and could continue to result in new enforcement actions that could directly or indirectly affect the manner in which we conduct our business and increase the costs of defending and settling any such matters, which could impact our reputation and/or results of operations.
In addition, the laws and regulations applicable to us are subject to administrative or judicial interpretation, but some of these laws and regulations have been enacted only recently and may not yet have been interpreted or may be interpreted infrequently. As a result of varied, infrequent, or unclear interpretations, ambiguities in these laws and regulations may leave uncertainty with respect to permitted or restricted conduct under them. Any ambiguity under a law to which we are subject may lead to regulatory investigations, governmental enforcement actions or private causes of action, such as class action lawsuits, with respect to our compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Provisions that by their terms, or as interpreted, apply to
lenders or servicers of loans may be construed in a manner that favors our borrowers and customers over loan originators and servicers. Furthermore, provisions of our loan agreements could be construed as unenforceable by a court.
The CFPB continues to be active in its monitoring of the loan origination and servicing sectors, and its rules increase our regulatory compliance burden and associated costs.
We are subject to the regulatory, supervisory and enforcement authority of the CFPB, which has oversight of non-depository mortgage lending and servicing institutions. The CFPB has rulemaking authority with respect to many of the federal consumer protection laws applicable to mortgage lenders and servicers, including HMDA, ECOA, TILA and RESPA and the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act. The CFPB has issued a number of regulations under the Dodd-Frank Act relating to loan origination and servicing activities, including ability-to-repay and “Qualified Mortgage” standards and other origination standards and practices as well as servicing requirements that address, among other things, periodic billing statements, certain notices and acknowledgments, prompt crediting of borrowers’ accounts for payments received, additional notice, review and timing requirements with respect to delinquent borrowers, loss mitigation, prompt investigation of complaints by borrowers, and lender-placed insurance notices. The CFPB has also amended provisions of HOEPA regarding the determination of high-cost mortgages, and of Regulation B, to implement additional requirements under the ECOA with respect to valuations, including appraisals and automated valuation models. The CFPB has also issued guidance to loan servicers to address potential risks to borrowers that may arise in connection with transfers of servicing. Additionally, through bulletins 2012-03 and 2016-02, the CFPB has increased the focus on lender liability and vendor management across the mortgage and settlement services industries, which may vary depending on the services being performed.
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For example, the CFPB iteratively adopted rules over the course of several years regarding mortgage servicing practices that required us to make modifications and enhancements to our mortgage servicing processes and systems.
The CFPB’s examinations have increased, and will likely continue to increase, our administrative and compliance costs. They could also greatly influence the availability and cost of residential mortgage credit and increase servicing costs and risks. These increased costs of compliance, the effect of these rules on the lending industry and loan servicing, and any failure in our ability to comply with the new rules by their effective dates, could be detrimental to our business. We are regulated by the CFPB and are subject to routine examinations.
The CFPB also has broad enforcement powers, and can order, among other things, rescission or reformation of contracts, the refund of moneys or the return of real property, restitution, disgorgement or compensation for unjust enrichment, the payment of damages or other monetary relief, public notifications regarding violations, limits on activities or functions, remediation of practices, external compliance monitoring and civil money penalties. The CFPB has been active in investigations and enforcement actions and, when necessary, has assessed civil money penalties to parties the CFPB determines have violated the laws and regulations it enforces. Our failure to comply with the federal consumer protection laws, rules and regulations to which we are subject, whether actual or alleged, could expose us to enforcement actions or potential litigation liabilities.
In addition, the occurrence of one or more of the foregoing events or a determination by any court or regulatory agency that our policies and procedures do not comply with applicable law could impact our business operations. For example, if the violation is related to our servicing operations it could lead to downgrades by one or more rating agencies, a transfer of our servicing responsibilities, requirements to provide restitution, increased delinquencies on mortgage loans we service or any combination of these events. Such a determination could also require us to modify our servicing standards. The expense of complying with new or modified servicing standards may be substantial. Any such changes or revisions may have a material impact on our servicing operations, which could be detrimental to our business.
Additional regulatory uncertainty now exists as a result of a decision issued by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit on October 19, 2022, which is currently under review by the United States Supreme Court, striking down a CFPB rulemaking as a result of its conclusion that the funding structure for the CFPB violates the Appropriations Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Because all CFPB rulemakings depend on the expenditure of CFPB funds, there is a risk that prior CFPB activities, including the promulgation of regulations impacting the mortgage market and upon which lenders, such as the Company, have relied in conducting their activities, may also be deemed unconstitutional.
The Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”) has recommended that federal and state regulators strengthen the prudential regulation of nonbank mortgage origination and servicing companies and has issued guidance describing the process FSOC would follow if it were to consider making a determination to subject a nonbank financial company to supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and prudential standards. The FSOC has also been conducting a review of the secondary mortgage market focused on the regulation of the GSEs. Additionally, the Conference of State Bank Supervisors (“CSBS”) has issued a proposal for enhancing regulatory prudential standards for nonbank mortgage servicers subject to licensing and supervision by state financial regulators. The CSBS prudential regulatory proposal includes standards for capital, liquidity, risk management, data standards and integrity, data protection and cyber risk, corporate governance, servicing transfer requirements, and change of control requirements. To the extent that the FSOC and other regulators move forward with new prudential reforms of nonbank mortgage originators or servicers (including designating nonbank mortgage companies for heightened prudential regulation by the Federal Reserve), the markets they serve, or the secondary mortgage market, it could materially affect the operating costs, competitiveness, business plan, and prospects of our business.
The federal government may seek significant monetary damages and penalties against mortgage loan lenders and servicers under the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (“FIRREA”) and the False Claims Act (“FCA”) for making false statements and seeking reimbursement for ineligible costs and expenses.
The federal government has a history of taking actions against mortgage loan lenders and servicers alleging violations of FIRREA and the FCA. Some of the actions against lenders alleged that the lenders sold defective loans to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, while representing that the loans complied with the GSE’s underwriting guidelines. The federal government has
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also brought actions against lenders asserting that they submitted claims for FHA-insured loans that the lender falsely certified to HUD met FHA underwriting requirements that resulted in FHA paying out millions of dollars in insurance claims to cover the defaulted loans. See “Item 1. Business—Supervision and regulation—Supervision and enforcement” and the risk factor captioned “—We are subject to regulatory investigations and inquiries and may incur fines, penalties and increased costs that could negatively impact our future liquidity, financial position and results of operations or damage our reputation.” Because these actions carry the possibility for treble damages, many have resulted in settlements totaling in the hundreds of millions of dollars, as well as required lenders and servicers to make significant changes in their practices.
The Company’s FCA litigation-related risk may increase as a result of administration changes, legislative changes, and changes in FCA case law. In July 2021, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) rescinded Trump-administration DOJ memoranda restricting the DOJ’s use of agency guidance documents—such as agency manuals, policy statements, and opinion letters—to support civil and criminal enforcement actions. The rescission of such memoranda may give the DOJ more flexibility to pursue FCA actions premised on non-compliance with guidance documents (in addition to express contractual obligations, certification requirements, and formally enacted laws, rules, and regulations). Additionally, in July 2021, a bipartisan group of U.S. senators introduced legislation to amend the FCA. Among other things, the proposed legislation would reduce the burden on the United States to establish the materiality element of an FCA claim, heighten the burden on a defendant to rebut the materiality element of an FCA claim, increase certain FCA litigation costs for defendants in FCA qui tam litigation, and require a hearing before the DOJ’s dismissal of a qui tam relator’s FCA claim. It is uncertain whether these proposed changes will be enacted, but it is possible that the enactment of such changes will increase the risk of future FCA claims, increase the size of potential penalties arising from FCA enforcement actions, or increase the size of settlements entered into in connection with FCA claims. Finally, case law regarding the elements required to establish an FCA claim continues to evolve. It is possible that case law could make it easier for the DOJ or FCA qui tam plaintiffs to assert FCA claims or to advance new theories of FCA claims relating to our mortgage origination and servicing conduct.
Unlike our competitors that are depository institutions, we are subject to state licensing and operational requirements that result in substantial compliance costs.
Because we are not a federally chartered depository institution, we generally do not benefit from federal preemption of state mortgage loan origination, loan servicing or debt collection licensing and state and local regulatory requirements. We may also be subject to other licensing requirements applicable to one or more of our subsidiaries, such as title insurance, insurance production, or real estate brokerage licenses. We must comply with state licensing requirements and varying compliance requirements in all of the jurisdictions in which we operate, and we are sensitive to regulatory changes that may increase our costs through stricter licensing laws, disclosure laws or increased fees or that may impose conditions to licensing that we or our personnel are unable to meet. Further, due to not being a federally chartered depository institution, our reliance on warehouse lines for purposes of funding loans contains certain risks, such as limited access to backup liquidity as compared to federally charted depository institutions, and as illustrated in the mortgage loan crisis which resulted in warehouse lines lenders refusing to honor lines of credit for nonbanks without a deposit base.
In all states in which we operate, a regulatory agency or agencies regulate and enforce laws relating to loan servicers, brokers and/or originators, as well as title insurers, insurance producers, and real estate brokers. These rules and regulations, which vary from state to state, generally provide for, but are not limited to: licensing as a loan servicer, lender or broker (including individual-level licensure for employees engaging in loan origination activities), loan modification or third-party debt default specialist (or a combination thereof); licensing as a title insurer, an insurance agency or producer, or as a real estate broker; requirements as to the form and content of contracts and other documentation; licensing of independent contractors with whom we contract; and employee hiring background checks. They also set forth restrictions on lending, brokering, servicing, collection insurance, and real estate practices, restrictions related to fees and charges, including loan interest rate limits, and disclosure and record-keeping requirements. They establish a variety of borrowers’ and consumers’ rights in the event of violations of such rules. Future state legislation and changes in existing laws and regulations may significantly increase our compliance costs or reduce the amount of ancillary fees, including late fees that we may charge to borrowers. This could make our business cost-prohibitive in the affected state or states and could materially affect our business.
In addition, we are subject to periodic examinations by state and other regulators in the jurisdictions in which we conduct business, which can result in increases in our administrative costs and refunds to borrowers or consumers of certain
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fees earned by us, and we may be required to pay substantial penalties imposed by those regulators due to compliance errors, or we may lose our license or our ability to do business in the jurisdiction otherwise may be impaired. Fines and penalties incurred in one jurisdiction may cause investigations or other actions by regulators in other jurisdictions.
We may not be able to maintain all currently requisite licenses and permits. In addition, the states that currently do not provide extensive regulation of our business may later choose to do so, and if such states so act, we may not be able to obtain or maintain all requisite licenses and permits, which could require us to modify or limit our activities in the relevant state(s). The failure to satisfy those and other regulatory requirements could result in a default under our warehouse lines, other financial arrangements and/or servicing agreements and thereby have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to liability for potential violations of predatory lending laws, which could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and business.
Various U.S. federal, state and local laws have been enacted that are designed to discourage predatory lending practices. HOEPA amended TILA to prohibit inclusion of certain provisions in “high cost mortgage loans” that have interest rates or origination costs in excess of prescribed levels, and require that borrowers receiving such loans be given certain disclosures, in addition to the standard TILA mortgage loan disclosures, prior to origination. It also provides that an assignee of such a “high cost mortgage loan” is subject to all claims and any defense which the borrower could assert against the original creditor, which has severely constrained the secondary market for such loans. The Dodd-Frank Act amended HOEPA to enhance its protections. The amendments expanded the types of loans covered by HOEPA to include home-purchase loans and open-end, home-secured credit transactions (such as home equity lines of credit) which were previously exempt; added a new HOEPA threshold for what is considered a high-cost mortgage based on prepayment penalties; lowered the two existing thresholds based on a loan’s rate and points and fees so more loans will qualify as high-cost loans; and imposed additional restrictions on high-cost loans, such as prohibiting balloon payment features (with certain exceptions) regardless of the term. Some states have enacted, or may enact, similar laws or regulations, which in some cases impose restrictions and requirements greater than those in HOEPA. In addition, under the anti-predatory lending laws of some states, the origination of certain mortgage loans, including loans that are not classified as “high-cost” loans under applicable law, must satisfy a net tangible benefit test with respect to the related borrower. Such tests may be highly subjective and open to interpretation. As a result, a court may determine that a residential mortgage loan, for example, does not meet the test even if the related originator reasonably believed that the test was satisfied. If any of our mortgage loans are found to have been originated in violation of predatory or abusive lending laws, we could incur losses, which could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and business. If any of our mortgage loans are found to exceed high-cost thresholds under HOEPA or equivalent state laws, we may be unable to sell them on the secondary market and/or be required to repurchase them from our investors.
Failure to comply with fair lending laws and regulations could lead to a wide variety of costs and penalties that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Antidiscrimination statutes and regulations, including the Fair Housing Act, Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”), and other federal and state fair lending laws, prohibit creditors from discriminating against loan applicants and borrowers based on certain characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, gender and national origin. Various federal regulatory agencies and departments, including the DOJ and CFPB, take the position that these laws apply not only to intentional discrimination, but also to neutral practices that have a disparate impact on a group that shares a characteristic that a creditor may not consider in making credit decisions relating to protected classes (i.e., creditor or servicing practices that have a disproportionate negative affect on a protected class of individuals). The CFPB has also taken the position that it has authority under the Consumer Financial Protection Act to identify, prohibit and prosecute discrimination as an unfair, deceptive, or abusive act or practice to target discriminatory conduct, even where fair lending laws, such as ECOA, may not apply. Federal regulators and consumer advocates have also recently expressed concerns of biased appraisal practices throughout the industry, and are investigating claims of consumer complaints. Although the Company, as a lender, does not control the appraisal process, it may be involved in litigation and borrower claims regarding appraisal bias.
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These regulatory agencies, as well as consumer advocacy groups and plaintiffs’ attorneys, are focusing greater attention on “disparate impact” claims. In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that the “disparate impact” theory applies to cases brought under the Fair Housing Act, while emphasizing that a causal relationship must be shown between a specific policy of the defendant and a discriminatory result that is not justified by a legitimate objective of the defendant. Although it is still unclear whether the theory applies under ECOA, regulatory agencies and private plaintiffs can be expected to continue to apply it to both the Fair Housing Act and ECOA in the context of mortgage loan lending and servicing. To the extent that the “disparate impact” theory continues to apply, we may be faced with significant administrative burdens in attempting to comply and potential liability for failures to comply.
In addition to reputational harm, violations of the ECOA and the Fair Housing Act can result in actual damages, punitive damages, injunctive or equitable relief, attorneys’ fees and civil money penalties.
The Dodd-Frank Act prevents us from using arbitration agreements to protect against class actions on residential real estate loans.
At present, where permitted by applicable law, companies providing consumer products and services, frequently require their customers to agree to arbitrate any disputes on an individual basis rather than pursuing lawsuits, including class actions. Such agreements are binding in accordance with their terms as a matter of federal law, even where state law provides otherwise. Thus, arbitration agreements can serve as a vehicle for eliminating class action exposure.
Under the Dodd-Frank Act, arbitration agreements are not permitted for residential real estate loans. Accordingly, in the event of a purported violation of applicable law with respect to our real estate lending activities, we could be subject to class action liability.
In recent years, federal regulators and the DOJ have increased their focus on enforcing the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (“SCRA”) against loan owners and servicers. Similarly, state legislatures have taken steps to strengthen their own state-specific versions of the SCRA.
The SCRA provides relief to servicemembers who enter active military service (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Space Force and Coast Guard), to servicemembers in the reserve component when serving on active duty, to servicemembers of the commissioned corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric or Public Health Services, or to servicemembers in the National Guard mobilized under federal orders for more than 30 days who are called to active duty after the origination of their mortgage loan. The SCRA provides generally that a servicemember who is covered by the SCRA may not be charged interest on a mortgage loan in excess of 6% per annum during the period of the servicemember’s active duty (plus one additional year after the end of active duty) along with other servicing related benefits. The DOJ and federal regulators have entered into significant settlements with a number of loan servicers alleging violations of the SCRA. Some of the settlements have alleged that the servicers did not correctly apply the SCRA’s 6% interest rate cap, while other settlements have alleged that servicers did not comply with the SCRA’s foreclosure and default judgment protections when seeking to foreclose upon a mortgage loan note or collect payment of a debt. Recent settlements indicate that the DOJ and federal regulators broadly interpret the scope of the substantive protections under the SCRA and are moving both to identify instances in which loan servicers have not complied with the SCRA. Alleged SCRA non-compliance has been a focal point of the National Mortgage Settlement by the DOJ as well as the Independent Foreclosure Review jointly supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, and several additional SCRA-related settlements continue to make this a significant area of scrutiny for both regulatory examinations and public enforcement actions.
In addition, most states have their own versions of the SCRA. In most instances these laws extend some or all of the substantive benefits of the federal SCRA to members of the state National Guard who are in state service, but certain states also provide greater substantive protections to National Guard members or individuals who are in federal military service. Recent years have seen states revise their laws to increase the potential benefits to individuals, and these changes pose additional compliance burdens on creditors as they seek to comply with both the federal and relevant state versions of the SCRA.
Privacy and information security are an increasing focus of regulators at the federal and state levels.
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Privacy requirements under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) and Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) are within the regulatory and enforcement authority of the CFPB and are a standard part of CFPB examinations. Information security requirements under GLBA and FCRA are, for non-depository mortgage lenders, generally under the regulatory and enforcement authority of the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”). The FTC has taken several actions against financial institutions and other companies for failure to adequately safeguard personal information. State entities may also initiate actions for alleged violations of privacy or security requirements under state law.
We are also subject to a variety of other local, state, national and international laws, directives and regulations that apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information. This includes the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which took effect on January 1, 2020 and provides California consumers with privacy rights such as the right to request deletion of their data, the right to receive data on record for them and the right to know what categories of data are maintained about them, and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such consumers. The CCPA allows consumers to submit verifiable consumer requests regarding their personal information and requires our business to implement procedures to comply with such requests. The California Attorney General issued, and subsequently updated, proposed regulations to further define and clarify the CCPA. Most recently, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), an amendment to the CCPA, became effective on January 1, 2023. The CPRA significantly modified the CCPA by adding additional consumer privacy rights and obligations and expanded these rights to employees and obligations over employee data, potentially resulting in further uncertainty and requiring us to incur additional costs and expenses to comply. While the CCPA, as amended by the CPRA, maintains the exemptions for data subject to GLBA, and those exemptions cover the majority of our transactional data, the law also established a new agency, the CPPA, to implement and enforce the law. The impact of this law and its corresponding regulations, future enforcement activity and potential liability is unknown. Additionally, without the passing of an overarching privacy law by Congress, an increasing number of states enacted or have pending comprehensive privacy legislation becoming effective through 2026 that include consumer rights and obligations similar to the CCPA/CPRA. Collectively, these state laws expand the potential for public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions and increased costs for compliance. Furthermore, we also must comply with regulations in connection with doing business and offering loan products over the internet, including various state and federal e-signature rules mandating that certain disclosures be made, and certain steps be followed in order to obtain and authenticate e-signatures. Finally, although our adoption and use of AI technologies is limited, ongoing and further adoption may be subject to expanding domestic and international AI laws and requirements.
Failure to comply with any of these laws could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, any of which could result in serious harm to our reputation, business and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Subsequent changes to data protection and privacy laws could also impact how we process personal information, and therefore limit the effectiveness of our products or services or our ability to operate or expand our business, including limiting strategic partnerships that may involve the sharing of personal information.
The Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) and the FTC have increased their enforcement of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) and the Telemarketing Sales Rule.
The TCPA, Telemarketing Sales Rule and related laws and regulations govern, among other things, communications via telephone and text and the use of automatic telephone dialing systems (“ATDS”) and artificial and prerecorded or AI generated voices. The FCC and the FTC have responsibility for regulating various aspects of these laws. These laws limit our ability to communicate with consumers and reduce the effectiveness of our marketing programs.
Subject to certain exemptions, the TCPA makes it unlawful for any person within the United States, or any person outside the United States if the recipient is within the United States, to make any call (other than a call made for emergency purposes or made with the prior express consent of the called party) using any ATDS or an artificial or prerecorded or AI generated voice to any cellular telephone number or other number for which the called party is charged. Under FCC rulings and regulations “prior express consent” must be in writing if the call contains an advertisement or constitutes telemarketing. In December 2023, the FCC recently promulgated a rule requiring that such consent be obtained on behalf of each calling party individually (which previously could have been obtained on behalf of multiple calling parties simultaneously). Separately, the
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TCPA requires telemarketers to maintain an internal DNC list and a policy adhering to “do-not-call” registry requirements which, in part, mandate callers to refrain from making unsolicited marketing calls to consumers who have listed their numbers on the National Do Not Call Registry, absent an inquiry or established business or personal relationship. Short message service and multimedia message service messages are also “calls” for the purpose of the TCPA and the FCC’s regulations implanting the statute. Many states have similar consumer protection laws regulating telemarketing and litigation related to these laws in some states, particularly Florida, has increased substantially in the last few years.
The TCPA provides a private right of action under which a plaintiff, including a plaintiff in a class action, may recover actual monetary loss or $500 for each call or text made in violation of the prohibitions on calls made using an “artificial or pre-recorded voice”, AI generated voice, or ATDS. The TCPA authorizes a private right of action of “up to” $500 for each call or text made in violation of the DNC provisions of the TCPA beginning with the second violative call made in any 12 month period, unless the call is made as a result of a good faith error by a caller maintaining appropriate policies and procedures to comply with the statute. Under either provision a court may treble the amount of damages upon a finding of a “willful or knowing” violation. There is no statutory cap on maximum aggregate exposure (although some courts have applied in TCPA class actions constitutional limits on excessive penalties). An action may be brought by the FCC, a state attorney general, an individual, or a class of individuals. Like other companies that rely on telephone and text communications, we are regularly subject to putative, class action suits alleging violations of the TCPA and state enactments such as the Florida Telephone Solicitation Act (“FTSA”). To date, no such class has been certified. If in the future we are found to have violated the TCPA, FTSA or other state law equivalent, the amount of damages and potential liability could be extensive and adversely impact our business. Accordingly, were such a class certified or if we are unable to successfully defend such a suit, then TCPA and/or damages under equivalent state laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in tax laws may adversely affect us, which may result in adverse effects on our financial condition.
On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Inflation Reduction Act”), which, among other things, imposed a 15% minimum tax on book income of certain large corporations, a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases and several tax incentives to promote clean energy. Further proposed tax changes that may be enacted in the future could impact our current or future tax structure and effective tax rates. The Biden administration has previously proposed other legislation that would further broaden the tax base and limit tax deductions in certain situations. It is unclear at this time if any of these proposals will be enacted in the future. If enacted, these provisions could have a material, adverse impact on our tax rate, cash flow and financial results. There can be no assurance that future tax law changes will not increase the rate of the corporate income tax significantly, impose new limitations on deductions, credits or other tax benefits, or make other changes that may adversely affect our business, cash flows or financial performance.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
We rely on warehouse lines of credit and other sources of capital and liquidity to meet the financing requirements of our business.
Our ability to finance our operations and repay maturing obligations rests on our ability to borrow money and secure investors to purchase loans we originate or facilitate. We rely in particular on our warehouse lines of credit to fund our mortgage loan originations. We are generally required to renew our warehouse lines each year, which exposes us to refinancing, interest rate, and counterparty risks. As of December 31, 2023, we had eight warehouse lines, which provide an aggregate
available mortgage loan lending facility of $3.1 billion, and all of our warehouse lines allow advances to fund loans at
closing of the consumer’s mortgage loan. We rely on two such warehouse line providers for 43% of our aggregate available
home lending facility. Our existing indebtedness includes our warehouse lines, secured credit facilities, and other debt obligations. Our secured credit facilities are collateralized by MSRs, trading securities, and servicing advances. If any warehouse line provider or lender ceased doing business with us, our business, operations, and results of operations could materially suffer. See “Item 7. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations—Liquidity and capital resources—Warehouse Lines and Debt Obligations.” Our ability to extend or renew existing warehouse lines, secured credit and other debt facilities, as well as obtain new warehouse lines, secured credit and other debt facilities is affected by a variety of factors including:
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•limitations imposed on us under our warehouse lines, secured credit facilities, and other debt agreements, including restrictive covenants and borrowing conditions, which limit our ability to raise additional debt and require that we maintain certain financial results, including minimum tangible net worth, minimum liquidity, minimum pre-tax net income, minimum debt service coverage ratio, and maximum total liabilities to tangible net worth ratio as well as require us to maintain warehouse lines with third-party lenders;
•changes in financial covenants mandated by lenders, which we may not be able to achieve;
•any decrease in liquidity in the credit markets;
•potential valuation changes to our mortgage loans, servicing rights or other collateral;
•prevailing interest rates;
•the strength of the lenders from whom we borrow, and the regulatory environment in which they operate, including proposed capital strengthening requirements;
•our ability to sell our products to the Agencies;
•lenders seeking to reduce their exposure to residential loans due to other reasons, including a change in such lender’s strategic plan or lines of business; and
•accounting changes that may impact calculations of covenants in our warehouse lines and other debt agreements which result in our ability to continue to satisfy such covenants.
Warehouse lines, secured credit and other debt facilities may not be available to us with counterparties on acceptable terms or at all. Our access to and our ability to renew our existing warehouse lines ,secured credit and other debt facilities could suffer in the event of: (i) the deterioration in the performance of the mortgage loans underlying the warehouse lines; (ii) our failure to maintain sufficient levels of eligible assets or credit enhancements; (iii) our inability to access the secondary market for mortgage loans (see “—We depend on the programs of the Agencies. Discontinuation, or changes in the roles or practices, of these entities, without comparable private sector substitutes, could materially and negatively affect our; results of operations and ability to compete.”) or (iv) termination of our role as servicer of the underlying mortgage loan assets upon the occurrence of certain events such as (x) we default in the performance of our servicing obligations or (y) we declare bankruptcy or become insolvent. Our access to our existing warehouse lines, secured credit and other debt facilities could also suffer in the event of market disruptions, including in the event of a bank failure.
An event of default, an adverse action by a regulatory authority or a general deterioration in the economy that constricts the availability of credit, similar to the financial crisis that occurred between 2007 and 2011, the market conditions may increase our cost of funds and make it difficult or impossible for us to renew existing warehouse lines, secured credit or other debt facilities or obtain new warehouse lines, secured credit or debt facilities, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and would result in substantial diversion of our management’s attention. Similarly, market disruptions, such as the unanticipated failure of our lenders, could disrupt our ability to access existing or identify new warehouse lines, secured credit and other debt facilities.
Our existing indebtedness also imposes financial and non-financial covenants and restrictions on us that limit the amount of indebtedness that we may incur, impact our liquidity through minimum cash reserve requirements, and impact our flexibility to determine our operating policies and investment strategies. Certain of our warehouse lines contain financial covenants under which net income or net income before income taxes for the applicable measurement period must be $1.00 or more. If we default on one of our obligations under a warehouse line, secured credit facility or debt obligation or breach our representations and warranties contained therein, the lender may be able to terminate the transaction, accelerate any amounts outstanding, require us to prematurely repurchase the loans, and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. Because our warehouse lines typically contain cross-default provisions, a default that occurs under any one agreement could allow the lenders under our other agreements and under our other debt obligations to also declare a default. Additional warehouse lines, bank credit facilities or other debt facilities that we may enter into in the future may contain additional covenants and restrictions. If we fail to meet or satisfy any of these covenants, we would be in default under these agreements, and our lenders could elect to declare outstanding amounts due and payable, terminate their commitments, require the posting of additional collateral and enforce their interests against existing collateral. Any losses that we incur on our warehouse lines, secured credit facilities or other debt obligations could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
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As a result of our losses incurred in fiscal 2023, we were required to amend certain of our warehouse lines, secured credit facilities and other debt obligations related to profitability covenants and we expect that we will need to execute additional amendments from certain of our lending counterparties related to our profitability covenants or other similar financial covenants in the future. There can be no assurance that such amendments will be agreed to, in which case we would be in default under these agreements, and our lenders could elect to declare outstanding amounts due and payable, terminate their commitments, require the posting of additional collateral and enforce their interests against existing collateral, as well as triggering cross default provisions under other financing facilities which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Warehouse Lines and Debt Obligations” for more information about these and other financing arrangements. If we are unable to access such other sources of capital and liquidity, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively impacted.
Our indebtedness and other financial obligations may limit our financial and operating activities and our ability to incur additional debt to fund future needs.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $4.2 billion of outstanding indebtedness, of which $1.9 billion was secured, short term indebtedness under our warehouse lines, $1.3 billion was secured debt obligations, and $989.3 million was unsecured debt obligations. For more information regarding our financing arrangements, see “Item 7. Management discussion and analysis —Liquidity and capital resources—Warehouse Lines and Debt Obligation.” Subject to the limits contained in the applicable agreements governing our warehouse lines and other debt obligations, we may be able to incur substantial additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments, or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our high level of debt could increase. Specifically, our high level of debt could have important consequences to the holders of our Class A Common Stock, including the following:
•require us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on indebtedness, including indebtedness we may incur in the future, thereby reducing the funds available for other purposes;
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements, including our ability to obtain short-term credit, including renewing or replacing warehouse lines;
•increase our vulnerability to fluctuations in market interest rates, to the extent that the spread we earn between the interest we receive on our LHFS and the interest we pay under our indebtedness is reduced;
•increasing our cost of borrowing;
•place us at a competitive disadvantage to competitors with relatively less debt in economic downturns, adverse industry conditions or catastrophic external events; or
•reduce our flexibility in planning for, or responding to, changing business, industry and economic conditions.
In addition, our indebtedness could limit our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, or at all, to fund our day-to-day loan origination operations, future acquisitions, working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, general corporate and other purposes, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. The agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness contain financial and other restrictive covenants that limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of such debt. Our liquidity needs could vary significantly and may be affected by general economic conditions, industry trends, performance and many other factors not within our control. Further, our warehouse lines are short-term debt that must to be renewed by our lenders on a regular basis, typically once a year.
We also depend primarily on cash generated by our operations to pay our expenses and any amounts due under our existing indebtedness and any future indebtedness we may incur. As a result, our ability to repay our indebtedness depends on the future performance of our business, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors, many of
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which we cannot control. Our business may not generate sufficient cash flows from operations in the future and we may not achieve our currently anticipated growth in revenues and cash flows, either or both of which could result in our being unable to repay indebtedness or to fund other liquidity needs. If we do not have enough funds, we may be required to refinance all or part of our then existing indebtedness, sell assets or borrow additional funds, in each case on terms that may not be acceptable to us, if at all. In addition, the terms of existing or future debt agreements may restrict us from engaging in any of these alternatives.
Obligations under our indebtedness could have other important consequences. For example, our failure to comply with the restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness that limit our ability to incur liens, to incur debt and to sell assets, among other things, could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could harm our business or prospects and could result in our bankruptcy. In addition, if we defaulted on our obligations under any of our secured debt, our secured lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness. Furthermore, if we default on our obligations under one debt agreement, it may trigger defaults under our other debt agreements which include cross-default provisions.
Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure
We are a holding company with no operations of our own and, as such, we depend on our subsidiaries for cash to fund all of our operations and expenses, including future dividend payments, if any.
We are a holding company and will have no material assets other than our equity interest in LD Holdings, which is a holding company and will have no material assets other than its 99.99% equity interests in LDLLC, and 100% equity interests in ART, LDSS, and Mello (and indirect interests in other subsidiaries). We have no independent means of generating revenue. We intend to cause LDLLC (and the other subsidiaries, if practicable) to make distributions to LD Holdings, and LD Holdings to make distributions to its unitholders in an amount sufficient to cover all applicable taxes payable by them determined according to assumed rates under the Holdings LLC Agreement, payments owing under the tax receivable agreement, and dividends, if any, declared by us. To the extent that we need funds, and LDLLC or LD Holdings are restricted from making such distributions under applicable law or regulation or contract, or are otherwise unable to provide such funds, it could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.
We are a “controlled company” and, as a result, qualify for, and intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You will therefore not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance standards. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:
•the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consists of independent directors;
•the requirement that our director nominees be selected, or recommended for our board of directors’ selection, by a nominating and governance committee comprised solely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the nomination process;
•the requirement that the compensation of our executive officers be determined, or recommended to our board of directors for determination, by a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors; and
•the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees.
We currently rely on all of these exemptions. Accordingly, you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements.
The Continuing LLC Members including Mr. Hsieh and his affiliates (the “Hsieh Stockholders”) hold their ownership interests in our business through LD Holdings and their interests may conflict with yours in the future.
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Prior to the IPO, we completed a reorganization by changing our equity structure to create a single class of LLC Units
in LD Holdings (the “Reorganization”). Prior to the Reorganization, our capital structure consisted of different classes of
membership interests held by certain members of LD Holdings (“Continuing LLC Members”). The LLC Units were exchanged
on a one-for-one basis for Class A holding units (“Holdco Units”) and Class C common stock. The Continuing LLC Members
have the right to exchange one Holdco Unit and one share of Class B common stock or Class C common stock, as applicable,
together for cash or one share of Class A common stock at our election, subject to customary conversion rate adjustments for
stock splits, stock dividends, and reclassifications.
The Hsieh Stockholders currently hold approximately 54.7% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock and therefore, for so long as they continue to hold a majority of the voting power, will be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval (other than items subject to a super majority vote or a separate class vote). In addition, the Continuing LLC Members (including the Hsieh Stockholders) own 43.7% of the Holdco Units. Because they hold their ownership interest in our business through LD Holdings, rather than us, these existing unitholders may have conflicting interests with holders of our Class A Common Stock. For example, the Continuing LLC Members may have different tax positions from us which could influence their decisions regarding whether and when to dispose of assets, and whether and when to incur new or refinance existing indebtedness, especially in light of the existence of the tax receivable agreement. In addition, the structuring of future transactions may take into consideration these existing unitholders’ tax considerations even where no similar benefit would accrue to us. See Note 1- Description of Business, Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies “—Income Taxes” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
The multi- class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our capital stock prior to the completion of our initial offering (including the Hsieh Stockholders), who hold 54.7% of the voting power of our capital stock which includes the voting power of equity interests of other directors and officers currently held in vehicles for which Mr. Hsieh exercises sole voting power, and Parthenon Capital Partners (the “Parthenon Stockholders”), who together with the Hsieh Stockholders hold in the aggregate approximately 94.1% of the voting power of our capital stock, which may limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors and the approval of any change of control transaction.
Our Class C and Class D Common Stock have five votes per share, and our Class A Common Stock, has one vote per share. The Hsieh Stockholders and Parthenon Stockholders hold our Class A, Class C and Class D Common Stock which together aggregate to approximately 94.1% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. The Hsieh Stockholders currently hold approximately 54.7% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Because of the five-to-one voting ratio between our Class C and Class D Common Stock and the Class A Common Stock, the Hsieh Stockholders alone, or with the Parthenon Stockholders, collectively control, and are expected to continue to control, a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore will be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval. Such rights and differential voting of the Parthenon Stockholders and Hsieh Stockholders shall cease five years from the date of our initial public offering (referred to as “sunset”). This concentrated control could limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.
The multi-class structure of our common stock may adversely affect the trading market for our Class A Common Stock.
Proxy advisory firms and several large institutional investors oppose the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the multi-class structure of our common stock has caused proxy advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices, and may result in large institutional investors not purchasing shares of our Class A Common Stock. Any exclusion from stock indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A Common Stock. Any actions or publications by proxy advisory firms or institutional investors critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our Class A Common Stock.
Certain of our stockholders will have the right to engage or invest in the same or similar businesses as us.
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In the ordinary course of its business activities, Parthenon Capital and its affiliates may engage in activities where its interests conflict with our interests or those of our stockholders. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that Parthenon Capital or any of its officers, directors, agents, stockholders, members, partners, affiliates and subsidiaries have no duty to refrain from engaging directly or indirectly in the same or similar business activities or lines of business as us or any of our subsidiaries, even if the opportunity is one that we might reasonably have pursued or had the ability or desire to pursue if granted the opportunity to do so. No such person will be liable to us for breach of any fiduciary or other duty, as a director or officer or otherwise, by reason of the fact that such person, acting in good faith, pursues or acquires any such business opportunity, directs any such business opportunity to another person or fails to present any such business opportunity, or information regarding any such business opportunity, to us unless, in the case of any such person who is our director or officer, any such business opportunity is expressly offered to such director or officer solely in his or her capacity as our director or officer.
We will be required to pay, under the tax receivable agreement, the Parthenon Stockholders and certain Continuing LLC Members for certain tax benefits we may claim arising in connection with our purchase of Holdco Units and future exchanges of Holdco Units under the Holdings LLC Agreement, which payments could be substantial.
The Continuing LLC Members may from time to time cause LD Holdings to exchange an equal number of Holdco Units and Class B or Class C Common Stock for cash or Class A Common Stock of loanDepot, Inc. on a one-for-one basis at our election. In addition, we purchased Holdco Units from the Exchanging Members. As a result of these transactions, we expect to become entitled to certain tax basis adjustments reflecting the difference between the price we pay to acquire Holdco Units of LD Holdings and the proportionate share of LD Holdings’ tax basis allocable to such units at the time of the exchange. As a result, the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future may be reduced by the increase (for tax purposes) in depreciation and amortization deductions attributable to our interests in LD Holdings, although the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) may challenge all or part of that tax basis adjustment, and a court could sustain such a challenge.
We entered into a tax receivable agreement with the Parthenon Stockholders, Parthenon affiliates owning Holdco Units and certain of the Continuing LLC Members that provides for the payment by us to such parties or their permitted assignees of 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local tax that we realize or are deemed to realize as a result of (i) the tax basis adjustments referred to above, (ii) any incremental tax basis adjustments attributable to payments made pursuant to the tax receivable agreement and (iii) any deemed interest deductions arising from payments made by us pursuant to the tax receivable agreement. While the actual amount of the adjusted tax basis, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under this agreement will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the basis of our
proportionate share of LD Holdings’ assets on the dates of exchanges, the timing of exchanges, the price of shares of our Class A Common Stock at the time of each exchange, the extent to which such exchanges are taxable, the deductions and other
adjustments to taxable income to which LD Holdings is entitled, and the amount and timing of our income, we expect that during the anticipated term of the tax receivable agreement, the payments that we may make to the Parthenon Stockholders, Parthenon affiliates owning Holdco Units and certain of the Continuing LLC Members or their permitted assignees could be substantial. Payments under the tax receivable agreement may give rise to additional tax benefits and therefore to additional potential payments under the tax receivable agreement. In addition, the tax receivable agreement will provide for interest accrued from the due date (without extensions) of the corresponding tax return for the taxable year with respect to which the payment obligation arises to the date of payment under the agreement.
Further, upon consummation of our initial public offering, loanDepot, Inc. acquired a significant equity interest in LD Holdings from Parthenon Blocker after a series of transactions that resulted in Parthenon Blocker merging with and into loanDepot, Inc., with loanDepot, Inc. remaining as the surviving corporation. The Company did not realize any of the cash savings in U.S. federal, state and local tax described above regarding tax basis adjustments and deemed interest deductions in relation to any Class A Common Stock received by the Parthenon Stockholders in the Reorganization Transactions. The Parthenon Stockholders or their permitted assignees, however, are entitled to receive payments under the tax receivable agreement in respect of the cash tax savings, if any, that we realize or are deemed to realize as a result of future exchanges of Holdco Units and Class B or Class C Common Stock for cash or Class A Common Stock of loanDepot, Inc. There may be a material negative effect on our liquidity if, as a result of timing discrepancies or otherwise, (i) the payments under the tax receivable agreement exceed the actual benefits we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable
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agreement, and/or (ii) distributions to us by LD Holdings are not sufficient to permit us to make payments under the tax receivable agreement after it has paid its taxes and other obligations. For example, were the IRS to challenge a tax basis adjustment, or other deductions or adjustments to the taxable income of LD Holdings or its subsidiaries, none of the parties to the tax receivable agreement will reimburse us for any payments that may previously have been made under the tax receivable agreement, except that excess payments made to the Parthenon Stockholders, Parthenon affiliates owning Holdco Units and certain of the Continuing LLC Members or their permitted assignees will be netted against payments otherwise to be made, if any, after our determination of such excess. As a result, in certain circumstances we could make payments to the Parthenon Stockholders, Parthenon affiliates owning Holdco Units and certain of the Continuing LLC Members or their permitted assignees under the tax receivable agreement in excess of our ultimate cash tax savings. In addition, the payments under the tax receivable agreement are not conditioned upon any recipient’s continued ownership of interests in us or LD Holdings. The Parthenon Stockholders, Parthenon affiliates owning Holdco Units and certain of the Continuing LLC Members will receive payments under the tax receivable agreement until such time that they validly assign or otherwise transfer their rights to receive such payments.
In certain circumstances, including certain changes of control of the Company, payments by us under the tax receivable agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreement.
The tax receivable agreement provides that (i) in the event that we materially breach any of our material obligations under the agreement, whether as a result of failure to make any payment, failure to honor any other material obligation required thereunder or by operation of law as a result of the rejection of the agreements in a bankruptcy or otherwise, (ii) if, at any time, we elect an early termination of the agreement, or (iii) upon certain changes of control of the Company our (or our successor’s) obligations under the agreements (with respect to all Holdco Units of LD Holdings, whether or not such units have been exchanged or acquired before or after such transaction) would accelerate and become payable in a lump sum amount equal to the present value of the anticipated future tax benefits calculated based on certain assumptions. These assumptions include the assumptions that (i) we (or our successor) will have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the deductions arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits subject to the tax receivable agreement, (ii) we (or our successor) will utilize any loss carryovers generated by the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits in the earliest possible tax year, and (iii) LD Holdings and its subsidiaries will sell certain nonamortizable assets (and realize certain related tax benefits) no later than a specified date. As a result of the foregoing, if we materially breach a material obligation under the agreement, if we elect to terminate the agreement early, or if we undergo a change of control we would be required to make an immediate lump sum payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future tax savings, which payment may be made significantly in advance of the actual realization of such future tax savings. In these situations, our obligations under the tax receivable agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity. There can be no assurance that we will be able to fund or finance our obligations under the tax receivable agreement. Additionally, the obligation to make a lump sum payment on a change of control may deter potential acquirers, which could negatively affect our stockholders’ potential returns. See Note 1-
Description of Business, Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” for further information.
In certain circumstances, LD Holdings will be required to make distributions to us and the other holders of Holdco Units and the distributions that LD Holdings will be required to make may be substantial.
The holders of LD Holdings Units, including loanDepot, Inc., will incur U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on their proportionate share of any taxable income of LD Holdings. Net profits and net losses of LD Holdings will generally be allocated to the holders of Holdco Units (including loanDepot, Inc.) pro rata in accordance with their respective share of the net profits and net losses of LD Holdings. The Holdings LLC Agreement provides for cash distributions to each holder of Holdco Units (including loanDepot Inc.), which we refer to as “tax distributions,” based on certain assumptions. LD Holdings may be required to make tax distributions that, in the aggregate, may exceed the amount of taxes that LD Holdings would have paid if it were taxed on its net income at the assumed rate.
Funds used by LD Holdings to satisfy its tax distribution obligations will not be available for reinvestment in our business. Moreover, the tax distributions that LD Holdings will be required to make may be substantial, and may exceed (as a percentage of LD Holdings’ income) the overall effective tax rate applicable to a similarly situated corporate taxpayer.
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Tax distributions to us may exceed the sum of our tax liabilities to various taxing authorities and the amount we are required to pay under the tax receivable agreement. This may lead, under certain scenarios, to us having significant cash on hand in excess of our current operating needs. We will, in the sole discretion of our board of directors, use this cash to invest in our business, pay dividends to our stockholders or retain such cash for business exigencies in the future.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock and Public Company Status
The market price of our Class A Common Stock may be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.
The market price of our Class A Common Stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our Class A Common Stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. Securities markets worldwide experience significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions, could reduce the market price of shares of our Class A Common Stock in spite of our operating performance. In addition, our results of operations could be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors due to a number of potential factors, including variations in our quarterly or annual results of operations, additions or departures of key management personnel, changes in our earnings estimates (if provided) or failure to meet analysts’ earnings estimates, publication of research reports about our industry, litigation and government investigations, changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations or differing interpretations or enforcement thereof affecting our business, adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future, changes in market valuations of similar companies or speculation in the press or the investment community with respect to us or our industry, adverse announcements by us or others and developments affecting us, announcements by our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, dispositions, strategic partnership, joint ventures or capital commitments, actions by institutional stockholders, increases in market interest rates that may lead investors in our shares to demand a higher yield, and in response the market price of shares of our Class A Common Stock could decreases significantly. You may be unable to resell your shares of Class A Common Stock at or above your purchase price, or at all.
In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. We are currently subject to securities class action litigation and derivative complaints related to our initial public offering and we may be subject to additional litigation in the future. Any such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. For additional information about the litigation in which we are involved, see “Item 3. Legal Proceedings”.
Failure to comply with the requirements to design, implement and maintain effective internal controls or an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.
As a public company, we have significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company.
If we are unable to maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and harm our operating results. In addition, we are required pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, because we are now an “accelerated filer,” as defined in the Exchange Act, our independent registered public accounting firm is required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b). Testing and maintaining internal controls may divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. Further, our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses. If either we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting or our independent registered public accounting firm
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is unable to provide us with an unqualified report, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline, and we may be subject to investigation or sanctions by the SEC.
Future offerings of debt or equity securities by us may adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock.
In the future, we may attempt to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our Class A Common Stock or offering additional debt or other equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity or shares of preferred stock. Future acquisitions could require substantial additional capital in excess of cash from operations.
Issuing additional shares of our Class A Common Stock or other equity securities or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our Class A Common Stock or both. Upon liquidation, holders of such debt securities and preferred shares, if issued, and lenders with respect to other borrowings would receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our Class A Common Stock. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred shares, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our Class A Common Stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings.
Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of shares of our Class A Common Stock by existing stockholders or other dilution of our equity could cause the market price of our Class A Common Stock to decline.
The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our Class A Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, including sales by the Parthenon Stockholders and the Continuing LLC Members, could have an adverse effect on our stock price and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional stock.
While, as of March 13, 2024, we have a total of 84,732,443 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding, 240,164,058 additional shares of Class A Common Stock may be issued upon the exercise of the exchange and /or conversion rights described elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K (assuming all outstanding 143,137,387 Holdco Units together with an equal number of shares of Class B Common Stock or Class C Common Stock, as applicable, and all of our outstanding 97,026,671 Class D Common Stock are exchanged for shares of Class A Common Stock). To the extent shares or HoldCo Units are held by our directors, executive officers and their affiliated entities, they are subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act and various vesting agreements. These holders have registration rights that will permit them to sell the securities into the open market.
As these holders continue to exercise their right to exchange their shares or units into shares of our Class A common Stock, the stock price of our Class A Common Stock could drop significantly if the market perceives this as an intent to sell these shares. In addition, shares of our Class A Common Stock or securities convertible or exchangeable for shares of our Class A Common Stock granted or reserved for future issuance pursuant to our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan or other equity plans or programs become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued in accordance with the terms of applicable award agreements and equity plans and subject to Rule 144, as applicable. As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our shares of Class A Common Stock could drop significantly if the holders of restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings or our shares of Class A Common Stock or other securities.
We cannot assure that we will pay any dividends on our Class A common stock.
While our Board declared a regular cash dividend of $0.08 per share on our Class A common stock for each quarter from the completion of our IPO until March 2022, since the second quarter of fiscal 2022, our Board has determined to suspend dividend payments. There can be no assurance that our Board will determine to recommend cash dividends in the future. Any
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such determination will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, level of indebtedness, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, including the satisfaction of our obligations under the tax receivable agreement, restrictions in our debt agreements, business prospects and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends depends on our receipt of distributions from our operating subsidiaries, which may further restrict our ability to pay dividends as a result of the laws of their jurisdiction of organization, agreements of our subsidiaries or covenants under any indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. For more information about our dividends, see “Item. 7. Management Discussion and Analysis - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Dividends and Distributions.”
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us or our business, the price of our Class A Common Stock and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Class A Common Stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class A Common Stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our Company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Class A Common Stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline. In addition, if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts, our stock price would likely decline.
The provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive forum in certain courts in the State of Delaware or the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or stockholders to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine will have to be brought only in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks jurisdiction, any other state court of the State of Delaware, or if no state court of the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum. The foregoing provision does not apply to claims arising under the Securities Act, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or other federal securities laws for which there is exclusive federal or concurrent federal and state jurisdiction. Additionally, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in our common stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum selection provisions described in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. Although we believe these exclusive forum provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws in the types of lawsuits to which each applies, the exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder as a result of our exclusive forum provisions. Further, in the event a court finds either exclusive forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be unenforceable or inapplicable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
Certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws could hinder, delay or prevent a change in control of us, which could adversely affect the price of our Class A Common Stock.
Certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions:
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•provide for a multi-class structure with high vote/low vote until the applicable sunset;
•authorize the issuance of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and the shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval, and which may include super voting, special approval, dividend, or other rights or preferences superior to the rights of the holders of common stock;
•prohibit stockholder action by written consent, requiring all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
•provide that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our amended and restated bylaws;
•establish advance notice requirements for nominations for elections to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings;
•establish a classified board of directors, as a result of which our board of directors will be divided into three classes, with each class serving for staggered three-year terms, which prevents stockholders from electing an entirely new board of directors at an annual meeting;
•limit the ability of stockholders to remove directors by requiring that removal be “for cause”;
•make it more difficult for a person who would be an “interested stockholder” to effect various business combinations with us for a three-year period;
•prohibit stockholders from calling special meetings of stockholders; and
•require the approval of holders of at least 66 2⁄3% of the outstanding shares of our voting common stock to amend the amended and restated bylaws and certain provisions of the amended and restated certificate of incorporation.
In addition, these provisions may make it difficult and expensive for a third party to pursue a tender offer, change in control or takeover attempt that is opposed by our management or our board of directors. Stockholders who might desire to participate in these types of transactions may not have an opportunity to do so, even if the transaction is favorable to stockholders. These anti-takeover provisions could substantially impede the ability of stockholders to benefit from a change in control or change our management and board of directors and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock and your ability to realize any potential change of control premium.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
In the ordinary course of our business, we receive, process, retain, transmit and store proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data, including certain public and nonpublic personal information concerning employees and borrowers. In addition, we enter into relationships with third-party vendors to assist with various aspects of our business, some of which require the exchange of personal employee or borrower information. The secure maintenance of this information and our information technology systems is important to our operations and business strategy. To this end, we have implemented processes designed to assess, identify, and manage risks from potential unauthorized occurrences on or through our information technology systems, including those pertaining to third-party service providers, that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of these systems and the data residing therein. These processes are managed and monitored by dedicated information security teams, including technology risk, cybersecurity operations, cybersecurity engineering, and identity and access management, led by our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”). These teams collectively manage and monitor mechanisms, controls, technologies, systems, and other processes designed to prevent or mitigate data loss, theft, misuse, access, or other security incidents or vulnerabilities affecting our data, digital assets and systems in furtherance of maintaining a secure information technology environment.
For example, we conduct penetration and vulnerability testing, data recovery testing, security audits, and ongoing risk assessments, including due diligence on and audits of our key technology vendors, CROs, and other contractors and suppliers. We also conduct regular employee training on cyber and information security topics, phishing and simulations. In addition, we consult with outside advisors and experts, when appropriate, on a regular basis to assist with assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity risks, including to anticipate future threats and trends, and their impact on the Company’s risk environment. We also utilize a third party for cybersecurity incident monitoring and response.
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Our CISO, who reports to the Chief Information Officer and has over twenty years of experience managing information technology and cybersecurity matters, together with our senior leadership team, is responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks. The CISO receives regular reports prepared by experienced information security officers on cybersecurity threats, based on data from the Information Security Department and, in conjunction with management, regularly reviews risk management measures implemented by the Company to help identify and mitigate data protection and cybersecurity risks. Certain risk topics, such as cybersecurity and compliance, are discussed at Enterprise Risk Management Committee (consisting of executive management) meetings, and are included in reports to the Board and Audit Committee.
We consider cybersecurity, along with other significant risks that we face, within our overall enterprise risk management program. While we have identified risks from cybersecurity threats, such risks have not materially affected us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, with the exception of the Cybersecurity Incident, as disclosed in a Current Report filed by the Company on Form 8-K on January 8, 2024, as amended on January 22, 2024 and February 27, 2024, which the Company believes will have a material impact on the Company’s first quarter 2024 results. As previously disclosed, among other things, the Company expects to record in the first quarter of 2024 approximately $12 to $17 million of expenses related to the Cybersecurity Incident, net of expected insurance recovery. In addition, the Company has been named as a defendant in several lawsuits related to this Cybersecurity Incident, which are seeking various remedies, including monetary and injunctive relief. While we cannot presently quantify the full scope of expenses and other related impacts associated with this Cybersecurity Incident, including costs associated with any related current or future litigation or regulatory inquiries or investigations, the Company currently does not expect that the cybersecurity incident will have a material effect on its overall financial condition or on its ongoing results of operations. Additional information on cybersecurity risks we face is discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” under the heading “Cyberattacks, information or security breaches and technology disruptions or failures, including failure of internal operational or security systems or infrastructure, or other cybersecurity incidents of ours or of our third-party vendors, could damage our business operations and increase our costs, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
The Board of Directors, as a whole and at the committee level, oversees our enterprise risk management program, the most significant risks facing us and our processes to identify, prioritize, assess, manage, and mitigate those risks. The Audit Committee, which is comprised solely of independent directors, has been designated by our Board to oversee cybersecurity risks. The Audit Committee receives quarterly or as needed updates on cybersecurity and information technology matters and related risk exposures from our CISO and Chief Information Officer. The Board also receives regular updates from our CISO and Chief Information Officer on cybersecurity risks. In addition, we have protocols by which certain cybersecurity incidents are escalated within the Company and, where appropriate, reported in a timely manner to the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors.
Item 2. Properties
Facilities and Real Estate
Our corporate headquarters are located at 6561 Irvine Center Drive, Irvine, CA 92618, in a three-building development totaling 118,312 square feet of leased office space. This location houses our corporate offices, our largest sales and processing team, and our support services and operations.
We lease four additional facilities: one in Scottsdale, Arizona; one in Southfield, Michigan; and two in Plano, Texas. Our Scottsdale location houses operations, technology, and sales teams. Our Southfield location houses sales and support. Our Plano locations include employees from nearly all aspects of our business, including our servicing department. In addition, we lease over 100 licensed sales office locations in most states across the United States. None of our leases extend beyond 10 years. Refer to Note 9 - Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our leases.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we and certain of our subsidiaries are involved in various lawsuits in state or federal courts regarding violations of state or federal statutes, regulations or common law related to matters arising out of the ordinary course of business. For a further discussion of our material legal proceedings, including proceedings related to the Cybersecurity
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Incident, see Note 19 - Commitments and Contingencies and Note 21 - Subsequent Events of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II.
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our Class A common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “LDI” since February 11, 2021. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our stock. Our Class B common stock, Class C common stock, and Class D common stock are neither listed nor traded.
Holders
As of March 13, 2024, there were 44 stockholders of record of our Class A common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.
As of March 13, 2024, there were 0 stockholders of record of our Class B common stock.
As of March 13, 2024, there were 47 stockholders of record of our Class C common stock.
As of March 13, 2024, there were 4 stockholders of record of our Class D common stock.
Dividend Policy
As part of our balance sheet and capital management strategies, we suspended our regular quarterly dividend effective March 31, 2022 and for the foreseeable future.
Cash dividends are subject to the discretion of our board of directors and our compliance with applicable law, and depending on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, level of indebtedness, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, including the satisfaction of our obligations under the tax receivable agreement, restrictions in our debt agreements, business prospects and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. The payment, including timing and amount, of such quarterly dividends and any future dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors.
Our ability to pay dividends depends on our receipt of cash dividends from our operating subsidiaries, which may further restrict our ability to pay dividends as a result of the laws of their jurisdiction of organization or agreements of our subsidiaries, including agreements governing our indebtedness. Future agreements may also limit our ability to pay dividends. Following our initial public offering, we receive a portion of any distributions made by LDLLC. Under its organizational documents, loanDepot, Inc., through its ability to appoint the board of managers of LD Holdings, has the ability to appoint the board of managers of LDLLC, has the right to determine when distributions (other than tax distributions) will be made by LDLLC to LD Holdings and the amount of any such distributions. Under the Holdings LLC Agreement, the board of managers of LD Holdings has the right to determine when distributions (other than tax distributions) are made to unitholders of LD Holdings and the amount of any such distributions. Any such distributions will be distributed to all holders of Holdco Units, including us, pro rata based on their holdings of Holdco Units. The cash received from such distributions will first be used by us to satisfy any tax liability and then to make any payments required under the tax receivable agreement to the Parthenon Stockholders, Parthenon affiliates owning Holdco Units and certain of the Continuing LLC Members or their permitted assignees.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
See “Item 12. “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.”
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
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Shares of the Company's Class B common stock or Class C common stock may each be converted, together with a corresponding Holdco Unit, as applicable, at any time and from time to time at the option of the holder of such share of Class B common stock or Class C common stock, as applicable, for one fully paid and non-assessable share of Class A common stock. Each share of the Company’s Class D common stock may be converted into one fully paid and non-assessable share of Class A common stock at any time at the option of the holder of such share of Class D common stock. There is no cash or other consideration paid by the holder converting such shares and, accordingly, there is no cash or other consideration received by the Company. The shares of Class A common stock issued by the Company in such conversions are exempt from registration pursuant to Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act.
On October 1, 2023, we issued to stockholders 442,688 shares of Class A common stock upon the conversion of the same number of shares of our Class C common stock and corresponding Holdco Units held by such stockholders.
On November 1, 2023, we issued to stockholders 1,045,755 shares of Class A common stock upon the conversion of the same number of shares of our Class C common stock and corresponding Holdco Units held by such stockholders.
On December 1, 2023, we issued to stockholders 1,697,060 shares of Class A common stock upon the conversion of the same number of shares of our Class C common stock and corresponding Holdco Units held by such stockholders
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
Item 6. [RESERVED]
Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included under Part II. Item 8 of this report. The results of operations described below are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future periods. This discussion includes forward-looking information that involves risks and assumptions which could cause actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations. See our cautionary language at the beginning of this report under “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and for a more complete discussion of the factors that could affect our future results refer to Part I. “Item IA. Risk Factors”
Overview
We are a customer-centric, technology-empowered residential mortgage platform. Our goal is to be the lender of choice for consumers and the employer of choice by being a company that operates on sound principles of exceptional value, ethics, and transparency. Since our inception, we have significantly expanded our origination platform as well as developed an in-house servicing platform. Our primary sources of revenue are derived from the origination of conventional and government mortgage loans, servicing conventional and government mortgage loans, and providing ancillary services.
Residential Real-Estate Market
The residential real-estate market and associated mortgage loan origination volumes are influenced by economic factors such as interest rates, housing prices, and unemployment rates. Purchase mortgage loan origination volume can be subject to seasonal trends as home sales typically rise during the spring and summer seasons and decline in the fall and winter seasons. This is somewhat offset by purchase loan originations sourced from our joint ventures which typically experience their highest level of activity during November and December as home builders focus on completing and selling homes prior to year-
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end. Seasonality has less of an impact on mortgage loan refinancing volumes, which are primarily driven by fluctuations in mortgage loan interest rates.
Increases in interest rates may affect affordability and the ability for potential home buyers to qualify for a mortgage loan. As interest rates increase, rate and term refinancings become less attractive to consumers. However, rising interest rates during periods of inflationary pressures can make real assets, including real estate, an attractive investment. Demand for real estate may result in ongoing support for purchase mortgages and home price appreciation creating borrower equity that could result in opportunities for cash-out refinancings or home equity lines of credit.
Our mortgage loan refinancing volumes (and to a lesser degree, our purchase volumes), balance sheet, and results of operations are influenced by changes in interest rates and how we effectively manage the related interest rate risk. The majority of our assets are subject to interest rate risk, including LHFS, IRLCs, servicing rights, forward sales contracts, interest rate swap futures and put options. We refer to such forward sales contracts, interest rate swap futures and put options collectively as “Hedging Instruments.” As interest rates increase, our LHFS and IRLCs generally decrease in value while our Hedging Instruments utilized to hedge against interest rate risk typically increase in value. Rising interest rates cause our expected mortgage loan servicing revenues to increase due to a decline in mortgage loan prepayments which extends the average life of our servicing portfolio and increases the value of our servicing rights. Conversely, as interest rates decrease, our LHFS and IRLCs generally increase in value while our Hedging Instruments decrease in value. In a declining interest rate environment, borrowers tend to refinance their mortgage loans, which increases prepayment speed and causes expected mortgage loan servicing revenues to decrease, which reduces the average life of our servicing portfolio and decreases the value of our servicing rights. Changes in fair value of our servicing rights are recorded as unrealized gains and losses in changes in fair value of servicing rights, net, in our consolidated statements of operations.
During 2022 and 2023, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of rate adjustments, resulting in a cumulative increase of 5.25 percentage points in the Federal Funds rate. The associated increase in mortgage interest rates has impacted mortgage loan origination volumes, impacting affordability and qualification for homebuyers. Total loan originations for 2023 were $22.7 billion, a decrease of $31.1 billion, or 58% compared to $53.8 billion for 2022. The primary driver of this decrease was refinance volume, which decreased by $18.2 billion, or 75%. The mortgage industry continues to face decreased volumes due to elevated mortgage rates and low inventory of existing homes for sale, driven in part by a large number of existing homeowners benefiting from low-interest rates from previous purchases or refinance. In response to the challenges posed by these market dynamics, we introduced our Vision 2025 Plan in July 2022. Since the initial announcement of Vision 2025, we have consolidated our retail and corporate locations, exited our wholesale business, and expanded offerings on the HELOC platform. We established a joint venture with National HomeCorp, dedicated to extending credit to underserved communities and partnered with Habitat for Humanity to enhance housing conditions. We transitioned our servicing portfolio to an in-house platform; streamlined our leadership structures; and realigned other aspects of our cost structure, resulting in a 35.6% reduction in total expenses of which 30.6% was attributable to non-volume related expenses, compared to a 22.4% decrease in revenue in 2023. These non-volume related reductions were achieved through measures such as headcount reduction, business process optimization, and the consolidation of real estate assets. In November 2023, we announced an additional $120 million annualized cost reduction target, including $100 million in non-volume related expenses such as vendor contract termination and renegotiation, optimized marketing spending, and corporate real estate cost reductions, that we expect will benefit our 2024 results.
Key Performance Indicators
We manage and assess the performance of our business by evaluating a variety of metrics. Selected key performance metrics include loan originations and sales and servicing metrics.
Loan Origination and Sales
Loan originations and sales by volume and units are a measure of how successful we are at growing sales of mortgage loan products and a metric used by management in an attempt to isolate how effectively we are performing. We believe that originations and sales are an indicator of our market penetration in mortgage loans and that this provides useful information because it allows investors to better assess the strength of our core business. Loan originations and sales include brokered loan originations not funded by us. We enter into IRLCs to originate loans, at specified interest rates, with customers who have applied for a mortgage and meet certain credit and underwriting criteria. We believe the volume of our IRLCs is another measure of our overall market share.
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Gain on sale margin represents the total of (i) gain on origination and sale of loans, net, and (ii) origination income, net, divided by loan origination volume during period.
Pull through weighted gain on sale margin represents the total of (i) gain on origination and sale of loans, net, and (ii) origination income, net, divided by the pull through weighted rate lock volume. Pull through weighted rate lock volume is the principal balance of loans subject to interest rate lock commitments, net of a pull-through factor for the loan funding probability.
Servicing Metrics
Servicing metrics include the unpaid principal balance of our servicing portfolio and servicing portfolio units, which represent the number of mortgage loan customers we service. We believe that the net additions to our portfolio and number of units are indicators of the growth of our mortgage loans serviced and our servicing income, but may be offset by sales of servicing rights.

|  |  |  | Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
IRLCs |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,155,455 |  |  | $ | 68,553,340 |  |  | $ | 166,263,478 |
IRLCs (units) |  |  |  |  |  | 105,143 |  |  | 211,647 |  |  | 506,176 |
Pull through weighted lock volume |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,475,262 |  |  | $ | 45,164,915 |  |  | $ | 116,628,597 |
Pull through weighted gain on sale margin |  |  |  |  |  | 2.75 |  |  | 1.94 |  |  | 3.07 |
Loan originations by purpose: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,474,927 |  |  | $ | 29,333,525 |  |  | $ | 39,321,538 |
Refinance |  |  |  |  |  | 6,196,804 |  |  | 24,444,931 |  |  | 97,679,209 |
Total loan originations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,671,731 |  |  | $ | 53,778,456 |  |  | $ | 137,000,747 |
Gain on sale margin |  |  |  |  |  | 2.60 | % |  | 1.63 | % |  | 2.61 | %
Loan originations (units) |  |  |  |  |  | 76,847 |  |  | 161,496 |  |  | 392,737 |
Licensed loan officers |  |  |  |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | 1,902 |  |  | 3,373 |
Loans sold: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing-retained |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,222,156 |  |  | $ | 38,461,896 |  |  | $ | 117,934,385 |
Servicing-released |  |  |  |  |  | 7,918,029 |  |  | 20,855,416 |  |  | 18,148,290 |
Total loans sold(1) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,140,185 |  |  | $ | 59,317,312 |  |  | $ | 136,082,675 |
Loans sold (units) |  |  |  |  |  | 77,372 |  |  | 175,633 |  |  | 392,213 |
Servicing metrics |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total servicing portfolio (unpaid principal balance) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 145,090,199 |  |  | $ | 141,170,931 |  |  | $ | 162,112,965 |
Total servicing portfolio (units) |  |  |  |  |  | 496,894 |  |  | 471,022 |  |  | 524,992 |
60+ days delinquent ($)(2) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,392,606 |  |  | $ | 1,421,722 |  |  | $ | 1,510,261 |
60+ days delinquent (%) |  |  |  |  |  | 0.96 | % |  | 1.01 | % |  | 0.93 | %
Servicing rights at fair value, net(3) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,985,718 |  |  | $ | 2,025,136 |  |  | $ | 1,999,402 |
Weighted average servicing fee(4) |  |  |  |  |  | 0.29 | % |  | 0.30 | % |  | 0.29 | %
Multiple (4)(5) |  |  |  |  |  | 5.0x |  | 5.2x |  | 4.4x

(1)Original principal balance
(2)The UPB of loans that are 60 or more days past due as of the dates presented, according to the contractual due date, or are in foreclosure.
(3)Amount represents the fair value of servicing rights, net of servicing liabilities, which are included in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Excludes other Non-Agency.
(5)Amounts represent the fair value of servicing rights, net, divided by the weighted average annualized servicing fee.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our consolidated financial statement data for 2023 compared to 2022. A comparative discussion of results for 2022 compared to 2021 is provided in the "Results of Operations" section within the Company’s Annual Report of loanDepot, Inc. on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

|  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, |  | Change $ |  | Change % |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
REVENUES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,118 |  |  | $ | 49,307 |  |  | $ | (46,189) |  |  | (93.7) | % |  |
Gain on origination and sale of loans, net |  |  |  |  |  | 524,521 |  |  | 748,540 |  |  | (224,019) |  |  | (29.9) |  |  |
Origination income, net |  |  |  |  |  | 65,209 |  |  | 129,736 |  |  | (64,527) |  |  | (49.7) |  |  |
Servicing fee income |  |  |  |  |  | 492,811 |  |  | 449,150 |  |  | 43,661 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  |
Change in fair value of servicing rights, net |  |  |  |  |  | (184,417) |  |  | (194,357) |  |  | 9,940 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |
Other income |  |  |  |  |  | 72,780 |  |  | 73,420 |  |  | (640) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  |
Total net revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 974,022 |  |  | 1,255,796 |  |  | (281,774) |  |  | (22.4) |  |  |
EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personnel expense |  |  |  |  |  | 573,010 |  |  | 1,027,008 |  |  | (453,998) |  |  | (44.2) |  |  |
Marketing and advertising expense |  |  |  |  |  | 132,880 |  |  | 236,828 |  |  | (103,948) |  |  | (43.9) |  |  |
Direct origination expense |  |  |  |  |  | 67,141 |  |  | 120,854 |  |  | (53,713) |  |  | (44.4) |  |  |
General and administrative expense |  |  |  |  |  | 212,732 |  |  | 265,680 |  |  | (52,948) |  |  | (19.9) |  |  |
Occupancy expense |  |  |  |  |  | 23,516 |  |  | 35,306 |  |  | (11,790) |  |  | (33.4) |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  | 41,261 |  |  | 42,195 |  |  | (934) |  |  | (2.2) |  |  |
Servicing expense |  |  |  |  |  | 27,687 |  |  | 53,106 |  |  | (25,419) |  |  | (47.9) |  |  |
Other interest expense |  |  |  |  |  | 174,103 |  |  | 124,060 |  |  | 50,043 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  |
Goodwill impairment |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 40,736 |  |  | (40,736) |  |  | NM |  |
Total expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 1,252,330 |  |  | 1,945,773 |  |  | (693,443) |  |  | (35.6) |  |  |
Loss before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | (278,308) |  |  | (689,977) |  |  | 411,669 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  |
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  | (42,796) |  |  | (79,592) |  |  | 36,796 |  |  | 46.2 |  |  |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (235,512) |  |  | (610,385) |  |  | 374,873 |  |  | 61.4 |  |  |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | (125,370) |  |  | (337,365) |  |  | 211,995 |  |  | 62.8 |  |  |
Net loss attributable to loanDepot, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (110,142) |  |  | $ | (273,020) |  |  | $ | 162,878 |  |  | (59.7) |  |  |

Net loss of $235.5 million for 2023 reflects a decrease of $374.9 million compared to net loss of $610.4 million for 2022. The decrease is attributable to a $693.4 million decline in total expenses, including personnel, marketing, and servicing expense as well as volume-related reductions from the decline in loan originations. Total originations were $22.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $53.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a decrease of $31.1 billion or 57.8%, reflecting decreased demand for mortgage loans due to the elevated rates. Total revenue decreased $281.8 million from a 52.5% decrease in pull-through weighted lock volume that resulted in a $224.0 million decrease in gain on origination and sale of loans.
Income
Net Interest Income. Net interest income includes interest income earned on LHFS, offset by interest expense incurred on amounts borrowed under warehouse lines for loan financing as well as warehouse line commitment fees. These commitment fees are amortized on a straight-line basis over the duration of the warehouse line agreement. The decrease in net interest income reflects our cost of funds, which are tied to short-term interest rates, increasing more than the yield on our LHFS, which are tied to long-term interest rates.
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Gain on Origination and Sale of Loans, Net. Gain on origination and sale of loans, net was comprised of the following components:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  | Change $ |  | Change %
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Discount from loan sales |  | $ | (135,943) |  |  | $ | (933,547) |  |  | $ | 797,604 |  |  | 85.4 | %
Fair value of servicing rights additions |  | 277,387 |  |  | 647,716 |  |  | (370,329) |  |  | (57.2) |
Fair value gains (losses) on IRLC and LHFS |  | 89,290 |  |  | (342,141) |  |  | 431,431 |  |  | 126.1 |
Fair value (losses) gains from Hedging Instruments |  | (4,149) |  |  | 1,237,524 |  |  | (1,241,673) |  |  | (100.3) |
Discount points, rebates and lender paid costs |  | 306,115 |  |  | 275,981 |  |  | 30,134 |  |  | 10.9 |
Provision for loan loss obligation for loans sold |  | (8,179) |  |  | (136,993) |  |  | 128,814 |  |  | 94.0 |
Total gain on origination and sale of loans, net |  | $ | 524,521 |  |  | $ | 748,540 |  |  | $ | (224,019) |  |  | (29.9) |

Gain on origination and sale of loans, net includes several key components. The estimated change in value of a loan from the time we enter into a commitment to lend to the borrower (IRLC) to the closing of the loan (LHFS) up until its eventual sale is recorded in “Fair value gains or losses on IRLC and LHFS.” Various factors, such as mortgage volume, the duration a loan remains at stages in the origination process, and shifts in interest rates, influence fair value changes on IRLC and LHFS. We utilize a hedge strategy to manage the impact of interest rate changes in IRLC and LHFS, "Fair value gains or losses from Hedging Instruments" represents the unrealized gains or losses on Hedging Instruments. When a loan is sold, the difference between proceeds received and the UPB is included in “Premium or discount from loan sales.” Additionally, “Discount points, rebates, and lender paid costs” are recognized at closing of the loan. The fair value of servicing rights retained on loan sales is included in “Fair value of servicing rights additions.” The "Provision for loan loss obligation for loans sold” is established to cover potential losses from a breach of representation or warranty made to purchasers or insurers of the sold loans. The $224.0 million or 29.9% decrease in gain on origination and sale of loans, net was primarily attributable to lower volume due to higher interest rates and lower demand.
Origination Income, Net. Origination income, net, reflects the fees that we earn, net of lender credits we pay, from originating loans. Origination income includes loan origination fees, processing fees, underwriting fees, and other fees collected from the borrower at the time of funding. Lender credits typically include rebates or concessions to borrowers for certain loan origination costs. The $64.5 million, or 49.7%, decrease in origination income was the result of lower loan origination volume.
Servicing Fee Income. Servicing fee income reflects contractual servicing fees and ancillary and other fees (including late charges) related to the servicing of mortgage loans. The increase of $43.7 million, or 9.7%, in servicing income between periods was the result of higher ancillary income due to an increase in interest income earned on custodial funds as a result of higher short-term interest rates, partially offset by a decrease in servicing fees resulting from a decrease of $6.1 billion in the average UPB of our servicing portfolio and a decline in servicing fee income related to excess servicing sales during 2023.
Change in Fair Value of Servicing Rights, Net. Change in fair value of servicing rights, net include (i) fair value gains or losses net of Hedging Instrument gains or losses; (ii) fallout and decay, which includes principal amortization and prepayments; and (iii) realized gains or losses on the sales of servicing rights. The increase of $9.9 million reflects an $81.2 million decrease in prepayments due to the higher rate environment and a $14.1 million increase in gain on sales of servicing rights, partially offset by an $85.4 million decrease in fair value gains, net of hedging losses.
Other Income. Other income includes our pro rata share of the net earnings from joint ventures and fee income from title, escrow, settlement services for mortgage loan transactions performed by LDSS, fair value gains or losses on trading securities, and bank interest income on cash balances. The decrease of $0.6 million, or 0.9%, in other income between periods was attributable to a decrease of $42.1 million in escrow and title fee income due to decreased volume, partially offset by an increase in fair value gains on trading securities of $25.7 million, an increase in bank interest income of $15.0 million, and a $3.9 million increase in income from joint ventures.
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Expenses
Personnel Expense. Personnel expense includes salaries, commissions, incentive compensation, benefits, and other employee costs. The $454.0 million or 44.2% decrease in personnel expense included volume-related declines in commissions of $188.9 million. The remaining decrease of $265.1 million was attributable to lower salaries & benefits. As of December 31, 2023, we had 4,250 employees, as compared to 5,194 employees as of December 31, 2022.
Marketing and Advertising Expense. The $103.9 million or 43.9% decrease in marketing expense reflects cost savings measures affecting lead aggregators. With the elevated interest rates, we adapted our marketing strategy to target increased purchase and cash-out refinance volume. Our approach still relies on selected online lead aggregators, alongside search engine optimization, pay-per-click advertising, banner advertising, and organic content generation to cultivate organic online leads.
Direct Origination Expense. Direct origination expense reflects the unreimbursed portion of direct out-of-pocket expenses that we incur in the loan origination process, including underwriting, appraisal, credit report, loan document and other expenses paid to non-affiliates. The $53.7 million or 44.4% decrease in direct origination expense was the result of decreased loan originations during the period.
General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense includes professional fees, data processing expense, communications expense, and other operating expenses. The $52.9 million or 19.9% decrease in general and administrative expense included a $28.2 million decrease in real estate exit costs, an $8.9 million decrease in office and equipment expenses, a $5.9 million decrease in communications expense, a $5.3 million decrease in professional and consulting services, and a $1.3 million decrease in data processing expense.
Servicing Expense. In early 2023, we completed the transition of our servicing portfolio to our in-house platform. The decrease of $25.4 million or 47.9% in servicing expense reflects our shift to in-house servicing and a decrease in non-performing servicing expense.
Other Interest Expense. The $50.0 million or 40.3% increase in other interest expense was the result of higher rates on secured credit facilities, and an $8.8 million decrease in gain on extinguishment of Senior Notes.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit). The decrease in benefit for income taxes of $36.8 million reflects lower net losses, partially offset by non-deductible impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Balance Sheet Highlights

|  | December 31, |  | Change $ |  | Change %
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 660,707 |  |  | $ | 863,956 |  |  | $ | (203,249) |  |  | (23.5) | %
Restricted cash |  | 85,149 |  |  | 116,545 |  |  | (31,396) |  |  | (26.9) |
Loans held for sale, at fair value |  | 2,132,880 |  |  | 2,373,427 |  |  | (240,547) |  |  | (10.1) |
Derivative assets, at fair value |  | 93,574 |  |  | 39,411 |  |  | 54,163 |  |  | 137.4 |
Servicing rights, at fair value |  | 1,999,763 |  |  | 2,037,447 |  |  | (37,684) |  |  | (1.8) |
Trading securities, at fair value |  | 92,901 |  |  | 94,243 |  |  | (1,342) |  |  | (1.4) |
Property and equipment, net |  | 70,809 |  |  | 92,889 |  |  | (22,080) |  |  | (23.8) |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 29,433 |  |  | 35,668 |  |  | (6,235) |  |  | (17.5) |
Loans eligible for repurchase |  | 711,371 |  |  | 634,677 |  |  | 76,694 |  |  | 12.1 |
Investments in joint ventures |  | 20,363 |  |  | 20,410 |  |  | (47) |  |  | (0.2) |
Other assets |  | 254,098 |  |  | 301,261 |  |  | (47,163) |  |  | (15.7) |
Total assets |  | 6,151,048 |  |  | 6,609,934 |  |  | (458,886) |  |  | (6.9) |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Warehouse and other lines of credit |  | 1,947,057 |  |  | 2,146,602 |  |  | (199,545) |  |  | (9.3) |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 379,971 |  | 488,696 |  | (108,725) |  |  | (22.2) |
Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | 84,962 |  | 67,492 |  | 17,470 |  |  | 25.9 |
Liability for loans eligible for repurchase |  | 711,371 |  | 634,677 |  | 76,694 |  |  | 12.1 |
Operating lease liability |  | 49,192 |  | 61,675 |  | (12,483) |  |  | (20.2) |
Debt obligations, net |  | 2,274,011 |  | 2,289,319 |  | (15,308) |  |  | (0.7) |
Total equity |  | 704,484 |  | 921,473 |  | (216,989) |  |  | (23.5) |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 6,151,048 |  |  | $ | 6,609,934 |  |  | $ | (458,886) |  |  | (6.9) |

Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value. Loans held for sale, at fair value, primarily consist of fixed and variable rate, 15- to 30-year term first-lien loans secured by residential property. The decrease of $240.5 million, or 10.1%, reflects $23.1 billion in loan sales, partly offset by $22.7 billion in loan originations, and a $64.9 million increase in fair value.
Servicing Rights, at Fair Value. The $37.7 million, or 1.8%, decrease comprised a $180.7 million reduction from the sale of $181.8 million in UPB and $149.2 million from principal amortization and prepayments, partially offset by $277.4 million of capitalized servicing rights from servicing-retained loan sales, and an increase in fair value.
Warehouse and Other Lines of Credit. The decrease of $199.5 million, or 9.3%, was the result of loan sales outpacing originations by $468.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by an increase in financing for loans that were previously funded with cash.
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. The decrease of $108.7 million, or 22.2%, reflects a $42.2 million decrease in the deferred tax liability and a $38.8 million decrease in the loan repurchase reserve due to a decrease in charge-offs. The remaining portion of the decrease was attributed to a decline in other accrued expenses, including interest and professional services.
Debt Obligations, net. The decrease of $15.3 million, or 0.7%, included a reduction in secured credit facilities of $11.4 million and the $5.4 million repurchase of Senior Notes.
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Equity. The decrease of $217.0 million, or 23.5%, was primarily attributed to a net loss of $235.5 million and the repurchase of treasury shares, at cost of $3.2 million to net settlement and withholding tax on vested RSUs. This was partially offset by stock-based compensation of $22.0 million and an increase to additional paid in capital of $2.8 million, primarily related to deferred taxes.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Our liquidity reflects our ability to meet current and potential cash requirements. We forecast the need to have adequate liquid funds available to operate and grow our business. As of December 31, 2023, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents were $660.7 million and committed and uncommitted available capacity under our warehouse and other lines of credit was $1.2 billion.
Our primary sources of liquidity have been as follows: (i) funds obtained from our warehouse and other lines of credit; (ii) proceeds from debt obligations; (iii) proceeds received from the sale and securitization of loans; (iv) proceeds from the sale of servicing rights; (v) loan fees from the origination of loans; (vi) servicing fees; (vii) title and escrow fees from settlement services; (viii) real estate referral fees; and (ix) interest income from LHFS.
Our primary uses of funds for liquidity have included the following: (i) funding mortgage loans; (ii) funding loan origination costs; (iii) payment of warehouse line haircuts required at loan origination; (iv) payment of interest expense on warehouse and other lines of credit; (v) payment of interest expense under debt obligations; (vi) payment of operating expenses; (vii) repayment of warehouse and other lines of credit; (viii) repayment of debt obligations; (ix) funding of servicing advances; (x) margin calls on warehouse and other lines of credit or Hedging Instruments; (xi) repurchases of loans under representation and warranty breaches; and (xii) costs relating to servicing.
At this time, we currently believe that our cash on hand, as well as the sources of liquidity described above, will be sufficient to maintain our current operations and fund our loan originations capital commitments for the next twelve months. However, we will continue to review our liquidity needs in light of current and anticipated mortgage market conditions and we have taken various steps to align our cost structure with current and expected mortgage origination volumes.
Financial Covenants
Our lenders require us to comply with various financial covenants including tangible net worth, liquidity, leverage ratios and profitability. As of December 31, 2023, we were in full compliance with all financial covenants. However, we expect that we will need to amend or obtain waivers in order to maintain compliance with such financial covenants in 2024. Our lenders are not required to grant any such amendments or waivers and may determine not to do so. Although these financial covenants limit the amount of indebtedness that we may incur and affect our liquidity through minimum cash reserve requirements, we believe that these covenants currently provide us with sufficient flexibility to operate our business and obtain the financing necessary to achieve that purpose.
Seller/Servicer Financial Requirements
As a seller and servicer, we are subject to minimum net worth, liquidity, and other financial requirements. In 2022, both FHFA and Ginnie Mae revised these requirements. Effective from September 30, 2023, minimum net worth requirements for FHFA and Ginnie Mae include a base of $2.5 million plus percentages of the seller/servicer’s residential first lien mortgage servicing UPB serviced for each agency and a percentage of other non-agencies servicing UPB. Base liquidity for the agencies depends on the remittance type and includes specific percentages of the seller/servicer's residential first lien mortgage servicing UPB for each agency, along with a percentage for other non-agencies servicing UPB. Large non-depositories require a liquidity buffer based on UPB for FHFA and Ginnie Mae. The capital ratio for FHFA and Ginnie Mae requires tangible net worth/total assets to be equal to or greater than 6% for both agencies. Effective from December 31, 2023, revised FHFA and Ginnie Mae seller-servicer minimum financial eligibility requirements include origination liquidity and third-party ratings. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with these financial requirements.
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FHFA also requires an annual capital and liquidity plan effective March 31, 2024 and Ginnie Mae is implementing a risk-based capital requirement effective December 31, 2024. We are assessing the impact of these upcoming requirements but anticipate no significant change in our ability to meet financial eligibility requirements.
Warehouse and Other Lines of Credit
We primarily finance mortgage loans through borrowings under our warehouse and other lines of credit. Under these facilities, we transfer specific loans to our counterparties and receive funds from them. Simultaneously, there is an agreement in place where the counterparties commit to transferring the loans back to us, either at the date the loans are sold or upon our request, and we provide the funds in return. We do not recognize these transfers as sales for accounting purposes. During the year ended December 31, 2023, our loans remained on warehouse lines for an average of 18 days. Our warehouse facilities are generally short-term borrowings and our securitization facility, with an original three-year term, is scheduled to mature in October 2024. We utilize both committed and uncommitted loan funding facilities and we evaluate our needs under these facilities based on forecasted volume of loan originations and sales. Our liquidity could be affected as lenders may reassess their exposure to the mortgage origination industry and potentially limit access to uncommitted mortgage warehouse financing or increase associated costs. Moreover, there may be reduced demand from investors to acquire our mortgage loans in the secondary market, further impacting our liquidity. Approximately 76% of the mortgage loans that we originated during the year ended December 31, 2023 were sold in the secondary mortgage market either directly to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or securitized into MBS guaranteed by Ginnie Mae. We also sell loans to many private investors.
As of December 31, 2023, we maintained revolving lines of credit with eight counterparties providing warehouse and other securitization facilities with a total borrowing capacity of $3.1 billion, of which $901.0 million was committed. As of December 31, 2023, we had $1.9 billion in outstanding borrowings and $1.2 billion in additional availability under our facilities. Warehouse and other lines of credit are further discussed in Note 11- Warehouse and Other Lines of Credit.
When we draw on our warehouse and securitization facilities we must pledge eligible loan collateral. Our warehouse line providers require us to make a capital investment, or “haircut.” upon financing the loan, which is generally based on product types and the market value of the loans. The haircuts are normally recovered from sales proceeds. As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of $7.0 million in restricted cash posted as collateral with our warehouse and securitization facilities, of which $4.3 million was the minimum requirement.
Debt Obligations
MSR facilities and Term Notes provide financing for our servicing portfolio investments. As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance of our MSR facilities was $980.8 million net of $2.7 million deferred financing costs. The outstanding balance of Term Notes was $200.0 million. MSR facilities are secured by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, or Freddie Mac MSRs, which amounted to $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2023 and Term Notes are secured by specific participation certificates relating to Ginnie Mae MSRs totaling $617.9 million as of the same date.
Securities financing facilities provide financing for the retained interest securities associated with our securitizations. As of December 31, 2023 there were outstanding securities financing facilities of $76.0 million, secured by trading securities with a fair value of $92.9 million.
Servicing advance facilities provide financing for our servicing agreements. As servicer, we are required to fulfill contractual obligations such as principal and interest payments for certain investor as well as taxes, insurance, foreclosure costs, and other necessities to preserve the serviced assets. For GSE-backed mortgages, this obligation extends up to four months, and for other government agency-backed mortgages, it may extend even longer, especially for clients under forbearance plans. The size of servicing advance balances is influenced by delinquency rates and prepayment speeds. As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance on our servicing advance facilities was $27.9 million secured by servicing advance receivables totaling $84.5 million.
Unsecured debt obligations as of December 31, 2023 consisted of Senior Notes totaling $1.0 billion net of $7.8 million of deferred financing costs. Periodically, and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, we may take actions to reduce or repurchase our debt. These actions can include redemptions, tender offers, cash purchases, prepayments, refinancing, exchange offers, open market or privately-negotiated transactions. The decision on amount of debt to be reduced or repurchased depends
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on several factors, including market conditions, trading levels of our debt, our cash positions, compliance with debt covenants, and other relevant considerations. During 2023, we repurchased $5.4 million of Senior Notes at 67.5% of par which resulted in a $1.7 million gain on extinguishment of debt. Debt obligations are further discussed in Note 12- Debt Obligations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8.
Dividends and Distributions
As part of our balance sheet and capital management strategies, we suspended our regular quarterly dividend effective March 31, 2022 and for the foreseeable future.
Cash dividends are subject to the discretion of our board of directors and our compliance with applicable law, and depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, level of indebtedness, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, including the satisfaction of our obligations under the TRA, restrictions in our debt agreements, business prospects and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our ability to pay dividends depends on our receipt of cash dividends from our operating subsidiaries, which may further restrict our ability to pay dividends as a result of the laws of their jurisdiction of organization or agreements of our subsidiaries, including agreements governing our indebtedness. Future agreements may also limit our ability to pay dividends.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
Our estimated contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:

|  | Payments Due by Period
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Total |  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 Years |  | More than 5 Years
Warehouse lines |  | $ | 1,947,057 |  |  | $ | 1,947,057 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Debt obligations(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured credit facilities |  | 1,087,418 |  |  | 744,046 |  |  | 343,372 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Term Notes |  | 200,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 200,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Senior Notes |  | 997,125 |  |  | — |  |  | 497,750 |  |  | 499,375 |  |  | — |
Operating lease obligations(2) |  | 55,113 |  |  | 19,201 |  |  | 24,473 |  |  | 11,323 |  |  | 116 |
Naming and promotional rights agreements |  | 73,919 |  |  | 21,595 |  |  | 28,324 |  |  | 12,000 |  |  | 12,000 |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 4,360,632 |  |  | $ | 2,731,899 |  |  | $ | 1,093,919 |  |  | $ | 522,698 |  |  | $ | 12,116 |

(1) Amounts exclude deferred financing costs.
(2) Represents lease obligations for office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements.
In addition to the above contractual obligations, we also have interest rate lock commitments, forward sale contracts, loan loss obligation for sold loans and obligation for sold MSRs. Commitments to originate loans or repurchase loans do not necessarily reflect future cash requirements as some commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon and, therefore, those commitments have been excluded from the table above. Refer to Note 5- Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities and Note 19 - Commitments & Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further discussion on derivatives and other contractual commitments.
At this time, we currently believe that our cash on hand, as well as the sources of liquidity described above, will be sufficient to fund our contractual obligations.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2023, we were party to mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements, pursuant to which we have access to uncommitted facilities that provide liquidity for recently sold MBS up to the MBS settlement date. These facilities, which we refer to as gestation facilities, are a component of our financing strategy and are off-balance sheet arrangements.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect: (i) the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities; (ii) the disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each reporting period; and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We continually evaluate these judgments, estimates and assumptions based on our own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions and our expectations regarding the future based on available information which together form our basis for making judgments about matters that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application. Our accounting policies are described in Note 1 - Description of Business, Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” At December 31, 2023, the most critical of these significant accounting policies were policies related to the fair value of loans held for sale, servicing rights, and derivative financial instruments. As of the date of this report, there have been no significant changes to the Company's critical accounting policies or estimates.
When reading our consolidated financial statements, you should consider our selection of critical accounting policies, the judgment and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions. Refer to “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Sensitivity Analysis” for an analysis of the impact of a hypothetical shift in market interest rates on the fair value of loans held for sale, servicing rights, and derivative financial instruments. The sensitivity of servicing rights to various changes in assumptions is also reflected in Note 4 - Servicing Rights, at Fair Value of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To provide investors with information in addition to our results as determined by GAAP, we disclose certain non-GAAP measures to assist investors in evaluating our financial results. We believe these non-GAAP measures provide useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because each measure assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. They facilitate company-to-company operating performance comparisons by backing out potential differences caused by variations in hedging strategies, changes in valuations, capital structures (affecting interest expense on non-funding debt), taxation, the age and book depreciation of facilities (affecting relative depreciation expense), and other cost or benefit items which may vary for different companies for reasons unrelated to operating performance. These non-GAAP measures include our Adjusted Total Revenue, Adjusted Net Income (Loss), Adjusted Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share (if dilutive), and Adjusted EBITDA (LBITDA). We exclude from these non-GAAP financial measures the change in fair value of MSRs and related hedging gains and losses as they represent non-cash, unrealized adjustments resulting from changes in valuation assumptions, mostly due to changes in market interest rates, and are not indicative of the Company’s operating performance or results of operation. We also exclude stock-based compensation expense, which is a non-cash expense, gains or losses on extinguishment of debt and disposal of fixed assets, non-cash goodwill impairment, and other impairment charges to intangible assets and operating lease right-of-use assets, as well as certain costs associated with our restructuring efforts, as management does not consider these costs to be indicative of our performance or results of operations. Adjusted EBITDA (LBITDA) includes interest expense on funding facilities, which are recorded as a component of “net interest income (expense)”, as these expenses are a direct operating expense driven by loan origination volume. By contrast, interest expense on our non-funding debt is a function of our capital structure and is therefore excluded from Adjusted EBITDA (LBITDA). Adjustments for income taxes are made to reflect historical results of operations on the basis that it was taxed as a corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, and therefore subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Adjustments to Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding assumes the pro forma conversion of weighted average Class C shares to Class A common stock. These non-GAAP measures have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for revenue, net income, or any other operating performance measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may not be comparable to a similarly titled measure reported by other companies. Some of these limitations are:
•they do not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
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•Adjusted EBITDA (LBITDA) does not reflect the significant interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payment on our debt;
•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced or require improvements in the future, and Adjusted Total Revenue, Adjusted Net Income (Loss), and Adjusted EBITDA (LBITDA) do not reflect any cash requirement for such replacements or improvements; and
•they are not adjusted for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our statements of cash flows.
Because of these limitations, Adjusted Total Revenue, Adjusted Net Income (Loss), Adjusted Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share, and Adjusted EBITDA (LBITDA) are not intended as alternatives to total revenue, net income (loss), net income (loss) attributable to the Company, or Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share or as an indicator of our operating performance and should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations. We compensate for these limitations by using Adjusted Total Revenue, Adjusted Net Income (Loss), Adjusted Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share, and Adjusted EBITDA (LBITDA) along with other comparative tools, together with U.S. GAAP measurements, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance. See below for a reconciliation of these non-GAAP measures to their most comparable U.S. GAAP measures.

Reconciliation of Total Revenue to Adjusted Total Revenue (Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited): |  | Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Total net revenue |  | $ | 974,022 |  |  | $ | 1,255,796 |  |  | $ | 3,724,704 |
Change in fair value of servicing rights, net of hedging gains and losses(1) |  | 45,692 |  |  | (39,755) |  |  | 14,478 |
Adjusted total revenue |  | $ | 1,019,714 |  |  | $ | 1,216,041 |  |  | $ | 3,739,182 |

(1)Represents the change in the fair value of servicing rights attributable to changes in assumptions, net of hedging gains and losses.

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted Net Income (Loss) (Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited): |  | Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net loss attributable to loanDepot, Inc. |  | $ | (110,142) |  |  | $ | (273,020) |  |  | $ | 113,524 |
Net loss from the pro forma conversion of Class C common shares to Class A common shares(1) |  | (125,370) |  |  | (337,365) |  |  | 509,622 |
Net loss |  | (235,512) |  |  | (610,385) |  |  | 623,146 |
Adjustments to the benefit (provision) for income taxes(2) |  | 32,872 |  |  | 92,337 |  |  | (132,502) |
Tax-effected net loss from the pro forma conversion of Class C common shares to Class A common stock |  | (202,640) |  |  | (518,048) |  |  | 490,644 |
Change in fair value of servicing rights, net of hedging gains and losses(3) |  | 45,692 |  |  | (39,755) |  |  | 14,478 |
Change in fair value - contingent consideration |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (77) |
Stock-based compensation expense and management fees(4) |  | 21,993 |  |  | 20,583 |  |  | 67,304 |
IPO expenses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,041 |
Restructuring charges(5) |  | 11,811 |  |  | 25,126 |  |  | — |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  | (1,690) |  |  | (10,528) |  |  | — |
Loss on disposal of fixed assets |  | 1,430 |  |  | 12,594 |  |  | — |
Goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | 40,736 |  |  | — |
Other impairment |  | 925 |  |  | 17,500 |  |  | — |
Tax effect of adjustments(6) |  | (19,964) |  |  | (5,809) |  |  | (22,814) |
Adjusted net loss |  | $ | (142,443) |  |  | $ | (457,601) |  |  | $ | 555,576 |

(1)Reflects net loss to Class A common stock and Class D common stock from the pro forma exchange of Class C common stock.
(2)loanDepot, Inc. is subject to federal, state and local income taxes. Adjustments to the benefit (provision) for income taxes reflect the income tax rates below, and the pro forma assumption that loanDepot, Inc. owns 100% of LD Holdings.
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|  |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate |  | 21.00 | % |  | 21.00 | % |  | 21.00 | %
| State and local income taxes (net of federal benefit) |  | 5.22 |  |  | 6.37 |  |  | 5.00 |
| Combined federal and state rate (less federal benefit) |  | 26.22 | % |  | 27.37 | % |  | 26.00 | %

(3)Represents the change in the fair value of servicing rights due to changes in valuation inputs or assumptions, net of gains or losses from derivatives hedging servicing rights.
(4)Management fees were discontinued after 2021. During 2021, Management fees were $0.2 million.
(5)Reflects employee severance expense and professional services associated with restructuring efforts subsequent to the announcement of Vision 2025 in July 2022.
(6)Amounts represent the income tax effect using the aforementioned effective income tax rates, excluding certain discrete tax items.

Reconciliation of Adjusted Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding to Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Dollars in thousands except per share) (Unaudited) |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net (loss) income attributable to loanDepot, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (110,142) |  |  | $ | (273,020) |  |  | $ | 113,524 |
Adjusted net (loss) income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (142,443) |  |  | (457,601) |  |  | 555,576 |
Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted average shares of Class A and Class D common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 174,906,063 |  |  | 156,030,350 |  |  | 129,998,894 |
Assumed pro forma conversion of Class C shares to Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 147,789,060 |  |  | 163,541,101 |  |  | 192,465,222 |
Adjusted diluted weighted average shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 322,695,123 |  | 319,571,451 |  | 322,464,116

Reconciliation of Net (Loss) Income to Adjusted (LBITDA) EBITDA (Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited): |  | Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (235,512) |  |  | $ | (610,385) |  |  | $ | 623,146 |
Interest expense — non-funding debt (1) |  | 174,103 |  |  | 124,060 |  |  | 79,564 |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | (42,796) |  |  | (79,592) |  |  | 43,371 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 41,261 |  |  | 42,195 |  |  | 35,541 |
Change in fair value of servicing rights, net of hedging gains and losses (2) |  | 45,692 |  |  | (39,755) |  |  | 14,478 |
Change in fair value - contingent consideration |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (77) |
Stock compensation expense and management fees |  | 21,993 |  |  | 20,583 |  |  | 67,304 |
IPO expenses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,041 |
Restructuring charges |  | 11,811 |  |  | 25,126 |  |  | — |
Loss on disposal of fixed assets |  | 1,430 |  |  | 12,594 |  |  | — |
Goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | 40,736 |  |  | — |
Other impairment |  | 925 |  |  | 17,500 |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA (LBITDA) |  | $ | 18,907 |  |  | $ | (446,938) |  |  | $ | 869,368 |

(1)Represents other interest expense, which includes gain on extinguishment of debt and amortization of debt issuance costs, in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.
(2)Represents the change in the fair value of servicing rights due to changes in valuation inputs or assumptions, net of gains or losses from derivatives hedging servicing rights.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to various risks which can affect our business, results and operations. The primary market risks to which we are exposed include interest rate risk, credit risk, prepayment risk and inflation risk.
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We manage our interest rate risk and the price risk associated with changes in interest rates pursuant to the terms of an Interest Rate Risk Management Policy which (i) quantifies our interest rate risk exposure, (ii) lists the derivatives eligible for use as Hedging Instruments and (iii) establishes risk and liquidity tolerances.
Interest Rate Risk
Our principal market exposure is to interest rate risk as our business is subject to variability in results of operations due to fluctuations in interest rates. We anticipate that interest rates will remain our primary benchmark for market risk for the foreseeable future. Changes in interest rates affect our assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including LHFS, IRLCs, servicing rights, and Hedging Instruments. In a declining interest rate environment, we expect higher loan origination volumes, higher loan margins, increases in the value of our LHFS and IRLCs, and decreases in the value of our Hedging Instruments and servicing rights. In a rising interest rate environment, we expect lower loan origination volumes, lower loan margins, decreases in the value of our LHFS and IRLCs, and increases in the value of our Hedging Instruments and servicing rights. The interaction between the results of operations of our various activities is a core component of our overall interest rate risk strategy.
IRLCs represent an agreement to extend credit to a potential customer, whereby the interest rate on the loan is set prior to funding. Both IRLCs and LHFS are subject to changes in interest rates from the date of the commitment through the sale of the loan into the secondary market. Accordingly, we are exposed to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of the lock commitment through (i) the lock commitment cancellation or expiration date, or (ii) the date of sale into the secondary mortgage market. The average term for outstanding interest rate lock commitments at December 31, 2023 was 43 days; and our average holding period of the loan from funding to sale was 32 days for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We manage the interest rate risk associated with our outstanding IRLCs, LHFS, and servicing rights by entering into Hedging Instruments. Management expects these Hedging Instruments will experience changes in fair value opposite to those of the IRLCs, LHFS, and servicing rights thereby reducing earnings volatility. We take into account various factors and strategies in determining the portion of IRLCs, LHFS, and servicing rights to economically hedge. Our expectation of how many of our IRLCs will ultimately close is a key factor in determining the notional amount of Hedging Instruments used in hedging the position.
Credit Risk
We are subject to credit risk in connection with our loan sale transactions. While our contracts vary, we provide representations and warranties to purchasers and insurers of the mortgage loans sold that typically are in place for the life of the loan. In the event of a breach of these representations and warranties, we may be required to repurchase a mortgage loan or indemnify the purchaser, and any subsequent loss on the mortgage loan may be borne by us. The representations and warranties require adherence to applicable origination and underwriting guidelines (including those of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae), including but not limited to the validity of the lien securing the loan, property eligibility, borrower credit, income and asset requirements, and compliance with applicable federal, state and local law.
We record a provision for losses relating to such representations and warranties as part of our loan sale transactions. The level of the liability for losses from representations and warranties is difficult to estimate and requires considerable management judgment. The level of loan repurchase losses is dependent on economic factors, trends in property values, investor repurchase demand strategies, and other external conditions that may change over the lives of the underlying loans. We evaluate the adequacy of our liability for losses from representations and warranties based on our loss experience and our assessment of incurred losses relating to loans that we have previously sold and which remain outstanding at the balance sheet date. As our portfolio of loans sold subject to representations and warranties grows and as economic fundamentals change, such adjustments can be material. However, we believe that our current estimates adequately approximate the losses incurred on our sold loans subject to such representations and warranties.
Additionally, we are exposed to credit risk associated with our borrowers, counterparties, and other significant vendors. Our ability to operate profitably is dependent on both our access to capital to finance our assets and our ability to profitably originate, sell, and service loans. Our ability to hold loans pending sale and/or securitization depends, in part, on the availability to us of adequate financing lines of credit at suitable interest rates and favorable advance rates. In general, we manage such risk
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by selecting only counterparties that we believe to be financially strong, dispersing the risk among multiple counterparties, placing contractual limits on the amount of unsecured credit extended to any single counterparty and entering into netting agreements with the counterparties, as appropriate. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred no losses due to nonperformance by any of our counterparties.
Prepayment Risk
Prepayment risk is affected by interest rates (and their inherent risk) and borrowers’ actions relative to their underlying loans. To the extent that the actual prepayment speed on the loans underlying our servicing rights differs from what we projected when we initially recognized them and when we measured fair value as of the end of each reporting period, the carrying value of our investment in servicing rights will be affected. In general, an increase in prepayment expectations will decrease our estimates of the fair value of the servicing right, thereby reducing expected servicing income. We monitor the servicing portfolio to identify potential refinancings and the impact that would have on associated servicing rights.
Sensitivity Analysis
Our total market risk is influenced by various factors including market volatility and the liquidity of capital markets. There are certain limitations inherent in the sensitivity analysis presented, including (i) the necessity to conduct the analysis based on a single point in time, (ii) the inability to include or fully anticipate the complex market reactions that normally would arise from the market shifts modeled, (iii) the accuracy of various models and assumptions used, including prepayment forecasts and discount rates and (iv) the inability to include other factors that would affect our overall financial performance in such scenarios, including operational adjustments made by management to account for changing circumstances.
We used December 31, 2023 market rates on our instruments to perform the sensitivity analysis on our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value. The interest rate sensitivity analysis assumes instantaneous, parallel shifts in interest rate yield curves. These sensitivities are hypothetical and presented for illustrative purposes only. Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in fair value may not be linear. Our actual results could differ materially. The following tables summarize the estimated change in fair value of our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023, given hypothetical parallel shifts in interest rates:

| December 31, 2023
| Down 25 bps |  | Up 25 bps
Change in fair value (%): |  |  |
LHFS | 0.5 | % |  | (0.6) | %
Servicing rights, net | (1.3) |  |  | 1.1 |
IRLCs, net | 18.0 |  |  | (21.1) |
Net derivative (liabilities) assets, excluding IRLCs | 19.8 |  |  | (107.9) |
Total change in fair value | — |  |  | (1.0) |

68

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
LOANDEPOT, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2023

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID:42) | F-70
Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-72
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | F-73
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | F-74
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | F-75
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | F-76
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-78

69

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of loanDepot, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of loanDepot, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 15, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosures to which it relates.
70

|  | Valuation of Servicing Rights
Description of the Matter |  | The estimated fair value of the Company’s servicing rights totaled $2.0 billion as of December 31, 2023. As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of servicing rights. The key inputs used in the valuation of servicing rights include mortgage prepayment speeds and discount rates. Auditing management’s estimate of the fair value of servicing rights is complex due to the use of a valuation model and is subjective due to the high degree of judgment in management’s determination of mortgage prepayment speeds and discount rates, which are significant unobservable inputs used in the Company’s valuation model.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit |  | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s fair value determination and recording of the servicing rights. This included, among others, controls over the completeness and accuracy of the data and assumptions used in the valuation model, the internal and external third-party valuation output, and the recording of the servicing rights to the consolidated financial statements. We tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the Company’s valuation model. We compared the fair value estimate developed by management to those from the third-party valuation firms utilized by management and evaluated the competency and objectivity of these firms. With the assistance of our internal valuation specialist, we evaluated whether the Company’s key inputs were supportable by comparing those inputs to industry data used by market participants, historical results, current market and economic trends, and independently developing a range of inputs. We utilized our internal valuation specialist to independently calculate a range of fair values for substantially all of the Company’s servicing rights and compared to management’s fair value estimate of servicing rights based on the Company’s valuation model. Finally, we evaluated the Company’s fair value disclosures for consistency with US GAAP.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2015.
Irvine, California
March 15, 2024
71

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of loanDepot, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited loanDepot, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, loanDepot, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated March 15, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Irvine, California
March 15, 2024
72

loanDepot, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands)

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 660,707 |  |  | $ | 863,956 |
Restricted cash | 85,149 |  |  | 116,545 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value (includes $510,080 and $497,574 pledged to creditors in securitization trusts at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively) | 2,132,880 |  |  | 2,373,427 |
Derivative assets, at fair value | 93,574 |  |  | 39,411 |
Servicing rights, at fair value (includes $617,878 and $544,729 pledged to creditors in securitization trusts at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively) | 1,999,763 |  |  | 2,037,447 |
Trading securities, at fair value | 92,901 |  |  | 94,243 |
Property and equipment, net | 70,809 |  |  | 92,889 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 29,433 |  |  | 35,668 |
Loans eligible for repurchase | 711,371 |  |  | 634,677 |
Investments in joint ventures | 20,363 |  |  | 20,410 |
Other assets | 254,098 |  |  | 301,261 |
Total assets | $ | 6,151,048 |  |  | $ | 6,609,934 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Warehouse and other lines of credit | $ | 1,947,057 |  |  | $ | 2,146,602 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | 379,971 |  |  | 488,696 |
Derivative liabilities, at fair value | 84,962 |  |  | 67,492 |
Liability for loans eligible for repurchase | 711,371 |  |  | 634,677 |
Operating lease liability | 49,192 |  |  | 61,675 |
Debt obligations, net | 2,274,011 |  |  | 2,289,319 |
Total liabilities | 5,446,564 |  |  | 5,688,461 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19) |  |  |
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value, 2,500,000,000 authorized, 87,377,147 and 74,277,152 issued at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | 87 |  |  | 74 |
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value, 2,500,000,000 authorized, none issued at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | — |  |  | — |
Class C common stock, $0.001 par value, 2,500,000,000 authorized, 141,234,529 and 145,693,119 issued at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | 141 |  |  | 146 |
Class D common stock, $0.001 par value, 2,500,000,000 authorized, 97,026,671 and 97,026,671 issued at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | 97 |  |  | 97 |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 50,000,000 authorized, none issued at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | — |  |  | — |
Treasury stock at cost, 3,349,395 and 1,780,141 shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | (16,493) |  |  | (13,282) |
Additional paid-in capital | 821,055 |  |  | 788,601 |
Retained deficit | (451,706) |  |  | (342,137) |
Noncontrolling interest | 351,303 |  |  | 487,974 |
Total equity | 704,484 |  |  | 921,473 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 6,151,048 |  |  | $ | 6,609,934 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
F-73

loanDepot, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in thousands except per share amounts)

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
REVENUES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 133,263 |  |  | $ | 200,204 |  |  | $ | 262,478 |
Interest expense |  | (130,145) |  |  | (150,897) |  |  | (218,457) |
Net interest income |  | 3,118 |  |  | 49,307 |  |  | 44,021 |
Gain on origination and sale of loans, net |  | 524,521 |  |  | 748,540 |  |  | 3,213,351 |
Origination income, net |  | 65,209 |  |  | 129,736 |  |  | 362,257 |
Servicing fee income |  | 492,811 |  |  | 449,150 |  |  | 393,680 |
Change in fair value of servicing rights, net |  | (184,417) |  |  | (194,357) |  |  | (445,862) |
Other income |  | 72,780 |  |  | 73,420 |  |  | 157,257 |
Total net revenues |  | 974,022 |  |  | 1,255,796 |  |  | 3,724,704 |
EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Personnel expense |  | 573,010 |  |  | 1,027,008 |  |  | 1,929,752 |
Marketing and advertising expense |  | 132,880 |  |  | 236,828 |  |  | 467,590 |
Direct origination expense |  | 67,141 |  |  | 120,854 |  |  | 193,264 |
General and administrative expense |  | 212,732 |  |  | 265,680 |  |  | 214,965 |
Occupancy expense |  | 23,516 |  |  | 35,306 |  |  | 38,443 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 41,261 |  |  | 42,195 |  |  | 35,541 |
Servicing expense |  | 27,687 |  |  | 53,106 |  |  | 99,068 |
Other interest expense |  | 174,103 |  |  | 124,060 |  |  | 79,564 |
Goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | 40,736 |  |  | — |
Total expenses |  | 1,252,330 |  |  | 1,945,773 |  |  | 3,058,187 |
(Loss) income before income taxes |  | (278,308) |  |  | (689,977) |  |  | 666,517 |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | (42,796) |  |  | (79,592) |  |  | 43,371 |
Net (loss) income |  | (235,512) |  |  | (610,385) |  |  | 623,146 |
Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (125,370) |  |  | (337,365) |  |  | 509,622 |
Net (loss) income attributable to loanDepot, Inc. |  | $ | (110,142) |  |  | $ | (273,020) |  |  | $ | 113,524 |
(Loss) earnings per share attributable to loanDepot, Inc. Class A and Class D common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (0.63) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |  |  | $ | 0.87 |
Diluted |  | $ | (0.63) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |  |  | $ | 0.87 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 174,906,063 |  |  | 156,030,350 |  |  | 129,998,894 |
Diluted |  | 174,906,063 |  |  | 156,030,350 |  |  | 129,998,894 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
F-74

loanDepot, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(Dollars in thousands)

| Common stock issued |  | Common stock $ |  | Treasury Stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained Deficit |  | Non-controlling Interests |  | Total Equity
| Class A |  |  |  | Class C |  | Class D |  | Class A |  |  |  | Class C |  | Class D |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,656,613 |  |  | $ | 1,656,613 |
Distributions prior to the reorganization | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (160,617) |  |  | (160,617) |
Stock-based compensation prior to the reorganization | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 338 |  |  | 338 |
Net income prior to the reorganization | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 294,598 |  |  | 294,598 |
Deferred taxes and other tax adjustments associated with the reorganization and IPO | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (203,240) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (203,240) |
Effect of the reorganization | 2,215,687 |  |  |  |  | 181,789,329 |  |  | 121,368,600 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 182 |  |  | 121 |  |  | — |  |  | 740,629 |  |  |  |  | (740,934) |  |  | — |
Effect of the IPO | 3,850,000 |  |  |  |  | (2,394,000) |  |  | (1,456,000) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Effect of the Greenshoe | 577,500 |  |  |  |  | (359,100) |  |  | (218,400) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net common stock issued under stock-based compensation plans | 29,823,749 |  |  |  |  | (6,307,061) |  |  | (18,872,116) |  |  | 31 |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (12,852) |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,852) |
Dividends to Class A and Class D shareholders ($0.85 per share) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,690) |  |  | (64,273) |  |  | (109,963) |
Distributions to Class C shareholders | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (69,467) |  |  | (97,985) |  |  | (167,452) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,691 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,034 |  |  | 66,725 |
Distributions for taxes on behalf of shareholders, net | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,343) |  |  | (35,995) |  |  | (63,338) |
Net income subsequent to the reorganization and IPO | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113,524 |  |  | 215,024 |  |  | 328,548 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 36,466,936 |  |  |  |  | 172,729,168 |  |  | 100,822,084 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  | 173 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (12,852) |  |  | 565,073 |  |  | (28,976) |  |  | 1,105,803 |  |  | 1,629,360 |
Conversion-related deferred taxes and adjustments | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29,317) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29,317) |
Net common stock issued under stock-based compensation plans | 36,030,075 |  |  |  |  | (27,036,049) |  |  | (3,795,413) |  |  | 36 |  |  |  |  | (27) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (430) |  |  | 242,280 |  |  | — |  |  | (242,285) |  |  | (430) |
Dividends to Class A and Class D shareholders ($0.08 per share) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,327) |  |  | (6,461) |  |  | (11,788) |
Distributions to Class C shareholders | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,866) |  |  | (7,008) |  |  | (12,874) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,565 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,018 |  |  | 20,583 |
Distributions for taxes on behalf of shareholders, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28,948) |  |  | (34,728) |  |  | (63,676) |
Net loss | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (273,020) |  |  | (337,365) |  |  | (610,385) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 72,497,011 |  |  |  |  | 145,693,119 |  |  | 97,026,671 |  |  | 74 |  |  |  |  | 146 |  |  | 97 |  |  | (13,282) |  |  | 788,601 |  |  | (342,137) |  |  | 487,974 |  |  | 921,473 |
Conversion-related deferred taxes and adjustments | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,837) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,837) |
Net common stock issued under stock-based compensation plans | 11,530,741 |  |  |  |  | (4,458,590) |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,211) |  |  | 23,223 |  |  | — |  |  | (21,885) |  |  | (1,865) |
Forfeiture of dividend equivalents on unvested Class A RSUs | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 249 |
Forfeiture of accrued distributions on unvested Class C shares | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 221 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 529 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,068 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,925 |  |  | 21,993 |
Refund of tax distributions, net | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 241 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 454 |
Net loss | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (110,142) |  |  | (125,370) |  |  | (235,512) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 84,027,752 |  |  |  |  | 141,234,529 |  |  | 97,026,671 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | (16,493) |  |  | $ | 821,055 |  |  | $ | (451,706) |  |  | $ | 351,303 |  |  | $ | 704,484 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
F-75

loanDepot, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (235,512) |  |  | $ | (610,385) |  |  | $ | 623,146 |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net |  |  |  |  |
cash (used in) provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 41,261 |  |  | 42,195 |  |  | 35,541 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 7,392 |  |  | 15,160 |  |  | 12,633 |
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset | 14,162 |  |  | 20,776 |  |  | 22,613 |
Gain on origination and sale of loans | (503,190) |  |  | (1,203,521) |  |  | (3,633,452) |
Fair value change in trading securities | (4,151) |  |  | 21,573 |  |  | 836 |
Provision for loss obligation on sold loans and servicing rights | 8,560 |  |  | 151,211 |  |  | 18,403 |
(Decrease) increase in provision for deferred income taxes | (43,175) |  |  | (80,276) |  |  | 31,315 |
Fair value change in derivative assets | 33,755 |  |  | 333,786 |  |  | 460,264 |
Fair value change in derivative liabilities | 17,470 |  |  | 29,695 |  |  | (130,372) |
Premium (paid) received on derivatives | (87,918) |  |  | (178,532) |  |  | 3,393 |
Purchase of options contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,383) |
Fair value change in loans held for sale | (64,940) |  |  | 185,111 |  |  | 104,715 |
Fair value change in servicing rights | 136,118 |  |  | (143,168) |  |  | 351,767 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 21,993 |  |  | 20,583 |  |  | 67,063 |
Originations of loans | (22,393,729) |  |  | (53,094,767) |  |  | (136,606,028) |
Proceeds from sales of loans | 23,239,202 |  |  | 59,681,043 |  |  | 138,027,936 |
Proceeds from principal payments | 129,752 |  |  | 132,322 |  |  | 182,883 |
Payments to investors for loan repurchases | (491,852) |  |  | (742,911) |  |  | (965,933) |
Gain on extinguishment of debt | (1,690) |  |  | (10,528) |  |  | — |
Goodwill impairment | — |  |  | 40,736 |  |  | — |
Disbursements from joint ventures | 18,968 |  |  | 12,128 |  |  | 11,749 |
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities | (16,691) |  |  | (161,485) |  |  | (73,774) |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (174,215) |  |  | 4,460,746 |  |  | (1,465,685) |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property and equipment | (20,612) |  |  | (43,211) |  |  | (54,124) |
Proceeds from sale of servicing rights | 180,687 |  |  | 703,812 |  |  | 349,528 |
Cash flows received on trading securities | 5,492 |  |  | 7,484 |  |  | 2,268 |
Investment in joint ventures | — |  |  | (325) |  |  | (1,115) |
Return of capital from joint ventures | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | 221 |
Net cash provided by investing activities | 165,659 |  |  | 667,760 |  |  | 296,778 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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loanDepot, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - CONTINUED
(Dollars in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings on warehouse and other lines of credit | 20,515,015 |  |  | 58,014,318 |  |  | 154,391,100 |
Repayment of borrowings on warehouse and other lines of credit | (20,714,561) |  |  | (63,324,914) |  |  | (153,511,330) |
Proceeds from debt obligations | 402,834 |  |  | 2,124,401 |  |  | 1,401,782 |
Payments on debt obligations | (417,879) |  |  | (1,456,888) |  |  | (479,778) |
Payments of debt issuance costs | (5,307) |  |  | (5,824) |  |  | (21,185) |
Payments on financing lease obligation | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,610) |
Treasury stock purchased to net settle and withhold taxes on vested shares | (3,211) |  |  | (430) |  |  | (12,852) |
Dividends and shareholder distributions | (2,980) |  |  | (119,264) |  |  | (463,313) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (226,089) |  |  | (4,768,601) |  |  | 1,300,814 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | (234,645) |  |  | 359,905 |  |  | 131,907 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period | 980,501 |  |  | 620,596 |  |  | 488,689 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period | $ | 745,856 |  |  | $ | 980,501 |  |  | $ | 620,596 |
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid (received) during the period for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 321,626 |  |  | $ | 253,728 |  |  | $ | 270,471 |
Income taxes | (8,870) |  |  | 26,730 |  |  | 3,329 |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Trading securities retained in securitizations | — |  |  | 50,426 |  |  | 75,979 |
Purchase of equipment under financing leases | — |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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loanDepot, Inc.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
($ are in thousands, except per share amounts, or unless otherwise indicated)
NOTE 1 – DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations
loanDepot, Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on November 6, 2020 to facilitate the initial public offering (“IPO”) of its Class A common stock and related transactions in order to carry on the business of LD Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries. loanDepot, Inc.’s common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on February 11, 2021 under the ticker symbol “LDI.” As a holding company, loanDepot, Inc.'s sole material asset is its equity interest in LD Holdings. In its role as the sole managing member, loanDepot, Inc. exercises indirect control over all the business and affairs of LD Holdings. LD Holdings, in turn, is also a holding company with no significant assets, except for equity interests in its direct subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2023, these subsidiaries include 99.99% ownership in LDLLC (the majority asset of the group), and 100% equity ownership in ART, LDSS, Mello, and MCS.
The Company engages in originating, financing, selling, and servicing residential mortgage loans. Additionally, it provides title, escrow, and settlement services for mortgage loan transactions. The Company primarily derives income from gains on the origination and sale of loans to investors, income from loan servicing, and fees charged for settlement services related to the origination and sale of loans.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The following is a summary of the significant accounting policies used in preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP as codified in the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC” or the “Codification”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all of the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of the Company and consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. LD Holdings is considered a VIE, and the financial results of LD Holdings and its subsidiaries are consolidated with loanDepot, Inc. The consolidated net earnings or loss are allocated to noncontrolling interests to reflect the entitlement of certain members that still hold Class A holdings units (“Holdco Units”) and Class C common stock, (“Continuing LLC Members”) as of the periods presented. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Other entities that the Company does not consolidate, but for which it has significant influence over operating and financial policies, are accounted for using the equity method.
Certain items in prior periods were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. To conform to the current period presentation, fair value change in servicing rights on the consolidated statements of cash flow includes gains or losses on the sale of MSRs. Additionally, other assets on the consolidated balance sheets now include accounts receivable, net and prepaid expenses and other assets.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Management has made significant estimates in certain areas, including determining the fair value of loans held for sale, servicing rights, derivative assets and derivative liabilities, trading securities, awards granted under the incentive equity plan, determining the loan loss obligation on sold loans and MSRs. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)
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VIEs are entities that have a total equity investment at risk insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, whose equity investors at risk lack the ability to control the entity's activities, or are structured with non-substantive voting rights. The Company evaluates its associations with VIEs, both at inception and when there is a change in circumstance that requires reconsideration, to determine if the Company is the primary beneficiary and consolidation is required. The determination of whether the assets and liabilities of the VIEs are consolidated or not consolidated in the consolidated balance sheets depends on the terms of the related transaction and the Company’s continuing involvement, if any, with the VIE. A primary beneficiary is defined as a variable interest holder that has a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest requires both: (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of a VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company determines whether it holds a significant variable interest in a VIE based on a consideration of both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size, and form of its involvement with the VIE.
Reportable Segments
The Company’s organizational structure is currently comprised of one operating segment. This determination is based on the organizational structure, which reflects how the chief operating decision maker evaluates the performance of the business. The Company’s chief operating decision maker evaluates the performance of the business that comprises one segment based on the measurement of income before income taxes.
Fair Value
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction (not in a forced transaction) between willing market participants at the measurement date. Financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis include the Company’s loans held for sale, derivative assets and derivative liabilities, servicing rights, and trading securities.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized based on whether the inputs are observable in the market and the degree that the inputs are observable. The categorization of assets and liabilities measured at fair value within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy is prioritized into three levels (with Level 3 being the lowest) defined as follows:
•Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.
•Level 2 - Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. These may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, credit risk and other inputs.
•Level 3 - Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where quoted prices or observable inputs are unavailable (for example, when there is little or no market activity), unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company's own assumptions about the factors that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The following are methods and assumptions used to measure the Company’s financial instruments recorded at fair value, as well as a description of the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate fair value disclosures for financial instruments not recorded at fair value in their entirety on a recurring basis.
Loans held for sale, at fair value- LHFS are valued at the best execution value based on the underlying characteristics of the loan, which is either based off of the to-be-announced mortgage-backed securities (“TBA MBS”) market prices, or investor pricing, based on product, note rate and term, therefore LHFS are classified as Level 2. The most significant data inputs used in this valuation include, but are not limited to, loan type, underlying loan amount, note rate, loan program, and expected sale date of the loan. The valuations for LHFS are adjusted at the loan level to consider the servicing release premium
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and loan level pricing adjustments specific to each loan. Changes in the fair value of the LHFS are recorded in current earnings as a component of gain on origination and sale of loans, net.
Loans eligible for repurchase - Loans eligible for repurchase represents certain mortgage loans sold pursuant to Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) programs where the Company, as servicer, has the unilateral option to repurchase the loan if certain criteria are met, including if a loan is greater than 90 days delinquent. Regardless of whether the repurchase option has been exercised, the Company must recognize eligible loans as an asset with a corresponding repurchase liability in its consolidated balance sheets. These loans are government guaranteed. The carrying value of loans eligible for repurchase approximates the fair value.
Servicing rights, at fair value- The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of servicing rights. This approach consists of projecting servicing cash flows. The inputs used in the Company's discounted cash flow model are based on market factors, which management believes are consistent with assumptions and data used by market participants valuing similar servicing rights. The key inputs used in the valuation of servicing rights include mortgage prepayment speeds, discount rates, costs to service the loan, and other inputs such as projected and actual rates of delinquencies, recapture rate, defaults and liquidations, ancillary fee income, and amounts of future servicing advances. These inputs can, and generally do, change from period to period as market conditions change. Servicing rights are classified as Level 3 as considerable judgment is required to estimate the fair values and the exercise of such judgment can significantly affect the Company's income.
Derivative assets and liabilities, at fair value - Derivative assets and liabilities at fair value include interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), forward sales contracts, interest rate swap futures, put options on treasuries and MBS put options. Changes in fair value of derivatives hedging IRLCs and LHFS at fair value are included in gain on origination and sale of loans, net on the consolidated statements of operations. Changes in fair value of derivatives hedging mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) are included in change in fair value of servicing rights, net on the consolidated statements of operations.
Interest rate lock commitments- The Company enters into IRLCs with prospective borrowers, which are commitments to originate loans at a specified interest rate. The IRLCs are recorded as a component of derivative assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value being recorded in current earnings as a component of gain on origination and sale of loans, net. The Company estimates the fair value of the IRLCs based on quoted agency TBA MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the servicing rights it expects to receive in the sale of the loans, the probability that the mortgage loan will fund or be purchased (the “pull-through rate”), and estimated transformative costs. The pull-through rate is based on the Company’s own experience and is a significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of these instruments and results in the classification of these instruments as Level 3. Significant changes in the pull-through rate of the IRLCs, in isolation, could result in significant changes in fair value measurement.
Forward sale contracts - Forward sale contracts and commitments are valued using observable market data, primarily TBA MBS pricing specific to the loan program that reflect the commitments particular product, coupon, and settlement. These derivatives are classified as Level 2. Best efforts forward delivery commitments are also entered into for certain loans at the time the borrower commitment is made. These commitments are valued using the committed price to the counterparty against the current market price of the IRLC or LHFS.
Put options on treasuries and interest rate swap futures - The Company also utilizes put options and treasury futures to hedge interest rate risk. These instruments are actively traded in a liquid market and classified as Level 1 inputs.
MBS put options - MBS put options are used to hedge against interest rate risk. MBS put options are traded over-the-counter with pricing inputs derived from observable market data, such as interest rates, or volatility, and are therefore classified as Level 2.
Trading securities, at fair value - Trading securities, at fair value represent retained interest in the credit risk of the assets collateralizing certain securitization transactions. The fair value is based on observable market data for similar securities obtained from sources independent of the Company and therefore classified as Level 2.
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Warehouse lines - The Company’s warehouse lines of credit bear interest at a rate that is periodically adjusted based on a market index. The carrying value of warehouse lines of credit approximates fair value. The warehouse lines are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Debt obligations, net - Debt consists of secured debt facilities and unsecured Senior Notes. The Company’s secured credit facilities are highly liquid and short-term in nature and as a result, their carrying value approximated fair value. The secured credit facilities bear interest at a rate that is periodically adjusted based on a market index and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Fair value of the Company’s Senior Notes are estimated using quoted market prices. The Senior Notes are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
All highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, all amounts recorded in cash and cash equivalents represent cash held in banks, with the exception of insignificant amounts of petty cash held on hand.
Restricted Cash
Cash balances that have restrictions as to the Company's ability to withdraw funds are considered restricted cash. Restricted cash is the result of the terms of the Company's warehouse lines of credit, debt obligations, and cash collateral associated with the Company’s derivative activities. In accordance with the terms of the warehouse lines of credit and debt obligations, the Company is required to maintain cash balances with the lender as additional collateral for the borrowings.
Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value
Loans held for sale are accounted for at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in current period income, to more timely reflect the value of the loans. All changes in fair value, including changes arising from the passage of time, are recognized as a component of gain on origination and sale of loans, net.
Sale Recognition - The Company recognizes transfers of loans held for sale as sales when it surrenders control over the loans. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (i) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (ii) the transferee has the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (iii) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through either (a) an agreement that entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase or redeem them before their maturity or (b) the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets. If the sale criteria are not met, the transfer is recorded as a secured borrowing in which the assets remain on the balance sheet, and the proceeds from the transaction are recognized as a liability.
Net interest income - Interest income on loans held for sale is recognized using their contractual interest rates. Interest income recognition is suspended for loans when they become 90 days delinquent, or when, in management's opinion, a full recovery of interest and principal becomes doubtful. Interest income recognition is resumed when the loan becomes contractually current. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Interest income on non-accrual loans is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash is received. Interest expense on warehouse and other lines of credit, debt obligations, and other types of borrowings is recognized using their contractual rates. Interest expense also includes the amortization of expenses incurred in connection with financing activities over the term of the related borrowings.
Origination Income, net - Origination income, net, reflects the fees earned, net of lender credits paid from originating loans. Origination income includes loan origination fees, processing fees, underwriting fees and other fees collected from the borrower at the time of funding. Lender credits typically include rebates or concessions to borrowers for certain loan origination costs.
Loan Loss Obligations on Loans Sold
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When the Company sells loans to investors, the risk of loss or default by the borrower is generally transferred to the investor. However, the Company is required by these investors to make certain representations relating to credit information, loan documentation and collateral. These representations and warranties may extend through the contractual life of the mortgage loan. Subsequent to the sale, if underwriting deficiencies, borrower fraud or documentation defects are discovered in individual mortgage loans, the Company may be obligated to repurchase the respective mortgage loan or indemnify the investors for any losses from borrower defaults if such deficiency or defect cannot be cured within the specified period following discovery.
In the case of early loan payoffs and early defaults on certain loans, the Company may be required to repay all or a portion of the premium initially paid by the investor on loans. The estimated obligation associated with early loan payoffs and early defaults is calculated based on historical loss experience.
The obligation for losses related to the representations and warranties and other provisions discussed above is recorded based upon an estimate of losses. The liability for repurchase losses is assessed quarterly. Because the Company does not service all of the loans it sells, it does not maintain nor have access to the current balances and loan performance data with respect to all of the individual loans previously sold to investors. However, the Company uses industry-available prepayment data, historical and projected loss frequency and loss severity ratios, default expectations, and expected investor repurchase demands, to estimate its exposure to losses on loans previously sold. Given current general industry trends in mortgage loans as well as housing prices, market expectations around losses related to the Company's obligations could vary significantly from the obligation recorded as of the balance sheet dates. The Company records a provision for loan losses, included in gain on origination and sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of operations, to establish the loan repurchase reserve for sold loans which is reflected in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Securitizations
The Company is involved in several types of securitization and financing transactions that utilize special-purpose entities (SPEs). A SPE is an entity that is designed to fulfill a specified limited need of the sponsor. The Company’s principal use of SPEs is to obtain liquidity by securitizing certain of its financial and non-financial assets. SPEs involved in the Company’s securitization and other financing transactions are often considered VIEs.
Securitization transactions are accounted for either as sales or secured borrowings. The Company may retain economic interests in the securitized and sold assets, which are generally retained in the form of subordinated interests, residual interests, and/or servicing rights. The Company sells mortgage loans to investors through private label securitizations, which are accounted for either as sales or secured borrowings. The Company may retain economic interests in the securitized and sold assets, which are generally retained in the form of senior or subordinated interests, residual interests, and/or servicing rights. The Company evaluates its interests in each private label securitization for classification as a VIE. The Company accounts for a securitization as a sale when it has relinquished control over the transferred financial assets and does not hold other interests in the VIE that individually, or in the aggregate, would absorb more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected losses or receive more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected residual returns. The Company has an option to exercise a cleanup call to purchase the remaining mortgage loans and any trust property when the remaining aggregate principal balance is less than 10% of the initial aggregate principal balance.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Derivative financial instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities and are measured at fair value. The Company accounts for derivatives as free-standing derivatives and does not designate any derivative financial instruments for hedge accounting. All derivative financial instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in the fair values being reported in current period earnings. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for purposes other than in support of its risk management activities. Certain derivatives, loan warehouse, and repurchase agreements are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. In certain circumstances the Company may elect to present certain financial assets, liabilities subject to master netting arrangements in a net position on the consolidated balance sheets.
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The Company enters into IRLCs to originate loans held for sale, at specified interest rates, with residential mortgage loan customers whose applications meet credit and underwriting criteria. The Company bears price risk from the time a commitment to originate a loan is made to a borrower or to purchase a loan from a third-party, to the time the loan is sold. During this period, the Company is exposed to losses if mortgage interest rates rise because the value of the IRLC or the LHFS decreases. The Company manages the price risk created by IRLCs and LHFS by entering into forward sale agreements to sell, buy, or originate specified residential mortgage loans at prices which are fixed as of the forward commitment date. Forward sale contracts also include pair offs hedging MSRs, IRLCs, and LHFS. The Company is exposed to fair value losses on servicing rights, LHFS, and IRLCs from changes in mortgage interest rates. The Company manages the risk by hedging the fair value with put options on treasuries, MBS put options, and interest rate swap futures.
Servicing Rights
When the Company sells a loan on a servicing-retained basis, it recognizes a servicing asset at fair value based on the present value of future cash flows generated by the servicing asset retained in the sale. The Company has made the election to carry its servicing rights at fair value. The value of servicing rights is derived from net positive cash flows associated with servicing contracts, resulting from contractual agreements between the Company and investors (or their agents) in mortgage securities and loans. Under these contracts, the Company performs loan servicing functions in exchange for fees and other remuneration. Servicing functions include collecting and remitting loan payments; responding to borrower inquiries; accounting for principal and interest; holding custodial (impound) funds for the payment of property taxes and insurance premiums; counseling delinquent mortgagors; and supervising real estate acquisition and disposition in settlement of loans.
Change in Fair Value of Servicing Rights, net - Unrealized gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of servicing rights are recorded to change in fair value of servicing rights, net. Realized and unrealized hedging gains or losses used to hedge interest rate risk on servicing rights are recorded to change in fair value of servicing rights, net. Realized gains or losses from the sale of servicing rights are also included in change in fair value of servicing rights, net.
Servicing Fee Income - Servicing fees are collected from the monthly payments made by mortgagors. Additionally, the company is contractually entitled to receive other forms of remuneration, including late charges, collateral reconveyance charges, loan prepayment penalties, and interest earned on funds pending remittance.
The Company is required to make servicing advances on behalf of borrowers and investors to cover delinquent balances for property taxes, insurance premiums and other costs. Advances are made in accordance with servicing agreements and are recoverable upon collection from the borrower or foreclosure of the underlying loans. The Company periodically reviews the receivable for collectability and amounts are written-off when deemed uncollectible. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $118.4 million and $98.7 million, respectively, in outstanding servicing advances included in other assets.
Sales of servicing rights are recognized when (i) the Company secures necessary approval from the investor, if required; (ii) the purchaser holds current approval as a servicer without the risk of losing that status; (iii) in cases where the sales price is financed, an adequate nonrefundable down payment is received, and the note receivable from the purchaser provides full recourse to the purchaser; and (iv) any temporary servicing performed by the Company for a brief period is compensated in accordance with a subservicing contract that ensures adequate compensation. Additionally, the Company recognizes sales of servicing rights if title passes, substantial risks and rewards of ownership have irrevocably transferred to the purchaser, and any protection provisions retained by the Company are minor and reasonably estimable. When a sale is acknowledged with only minor protection provisions, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated obligation associated with those provisions, which is included in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Accounts Receivable, net
Accounts receivable are assessed for collectibility and a reserve is established when amounts are outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms. The Company writes off accounts receivable when management deems them uncollectible. Accounts receivable are included within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
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Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Costs associated with internally developed software during the development stage, both internal expenses and those paid to third parties, are capitalized and amortized over three years. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the lesser of the life of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset. Useful lives for purposes of computing depreciation are as follows:

| Years
Leasehold improvements | 2 | - | 15
Furniture and equipment | 5 | - | 7
Computer software | 3 | - | 5

Expenditures that materially increase the asset life are capitalized, while ordinary maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. When assets are sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gains or losses are included in earnings.
Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at contract inception and recognizes an operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and corresponding operating lease liability based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, except leases with initial terms less than or equal to 12 months. While the operating leases may include options to extend the term, these options are not included when calculating the operating lease right-of-use asset and lease liability unless the Company is reasonably certain it will exercise such options. Most of the leases do not provide an implicit rate and, therefore, the Company determines the present value of lease payments by using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s lease agreements include both lease and non-lease components (such as common area maintenance), which are generally included in the lease and are accounted for together with the lease as a single lease component. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements permit it to sublease leased assets. Sublease income is included as a component of occupancy expense.
Operating lease ROU assets are regularly reviewed for impairment under the long-lived asset impairment guidance in ASC Subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment - Overall.
Loans Eligible for Repurchase
Loans eligible for repurchase represents certain mortgage loans sold pursuant to Ginnie Mae programs where the Company, as servicer, has the unilateral option to repurchase the loan if certain criteria are met, including if a loan is greater than 90 days delinquent. Regardless of whether the repurchase option has been exercised, the Company must recognize eligible loans and a corresponding repurchase liability in its consolidated balance sheets. The terms of the Ginnie Mae MBS program allow, but do not require, the Company to repurchase mortgage loans when the borrower has made no payments for three consecutive months. As a result of this right, the Company records the loans in loans eligible for repurchase and records a corresponding liability in liability for loans eligible for repurchase on its consolidated balance sheets.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Acquired intangible assets are recognized and reported separately from goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess cost of acquisition over the fair value of net assets acquired.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated lives using the straight-line method. On an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, the Company evaluates whether there has been a change in the estimated useful life or if certain impairment indicators exist.
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Goodwill must be allocated to reporting units and tested for impairment. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually and more frequently if events or circumstances, such as adverse changes in the business climate, indicate there may be justification for conducting an interim test. Impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level. In testing goodwill for impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. In making this assessment, the Company considers all relevant events and circumstances. These include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations and the reporting unit's overall financial performance. If the Company concludes, based on its qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is at least equal to its carrying amount, then the Company concludes that the goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired and no further testing is performed. However, if the Company determines, based on its qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the Company will perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. At the Company’s option, it may, in any given period, bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative approach. The quantitative assessment begins with a comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to the difference, limited to the total amount of goodwill for the reporting unit.
During the second quarter of 2022, the Company performed an interim impairment test due to the impact of rising interest rates on the mortgage industry and the Company’s recent stock performance. The evaluation of goodwill included a market-based and income-based approach. Based upon the results of this evaluation, management concluded that goodwill had become impaired driven primarily by significant declines in market capitalization. Accordingly, an impairment charge totaling $40.7 million, the entire amount of goodwill, was recognized during the second quarter of 2022.
In addition to goodwill, the Company had other intangible assets related to trademarks associated with prior acquisitions. The Company reviews intangible assets for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The factors outlined in the goodwill impairment discussion above triggered an interim impairment evaluation of other intangible assets during the second quarter of 2022. Based upon the results of this evaluation, an impairment charge totaling $1.4 million, the entire amount of other intangible assets, was recognized during the second quarter of 2022.
Long-Lived Assets
The Company periodically assesses long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for recoverability when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If management identifies an indicator of impairment, it assesses recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and the eventual disposal of the asset. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount is not recoverable and is measured as the excess of carrying value over fair value.
Income Taxes
The Company’s provision for income taxes is made for current and deferred income tax on pretax net income adjusted for permanent and temporary differences based on enacted tax laws and applicable statutory tax rates. The Company accounts for interest and penalties associated with income tax obligations as a component of income tax expense.
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates for the periods in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the change. Deferred tax assets are recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred tax liabilities are recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Future exchanges of Holdco Units for cash or Class A Common Stock are expected to result in increases to the Company’s allocable tax basis in its assets. These increases in tax basis are expected to increase (for tax purposes) depreciation and amortization deductions allocable to the Company, and therefore reduce the amount of tax that the Company would
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otherwise be required to pay in the future. As a result, the Company has entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement, (“TRA”) with Parthenon stockholders and certain Continuing LLC Members, whereby loanDepot, Inc. will be obligated to pay such parties or their permitted assignees, 85% of the amount of cash tax savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, and local taxes that loanDepot, Inc. realizes, or is deemed to realize as a result of future tax benefits from increases in tax basis. The TRA liability is accounted for as a contingent liability within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with amounts accrued when deemed probable and estimable.
The Company evaluates tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions deemed to meet the more-likely than-not threshold of being sustained would be recorded as a tax benefit in the current period.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company’s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”) and 2022 Inducement Plan (“2022 Plan”) provide for the grant of incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and stock appreciation rights of the Company’s Class A common stock. The Company’s 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) provided employees with an opportunity to purchase the Company’s Class A common stock at a discounted price through accumulated payroll deductions. The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on estimated fair values. Stock-based awards consist of RSUs, ESPP subscriptions, and non-qualified stock options. The Company’s RSUs vest on service-based or market-based conditions. Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period (vesting period) so that compensation cost recognized at any date is at least equal to the portion of the grant-date value of the award that is vested at that date. Expense is reduced for actual forfeitures as they occur. The cost of stock-based compensation is recorded to personnel expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
Earnings per share
Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated in accordance with the two-class method. According to the Company’s certificate of incorporation, holders of Class A common stock and Class D common stock are entitled to share equally, on a per-share basis, in dividends and other distributions of cash, property, or shares of stock of the Company as may be declared by the board of directors.
Basic earnings or loss per share of Class A common stock and Class D common stock is computed by dividing net income or loss attributable to loanDepot, Inc. by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A common stock and Class D common stock, respectively, outstanding during the period. Shares of Class B and Class C common stock do not have economic rights to loanDepot Inc and, therefore, are not included in the calculation of basic earnings per share. For purposes of computing diluted earnings or loss per share, the weighted-average number of the Company’s shares reflects the dilutive effect that could occur if all potentially dilutive securities were converted into or exchanged or exercised for the Company’s Class A common stock.
The dilutive effect of stock options and other stock-based awards is calculated using the treasury stock method, which assumes the proceeds from the exercise of these instruments are used to purchase common shares at the average market price for the period. Market-based restricted stock units are considered contingently issuable shares, and their dilutive effect is included in the denominator of the diluted earnings or loss per share calculation for the entire period, if those shares would be issuable as of the end of the reporting period, assuming the end of the reporting period was also the end of the contingency period. The dilutive effect of noncontrolling interests is evaluated under the if-converted method, where the Class C common stock is assumed to be converted, and the resulting common shares are included in the denominator of the diluted earnings or loss per share calculation.
Other income
Direct title insurance premiums, escrow and sub escrow fees, and default and foreclosure service revenues are reported within other income in the consolidated statements of operations and are within the scope of Revenue from Contracts with
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Customers (Topic 606). Direct title insurance premiums are based on a percentage of the gross title premiums charged by the title insurance provider and are recognized net as revenue when the Company is legally or contractually entitled to collect the premium. Revenue is recognized at the point-in-time upon the closing of the underlying real estate transaction as the earnings process is considered complete. Cash is typically collected at the closing of the underlying real estate transaction. Escrow and sub escrow fees are primarily associated with managing the closing of real estate transactions including the processing of funds on behalf of the transaction participants, gathering and recording the required closing documents, and providing other related activities. Escrow and sub escrow fees are recognized as revenue when the closing process is complete or when the Company is legally or contractually entitled to collect the fee. Revenue is primarily recognized at a point-in-time upon closing of the underlying real estate transaction or completion and billing of services. Cash is typically collected at the closing of the underlying real estate transaction. Default and foreclosure service revenues are associated with foreclosure title searches, tax searches, title updates, deed recordings and other related services. Fees vary by service and are recognized as revenue when the service is complete and billed or when the Company is entitled to collect the fee.
Marketing and Advertising
Advertising costs are expensed in the period incurred and principally represent online advertising costs, including fees paid to search engines, distribution partners, master service agreements with brokers, and desk rental agreements with realtors. Prepaid advertising expenses are capitalized and recognized during the period the expenses are incurred.
Concentration of Risk
The Company has concentrated its credit risk for cash by maintaining deposits in several financial institutions, which may at times exceed amounts covered by insurance provided by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk related to cash.
Due to the nature of the mortgage lending industry, changes in interest rates may significantly impact revenue from originating mortgages and subsequent sales of loans to investors, which are the primary source of income for the Company.
The Company originates mortgage loans on property located throughout the United States, with loans originated for property located in California totaling approximately 18% and 22% of total loan originations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company sells mortgage loans to various third-party investors. Three investors accounted for 36%, 28%, and 12%, of the Company’s loan sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 28%, 27%, and 22% for the year ended December 31, 2022. No other investors accounted for more than 5% of the loan sales for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The Company funds loans through warehouse lines of credit. As of December 31, 2023, 20% and 18% of the Company's warehouse lines were payable to two separate lenders, respectively.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
On March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-1, Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements, which amends certain provisions of ASU 2016-2, Leases (Topic 842). This amendment requires leasehold improvements associated with common control arrangements to be amortized over the useful life of the common control group and accounted for as a transfer between entities under common control through an adjustment to equity if, and when, the lessee no longer controls the use of the underlying assets. Additionally, these leasehold improvements are subject to the impairment guidance in Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. ASU 2023-1 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-9, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which, among other things, require that public business entities annually disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the
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applicable statutory income tax rate). ASU 2023-9 is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company will include the required disclosures in its consolidated financial statements once adopted.
NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUE
The Company's consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured based on their estimated fair values. Refer to Note 1- Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for information on the fair value hierarchy, valuation methodologies, and key inputs used to measure financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, as well as methods and assumptions used to estimate fair value disclosures for financial instruments not recorded at fair value in their entirety on a recurring basis.
Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables presents the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value hierarchy as of the dates indicated.

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Fair value through net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,132,880 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,132,880 |
Trading securities |  | — |  |  | 92,901 |  |  | — |  |  | 92,901 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49,112 |  |  | 49,112 |
Forward sale contracts |  | — |  |  | 16,610 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,610 |
Interest rate swap futures |  | 26,476 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,476 |
MBS put options |  | — |  |  | 1,376 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,376 |
Servicing rights |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,999,763 |  |  | 1,999,763 |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | 26,476 |  |  | $ | 2,243,767 |  |  | $ | 2,048,875 |  |  | $ | 4,319,118 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,172 |  |  | $ | 1,172 |
Forward sale contracts |  | — |  |  | 83,728 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,728 |
Put options on treasuries |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |
Servicing rights |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,045 |  |  | 14,045 |
Total liabilities at fair value |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 83,728 |  |  | $ | 15,217 |  |  | $ | 99,007 |

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|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Fair value through net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,373,427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,373,427 |
Trading securities |  | — |  |  | 94,243 |  |  | — |  |  | 94,243 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,374 |  |  | 29,374 |
Forward sale contracts |  | — |  |  | 6,676 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,676 |
MBS put options |  | — |  |  | 3,361 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,361 |
Servicing rights |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,037,447 |  |  | 2,037,447 |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,477,707 |  |  | $ | 2,066,821 |  |  | $ | 4,544,528 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,784 |  |  | $ | 5,784 |
Interest rate swap futures |  | 7,395 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,395 |
Forward sale contracts |  | — |  |  | 43,482 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,482 |
Put options on treasuries |  | 10,831 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,831 |
Servicing rights |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,311 |  |  | 12,311 |
Total liabilities at fair value |  | $ | 18,226 |  |  | $ | 43,482 |  |  | $ | 18,095 |  |  | $ | 79,803 |

The following presents the changes in the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2023
|  | IRLCs, net |  | Servicing Rights, net
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 23,590 |  |  | $ | 2,025,136 |
Total net gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |
Gain on origination and sale of loans, net: |  |  |  |
Issuances and additions |  | 387,498 |  |  | 277,387 |
Transfers of IRLC to LHFS |  | (275,451) |  |  | — |
Other factors |  | (87,697) |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of servicing rights, net(1) |  | — |  |  | (136,118) |
Sales |  | — |  |  | (180,687) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 47,940 |  |  | $ | 1,985,718 |

(1)The change in unrealized gains or losses relating to servicing rights still held at December 31, 2023 amounted to a net loss of $61.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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|  | Year Ended December 31, 2022
|  | IRLCs, net |  | Servicing Rights, net
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 180,620 |  |  | $ | 1,999,402 |
Total net gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |
Gain on origination and sale of loans, net: |  |  |  |
Issuances and additions |  | 380,443 |  |  | 647,716 |
Transfers of IRLC to LHFS |  | (377,071) |  |  | — |
Other factors |  | (160,402) |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of servicing rights, net(1) |  | — |  |  | 143,169 |
Sales |  | — |  |  | (765,151) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 23,590 |  |  | $ | 2,025,136 |

(1)The change in unrealized gains or losses relating to servicing rights that were still held at December 31, 2022, amounted to a net gain of $710.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
|  | IRLCs, net |  | Servicing Rights, net
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 647,045 |  |  | $ | 1,124,302 |
Total net gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |
Gain on origination and sale of loans, net: |  |  |  |
Issuances and additions |  | 2,169,847 |  |  | 1,610,596 |
Transfers of IRLC to LHFS |  | (1,969,541) |  |  | — |
Other factors |  | (666,731) |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of servicing rights, net(1) |  | — |  |  | (351,767) |
Sales |  | — |  |  | (383,729) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 180,620 |  |  | $ | 1,999,402 |

(1)The change in unrealized gains or losses relating to servicing rights that were still held at December 31, 2021, amounted to a net gain of $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The following table presents quantitative information about the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs applied to Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Unobservable Input |  | Range of inputs |  | Weighted Average(1) |  | Range of inputs |  | Weighted Average(1)
IRLCs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pull-through rate |  | 2.7% | - | 99.9% |  | 76.7% |  | 8.4% | - | 99.9% |  | 75.3%
Servicing rights |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate(2) |  | 4.6% | - | 16.8% |  | 6.4% |  | 5.0% | - | 16.1% |  | 6.5%
Prepayment rate(2) |  | 5.6% | - | 22.4% |  | 8.1% |  | 5.8% | - | 17.6% |  | 7.2%
Cost to service (per loan) |  | $72 | - | $126 |  | $90 |  | $63 | - | $138 |  | $87

(1)Weighted average inputs are based on the committed amounts for IRLCs and the UPB of the underlying loans for servicing rights.
(2)The Company estimates the fair value of MSRs using an option-adjusted spread (“OAS”) model, which projects MSR cash flows over multiple interest rate scenarios in conjunction with the Company’s prepayment model, and then discounts these cash flows at risk-adjusted rates.
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Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The Company did not have any material assets or liabilities that were recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
Financial Statement Items Measured at Amortized Cost
The following table presents the carrying amount and estimated fair value of financial instruments included in the consolidated financial statements that are not recorded at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. The table excludes cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, warehouse and other lines of credit, and secured debt facilities as these financial instruments are highly liquid or short-term in nature and as a result, their carrying amounts approximate fair value:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
Senior Notes |  | $ | 989,318 |  |  | $ | 886,492 |  |  | $ | 991,822 |  |  | $ | 645,495 |

Fair value of the Company’s Senior Notes issued in October 2020 and March 2021 was estimated using quoted market prices and classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
NOTE 3 – LOANS HELD FOR SALE, AT FAIR VALUE
The following table represents the unpaid principal balance of LHFS by product type of loan as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | %
Conforming - fixed |  | $ | 1,211,449 |  |  | 57 | % |  | $ | 1,441,497 |  |  | 59 | %
Conforming - ARM |  | 18,592 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 52,513 |  |  | 2 |
Government - fixed |  | 777,860 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 815,921 |  |  | 34 |
Government - ARM |  | 20,403 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 17,788 |  |  | 1 |
Other - residential mortgage loans |  | 104,778 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 101,137 |  |  | 4 |
Consumer loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,774 |  |  | — |
Total |  | 2,133,082 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 2,430,630 |  |  | 100 | %
Fair value adjustment |  | (202) |  |  |  |  | (57,203) |  |  |
Loans held for sale, at fair value |  | $ | 2,132,880 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,373,427 |  |  |

A summary of the changes in the balance of loans held for sale is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 2,373,427 |  |  | $ | 8,136,817 |  |  |
Origination and purchase of loans |  | 22,393,729 |  |  | 53,094,767 |  |  |
Sales |  | (23,013,399) |  |  | (59,174,022) |  |  |
Repurchases |  | 443,935 |  |  | 633,298 |  |  |
Principal payments |  | (129,752) |  |  | (132,322) |  |  |
Fair value gain (loss) |  | 64,940 |  |  | (185,111) |  |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 2,132,880 |  |  | $ | 2,373,427 |  |  |

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Gain on origination and sale of loans, net is comprised of the following components:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(Discount) premium from loan sales |  | $ | (135,943) |  |  | $ | (933,547) |  |  | $ | 1,882,557 |
Servicing rights additions |  | 277,387 |  |  | 647,716 |  |  | 1,610,596 |
Unrealized losses from derivative assets and liabilities |  | (35,430) |  |  | (134,519) |  |  | (308,200) |
Realized gains from derivative assets and liabilities |  | 55,631 |  |  | 1,215,013 |  |  | 347,014 |
Discount points, rebates and lender paid costs |  | 306,115 |  |  | 275,981 |  |  | (206,716) |
Fair value gain (loss) on loans held for sale |  | 64,940 |  |  | (185,111) |  |  | (104,715) |
Provision for loan loss obligation for loans sold |  | (8,179) |  |  | (136,993) |  |  | (7,185) |
Total gain on origination and sale of loans, net |  | $ | 524,521 |  |  | $ | 748,540 |  |  | $ | 3,213,351 |

The following table summarizes the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance for LHFS.

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Fair value |  | UPB |  | Difference |  | Fair value |  | UPB |  | Difference
Current through 89 days delinquent |  | $ | 2,113,106 |  |  | $ | 2,108,125 |  |  | $ | 4,980 |  |  | $ | 2,353,732 |  |  | $ | 2,405,842 |  |  | $ | (52,110) |
90+ days delinquent(1) |  | 19,774 |  |  | 24,957 |  |  | (5,182) |  |  | 19,695 |  |  | 24,788 |  |  | (5,093) |
Total |  | $ | 2,132,880 |  |  | $ | 2,133,082 |  |  | $ | (202) |  |  | $ | 2,373,427 |  |  | $ | 2,430,630 |  |  | $ | (57,203) |

(1) 90+ days delinquent loans are on non-accrual status.
NOTE 4 – SERVICING RIGHTS, AT FAIR VALUE
Our servicing rights portfolio consists of Agency MSRs associated with mortgage loans that conform to the guidelines set forth by GSEs, Government MSRs associated with mortgage loans that are insured or guaranteed by government agencies, primarily through Ginnie Mae mortgage-backed securities, and Other MSRs consisting primarily of other non-Agency loans. The outstanding principal balance of the servicing portfolio was comprised of the following:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Agency |  | $ | 94,243,545 |  |  | $ | 93,971,606 |
Government |  | 40,535,399 |  |  | 37,096,679 |
Other |  | 10,311,255 |  |  | 10,102,646 |
Total servicing portfolio |  | $ | 145,090,199 |  |  | $ | 141,170,931 |

A summary of the changes in the balance of servicing rights, net of servicing rights liability is as follows:
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|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 2,025,136 |  |  | $ | 1,999,402 |  |  | $ | 1,124,302 |
Servicing rights additions |  | 277,387 |  |  | 647,716 |  |  | 1,610,596 |
Sales proceeds, net |  | (180,687) |  |  | (765,151) |  |  | (383,729) |
Changes in fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due to changes in valuation inputs or assumptions |  | 2,227 |  |  | 363,064 |  |  | 68,399 |
Due to collection/realization of cash flows |  | (149,211) |  |  | (230,449) |  |  | (421,624) |
Realized gains on sales of servicing rights |  | 10,866 |  |  | 10,554 |  |  | 1,458 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 1,985,718 |  |  | $ | 2,025,136 |  |  | $ | 1,999,402 |

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold excess servicing cash flows on Agency loans for total proceeds of $132.0 million. There were no excess servicing sales during the year ended December 31, 2022. The following is a summary of the components of loan servicing fee income as reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Contractual servicing fees |  | $ | 395,213 |  |  | $ | 423,528 |  |  | $ | 382,501 |
Late, ancillary and other fees |  | 97,598 |  |  | 25,622 |  |  | 11,179 |
Servicing fee income |  | $ | 492,811 |  |  | $ | 449,150 |  |  | $ | 393,680 |

The following is a summary of the components of changes in fair value of servicing rights, net as reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Changes in fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due to changes in valuation inputs or assumptions |  | $ | 2,227 |  |  | $ | 363,064 |  |  | $ | 68,399 |
Due to collection/realization of cash flows |  | (149,211) |  |  | (230,449) |  |  | (421,624) |
Realized gains (losses) on sales of servicing rights, net(1) |  | 10,486 |  |  | (3,663) |  |  | (9,759) |
Net loss from derivatives hedging servicing rights |  | (47,919) |  |  | (323,309) |  |  | (82,878) |
Changes in fair value of servicing rights, net |  | $ | (184,417) |  |  | $ | (194,357) |  |  | $ | (445,862) |

(1)Includes the provision for sold MSRs.
The table below illustrates hypothetical changes in fair values of servicing rights, caused by assumed immediate changes to key assumptions that are used to determine fair value.
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|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Fair value of servicing rights, net |  | $ | 1,985,718 |  |  | $ | 2,025,136 |
Change in fair value from adverse changes: |  |  |  |
Discount Rate: |  |  |  |
Increase 1% |  | (76,862) |  |  | (81,431) |
Increase 2% |  | (148,438) |  |  | (157,281) |
Cost of Servicing: |  |  |  |
Increase 10% |  | (20,103) |  |  | (19,017) |
Increase 20% |  | (40,319) |  |  | (38,127) |
Prepayment Speed: |  |  |  |
Increase 10% |  | (22,425) |  |  | (18,863) |
Increase 20% |  | (44,128) |  |  | (37,546) |

Sensitivities are hypothetical changes in fair value and cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of changes in assumptions to changes in fair value may not be linear. Also, the effect of a variation in a particular assumption is calculated without changing any other assumption, whereas a change in one factor may result in changes to another. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of these estimates. As a result, actual future changes in servicing rights values may differ significantly from those displayed above.
NOTE 5 – DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Derivative instruments utilized by the Company primarily include interest rate lock commitments, forward sale contracts, MBS put options, put options on treasuries, and interest rate swap futures. Derivative financial instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities and are measured at fair value. The Company accounts for derivatives as free-standing derivatives and does not designate any derivative financial instruments for hedge accounting. All derivative financial instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in the fair values being reported in current period earnings. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for purposes other than in support of its risk management activities. Refer to Note 1- Description of Business, Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 2- Fair Value for further details on derivatives.
The following summarizes the Company’s outstanding derivative instruments:
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|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value
|  | Notional |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Asset |  | Liability
December 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | 2,007,175 |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | $ | 49,112 |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | 163,161 |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | 1,172 |
Forward sale contracts |  | 449,419 |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | 16,610 |  |  | — |
Forward sale contracts |  | 2,234,930 |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | 83,728 |
Put options on treasuries |  | — |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | — |  |  | — |
Put options on treasuries |  | 9,730 |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | 62 |
MBS put options |  | 200,000 |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | 1,376 |  |  | — |
MBS put options |  | — |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap futures |  | 3,240 |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | 26,476 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap futures |  | — |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | — |
|  |  |  | Total derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 93,574 |  |  | $ | 84,962 |

|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value
|  | Notional |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Asset |  | Liability
December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | 1,591,807 |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | $ | 29,374 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | 622,706 |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | 5,784 |
Forward sale contracts |  | 309,809 |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | 6,676 |  |  | — |
Forward sale contracts |  | 2,963,685 |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | 43,482 |
Put options on treasuries |  | — |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | — |  |  | — |
Put options on treasuries |  | 8,050 |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | 10,831 |
MBS put options |  | 400,000 |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | 3,361 |  |  | — |
MBS put options |  | — |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap futures |  | — |  |  | Derivative asset, at fair value |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap futures |  | 211 |  |  | Derivative liabilities, at fair value |  | — |  |  | 7,395 |
|  |  |  | Total derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 39,411 |  |  | $ | 67,492 |

Because many of the Company’s current derivative agreements are not exchange-traded, the Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to the agreements. The Company controls this risk through credit monitoring procedures including financial analysis, dollar limits and other monitoring procedures. The notional amount of the contracts does not represent the Company’s exposure to credit loss.
The following summarizes the realized and unrealized net gains or losses on derivative financial instruments and the consolidated statements of operations line items where such gains and losses are included:
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|  |  |  | Year Ended December 31,
Derivative instrument |  | Statements of Operations Location |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest rate lock commitments, net |  | Gain on origination and sale of loans, net |  | $ | 24,350 |  |  | $ | (157,030) |  |  | $ | (466,425) |
Forward sale contracts |  | Gain on origination and sale of loans, net |  | 6,958 |  |  | 1,195,708 |  |  | 540,811 |
Interest rate swap futures |  | Gain on origination and sale of loans, net |  | (31,328) |  |  | (81,259) |  |  | (111,300) |
Put options |  | Gain on origination and sale of loans, net |  | 20,221 |  |  | 123,075 |  |  | 75,728 |
Forward sale contracts |  | Change in fair value of servicing rights, net |  | (13,763) |  |  | (114,244) |  |  | (89,127) |
Interest rate swap futures |  | Change in fair value of servicing rights, net |  | (22,572) |  |  | (201,259) |  |  | 9,071 |
Put options |  | Change in fair value of servicing rights, net |  | (11,584) |  |  | (7,806) |  |  | (2,822) |
Total realized and unrealized losses on derivative financial instruments |  | $ | (27,718) |  |  | $ | 757,185 |  |  | $ | (44,064) |

NOTE 6 – BALANCE SHEET NETTING
The Company has entered into agreements with counterparties, which include netting arrangements whereby the counterparties are entitled to settle their positions on a net basis. In certain circumstances, the Company is required to provide certain counterparties financial instruments and cash collateral against derivative financial instruments, warehouse and other lines of credit, or debt obligations. Cash collateral is held in margin accounts and included in restricted cash on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
The table below represents financial assets and liabilities that are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements categorized by financial instrument, together with corresponding financial instruments and corresponding collateral received or pledged. In circumstances where right of set off criteria is met, the related asset and liability are presented in a net position on the consolidated balance sheets. Warehouse and other lines of credit and secured debt obligations were secured by financial instruments and cash collateral with fair values that exceeded the liability amount recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Refer to Note 11 – Warehouse and Other Lines of Credit for further details on cash collateral requirements.

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Gross amounts recognized |  | Gross amounts offset in consolidated balance sheet |  | Net amounts presented in consolidated balance sheet |  | Gross amounts not offset in consolidated balance sheet |  | Net amount
|  |  |  |  | Financial instruments |  | Cash collateral |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward sale contracts |  | $ | 33,591 |  |  | $ | (16,981) |  |  | $ | 16,610 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,610 |
MBS put options |  | 1,376 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,376 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,376 |
Interest rate swap futures |  | 26,476 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,476 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,476 |
Total assets |  | $ | 61,443 |  |  | $ | (16,981) |  |  | $ | 44,462 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,462 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward sale contracts |  | $ | 100,709 |  |  | $ | (16,981) |  |  | $ | 83,728 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (60,188) |  |  | $ | 23,540 |
Put options on treasuries |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |
Warehouse and other lines of credit |  | 1,947,057 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,947,057 |  |  | (1,947,057) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Secured debt obligations (1) |  | 1,287,418 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,287,418 |  |  | (1,287,418) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 3,335,246 |  |  | $ | (16,981) |  |  | $ | 3,318,265 |  |  | $ | (3,234,475) |  |  | $ | (60,188) |  |  | $ | 23,602 |

(1)Secured debt obligations as of December 31, 2023 included secured credit facilities and Term Notes.
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|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Gross amounts recognized |  | Gross amounts offset in consolidated balance sheet |  | Net amounts presented in consolidated balance sheet |  | Gross amounts not offset in consolidated balance sheet |  | Net amount
|  |  |  |  | Financial instruments |  | Cash collateral |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward sale contracts |  | $ | 39,386 |  |  | $ | (32,710) |  |  | $ | 6,676 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,676 |
MBS put options |  | 3,361 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,361 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,361 |
Total assets |  | $ | 42,747 |  |  | $ | (32,710) |  |  | $ | 10,037 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,037 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward sale contracts |  | $ | 76,192 |  |  | $ | (32,710) |  |  | $ | 43,482 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (36,270) |  |  | $ | 7,212 |
Put options on treasuries |  | 10,831 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,831 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,831) |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap futures |  | 7,395 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,395 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,395) |  |  | — |
Warehouse and other lines of credit |  | 2,146,602 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,146,602 |  |  | (2,146,602) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Secured debt obligations (1) |  | 1,298,853 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,298,853 |  |  | (1,298,853) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 3,539,873 |  |  | $ | (32,710) |  |  | $ | 3,507,163 |  |  | $ | (3,445,455) |  |  | $ | (54,496) |  |  | $ | 7,212 |

(1) Secured debt obligations as of December 31, 2022 included the secured credit facilities and Term Notes.
NOTE 7 – VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
The Company evaluates its involvement with entities to determine if these entities meet the definition of a VIE and whether the Company is the primary beneficiary and should consolidate the VIE. The Company did not provide any non-contractual financial support to VIEs for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
Consolidated VIEs
LD Holdings
The Company is a holding company, with its sole material asset being its equity interest in LD Holdings. As the sole managing member of LD Holdings, the Company indirectly operates and controls all of LD Holdings’ business and affairs. LD Holdings is considered a VIE and the financial results of LD Holdings and its subsidiaries are consolidated. A portion of net earnings or loss is allocated to noncontrolling interest to reflect the entitlement of the Continuing LLC Members. Refer to Note 14 – Equity for further details.
Securitization and SPEs
The Company consolidates securitization facilities that finance mortgage loans held for sale, as well as SPEs established as trusts to finance mortgage servicing rights and servicing advance receivables. Assets are transferred to a securitization or trust, which issues beneficial interests collateralized by the transferred assets, entitling investors to specified cash flows. The Company may retain beneficial interests in the transferred assets and also holds conditional repurchase options specific to these securitizations, allowing it to repurchase assets from the securitization entity. The Company’s economic exposure to loss from outstanding third-party financing is generally limited to the carrying value of the assets financed. The Company has retained risks in the securitizations including customary representations and warranties. For securitization facilities, the Company, as seller, has an option to prepay and redeem outstanding classes of issued notes after a set period of time. The Company’s exposure to these entities is primarily through its role as seller, servicer, and administrator. Servicing functions include, but are not limited to, general collection activity, preparing and furnishing statements, and loss mitigation efforts including repossession and sale of collateral.
The table below presents a summary of the carrying value and balance sheet classification of assets and liabilities in the Company’s consolidated securitization and SPE VIEs.
F-97

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale, at fair value |  | $ | 510,080 |  |  | $ | 497,574 |  |  |
Restricted cash |  | 2,704 |  |  | 6,735 |  |  |
Servicing rights, at fair value |  | 617,878 |  |  | 544,729 |  |  |
Other assets |  | 84,524 |  |  | 54,887 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 1,215,186 |  |  | $ | 1,103,925 |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Warehouse and other lines of credit |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  |
Debt obligations, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
MSR Facilities |  | 174,750 |  |  | 116,874 |  |  |
Servicing advance facilities |  | 27,939 |  |  | 48,484 |  |  |
Term notes |  | 200,000 |  |  | 199,666 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 902,689 |  |  | $ | 865,024 |  |  |

Non-Consolidated VIEs
The nature, purpose, and activities of non-consolidated VIEs currently encompass the Company’s investments in retained interests from securitizations and joint ventures. The table below presents a summary of the nonconsolidated VIEs for which the Company holds variable interests.

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Carrying value |  | Maximum exposure to loss |  | Total assets in VIEs
|  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  |
Retained interests |  | $ | 92,901 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 92,901 |  |  | $ | 2,200,406 |
Investments in joint ventures |  | 20,363 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,363 |  |  | 27,171 |
Total |  | $ | 113,264 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 113,264 |  |  |
|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Carrying value |  | Maximum exposure to loss |  | Total assets in VIEs
|  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  |
Retained interests |  | $ | 94,243 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 94,243 |  |  | $ | 2,309,739 |
Investments in joint ventures |  | 20,410 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,410 |  |  | 38,682 |
Total |  | $ | 114,653 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 114,653 |  |  |

Retained interests
In 2022 and 2021, the Company completed the sale and securitization of non-owner occupied residential mortgage loans. Pursuant to the credit risk retention requirements, the Company, as sponsor, is required to retain at least a 5% economic interest in the credit risk of the assets collateralizing the securitization transactions. The retained interests represent a variable interest in the securitizations. The Company determined it was not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The Company’s continuing involvement is limited to customary servicing obligations as servicer and servicing administrator associated with retained servicing rights and the receipt of principal and interest associated with the retained interests. The investors and the securitization trusts have no recourse to the Company’s assets; holders of the securities issued by each trust can look only to the loans owned by the trust for payment. The retained interests held by the Company are subject principally to the credit risk
F-98

stemming from the underlying transferred loans. The securitization trusts used to effect these transactions are variable interest entities that the Company does not consolidate. The Company remeasures the carrying value of its retained interests at each reporting date to reflect their current fair value which is included in trading securities, at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, with corresponding gains or losses included in other income on the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining principal balance of loans transferred to these securitization trusts was $2.2 billion of which $9.0 million was 90 days or more past due.
Investments in joint ventures
The Company’s joint ventures include investments with home builders, real estate brokers, and commercial real estate companies to provide loan origination services and real estate settlement services to customers referred by the Company’s joint venture partners. The Company is generally not determined to be the primary beneficiary in its joint venture VIEs because it does not have the power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE. The Company’s pro rata share of net earnings of joint ventures was $21.0 million, $17.2 million and $11.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in other income in the consolidated statements of operations.
NOTE 8 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Furniture and equipment |  | $ | 91,061 |  |  | $ | 93,818 |
Computer software |  | 6,759 |  |  | 6,837 |
Software development |  | 165,119 |  |  | 147,424 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 29,180 |  |  | 29,150 |
Work in progress |  | 13,042 |  |  | 12,929 |
Property and equipment |  | 305,161 |  |  | 290,158 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (234,352) |  |  | (197,269) |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 70,809 |  |  | $ | 92,889 |

The Company recorded $41.3 million, $42.0 million and $35.0 million of depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 charges of $1.4 million, $12.6 million and zero, respectively, were recorded for losses on fixed assets due to branch consolidation efforts. These charges are included in general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
Capitalized computer software development costs consist of the following:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cost |  | $ | 165,119 |  |  | $ | 147,424 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (122,861) |  |  | (95,777) |
Software development, net |  | $ | 42,258 |  |  | $ | 51,647 |

The Company recorded $27.7 million, $20.4 million and $11.5 million of amortization expense related to software development for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Future computer software development amortization for the remaining years:
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Year ending December 31, |
2024 | $ | 25,615 |
2025 | 13,990 |
2026 | 2,653 |
Total | $ | 42,258 |

NOTE 9 – LEASES
The Company entered into operating leases related to its corporate headquarters and support, sales, and processing offices which expire at various dates through 2029. The Company’s operating lease agreements have remaining terms ranging from less than one year to five years. Certain of these operating lease agreements include options to extend the original term. The Company’s operating lease agreements do not require the Company to make variable lease payments.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Lease expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | $ | 16,864 |  |  | $ | 24,961 |  |  | $ | 28,322 |
Short-term leases |  | 1,739 |  |  | 2,373 |  |  | 747 |
Sublease income |  | (1,774) |  |  | (187) |  |  | (1,049) |
Lease expense, net included in occupancy expense |  | $ | 16,829 |  |  | $ | 27,147 |  |  | $ | 28,020 |

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for operating leases |  | $ | 23,975 |  |  | $ | 31,350 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: |  |  |  |
New leases entered into during the year |  | 8,852 |  |  | 16,922 |

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Period-end: |  |  |  |
Operating leases: |  |  |  |
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) |  | 3.3 |  | 3.6
Weighted average discount rate |  | 6.6 | % |  | 5.7 | %

The following is a schedule of future minimum lease payments for operating leases with initial terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2023:
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Year ending December 31, |  |
2024 |  | $ | 19,201 |
2025 |  | 14,456 |
2026 |  | 10,017 |
2027 |  | 8,507 |
2028 |  | 2,816 |
Thereafter |  | 116 |
Total operating lease payments |  | 55,113 |
Less: Imputed interest |  | (5,921) |
Operating lease liability |  | $ | 49,192 |

During the year ended December 31, 2023, impairment charges of $0.9 million were recorded for leases exited during the year. The impairment charges are included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had three operating leases that had not yet commenced with aggregate undiscounted required payments of $0.4 million.
NOTE 10 – Other Assets
Other assets consists of the following:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Servicing advances |  | $ | 118,414 |  |  | $ | 98,704 |
Margin call receivable |  | 60,188 |  |  | 36,270 |
Prepaid expenses |  | 27,476 |  |  | 41,317 |
Loan related receivables |  | 9,408 |  |  | 18,858 |
Joint ventures |  | 7,726 |  |  | 15,843 |
Servicing related receivables |  | 4,610 |  |  | 61,216 |
Income tax receivable |  | 2,611 |  |  | 10,725 |
Deferred tax asset |  | 1,976 |  |  | 941 |
Other |  | 21,689 |  |  | 17,387 |
Total |  | $ | 254,098 |  |  | $ | 301,261 |

There was $3.1 million and $2.8 million in allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There was $0.4 million, $0.4 million and $1.5 million of accounts receivable write-offs during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
NOTE 11 – WAREHOUSE AND OTHER LINES OF CREDIT
At December 31, 2023, the Company was a party to eight revolving lines of credit with lenders providing an aggregate $3.1 billion of warehouse and securitization facilities. The facilities are used to fund, and are secured by residential mortgage loans held for sale. The facilities are repaid using proceeds from the sale of loans. Interest is generally payable monthly in arrears or on the repurchase date of a loan, and outstanding principal is payable upon receipt of loan sale proceeds or on the repurchase date of a loan. Outstanding principal related to a particular loan must also be repaid after the expiration of a contractual period of time or, if applicable, upon the occurrence of certain events of default with respect to the underlying loan. Interest expense is recorded to interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations. The base interest rates on the facilities bear interest at the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”), or other alternative base rate, plus a margin. Some of the facilities carry additional fees charged on the total line amount, commitment fees charged on the committed portion of the
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line, and non-usage fees charged when monthly usage falls below a certain utilization percentage. As of December 31, 2023, the interest rate was comprised of the applicable base rate plus a spread ranging from 1.37% to 2.25%. The base interest rate for warehouse facilities is subject to increase based upon the characteristics of the underlying loans collateralizing the lines of credit, including, but not limited to product type and number of days held for sale. The warehouse lines are scheduled to expire through 2024. As of December 31, 2023 there was one securitization facility with an original three year term scheduled to expire in 2024. All warehouse lines and other lines of credit are subject to renewal based on an annual credit review conducted by the lender.
Certain warehouse line lenders require the Company to maintain cash accounts with minimum required balances at all times. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had posted a total of $7.0 million and $11.0 million, restricted cash as collateral with warehouse lenders and securitization facilities of which $4.3 million and $4.3 million were the minimum required balances.
Under the terms of these warehouse lines, the Company is required to maintain various covenants. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with covenants under the warehouse lines.
Securitization Facilities
In October 2021, the Company issued notes and a class of owner trust certificates through an additional securitization facility (“2021-3 Securitization Facility”) backed by a revolving warehouse line of credit. The 2021-3 Securitization Facility is secured by newly originated, first-lien, fixed-rate or adjustable-rate, residential mortgage loans originated in accordance with the criteria of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for the purchase of mortgage loans or in accordance with the criteria of Ginnie Mae for the guarantee of securities backed by mortgage loans. The 2021-3 Securitization Facility issued $500.0 million in notes that bear interest at SOFR, plus a margin. The 2021-3 Securitization Facility will terminate on the earlier of (i) the three-year anniversary of the initial purchase date, (ii) the Company exercising its right to optional prepayment in full, and (iii) the date of the occurrence and continuance of an event of default.
The following table presents information on warehouse and other lines of credit and the outstanding balance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Outstanding Balance
|  | Committed Amount |  | Uncommitted Amount |  | Total Facility Amount | Expiration Date | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
Facility 1(1) |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 350,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  | 10/25/2024 | $ | 391,418 |  |  | $ | 382,098 |  |  |
Facility 2(2) |  | 1,000 |  |  | 299,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  | 9/23/2024 | 155,676 |  |  | 236,144 |  |  |
Facility 3 |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  | 4/16/2024 | 175,348 |  |  | 177,900 |  |  |
Facility 4 |  | — |  |  | 175,000 |  |  | 175,000 |  | 12/26/2024 | 127,052 |  |  | 202,548 |  |  |
Facility 5(2) |  | — |  |  | 200,000 |  |  | 200,000 |  | N/A | 1,638 |  |  | — |  |  |
Facility 6(2) |  | — |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  | 9/27/2024 | 359,401 |  |  | 180,273 |  |  |
Facility 7 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 11/1/2023 | — |  |  | 295,064 |  |  |
Facility 8 |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  | 9/20/2024 | 236,524 |  |  | 172,575 |  |  |
Facility 9(3) |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 500,000 |  | 10/21/2024 | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 901,000 |  |  | $ | 2,224,000 |  |  | $ | 3,125,000 |  |  | $ | 1,947,057 |  |  | $ | 2,146,602 |  |  |

(1)The total facility is available both to fund loan originations and also provide liquidity under a gestation facility to finance recently sold MBS up to the MBS settlement date.
(2)In addition to the warehouse line, the lender provides a separate gestation facility to finance recently sold MBS up to the MBS settlement date.
(3)Securitization backed by a revolving warehouse facility to finance newly originated first-lien fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans.
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The following table presents certain information on warehouse and other lines of credit:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Maximum outstanding balance during the period |  | $ | 2,280,996 |  |  | $ | 7,672,559 |  |  | $ | 9,180,276 |
Average balance outstanding during the period |  | 1,704,717 |  |  | 4,127,822 |  |  | 8,149,855 |
Collateral pledged (loans held for sale) |  | 2,065,878 |  |  | 2,214,656 |  |  | 7,815,347 |
Weighted average interest rate during the period |  | 7.04 | % |  | 2.97 | % |  | 2.21 | %

NOTE 12 – DEBT OBLIGATIONS
The following table presents the outstanding debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

| December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Secured debt obligations, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured credit facilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MSR facilities | $ | 980,760 |  |  | $ | 963,834 |  |  |  |  |
Securities financing facilities | 75,994 |  |  | 85,513 |  |  |  |  |
Servicing advance facilities | 27,939 |  |  | 48,484 |  |  |  |  |
Total secured credit facilities | 1,084,693 |  |  | 1,097,831 |  |  |  |  |
Term Notes | 200,000 |  |  | 199,666 |  |  |  |  |
Total secured debt obligations, net | 1,284,693 |  |  | 1,297,497 |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured debt obligations, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Notes | 989,318 |  |  | 991,822 |  |  |  |  |
Total debt obligations, net | $ | 2,274,011 |  |  | $ | 2,289,319 |  |  |  |  |

Certain of the Company’s secured debt obligations require the Company to satisfy financial covenants, including minimum levels of profitability, tangible net worth, liquidity, and maximum levels of consolidated leverage. The Company obtained amendments relating to certain profitability covenants. As a result, the Company was in compliance with all such financial covenants as of December 31, 2023.
Secured Credit Facilities
Secured credit facilities are revolving facilities collateralized by MSRs, trading securities, and servicing advances.
MSR Facilities
In December 2021, the Company entered into a credit facility agreement. The agreement was amended in December 2023 to provide for $540.0 million in borrowing capacity, with an option to increase up to $600.0 million upon mutual consent, available to the Company. The facility is secured by Freddie Mac mortgage servicing rights with a fair value of $716.8 million as of December 31, 2023. The facility bears interest at SOFR, plus a margin per annum and matures in December 2024. At December 31, 2023, there was $465.1 million outstanding on this facility and $2.5 million in unamortized deferred financing costs.
In January 2022, the Company entered into a credit facility agreement which provides $500.0 million in borrowing capacity. The facility is secured by Fannie Mae mortgage servicing rights with a fair value of $596.8 million as of December 31, 2023. The facility bears interest at SOFR, plus a margin per annum and matures in January 2025. At December 31, 2023, there was $343.4 million outstanding on this facility.
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In August 2017, the Company established the GMSR Trust to finance its Ginnie Mae mortgage servicing rights through the issuance of variable funding notes or term notes. Both are secured by participation certificates representing beneficial interests in Ginnie Mae mortgage servicing rights held by the GMSR Trust, with a fair value of $617.9 million as of December 31, 2023. In November 2023, the agreement was amended to provide for $175.0 million in borrowing capacity for the variable funding notes. The variable funding notes accrue interest at SOFR plus a margin per annum. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $175.0 million outstanding variable funding notes and $0.3 million in unamortized deferred financing costs. The variable funding notes were scheduled to mature in January 2024. In January 2024, the Company secured a new facility to issue variable funding notes, providing $250.0 million in borrowing capacity and extending their maturity to January 2025.
Securities Financing Facilities
The Company has entered into master repurchase agreements to finance retained interest securities related to its securitizations. The securities financing facilities have an advance rate between 70% and 85% based on classes of the securities and accrue interest at a rate of 90-day SOFR, plus a margin. The securities financing facilities are secured by the trading securities, which represent retained interests in the credit risk of the assets collateralizing certain securitization transactions. As of December 31, 2023, the trading securities had a fair value of $92.9 million on the consolidated balance sheets and there were $76.0 million in securities financing facilities outstanding.
Servicing Advance Facilities
In September 2020, the Company, through its indirect-wholly owned subsidiary loanDepot Agency Advance Receivables Trust (the “Advance Receivables Trust”), entered into a variable funding note facility for the financing of servicing advance receivables with respect to residential mortgage loans serviced by it on behalf of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Pursuant to an indenture, the Advance Receivables Trust can issue up to $100.0 million in variable funding notes (the “2020-VF1 Notes”). The 2020-VF1 Notes accrue interest at SOFR, plus a margin per annum. In September 2023 the 2020-VF1 Notes were extended to mature in September 2024 (unless earlier redeemed in accordance with their terms). At December 31, 2023, there was $27.9 million in 2020-VF1 Notes outstanding.
In November 2021, the Company, through the GMSR Trust, issued variable funding notes secured by principal and interest advance receivables and servicing advance receivables related to residential mortgage loans serviced on behalf of Ginnie Mae. These variable funding notes bear interest at SOFR plus a margin per annum. As of December 31, 2023, there was no balance outstanding on these variable funding notes.
Term Notes
In October 2018, the Company, through the GMSR Trust issued the Series 2018-GT1 Term Notes (“Term Notes”). In September 2023, the Term Notes were extended to mature in October 2025 and accrue interest at SOFR plus a margin per annum. At December 31, 2023, there was $200.0 million in Term Notes outstanding and no unamortized deferred financing costs.
Senior Notes
In October 2020, the Company issued $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.50% unsecured senior notes due 2025, (the “2025 Senior Notes”). The 2025 Senior Notes will mature on November 1, 2025. Interest on the 2025 Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 6.50% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year. The Company may redeem the 2025 Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at various redemption prices. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased $2.3 million of 2025 Senior Notes at an average purchase price of 79.78% of par, which resulted in a $0.4 million gain on extinguishment of debt. Gain on extinguishment of debt is recorded in other interest expense on the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2023, there were $497.8 million in 2025 Senior Notes outstanding and $3.3 million in unamortized deferred financing costs.
In March 2021, the Company issued $600.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.125% unsecured senior notes due 2028 (the “2028 Senior Notes” and together with the 2025 Senior Notes, the "Senior Notes"). The 2028 Senior Notes will
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mature on April 1, 2028. Interest on the 2028 Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 6.125% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. At any time prior to April 1, 2024, the Company may redeem the 2028 Senior Notes at 100% of the principal, plus accrued interest and a make-whole premium. Up to 40% of the principal may be redeemed before April 1, 2024 with proceeds from certain equity offerings at a price of 106.125% of the principal plus accrued interest. After April 1, 2024 the Company may redeem the 2028 Senior Notes at various redemption prices. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased $3.1 million of 2028 Senior Notes at a purchase price of 58.55% of par, which resulted in a $1.3 million gain on extinguishment of debt. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased $97.5 million of 2028 Senior Notes at an average purchase price of 87.90% of par, which resulted in a $10.5 million gain on extinguishment of debt. As of December 31, 2023, there were $499.4 million in 2028 Senior Notes outstanding and $4.5 million in unamortized deferred financing costs.
Interest Expense
Interest expense on all outstanding debt obligations with variable rates is paid based on SOFR, or other alternative base rate, plus a margin ranging from 0.90% - 3.50%.
NOTE 13 – ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities consist of the following:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Accounts payable |  | $ | 108,642 |  |  | $ | 139,714 |
Deferred tax liability |  | 80,171 |  |  | 122,404 |
Loan loss obligation for sold loans |  | 31,980 |  |  | 70,797 |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  | 54,084 |  |  | 52,759 |
TRA liability |  | 57,258 |  |  | 50,730 |
Joint ventures |  | 15,602 |  |  | 25,619 |
Servicing rights, at fair value |  | 14,045 |  |  | 12,311 |
Dividends and dividend equivalents payable |  | 2,919 |  |  | 7,130 |
Accrued pricing adjustments on sold loans |  | 831 |  |  | 3,167 |
Income tax payable |  | 943 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 13,496 |  |  | 4,065 |
Total |  | $ | 379,971 |  |  | $ | 488,696 |

NOTE 14 – EQUITY
The Company consolidates the financial results of LD Holdings and reports noncontrolling interest related to the interests held by the Continuing LLC Members. The noncontrolling interest of $351.3 million and $488.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, represented the economic interest in LD Holdings held by the Continuing LLC Members. The Continuing LLC Members have the right to exchange one Holdco Unit and one share of Class B common stock or Class C common stock, as applicable, together for cash or one share of Class A common stock at the Company’s election, subject to customary conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends, and reclassifications. As Continuing LLC Members convert shares, noncontrolling interest is adjusted to proportionately reduce the economic interest in LD Holdings with an offset to additional paid-in-capital on the consolidated statements of equity. The following table summarizes the ownership of LD Holdings.
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| As of December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Holding Member Interests: | Holdco Units | Ownership Percentage |  | Holdco Units | Ownership Percentage |  |  |
loanDepot, Inc. | 181,054,423 | 56.18% |  | 169,523,682 | 53.78% |  |  |
Continuing LLC Members | 141,234,529 | 43.82% |  | 145,693,119 | 46.22% |  |  |
Total | 322,288,952 | 100.00% |  | 315,216,801 | 100.00% |  |  |

NOTE 15 – EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for Class A common stock and Class D common stock:

| For the year ended December 31,
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Class A |  | Class D |  | Total |  | Class A |  | Class D |  | Total |  | Class A |  | Class D |  | Total
Net (loss) income allocated to common stockholders | $ | (49,042) |  |  | $ | (61,100) |  |  | $ | (110,142) |  |  | $ | (103,026) |  |  | $ | (169,994) |  |  | $ | (273,020) |  |  | $ | 13,998 |  |  | $ | 99,526 |  |  | $ | 113,524 |
Weighted average shares - basic | 77,879,392 |  |  | 97,026,671 |  |  | 174,906,063 |  |  | 58,879,239 |  |  | 97,151,111 |  |  | 156,030,350 |  |  | 16,029,314 |  |  | 113,969,580 |  |  | 129,998,894 |
(Loss) earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.63) |  |  | $ | (0.63) |  |  | $ | (0.63) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |
Diluted | $ | (0.63) |  |  | $ | (0.63) |  |  | $ | (0.63) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |

There was no Class B common stock outstanding for any periods presented. The potential dilutive effect of the exchange of Class C common stock for Class A common stock is evaluated under the if-converted method. Reallocation of net income or loss attributable to the dilutive impact of the exchange of Class C common stock for Class A common stock was tax-effected using the combined federal and state rate (less federal benefit) of 26.2%, 27.4%, and 26.0% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The potential dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock units, and ESPP shares is evaluated under the treasury stock method. The following table summarizes the shares that were anti-dilutive for the periods and excluded from the computation of diluted earnings or loss per share.

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Class C common stock | 147,789,060 |  |  | 163,541,101 |  |  | 192,465,222 |
Stock options, restricted stock units, ESPP shares(1) | 16,919,589 |  |  | 14,278,795 |  |  | 1,192,211 |
Total | 164,708,649 |  |  | 177,819,896 |  |  | 193,657,433 |

(1)Stock options, restricted stock units, and ESPP shares are weighted for the portion of the period for which they were outstanding. There were no stock options or ESPP shares granted prior to 2022.
NOTE 16 – COMPENSATION PLANS
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Stock -Based Compensation
The Company’s 2021 Plan and 2022 Plan provide for the grant of incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock appreciation rights of the Company’s Class A common stock. Options to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock generally vest over predetermined periods and expire ten years after the date of grant. Service-based restricted stock units of the Company’s Class A common stock generally vest over predetermined periods, typically two to four years after the date of grant. Market-based restricted stock units of the Company’s Class A common stock generally vest over two to five years based on a combination of service and market conditions. The actual number of shares issued will be determined based upon the proportionate achievement of specified hurdles of the Company’s stock price. The initial number of the Company’s Class A common stock authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan and 2022 Plan were 16.5 million and 5 million shares, respectively.
The Company also had an ESPP Plan which allowed eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's Class A common stock at 85% of the lower of the fair market value on the effective date of the subscription or the date of purchase. Under the ESPP, employees could authorize the Company to withhold up to 10% of their compensation for common stock purchases, subject to certain limitations. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company discontinued the ESPP Plan.
Prior to the IPO, the Company’s 2009 Incentive Equity Plan, 2012 Incentive Equity Plan, and 2015 Incentive Equity Plan (collectively, the “Plans”) provided for the granting of Class Z, Class Y, Class X, and Class W Common Units of LD Holdings to employees, managers, consultants, and advisors of the Company and its subsidiaries. Participants that received grants or purchased Class Z, Class Y, Class X, or Class W Common Units of LD Holdings pursuant to the Plans were required to become a party to the Limited Liability Company Agreement. As part of the IPO and reorganization any outstanding units were equitably adjusted and replaced with a single new class of LLC Units that were exchanged on a one-for-one basis for Holdco Units. No further awards will be granted under the Plans as both the Plans and LLC Agreement were terminated.
The stock-based compensation expense recognized on all share-based awards was $22.0 million, $20.6 million, and $67.1 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $37.9 million of unrecognized compensation related to all unvested stock options, restricted stock units, and employee stock purchase subscriptions which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.73 years.
The fair value of each option and ESPP subscription is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The risk-free interest rate is estimated using term commensurate United States Treasury yields. The expected life of option awards is estimated from the vesting period. Since the Company does not have an extended history of actual exercises, the Company has estimated the expected life using a simplified method which calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the awards. The expected volatility was based on the historical and implied volatility of a public peer group of Companies’ stock price and options in the most recent period that was equal to, as available, the expected term of the unit grants that were being valued.
The Black-Scholes option pricing model was used with the following weighted-average assumptions for options granted. There were no options granted prior to 2022.

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Average risk-free interest rate | 4.19% |  | 3.69% |  |
Expected dividend yield | N/A |  | N/A |  |
Expected volatility | 62% |  | 70% |  |
Expected life | 5.74 years |  | 5.61 years |  |
Fair value per share | $1.25 |  | $1.10 |  |

The Black-Scholes option pricing model was used with the following weighted-average assumptions for ESPP subscriptions.
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| For the year ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Average risk-free interest rate | 4.61% |  | 3.77% |  |
Expected dividend yield | N/A |  | N/A |  |
Expected volatility | 64% |  | 70% |  |
Expected life | 0.50 years |  | 0.50 years |  |
Fair value per share | $1.75 |  | $1.60 |  |

The fair value of market-based restricted stock units was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses multiple input variables to determine the probability of satisfying the market condition requirements. The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine the fair value of market-based restricted stock units. There were no market-based restricted stock units granted prior to 2022.

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Average risk-free interest rate | 4.37% |  | 3.20% |  |
Expected volatility | 62% |  | 70% |  |

Stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 under the 2022 Plan and 2021 Plan was as follows:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | 7,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1.73 |  |  | 5.6 years |  | $ | 480 |
Granted | 350,000 |  |  | $ | 2.09 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited/Cancelled | (2,000,000) |  |  | $ | 1.57 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 | 5,350,000 |  |  | $ | 1.82 |  |  | 4.9 years |  | 9,102 |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023 | 4,250,000 |  |  | 1.64 |  |  | 4.2 years |  | 8,000 |
Vested and Expected to Vest as of December 31, 2023 | 1,100,000 |  |  | $ | 2.52 |  |  | 7.6 years |  | 1,102 |

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock.
Restricted stock unit activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 under the 2022 Plan and 2021 Plan was as follows:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2022 |  | 25,103,600 |  |  | $ | 3.43 |
Granted |  | 6,371,638 |  |  | 2.21 |
Vested |  | (4,738,693) |  |  | 3.63 |
Forfeited/Cancelled |  | (5,297,726) |  |  | 3.63 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2023 |  | 21,438,819 |  |  | 2.97 |

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Restricted stock unit activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 for Holdco Units was as follows:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2022 |  | 5,744,200 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |
Vested |  | (2,978,054) |  |  | 0.50 |
Forfeited/Cancelled |  | (564,274) |  |  | 0.50 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2023 |  | 2,201,872 |  |  | 0.50 |

401(k) Plan
The Company’s employees are eligible to participate in a defined contribution plan (“401(k) Plan”). Effective July 2023, the Company reinstated its matching of 50% of participant contributions, up to 6% of each participant’s total eligible gross compensation, after temporarily suspending the program in October 2022. Matching contributions totaled approximately $2.7 million, $12.9 million and $25.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
NOTE 17 – INCOME TAXES
The following table details the Company’s provision for income taxes:

|  |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | (162) |  |  | $ | 8,936 |
State |  |  |  |  | 139 |  |  | 846 |  |  | 3,120 |
Total current |  |  |  |  | 379 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 12,056 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  |  |  | (27,512) |  |  | (66,624) |  |  | 26,623 |
State |  |  |  |  | (15,663) |  |  | (13,652) |  |  | 4,692 |
Total deferred |  |  |  |  | (43,175) |  |  | (80,276) |  |  | 31,315 |
Total (benefit) provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | (42,796) |  |  | $ | (79,592) |  |  | $ | 43,371 |

The following table is a reconciliation of the estimated provision for income taxes at statutory rates to the provision for income taxes at the Company’s effective tax rate:

|  |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021
Federal income tax at statutory rate |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  |  | 21.0 | %
State and local income taxes (net of federal benefit) |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.9 |
Non-controlling interests |  |  | (9.5) |  |  |  |  | (10.3) |  |  |  |  | (16.2) |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (0.6) |  |  |  |  | — |
State rate change |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  |  | (1.5) |  |  |  |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | (0.1) |  |  |  |  | — |
Other, net |  |  | (0.9) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Effective income tax rate |  |  | 15.4 | % |  |  |  | 11.5 | % |  |  |  | 6.5 | %

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The Company’s income tax expense varies from the expense that would be expected based on statutory rates due principally to income passed through to noncontrolling interests. Prior to the IPO, income taxes for LD Holdings at the consolidated level were primarily federal, state, and local taxes for ACT, a C Corporation. Subsequent to the IPO, the Company became a C Corporation subject to federal, state, and local income taxes with respect to its share of net taxable income of LD Holdings.
Temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Accrued compensation | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 41 |
Net operating loss | 87,978 |  |  | 70,010 |
Tax credits | 421 |  |  | 447 |
Depreciation | 8 |  |  | 7 |
Acquired intangible assets | 157 |  |  | — |
Charitable contributions carryover | 83 |  |  | — |
Gross deferred tax assets before valuation allowance | 88,663 |  |  | 70,505 |
Valuation allowance | (314) |  |  | (386) |
Net deferred tax assets | 88,349 |  |  | 70,119 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Outside basis difference | 166,544 |  |  | 191,437 |
Acquired intangible assets | — |  |  | 145 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 166,544 |  |  | 191,582 |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (78,195) |  |  | $ | (121,463) |

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. The deferred tax liability as of December 31, 2023 relates to temporary outside basis differences in the book basis as compared to the tax basis of loanDepot, Inc.’s investment in LD Holdings, net of tax benefits from future deductions for payments made under the TRA as a result of the offering transaction. Changes in tax laws and rates may affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities and the Company’s effective tax rate in the future. Deferred income taxes are measured using the applicable tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on the tax rates that have been enacted at the reporting date. The Company measured its deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 using the combined federal and state rate (less federal benefit) of 26.2% and 27.4%, respectively. The Company establishes a valuation allowance when it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considered all negative and positive evidence. As of December 31, 2023, the Company established a valuation allowance on tax credits that have a limited carryforward period and may expire prior to the Company being able to utilize them. The Company did not establish a valuation allowance for the remaining deferred tax assets as the Company believes it is more-likely-than not that the Company will realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. The Company recognized a TRA liability of $57.3 million and $50.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which represents the Company’s estimate of the aggregate amount that it will pay under the TRA as a result of the offering transaction, refer to Note 19- Commitments and Contingencies, for further information on the TRA liability.
Uncertain tax positions relate to various federal and state income tax matters. The income tax returns for 2019-2023 are subject to examination by the relevant taxing authorities. There was no interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions
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for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax positions is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 654 |  |  | $ | — |
Increases related to positions taken during prior years | — |  |  | — |  |  | 540 |
Increases related to positions taken during the current year | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |
Increases related to positions settled with tax authorities | 212 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Decreases due to a lapse of applicable statute of limitations | (70) |  |  | (157) |  |  | — |
Ending balance | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 654 |

NOTE 18 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
In conjunction with its joint ventures, the Company entered into agreements to provide loan processing and administrative services to the joint ventures for which it receives fees. The Company also originates eligible mortgage loans referred by its joint ventures for which the Company pays the joint ventures a broker fee.
Fees earned, costs incurred, and receivables from joint ventures were as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Loan processing and administrative services fee income |  | $ | 21,970 |  |  | $ | 18,534 |  |  | $ | 15,023 |
Loan origination broker fees expense |  | 132,345 |  |  | 120,392 |  |  | 90,266 |

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Amounts payable to joint ventures, net |  | $ | 7,876 |  |  | $ | 9,776 |

The Company has entered into a TRA with Parthenon Stockholders and certain Continuing LLC Members. A payment of $2.6 million was made under the TRA during the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no amounts paid during 2023 or 2021.
NOTE 19 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Escrow Services
In conducting its operations, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, LDSS and ACT, routinely hold customers' assets in escrow pending completion of real estate financing transactions. These amounts are maintained in segregated bank accounts and are offset with the related liabilities resulting in no amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The balances held for the Company’s customers totaled $4.3 million and $5.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Legal Proceedings
The Company is a defendant in, or a party to, legal actions related to matters that arise in connection with the conduct of the Company’s business. The Company operates in a highly regulated industry and is routinely subject to examination by various governmental and regulatory agencies. The Company seeks to resolve all litigation and regulatory matters in the manner
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management believes is in the best interest of the Company and contests liability, allegations of wrongdoing, and, where applicable, the amount of damages or scope of any penalties or other relief sought as appropriate in each pending matter.
On at least a quarterly basis, the Company assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with outstanding legal and regulatory proceedings utilizing the latest information available. The Company accrues for estimated losses when they are probable to occur and such losses are reasonably estimable. Any estimated loss is subject to significant judgment and is based upon currently available information, a variety of assumptions, and known and unknown uncertainties. The actual costs of resolving these proceedings may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts accrued. Based on the Company’s current understanding of pending legal actions and proceedings, management does not believe that judgments or settlements arising from pending or threatened legal matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, operating results or cash flows of the Company. However, unfavorable resolutions could affect the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows for the years in which they are resolved.
Employment Litigation
On December 24, 2020, the Company received a demand letter from one of the senior members of its operations team alleging, among other things, loan origination noncompliance and various employment related claims, including hostile work environment and gender discrimination, with unspecified damages. The executive has since resigned her position with the Company. On September 21, 2021, Plaintiff filed her complaint with the Superior Court of the State of California, County of Orange and an amended complaint was filed on December 21, 2021. Following the filing of motions, on June 30, 2022, the Company filed its answer and affirmative defenses to the amended complaint. The Company deposed the Plaintiff and filed its Motion for Summary Adjudication on November 17, 2023. On January 31, 2024, the Court granted, in part, and denied, in part the Company’s motion. The Plaintiff’s initial demand was for damages in excess of $75 million. While the Company’s management believes there are substantial defenses to these allegations, defending such allegations has resulted in and will likely continue to result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources. Discovery in this matter is still ongoing.
Securities Class Action Litigation
Beginning in September 2021, two putative class action lawsuits were filed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California asserting claims under the U.S. securities laws against the Company, certain of its directors, and certain of its officers regarding certain disclosures made in connection with the Company’s IPO. The two actions were consolidated and the court appointed a lead plaintiff in May 2022. A consolidated amended complaint was filed in June 2022, which, in addition to challenging disclosures made in connection with the IPO, alleges that certain disclosures made after the IPO were false and/or misleading. The Company’s motion to dismiss was filed on August 24, 2022. On October 11, 2022, plaintiffs filed an opposition to the Company’s motion to dismiss. The Company’s reply was submitted on November 10, 2022. On January 24, 2023, the Court granted, in part, and denied, in part, the Company’s motion to dismiss. The Company’s answer to the consolidated amended complaint was filed on March 3, 2023. On June 26, 2023, the parties reached an agreement in principle to settle the action. On July 26, 2023, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of the settlement with the Court, which the Court granted on January 5, 2024. A hearing regarding final approval of the settlement is scheduled for April 19, 2024.
Stockholder Derivative Litigation
Beginning in October 2021, four shareholder derivative complaints were filed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California against certain of the Company’s directors and officers, alleging, among things, that these defendants breached their fiduciary duties by causing the Company to make the disclosures being challenged in the putative securities class action described above and seeking unspecified monetary damages for the Company and that the Company make certain changes to its corporate governance. These derivative actions subsequently were consolidated into a single action (the “California Federal Action”). The California Federal Action currently is stayed. Beginning in March 2022, two substantially similar shareholder derivative complaints were filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, and then were consolidated into a single action (the “Delaware Federal Action”). The Delaware Federal Action currently is stayed. Beginning in June 2023, three substantially similar shareholder derivative complaints were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery. Two of the derivative actions were subsequently consolidated into a single action (the “Delaware
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Chancery Action”). The third action was voluntarily dismissed. The Company’s response to the Delaware Chancery Action is due on April 12, 2024. The Company believes there are substantial defenses to these lawsuits. The Company does not believe that a loss is probable or that the amount of loss is reasonably estimable in this matter at this time.
Commitments to Extend Credit
The Company enters into IRLCs with customers who have applied for residential mortgage loans and meet certain credit and underwriting criteria. These commitments expose the Company to market risk if interest rates change and the loan is not economically hedged or committed to an investor. The Company is also exposed to credit loss if the loan is originated and not sold to an investor and the customer does not perform. The collateral upon extension of credit typically consists of a first deed of trust in the mortgagor’s residential property. Commitments to originate loans do not necessarily reflect future cash requirements as some commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Total commitments to originate loans as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 approximated $2.2 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. These loan commitments are treated as derivatives and are carried at fair value, refer to Note 5- Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities for further information on derivatives.
Loan Loss Obligation for Sold Loans
When the Company sells mortgage loans, it makes customary representations and warranties to the purchasers about various characteristics of each loan such as the origination and underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to the validity of the lien securing the loan, property eligibility, borrower credit, income and asset requirements, and compliance with applicable federal, state and local law. The Company establishes a loan repurchase reserve for losses associated with repurchase loan obligations if the Company breached a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser. Additionally, the Company’s loan loss obligation for sold loans includes an estimate for losses associated with early payoffs and early payment defaults. There have been charge-offs associated with early payoffs, early payment defaults and losses related to representations, warranties, and other provisions for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
The activity related to the loan loss obligation for sold loans is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 70,797 |  |  | $ | 29,877 |  |  | $ | 33,591 |
Provision for loan loss obligations |  | 8,179 |  |  | 136,993 |  |  | 7,185 |
Charge-offs |  | (46,996) |  |  | (96,073) |  |  | (10,899) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 31,980 |  |  | $ | 70,797 |  |  | $ | 29,877 |

Obligation for Sold MSRs
The Company recognizes sales of mortgage servicing rights as sales if title passes, substantially all risks and rewards of ownership have irrevocably passed to the purchaser, and any protection provisions retained by the Company are minor and can be reasonably estimated. If a sale is recognized and only minor protection provisions exist, a liability for the estimated obligation associated with those provisions is recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company establishes a reserve related to the reimbursement of the purchase price for any loans that are prepaid in full within 90 days of the MSR sale transaction. The obligation for sold MSRs was $0.5 million and $1.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively
TRA Liability
As part of the IPO and reorganization, the Company has entered into a TRA with Parthenon Stockholders and certain Continuing LLC Members, whereby loanDepot, Inc. will be obligated to pay such parties or their permitted assignees, 85% of the amount of cash tax savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, and local taxes that loanDepot, Inc. realizes, or is deemed to realize as a result of future tax benefits from increases in tax basis. The TRA liability is accounted for as a contingent liability with amounts accrued when deemed probable and estimable. The Company recognized a TRA liability of $57.3 million and $50.7
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million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which represents the Company’s estimate of the aggregate amount that it will pay under the TRA as a result of the offering transaction. The amounts payable under the TRA will vary depending on a number of factors, such as the amount and timing of taxable income attributable to loanDepot, Inc., refer to Note 18 Related Party Transactions for further detail on the payments.
NOTE 20– REGULATORY CAPITAL AND LIQUIDITY REQUIREMENTS
The Company is subject to financial eligibility requirements including minimum capital and liquidity requirements established by HUD, FHFA for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac seller/servicers, and Ginnie Mae for single family issuers. Failure to maintain minimum capital and liquidity requirements can result in FHFA and Ginnie Mae taking various remedial actions up to and including removing the Company's ability to sell loans to, or securitize loans with, and service loans on behalf of FHFA and Ginnie Mae. The most restrictive of the minimum net worth and capital requirements require the Company to maintain a minimum adjusted net worth balance of $405.4 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with its regulatory capital and liquidity requirements.
NOTE 21– SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On January 8, 2024, the Company announced that it identified a cybersecurity incident that affected certain of the Company’s systems (the “Cybersecurity Incident”). Upon detecting unauthorized activity, the Company promptly took steps to contain and remediate the Cybersecurity Incident and initiated an investigation. The Cybersecurity Incident has now been contained. Based on the Company’s investigation findings to date, during the Cybersecurity Incident, an unauthorized third party gained access to certain sensitive personal information of approximately 16.9 million individuals stored in the Company’s systems. The Company has notified applicable regulators as required and is in the process of notifying individuals in accordance with applicable law and is offering credit monitoring and identity protection services at no charge to those individuals whose sensitive personal information was identified as potentially being subject to unauthorized access.
The Company believes that the cybersecurity incident will have a material impact on its first quarter 2024 results but does not expect the incident to have a material impact on full year 2024 results. Specifically, among other things, the Company expects to record in the first quarter of 2024 approximately $12 to $17 million of expenses related to the Cybersecurity Incident, net of expected insurance recovery. The Company maintains cybersecurity insurance coverage to limit its exposure to losses such as those related to the Cybersecurity Incident. While the Company will be seeking reimbursement of some of the costs, expenses, and losses stemming from the Cybersecurity Incident by submitting claims to the Company’s cybersecurity insurers, the exact timing and amount of any such reimbursements is not known at this time.
Litigation and Claims
To date, the Company has been named as a defendant in approximately 20 putative class action cases alleging harm from the Cybersecurity Incident and seeking various remedies, including monetary and injunctive relief. Additional lawsuits and claims related to the Cybersecurity Incident may be asserted by or on behalf of others seeking damages or other related relief, and government inquiries and/or investigations may be received or commenced. While the Company believes there are defenses to the lawsuits filed to date, the Company also believes it is reasonably possible that it could incur losses associated with these proceedings. However, at this time, it is not possible to estimate the amount of any loss or range of possible loss that might result from adverse judgments, settlements, penalties or other resolutions of such proceedings based on the early stage thereof, the fact that alleged damages have not been specified, the uncertainty as to the certification of a class or classes and the size of any certified class, as applicable, and the lack of resolution on significant factual and legal issues. The Company will continue to evaluate information as it becomes known and will record an estimate for losses at the time or times when it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. Losses associated with any adverse judgments, settlements, penalties or other resolutions of such proceedings could be material to the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows in future periods. In addition, defending against such lawsuits and allegations has resulted in and will likely continue to result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.
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The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of issuance of the financial data included herein. Other than the event discussed above, there have been no subsequent events during such period that would require disclosure in this report or would be required to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2023. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequate system of internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f). Management assessed, with participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The assessment was based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on management’s assessment, management determined that internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2023.
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. This report appears at the beginning of Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
As required by Rule 13a-15(d) of the Exchange Act, management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the last quarter of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that there have been no such changes during the last quarter of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on Controls
Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives as specified above. Management does not expect, however, that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.
Item 9B. Other Information
(b) m
During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (in each case, as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K), except as set forth below.
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Name and Title | Type of Plan | Date Plan Adopted/ Terminated | Duration | Aggregate Number of Shares to be Purchased or Sold | Comments
Dan Binowitz, Managing Director of Operations & Servicing | Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement | Adopted November 28, 2023 | March 20, 2024 – February 27, 2025 | Sell up to 760,708 shares of Class A Common Stock, subject to certain conditions |
Jeffrey Walsh, President, LDI Mortgage | Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement | Adopted December 5, 2023 | April 1, 2024 – September 30, 2024 | Sell up to 1,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, subject to certain conditions |

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not Applicable.
PART III.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item 10 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report.
.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item 11 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item 12 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item 13 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this Item 14 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report.
PART IV.
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
The following documents are filed as a part of this report:
1.Consolidated Financial Statements
The financial statements that are filed as part of this report are included in Part II. Item 8 of this report.
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2.Financial Statement Schedules:
All financial statements and schedules have been omitted since the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto, or is not applicable or required.
3.Exhibits

Exhibit No. | Description |
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of loanDepot, Inc., dated February 11, 2021(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 16, 2021). |
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of loanDepot, Inc., effective November 10, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 15, 2022). |
4.1 | Registration Rights Agreement, dated February 16, 2021, by and among loanDepot, Inc., LD Holdings Group LLC and certain holders identified therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 16, 2021). |
4.2 | Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2021, by and among LD Holdings Group LLC, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (Form of 6.125% Senior Notes due 2028 included as Exhibit A thereto). (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2021). |
4.3 | Indenture dated as of October 21, 2021, by and among Mello Warehouse Securitization Trust 2021-3, as issuer, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as indenture trustee, note calculation agent, standby servicer and initial securities intermediary (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 26, 2021). |
4.4 | Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of October 21, 2021 by and among Mello Warehouse Securitization Trust 2021-3, as buyer and loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 26, 2021). |
4.5 | Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2022). |
10.1 | Stockholders Agreement dated as of February 16, 2021, by and among loanDepot, Inc., Parthenon Investors III, L.P., PCap Associates, Parthenon Capital Partners Fund, L.P., Parthenon Investors IV, L.P., Parthenon Capital Partners Fund II, L.P. PCP Managers, L.P., The JLSSAA, Trust established September 4, 2014, JLSA, LLC, Trilogy Mortgage Holdings, Inc., Trilogy Management Investors Six, LLC, Trilogy Management Investors Seven, LLC and Trilogy Management Investors Eight, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 16, 2021). |
10.2 | Tax Receivable Agreement, dated as of February 16, 2021, by and among loanDepot, Inc., LD Holdings Group LLC and the other parties thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 16, 2021). |
10.3 | Form of Directors and Officers Indemnification Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed January 27, 2021). |
10.4+ | Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated April 21, 2022, by and between loanDepot, Inc. and Anthony Hsieh (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 13, 2022). |
10.5+ | Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 22, 2022, by and between loanDepot, Inc. and Jeff DerGurahian (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2022). |
10.6+ | Superseding Offer Letter, dated as of June 1, 2015, by and between loanDepot.com, LLC and John C. Dorman (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 27, 2021). |
10.7+ | Offer Letter, dated as of April 8, 2015, by and between loanDepot.com, LLC and Dawn Lepore (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 27, 2021). |

118

Exhibit No. | Description |
10.8+ | Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 22, 2022, by and between loanDepot, Inc. and Jeff Walsh (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2022). |
10.9+ | Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 22, 2022, by and between loanDepot, Inc. and Patrick Flanagan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2022). |
10.10+ | Executive Employment Agreement, dated April 21, 2022, by and between Frank Martell and loanDepot, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 13, 2022). |
10.11+ | Executive Employment Agreement by and between loanDepot, Inc. and David Hayes, entered into as of June 1, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on F orm 8-K filed on June 5, 2023). |
10.12 | Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of LD Holdings, LLC, dated as of February 11, 2021, by and among LD Holdings Group LLC and the other parties thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 16, 2021). |
10.13# | Mortgage Loan Participation Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2013, between loanDepot.com, LLC and Jefferies Mortgage Funding, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 21, 2021). |
10.13.1# | Amendment Number One to the Mortgage Loan Participation Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated November 21, 2013, between loanDepot.com, LLC and Jefferies Mortgage Funding, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 21, 2021). |
10.13.2# | Amendment Number Two to the Mortgage Loan Participation Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated June 25, 2019, between loanDepot.com, LLC and Jefferies Mortgage Funding, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21.2 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 21, 2021). |
10.13.3# | Amendment Number Three to the Mortgage Loan Participation Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated June 25, 2019, between loanDepot.com, LLC and Jefferies Mortgage Funding, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21.3 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 21, 2021). |
10.13.4# | Amendment Number Four to the Mortgage Loan Participation Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated June 18, 2020, between loanDepot.com, LLC and Jefferies Mortgage Funding, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21.4 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 21, 2021). |
10.14# | Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 11, 2021, between UBS AG, by and through its branch office at 1285 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York, and loanDepot.com, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 17, 2021). |
10.15 | Amendment No. 1, dated as of April 19, 2022, by and between UBS AG, by and through its branch office at 1285 Avenue of Americas and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 25, 2022). |
10.15.1 | Amendment No. 2, dated as of July 28, 2022, by and between UBS AG, by and through its branch office at 1285 Avenue of Americas and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2022). |
10.15.2 | Amendment N o. 3, dated June 29, 2023, to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as August 11, 2021, by and among UBS AG, by and through its branch office at 1285 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York, as the buyer, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as the seller (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2023). |
10.16 | Indenture, dated as of October 27, 2020, by and among LD Holdings Group LLC, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.55 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 11, 2021). |

119

Exhibit No. | Description |
10.17# | Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20 2021, by and among Bank of America, N.A., loanDepot BA Warehouse, LLC and loanDepot.com, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 25, 2021). |
10.17.1# | Guaranty Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021 by loanDepot.com, LLC in favor of Bank of America, N.A. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 20, 2021). |
10.17.2 | Amendment No. 1, dated September 27, 2021, to Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021, by and between Bank of America, N.A., as buyer, and loanDepot BA Warehouse, LLC, as seller, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as guarantor and pledgor (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 29, 2021). |
10.17.3 | Amendment No. 2, dated October 28, 2021, to Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021, by and between Bank of America, N.A., as buyer, loanDepot BA Warehouse, LLC, as seller, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as guarantor and pledgor (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 3, 2021). |
10.17.4 | Amendment No. 3, dated April 27, 2022, by and among Bank of America, N.A., loanDepot BA Warehouse, LLC and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 3, 2022). |
10.17.5 | Amendment No. 4, dated July 26, 2022, by and among Bank of America, N.A., loanDepot BA Warehouse, LLC and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 11, 2022). |
10.17.6 | Amendment No. 5, dated September 26, 2022, by and between Bank of America, N.A. and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 10, 2022). |
10.17.7# | Amendment No. 6, dated June 30, 2023, to the Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021, by and between Bank of America, N.A., as buyer, and loanDepot BA Warehouse, LLC, as seller, and acknowledged and agreed to by loanDepot.com, LLC, as guarantor and pledgor (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 10, 2023). |
10.17.8# | Amendment No. 7, dated September 25, 2023, by and among Bank of America, N.A., loanDepot BA Warehouse, LLC and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 28, 2023). |
10.17.9 | Addendum, dated as of October 23, 2023, to Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021, by and among Bank of America, N.A, loanDepot BA Warehouse, LLC, and loanDepot.com, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 27, 2023). |
10.18# | Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Participation Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of February 2, 2022, by and between Bank of America, N.A., as purchaser, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 8, 2022). |
10.18.1 | Amendment No. 1, dated April 27, 2022, by and between Bank of America, N.A. and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 2, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 3, 2022). |
10.18.2 | Amendment No. 2, dated July 26, 2022, by and between Bank of America, N.A. and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 2, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2022). |
10.18.3 | Amendment No. 3, dated September 26, 2022, by and between Bank of America, N.A. and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 2, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2022). |

120

Exhibit No. | Description |
10.18.4# | Amendment N o. 4, dated June 30, 2023, to the Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Participation Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of February 2, 2022, by and among Bank of America, N.A., as purchaser, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2023). |
10.18.5# | Amendment No. 5, dated September 25, 2023, by and between Bank of America, N.A. and loanDepot.com, LLC to the Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 2, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed Sep tember 28, 2023). |
10.19# | Third Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated October 28, 2022, by and between loanDepot.com, LLC and Jefferies Funding LLC. |
10.20# | First Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated September 30, 2022, by and between loanDepot.com, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N. A. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2022). |
10.20.1# | First Amendment, dated June 30, 2023, to the First Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2022, by and between JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as buyer, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q f iled on August 10, 2023). |
10.20.2# | Second Amendment to First Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated September 29, 2023 by and between loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as buyer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 3, 2023). |
10.21# | Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Participation Sale Agreement, dated November 10, 2022, by and between lonaDepot.com, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 8-K on November 15, 2022). |
10.21.1#+ | Amendment N o. 1, dated June 30, 2023, to the Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Participation Sale Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2022, by and between JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as the purchaser, and loanDepot.com. LLC, as the seller (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the C o mpany’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2023). |
10.21.2#+ | Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Participation Sale Agreement, dated September 27, 2023, by and among loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as purchaser (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 3, 2023). |
10.22# | Indenture, dated September 24, 2020, by and between LoanDepot Agency Receivables Trust and, loanDepot.com, LLC, Citibank, N.A, as Indenture Trustee, Calculation Agent, Paying Agent, Custodian and Securities Intermediary, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative Agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 21, 2021). |
10.22.1# | Amendment No. 1 to Base Indenture and to Series 2020-VF1 Indenture Supplement, dated October 28, 2020, between LoanDepot Agency Receivables, Trust, Citibank, N.A, as Indenture Trustee, Calculation Agent, Paying Agent, Custodian and Securities Intermediary, Trust, loanDepot.com, LLC and JPMorgan Chase bank, N.A. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.48.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 21, 2021). |
10.22.2 | Amendment No. 3 to the Base Indenture, dated as of January 12, 2024, by and among loanDepot Agency Advance Receivables Trust, Citibank, N.A., loanDepot.com, LLC, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., and consented to by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 19, 2024). |
10.22.3# | Amendment No. 5 to Series 2020-VF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of September 22, 2023, by and among loanDepot Agency Advance Receivables Trust, as issuer, Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, calculation agent, paying agent, custodian and securities intermediary, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer and administrator, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and consented to by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as noteholder of the Series 2020-VF1 Variable Funding Notes (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 28, 2023). |
10.23# | Series 2020-VF1 Indenture Supplement to Indenture, dated September 24, 2020, by and between LoanDepot Agency Receivables Trust, loanDepot.com LLC and JPMorgan Chase bank, N.A. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 21, 2021). |

121

Exhibit No. | Description |
10.23.1 | Amendment No. 2 to Series 2020-VF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of September 23, 2021, by and among loanDepot Agency Advance Receivables Trust, as issuer, Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, calculation agent, paying agent, custodian and securities intermediary, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer and administrator, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and consented to by JPMorgan, as noteholder of the Series 2020-VF1 Variable Funding Notes (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 29, 2021). |
10.23.2 | Amendment No. 2 to Base Indenture and Amendment No. 3 to Series 2020-VF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of February 14, 2022, by and among loanDepot Agency Advance Receivables Trust, as issuer, Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, calculation agent, paying agent, custodian and securities intermediary, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer and administrator, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and consented to by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as noteholder of the Series 2020-VF1 Variable Funding Notes (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 16, 2022). |
10.24# | Master Repurchase Agreement and Securities Contract, dated September 23, 2021, by and among Bank of Montreal, a Canadian Chartered bank acting through its Chicago Branch, and loanDepot.com, LLC a Delaware limited liability company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 12, 2021). |
10.24.1# | Amendment No. 1 dated October 8, 2021 to Master Repurchase Agreement and Securities Contract by and between loanDepot.com, LLC and Bank of Montreal (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.51.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2022). |
10.24.2# | Amendment No. 2 dated May 5, 2022 to Master Repurchase Agreement and Securities Contract by and between loanDepot.com, LLC and Bank of Montreal (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 13, 2022). |
10.24.3# | Amendment N o. 3 dated September 19, 2022, to Master Repurchase Agreement and Securities Contract between Bank of Montreal and loanDepot.com, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2022). |
10.24.4# | Amendment No. 4 dated November 7, 2022, to Master Repurchase Agreement and Securities Contract between Bank of Montreal and loanDepot.com, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2022). |
10.24.5# | Amendment N o. 5 to Master Repurchase Agreement and Securities Contract, dated December 20, 2023, by and between Bank of Montreal, a Canadian Chartered bank acting through its Chicago Branch, and loanDepot.com, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K f iled December 22, 2023). |
10.25# | Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated December 28, 2023, by and between loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller, and EverBank, N.A., formerly known as TIAA, FSB Bank, as buyer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 3, 2024). |
10.26# | Amended and Restated Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2023, among loanDepot.com, LLC, as borrower, Flagstar Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and Flagstar Bank, National Association, as a lender and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 7, 2023). |
10.26.1# | Amendment Number One to the Amended and Restated Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of December 19, 2023, among loanDepot.com, LLC, as borrower, Flagstar Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and Flagstar Bank, National Association, as a lender and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 22, 2023). |
10.26.2# | The Joinder to the Amended and Restated Security Agreement, dated September 29, 2023, by and among loanDepot.com, LLC, as borrower, and Flagstar Bank, National Association, as administrative agent on behalf of the lenders (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 3, 2023). |
10.26.3 | Joinder, dated as of December 19, 2023, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among loanDepot.com, LLC, as borrower, Fl ag star Bank, National Association, as administrative agent on behalf of the lenders party to the Credit Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the C ompany’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 22, 2023). |

122

Exhibit No. | Description |
10.27# | Credit Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2023, by and among loanDepot FA Agency MSR, LLC, as borrower, loanDepot.com, LLC, as guarantor, and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent for the financial institutions that may from time to time become parties as Lenders, and the Lenders, as defined in the agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 20, 2023). |
10.28+ | 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 on February 16, 2021). |
10.28.1+ | First Amendment to the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 on May 20, 2022). |
10.28.2 | Second Amendment to the loanDepot, Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form S-8 filed on June 13, 2023). |
10.29+ | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2022). |
10.30*+ | Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement under 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2022). |
10.31*+ | Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2022). |
10.32 | Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated April 21, 2022, by and among loanDepot, Inc., Parthenon Investors III, L.P., PCap Associates, Parthenon Capital Partners Fund, L.P., Parthenon Investors IV, L.P., Parthenon Capital Partners Fund II, L.P. PCP Managers, L.P., The JLSSAA, Trust established September 4, 2014, JLSA, LLC, Trilogy Mortgage Holdings, Inc., Trilogy Management Investors Six, LLC, Trilogy Management Investors Seven, LLC and Trilogy Management Investors Eight, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 13, 2022). |
10.33+ | 2022 Inducement Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 26, 2022). |
10.34+ | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement to loanDepot 2022 Inducement Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2022). |
10.35+ | Form of Performance Stock Unit Agreement to loanDepot 2022 Inducement Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2022). |
10.36+ | Form of Option Agreement to loanDepot 2022 Inducement Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2022). |
10.37 | loanDepot, Inc. 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 on May 20, 2022). |
10.38 | Settlement and Cooperation Agreement, dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among loanDepot, Inc., Anthony Hsieh, The JLSSAA Trust, established September 4, 2014, JLSA, LLC, Trilogy Mortgage Holdings, Inc., Trilogy Management Investors Six, LLC, Trilogy Management Investors Seven, LLC and Trilogy Management Investors Eight, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 5, 2023). |
10.39 | Settlement Agreement and Release, dated as of April 4, 2023, by and between loanDepot, Inc. and Anthony Hsieh (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 5, 2023). |
10.40# | Third Amended and Restated Participation Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2024, by and between loanDepot.com, LLC, as the company, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as the initial participant, and consented to by Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent and as noteholder of 100% of the outstanding VFNs (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.41# | Third Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2024, by and between loanDepot GMSR Master Trust, as buyer, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller, and consented to by Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent and as noteholder of 100% of the outstanding VFNs (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |

123

Exhibit No. | Description |
10.42# | Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of January 25, 2024, by and among loanDepot GMSR Master Trust, as issuer, Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, calculation agent, paying agent and securities intermediary, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer and administrator, Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent, and Pentalpha Surveillance LLC, as credit manager, and consented to by Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as noteholder of 100% of the outstanding VFNs (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.43# | Second Amended and Restated Series 2017-VF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of January 25, 2024, to Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of January 25, 2024 (see exhibit 10.3 hereof), MSR Collateralized Notes, Series 2017-VF1, by and among loanDepot GMSR Master Trust, as issuer, Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, calculation agent, paying agent and securities intermediary, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer and administrator, and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent, and consented to by Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as noteholder of 100% of the outstanding VFNs (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.44# | Amended and Restated Series 2017-MBSADV1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of January 25, 2024, to Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of January 25, 2024 (see exhibit 10.3 hereof), MSR Collateralized Notes, Series 2017-MBSADV1, by and among loanDepot GMSR Master Trust, as issuer, Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, calculation agent, paying agent and securities intermediary, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer and administrator, and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent, and consented to by Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as noteholder of 100% of the outstanding VFNs (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.45# | Amended and Restated Series 2021-SAVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of January 25, 2024, to Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of January 25, 2024 (see exhibit 10.3 hereof), MSR Collateralized Notes, Series 2021-SAVF1, by and among loanDepot GMSR Master Trust, as issuer, Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, calculation agent, paying agent and securities intermediary, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer and administrator, and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent, and consented to by Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as noteholder of 100% of the outstanding VFNs (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.46# | Amended and Restated Series 2021-PIAVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of January 25, 2024, to Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of January 25, 2024 (see exhibit 10.3 hereof), MSR Collateralized Notes, Series 2021-PIAVF1, by and among loanDepot GMSR Master Trust, as issuer, Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee, calculation agent, paying agent and securities intermediary, loanDepot.com, LLC, as servicer and administrator, and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent, and consented to by Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as noteholder of 100% of the outstanding VFNs (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.47# | Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2024, by and among Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent and as buyer, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller, with respect to loanDepot GMSR Master Trust MSR Collateralized Notes, Series 2017-VF1 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.48# | Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2024, by and among Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent and as buyer, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller, with respect to loanDepot GMSR Master Trust MSR Collateralized Notes, Series 2021-SAVF1 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.49# | Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2024, by and among Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent and as buyer, and loanDepot.com, LLC, as seller, with respect to loanDepot GMSR Master Trust MSR Collateralized Notes, Series 2021-PIAVF1 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
10.50# | Guaranty, dated as of January 25, 2024, made by LD Holdings Group LLC, as guarantor, in favor of Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as buyer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 31, 2024). |
21.1* | List of Subsidiaries of loanDepot, Inc. |
23.1* | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP |
31.1* | Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer |

124

Exhibit No. | Description |
31.2* | Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer |
32.1** | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
32.2** | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
97.1* | loanDepot, Inc. Compensation Recoupment (Clawback) Policy |
101.0 | XBRL Document |
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |

* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
# Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally an unredacted copy of the exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.
+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
125

ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
126

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized as of March 15, 2024.

| LOANDEPOT, INC.
| By: | /s/ Frank Martell
| Name: | Frank Martell
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities indicated as of March 15, 2024.

Signature |  | Title |
/s/ Frank Martell |  | Chief Executive Officer |
Frank Martell |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |
/s/David Hayes |  | Chief Financial Officer |
David Hayes |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |
/s/ /Darren Graeler |  | Chief Accounting Officer |
Darren Graeler |  | (Principal Accounting Officer) |
/s/ Anthony Hsieh |  | Director |
Anthony Hsieh |  |  |
/s/ John C. Dorman |  | Director |
John C. Dorman |  |  |
/s/ Dawn Lepore |  | Director |
Dawn Lepore |  |  |
/s/ Brian P. Golson |  | Director |
Brian P. Golson |  |  |
/s/ Andrew C. Dodson |  | Director |
Andrew C. Dodson |  |  |
/s/ Pamela Hughes Patenaude |  | Director |
Pamela Hughes Patenaude |  |  |
/s/ John Lee |  | Director |
John Lee |  |  |
/s/ Steve Ozonian |  | Director |
Steve Ozonian |  |  |

127