<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-26-226898.txt : 20260515
<SEC-HEADER>0001193125-26-226898.hdr.sgml : 20260515
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20260515162739
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-26-226898
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		15
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20260513
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20260515
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20260515

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			PDF SOLUTIONS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001120914
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SERVICES-PREPACKAGED SOFTWARE [7372]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	06 Technology
		EIN:				251701361
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-31311
		FILM NUMBER:		26988298

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2858 DE LA CRUZ BOULEVARD
		CITY:			SANTA CLARA
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			95050
		BUSINESS PHONE:		4082807900

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2858 DE LA CRUZ BOULEVARD
		CITY:			SANTA CLARA
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			95050
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<td style="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Title of each class</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Trading<br/>Symbol(s)</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Name of each exchange<br/>on which registered</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" contextRef="duration_2026-05-13_to_2026-05-13" id="ixv-268">PDFS</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<div style="text-align:center"><div style="width:8.5in;text-align:left;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto">

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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#8201;8.01.</span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:left"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Other Events. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On May&#160;13, 2026, PDF Solutions, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered into an underwriting agreement (the &#8220;Underwriting Agreement&#8221;) with Morgan Stanley&#160;&amp; Co. LLC, as representative of the several underwriters named therein (collectively, the &#8220;Underwriters&#8221;), and Advantest America, Inc. (the &#8220;Selling Stockholder&#8221;) in connection with (i)&#160;the offering, issuance and sale by the Company of 1,946,630 shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock, $0.00015 par value per share (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;), including 685,246 shares sold pursuant to the Underwriters&#8217; full exercise of their option to purchase additional shares, and (ii)&#160;the offering and sale by the Selling Stockholder of 3,306,924 shares of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock, at an offering price of $44.00 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions (collectively, the &#8220;Offering&#8221;). The Offering closed on May&#160;15, 2026. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Offering was made pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">S-3</span> (Registration <span style="white-space:nowrap">No.&#160;333-295834),</span> including a base prospectus and a related prospectus supplement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The gross proceeds to the Company from the sale of shares of Common Stock by the Company, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, were approximately $85.7&#160;million. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the Selling Stockholder. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Underwriting Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification obligations of the Company and the Underwriters, including for liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, other obligations of the parties and termination provisions. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in the Underwriting Agreement were made only for purposes of such agreement and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, and may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the contracting parties. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The foregoing description of the Underwriting Agreement is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Underwriting Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Current Report on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">8-K</span> and is incorporated by reference herein. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Latham&#160;&amp; Watkins LLP, counsel to the Company, has issued an opinion regarding the validity of the shares of Common Stock offered and sold in the Offering. A copy of the opinion is filed as Exhibit 5.1 to this Current Report on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Form&#160;8-K.</span> </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#8201;9.01.</span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:left"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Financial Statements and Exhibits. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) Exhibits. </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Exhibit</p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">No.</p></td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center"><span style="font-weight:bold">Description</span></td></tr>


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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">1.1</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d121225dex11.htm">Underwriting Agreement, dated May&#160;13, 2026, by and among the Company, the Selling Stockholder and Morgan Stanley&#160;&amp; Co. LLC, as representative of the several underwriters named therein. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">5.1</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d121225dex51.htm">Opinion of Latham&#160;&amp; Watkins LLP. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d121225dex51.htm">Consent of Latham&#160;&amp; Watkins LLP (included in Exhibit&#160;5.1). </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">104</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).</td></tr>
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 <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">SIGNATURES </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized. </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p><div>
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<td style="vertical-align:top" colspan="3">PDF SOLUTIONS, INC. (Registrant)</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">By:</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Adnan Raza</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">Adnan Raza</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom"><span style="font-style:italic">EVP, Finance, and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)</span></td></tr>
</table></div> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Dated: May&#160;15, 2026 </p>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 1.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>4,568,308 Shares </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>PDF
SOLUTIONS, INC. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>COMMON STOCK, $0.00015 PAR VALUE PER SHARE </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">May&nbsp;13, 2026
</P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:55%; text-indent:-2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;May 13, 2026 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Morgan Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c/o Morgan
Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1585 Broadway </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, New York 10036 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen:
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">PDF Solutions, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<B>Company</B>&#8221;) proposes to issue and sell to the several Underwriters
named in Schedule&nbsp;II hereto (the &#8220;<B>Underwriters</B>&#8221;), and the shareholder of the Company named in Schedule I hereto (the &#8220;<B>Selling Shareholder</B>&#8221;) proposes to sell to the Underwriters, an aggregate of 4,568,308
shares of the common stock, par value $0.00015 per share, of the Company (the &#8220;<B>Firm Shares</B>&#8221;), of which 1,261,384 shares are to be issued and sold by the Company and 3,306,924 shares are to be sold by the Selling Shareholder, with
the Selling Shareholder selling the amount set forth opposite such Selling Shareholder&#8217;s name in Schedule&nbsp;I hereto. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The
Company also proposes to issue and sell to the several Underwriters not more than an additional 685,246 shares of its common stock, par value $0.00015 per share (the &#8220;<B>Additional Shares</B>&#8221;) if and to the extent that Morgan
Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC, (&#8220;<B>Morgan Stanley</B>&#8221;), shall have determined to exercise, on behalf of the Underwriters, the right to purchase such shares of common stock granted to the Underwriters in Section&nbsp;3 hereof. The Firm
Shares and the Additional Shares are hereinafter collectively referred to as the &#8220;<B>Shares</B>.&#8221; The shares of common stock, par value $0.00015 per share, of the Company to be outstanding after giving effect to the sales contemplated
hereby are hereinafter referred to as the &#8220;<B>Common Stock</B>.&#8221; The Company and the Selling Shareholder are hereinafter sometimes collectively referred to as the &#8220;<B>Sellers</B>.&#8221; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company has filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<B>Commission</B>&#8221;) a registration statement on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-295834),</FONT> including a preliminary prospectus, relating to the Shares. The registration statement as amended at the time it becomes effective, including
the information (if any) deemed to be part of the registration statement at the time of effectiveness pursuant to Rule&nbsp;430A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<B>Securities Act</B>&#8221;), is hereinafter referred to as
the &#8220;<B>Registration Statement</B>&#8221;; the prospectus in the form first used to confirm sales of Shares (or in the form first made available to the Underwriters by the Company to meet requests of purchasers pursuant to Rule 173 under the
Securities Act) is hereinafter referred to as the &#8220;<B>Prospectus.</B>&#8221; If the Company has filed an abbreviated registration statement to register additional shares of Common Stock pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b) under the Securities Act (a
&#8220;<B>Rule</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;462</B><B> Registration Statement</B>&#8221;), then any reference herein to the term &#8220;<B>Registration Statement</B>&#8221; shall be deemed to include such Rule&nbsp;462 Registration Statement. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For purposes of this Agreement, &#8220;<B>free writing prospectus</B>&#8221; has the meaning
set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act, &#8220;preliminary prospectus&#8221; shall mean each prospectus used prior to the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, and each prospectus that omitted information pursuant to Rule 430A under
the Securities Act that was used after such effectiveness and prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, &#8220;<B>Time of Sale Prospectus</B>&#8221; means the preliminary prospectus contained in the Registration Statement at the time of
its effectiveness together with the documents and pricing information set forth in Schedule&nbsp;III hereto, and &#8220;<B>broadly available road show</B>&#8221; means a &#8220;bona fide electronic road show&#8221; as defined in Rule 433(h)(5) under
the Securities Act that has been made available without restriction to any person. As used herein, the terms &#8220;Registration Statement,&#8221; &#8220;preliminary prospectus,&#8221; &#8220;Time of Sale Prospectus&#8221; and
&#8220;Prospectus&#8221; shall include the documents, if any, incorporated by reference therein as of the date hereof. The terms &#8220;<B>supplement,</B>&#8221; &#8220;<B>amendment</B>&#8221; and &#8220;<B>amend</B>&#8221; as used herein with
respect to the Registration Statement, the preliminary prospectus, the Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus shall include all documents subsequently filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the &#8220;<B>Exchange Act</B>&#8221;), that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein. The &#8220;<B>Time of Sale</B>&#8221; means 8:15 p.m., New York City time, on May&nbsp;13, 2026. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1. <I>Representations and Warranties of the Company</I>. The Company represents and warrants to and agrees with each of the Underwriters that,
as of the date hereof, the Time of Sale and the Closing Date (as defined in Section&nbsp;5): </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) The Registration
Statement has become effective; no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement is in effect, and no proceedings for such purpose or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A under the Securities Act are pending before or threatened by
the Commission. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) (i) Each document, if any, filed or to be filed pursuant to the Exchange Act and incorporated by
reference in the Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus complied, or will comply when so filed, in all material respects with the Exchange Act and the applicable rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder, (ii)&nbsp;the Registration
Statement, when it became effective, did not contain and, as amended or supplemented, if applicable, will not contain, any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein not misleading, (iii)&nbsp;the Registration Statement and the Prospectus comply and, as amended or supplemented, if applicable, will comply in all material respects with the Securities Act and the applicable rules and regulations
of the Commission thereunder, (iv)&nbsp;the Time of Sale Prospectus does not, and at the time of each sale of the Shares in connection with the offering when the Prospectus is not yet available to prospective purchasers and at the Closing Date, the
Time of Sale Prospectus, as then amended or supplemented by the Company, if applicable, will not, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">2 </P>

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to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, (v)&nbsp;each broadly available road show, if any, does not conflict with the Time of
Sale Prospectus and, when considered together with the Time of Sale Prospectus, does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading and (vi)&nbsp;the Prospectus does not contain and, as amended or supplemented, if applicable, will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, except that the representations and warranties set forth in this paragraph do not apply to statements or omissions in the Registration Statement, the
Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by, or on behalf of, such Underwriter through Morgan Stanley expressly for use
therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the Underwriter Information (as defined in Section&nbsp;11(c)). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) The Company is not an &#8220;ineligible issuer&#8221; in connection with the offering pursuant to Rules 164, 405 and 433
under the Securities Act. Any free writing prospectus that the Company is required to file pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act has been, or will be, filed with the Commission in accordance with the requirements of the Securities Act and
the applicable rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. Each free writing prospectus that the Company has filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act or that was prepared by or on behalf of or used or
referred to by the Company complies or will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the applicable rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. Except for the free writing prospectuses, if any,
identified in Schedule&nbsp;III hereto, and electronic road shows, if any, each furnished to Morgan Stanley before first use, the Company has not prepared, used or referred to, and will not, without Morgan Stanley&#8217;s prior consent, prepare, use
or refer to, any free writing prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) The Company has been duly incorporated, is validly existing as a corporation
in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation, has the corporate power and authority to own or lease its property and to conduct its business as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus
and the Prospectus and is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the conduct of its business or its ownership or leasing of property requires such qualification, except to the extent that the
failure to be so qualified or be in good standing would not, singly or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the condition, financial or otherwise, or on the earnings, business, operations or prospects of the Company and its
subsidiaries, taken as a whole (a &#8220;<B>material adverse effect</B>&#8221;). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">3 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) Each subsidiary of the Company has been duly incorporated, organized or
formed, is validly existing as a corporation or other business entity in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation, organization or formation, has the corporate or other business entity power and authority to own or lease
its property and to conduct its business as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus and is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the conduct
of its business or its ownership or leasing of property requires such qualification, except to the extent that the failure to be so qualified or be in good standing would not, singly or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the Company
and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole; and all of the issued shares of capital stock or other equity interests of each subsidiary of the Company have been duly and validly authorized and issued, are fully paid and
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable</FONT> and are owned directly or indirectly by the Company and free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, equities or claims. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) This Agreement and the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all necessary
corporate action, and this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) The authorized capital stock
of the Company conforms as to legal matters to the description thereof contained in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) The shares of Common Stock (including the Shares to be sold by the Selling Shareholder) outstanding prior to the issuance
of the Shares to be sold by the Selling Shareholder and the Company have been duly authorized and are validly issued, fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) The Shares to be sold by the Company have been duly authorized and, when issued, delivered and paid for in accordance with
the terms of this Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable,</FONT> and the issuance of the Shares will not be subject to any preemptive or similar rights. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) Neither the issuance and sale of the Shares by the Company nor the consummation of any other of the transactions herein
contemplated nor the fulfillment of the terms herein will conflict with, result in a breach or violation of, or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries pursuant to,
(i)&nbsp;the charter or bylaws (or comparable organizational and governing documents) of the Company or any of its subsidiaries; (ii)&nbsp;the terms of any indenture, contract, lease, mortgage, deed of trust, note agreement, loan agreement or other
agreement, obligation, condition, covenant or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or bound or to which its or their property is subject; or (iii)&nbsp;any statute, law, rule, regulation, judgment, order or decree
applicable to the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any court, regulatory body, administrative agency, governmental body, arbitrator or other authority having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of its or their
properties, except in the case of the preceding clauses (ii)&nbsp;and (iii), a conflict, breach, violation or imposition that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">4 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) The Company and each of its subsidiaries owns or leases all such
properties as are necessary to the conduct of its operations in all material respects as presently conducted. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m) Neither
the Company nor any subsidiary is in violation or default of (i)&nbsp;any provision of its charter or bylaws (or comparable organizational and governing documents); (ii) the terms of any indenture, contract, lease, mortgage, deed of trust, note
agreement, loan agreement or other agreement, obligation, condition, covenant or instrument to which it is a party or bound or to which its property is subject; or (iii)&nbsp;any statute, law, rule, regulation, judgment, order or decree of any
court, regulatory body, administrative agency, governmental body, arbitrator or other authority having jurisdiction over the Company or such subsidiary or any of its properties, as applicable; except in the case of the preceding clauses
(ii)&nbsp;and (iii), a conflict, breach, violation or imposition that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n) There has not occurred any material adverse change, or any development involving a prospective material adverse change, in
the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the prospects, earnings, business, or properties of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, from that set forth in
the Time of Sale Prospectus. There has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company on any class of its capital stock. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o) No action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving
the Company or any of its subsidiaries or its or their property is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened that individually or in the aggregate (i)&nbsp;could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the
performance of this Agreement or the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated hereby or (ii)&nbsp;could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect. There are no current or pending legal, governmental, administrative
or&nbsp;regulatory investigations, actions, suits, claims or proceedings that are required under the Securities Act to be described in the Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus that are not so described in the Time of Sale Prospectus or the
Prospectus. There are no statutes, regulations or contracts or other documents that are required under the Securities Act to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or described in the Registration Statement, Time of Sale Prospectus or
the Prospectus that are not so filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(p) Each preliminary prospectus filed as part of the Registration Statement as originally filed or as part of any amendment
thereto, or filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424 under the Securities Act, complied when filed and, at the Time of Sale and on the Closing Date, will comply, in all material respects with the Securities Act and the applicable rules and regulations of the
Commission thereunder. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">5 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(q) The Company is not, and after giving effect to the offering and sale of
the Shares and the application of the proceeds thereof as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus, will not be, required to register as an &#8220;investment company&#8221; as such term is
defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(r) Except as permitted under Regulation M under the Exchange
Act, neither the Company nor an affiliate of the Company has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to cause or result in, or which has constituted or which would reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of
the price of any Shares of the Company, to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(s) Except as set forth in or
contemplated in the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto), the Company (i)&nbsp;does not have any&nbsp;material lending or other relationship with any bank or lending affiliate of any Underwriter, and (ii)&nbsp;does not
intend to use any of the proceeds from the sale of the Shares to repay any outstanding debt owed to any affiliate of any Underwriter. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(t) The Company and its subsidiaries are (i)&nbsp;in material compliance with any and all applicable foreign, federal, state
and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (&#8220;<B>Environmental Laws</B>&#8221;); (ii) have received and are in
compliance with all material permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses; and (iii)&nbsp;have not received notice of any actual or potential liability under any
Environmental Law, except where such <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-compliance</FONT> with Environmental Laws, failure to receive required permits, licenses or other approvals, or liability would not, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto). Neither the Company nor any of the subsidiaries
has been named as a &#8220;potentially responsible party&#8221; under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(u) In the ordinary course of its business, the Company periodically reviews the effect of Environmental Laws on the business,
operations and properties of the Company and its subsidiaries, in the course of which it identifies and evaluates associated costs and liabilities (including, without limitation, any capital or operating expenditures required for <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">clean-up,</FONT> closure of properties or compliance with Environmental Laws, or any permit, license or approval, any related constraints on operating activities and any potential liabilities to third parties). On the
basis of such review, the Company has reasonably concluded that such associated costs and liabilities would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, except as set forth in or contemplated in
the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">6 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v) None of the following events has occurred or exists that would,
individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect: (i)&nbsp;a failure to fulfill the obligations, if any, under the minimum funding standards of Section&nbsp;302 of the United States Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (&#8220;<B>ERISA</B>&#8221;), and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder with respect to a Plan, determined without regard to any waiver of such obligations or extension of any amortization
period; (ii)&nbsp;an audit or investigation by the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Department of Labor, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation or any other federal or state governmental agency or any foreign regulatory agency with respect to
the employment or compensation of employees by any of the Company or any of its subsidiaries; (iii)&nbsp;any breach of any contractual obligation, or any violation of law or applicable qualification standards, with respect to the employment or
compensation of employees by the Company or any of its subsidiaries. None of the following events has occurred or is reasonably likely to occur that would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect:
(A)&nbsp;an increase in the aggregate amount of contributions required to be made to all Plans in the current fiscal year of the Company and its subsidiaries compared to the amount of such contributions made in the most recently completed fiscal
year of the Company and its subsidiaries; (B)&nbsp;an increase in the &#8220;accumulated post-retirement benefit obligations&#8221; (within the meaning of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 106) of the Company and its subsidiaries compared
to the amount of such obligations in the most recently completed fiscal year of the Company and its subsidiaries; (C)&nbsp;any event or condition giving rise to a liability under Title IV of ERISA; or (D)&nbsp;the filing of a claim by one or more
employees or former employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries related to their employment. For purposes of this Section&nbsp;1(v), the term &#8220;<B>Plan</B>&#8221; means a plan (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;3(3) of ERISA) subject
to Title IV of ERISA with respect to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries may have any liability. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(w) There are no
contracts, agreements or understandings between the Company and any person granting such person the right to require the Company to file a registration statement under the Securities Act with respect to any securities of the Company or to require
the Company to include such securities with the Shares registered pursuant to the Registration Statement, except for that certain Stockholder Agreement by and between the Company and Advantest America, Inc., dated as of July&nbsp;30, 2020, and that
certain Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Advantest America, Inc., dated as of July&nbsp;29, 2020, pursuant to which the Selling Shareholder has proposed to sell the Firm Shares as described above. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(x) Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, nor any director, officer, or employee thereof, nor, to the
Company&#8217;s knowledge, any agent or representative of the Company or of any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, has knowingly taken or will take any action in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization or approval of the
payment, giving or receipt of money, property, gifts or anything else of value, directly or indirectly, to any person to improperly influence official action by that person for the benefit of the Company or its subsidiaries or affiliates, or to
otherwise secure any improper advantage, or to any person in violation of (a)&nbsp;the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, (b) the UK Bribery Act 2010, or (c)&nbsp;any other applicable law, regulation, order, decree or directive having the
force of law and relating to bribery or corruption (collectively, the &#8220;<B>Anti-Corruption Laws</B>&#8221;). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">7 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(y) The operations of the Company and each of its subsidiaries are and have
been conducted at all times in compliance with all applicable anti-money laundering laws, rules, and regulations, including the financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements contained therein, and including the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970,
applicable provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, and the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (collectively, the &#8220;<B>Anti-Money Laundering Laws</B>&#8221;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(z) (i) Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, nor any director, officer, or employee thereof, nor, to
the Company&#8217;s knowledge, any agent or representative of the Company or of any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, is an individual or entity (&#8220;<B>Person</B>&#8221;) that is: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(A) (1) the subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the United States Government (including the U.S. List of
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (&#8220;<B>SDN List</B>&#8221;), the U.S. Entity List, and the U.S. Denied Persons List, administered or enforced by any U.S. government body, including without limitation, the U.S. Department of
the Treasury&#8217;s Office of Foreign Assets Control (&#8220;<B>OFAC</B>&#8221;), the U.S. Department of State, and the U.S. Department of Commerce&#8217;s Bureau of Industry and Security (&#8220;<B>BIS</B>&#8221;)), the United Nations Security
Council, the European Union, His Majesty&#8217;s Treasury, or any other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, &#8220;<B>Sanctions</B>&#8221;) or (2)&nbsp;in violation of <B>&#8220;</B><B>Export</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;Controls</B>&#8221; (meaning
all export control laws and regulations administered or enforced by the United States Government (including by BIS or the U.S. Department of State), including the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. &#167; 2778), the Export Control Reform Act of 2018
(50 U.S.C. &#167;&#167; 4801-4861), the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (22 C.F.R. Parts <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">120-130),</FONT> and the Export Administration Regulations (15 C.F.R. Parts
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">730-774);</FONT> and any other relevant governmental authority, including (to the extent applicable) EU Regulation 2021/821 (as amended), the Export Control Order 2008, or any other applicable export control
legislation or regulation (to the extent consistent with U.S. law); </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(B) located, organized or resident in a country or
territory that is the subject of comprehensive territorial Sanctions (&#8220;<B>Sanctioned Territory</B>&#8221;) (including, without limitation, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">so-called</FONT> Donetsk People&#8217;s Republic, the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">so-called</FONT> Luhansk People&#8217;s Republic, or any other Covered Region of Ukraine identified pursuant to Executive Order 14065, Crimea, Kherson, Zaporizhzia, Cuba, Iran, and North Korea); </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(C) the government of a Sanctioned Territory; or </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">8 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:13%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(D) directly or indirectly, whether individually or in the aggregate, at
least fifty percent (50%) owned or otherwise controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of, any Person described in the foregoing clause (A), (B), or (C). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) The Company and each of its subsidiaries (a)&nbsp;have not, since April&nbsp;24, 2019, engaged in, (b)&nbsp;are not now
engaged in, and (c)&nbsp;will not engage in, any dealings or transactions with any Person that, at the time of the dealing or transaction, is or was the target of Sanctions, or with or involving a country or territory or government that, at the time
of the dealing or transaction, is or was a Sanctioned Territory or the government of a Sanctioned Territory, as applicable. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(aa) The Company will not, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make
available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) to fund or facilitate any activities
or business of or with any Person that is the target of Sanctions or Export Controls, or with or involving a Sanctioned Territory or the government of a Sanctioned Territory; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) to fund or facilitate any money laundering or terrorist financing activities; or </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) in any other manner that would cause or result in a violation of any Anti-Corruption Laws, Anti-Money Laundering Laws,
Sanctions or Export Controls by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(bb) The Company and its subsidiaries have conducted and will conduct their businesses in compliance with the Anti-Corruption
Laws, the Anti-Money Laundering Laws, Sanctions and Export Controls, and no investigation, inquiry, action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of its
subsidiaries with respect to the Anti-Corruption Laws, the Anti-Money Laundering Laws, Sanctions or Export Controls is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened. The Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates have instituted and
maintained and will continue to maintain policies and procedures reasonably designed to promote and achieve compliance with the Anti-Corruption Laws, the Anti-Money Laundering Laws, Sanctions, Export Controls, and with the representations and
warranties contained herein. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(cc) The Company will not, and will not permit any of its subsidiaries to, (a)&nbsp;be or
become a &#8220;covered foreign person&#8221;, as that term is defined in the regulations administered and enforced, together with any related public guidance issued, by the United States Treasury Department under U.S. Executive Order 14105 of
August&nbsp;9, </P>
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2023, or any similar law or regulation; as of the date of this Agreement, and as codified at 31 C.F.R. &#167;850.101 et seq (the &#8220;<B>Outbound Investment Rules</B>&#8221;), or
(b)&nbsp;engage, directly or indirectly, in (i)&nbsp;a &#8220;covered activity&#8221; or a &#8220;covered transaction&#8221;, as each such term is defined in the Outbound Investment Rules, (ii)&nbsp;with respect to any subsidiary of the Company that
is not a U.S. Person (as defined in the Outbound Investment Rules), any activity that would constitute a &#8220;covered activity&#8221; or &#8220;covered transaction&#8221;, as each such term is defined in the Outbound Investment Rules, if such
subsidiary were a U.S. Person, (iii)&nbsp;any other activity that would cause the Underwriters to be in violation of the Outbound Investment Rules or cause the Underwriters to be legally prohibited by the Outbound Investment Rules from performing
under this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(dd) The Company and each of its subsidiaries do not own any real property. Except as set forth in
or contemplated in the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto), the Company and each of its subsidiaries have good and marketable title to all personal property owned by them (other than with
respect to Intellectual Property, title to which is addressed exclusively in Section&nbsp;1(ee) herein) which is material to the business of the Company and its subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and defects except
such as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and its subsidiaries; and any real property and buildings held under lease by the Company and
its subsidiaries are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with such exceptions as are not material and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property and buildings by the Company and its
subsidiaries. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ee) (i) the Company and its subsidiaries own, possess, license or have other adequate, valid and
enforceable rights to use all patents, trade and service marks, trade names, service names, trade dress, domain names, social media identifiers and accounts, copyrights, software (including artificial intelligence (&#8220;<B>AI</B>&#8221;) systems,
tools and related technology), licenses, inventions, trade secrets, technology, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">know-how</FONT> (including all unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), and all
other intellectual property or similar proprietary or industrial rights in any and all applicable jurisdictions throughout the world (including all registrations and applications for registration of, and all goodwill associated with, any of the
foregoing) (collectively, the &#8220;<B>Intellectual Property</B>&#8221;) used in, or otherwise reasonably necessary for the conduct of, their respective businesses as now conducted by them and they can readily obtain such rights, on commercially
reasonable terms, with respect to their respective businesses as proposed in the Time of Sale Prospectus and Prospectus to be conducted by them, except where the failure to own or possess or otherwise be able to acquire such Intellectual Property
would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect; (ii)&nbsp;there are no rights of third parties in or to any such Intellectual Property owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries;
(iii)&nbsp;to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, there is and has been no material infringement, misappropriation or other violation by third parties of any Intellectual Property owned by or, to the knowledge of the Company, exclusively licensed to the
Company or any of its subsidiaries; (iv)&nbsp;there is no pending or, to the </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">10 </P>

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Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging in writing the Company&#8217;s ownership of or rights in or to any such Intellectual Property, as
applicable; (v)&nbsp;there is no pending or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging in writing the validity, enforceability, or scope of any such Intellectual Property; (vi)&nbsp;the
Company&#8217;s and its subsidiaries&#8217; conduct of their respective businesses has not infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated any Intellectual Property of any third party in any material respect, and the conduct of their respective
businesses as now conducted by them does not, infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate any Intellectual Property, other than as would individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect; (vii)&nbsp;there
is no pending or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others alleging in writing that the Company or its subsidiaries infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates any Intellectual Property or other
proprietary rights of others, which infringement, misappropriation or other violation, that would individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect; (viii)&nbsp;all Intellectual Property owned by or, to the
Company&#8217;s knowledge, licensed to the Company or its subsidiaries is subsisting and, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, valid and enforceable; (ix)&nbsp;the Company and its subsidiaries take and have taken reasonable steps in accordance with
customary practices of the industries in which the Company and its subsidiaries operate to maintain the confidentiality of all trade secrets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, and, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, no such trade secrets have
been disclosed other than as required by law or pursuant to written confidentiality agreements or other written confidentiality obligations (or comparable obligations of confidentiality) that protect all such trade secrets; and (x)&nbsp;all
employees and contractors engaged in the development of material Intellectual Property by or on behalf of the Company or any subsidiary of the Company have executed an invention assignment agreement whereby such employees or contractors presently
assign all of their right, title and interest in and to all such Intellectual Property to the Company or the applicable subsidiary and, to the knowledge of the Company, no such agreement has been breached or violated in any material respect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ff) With respect to artificial intelligence, advanced machine learning or other similar generative models (collectively, &#8220;<B>AI
Tools</B>&#8221;), except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, the Company and its subsidiaries (i)&nbsp;use AI Tools in compliance with all applicable license terms, consents,
agreements and laws; (ii)&nbsp;have not used AI Tools in a manner that adversely affects the ownership, validity, or enforceability of any Company IP or any output created by such AI Tool that the Company intended to own or would have owned if
created without the use of such AI Tool; and (iii)&nbsp;have not included and do not include any Data, trade secrets or material confidential or proprietary information in any prompts or inputs into any AI Tools. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">11 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(gg) The Company and each of its subsidiaries use and have used any and all software
distributed under a &#8220;free,&#8221; &#8220;open source,&#8221; or similar licensing model (including but not limited to the MIT License, Apache License, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License and GNU Affero General Public
License) (&#8220;<B><U>Open Source</U></B><B></B><B><U>&nbsp;Software</U></B>&#8221;) in compliance with the license terms applicable to such Open Source Software, except where a failure to comply would not, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, and neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries uses or distributes or has used or distributed any Open Source Software in any manner that requires or has required (i)&nbsp;the Company or
any of its subsidiaries to permit any reverse engineering of any software, code or other technology owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries; or (ii)&nbsp;any software, code or other technology owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries
to be (A)&nbsp;disclosed or distributed in source code form; (B)&nbsp;licensed for the purpose of making derivative works or (C)&nbsp;redistributed at no charge, <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, in the case of each of (i)&nbsp;and (ii) above, as
would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(hh) Except as would not,
individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, in the past three (3)&nbsp;years, (i) the Company and its subsidiaries have established, maintained and presently maintain commercially reasonable technical,
physical and organizational measures, controls, policies and procedures designed to maintain and protect the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of the Company&#8217;s or its subsidiaries&#8217; information technology assets,
computer systems, networks, hardware, software, websites, applications, data and databases (including the data and information of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third-party data maintained, processed or stored by
the Company or any of its subsidiaries and any such data processed or stored by third parties on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries), equipment or technology (collectively, the &#8220;<B>IT</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;Systems and
Data</B>&#8221;); (ii) neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries have experienced any breach of security, destruction, loss, unauthorized or unlawful access, disclosure, distribution, use, disablement, misappropriation, modification, or other
compromise or misuse (&#8220;<B>Breach</B>&#8221;) of or relating to the Company&#8217;s or its subsidiaries&#8217; IT Systems and Data; (iii)&nbsp;neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have received written notification of any Breach of their IT
Systems and Data; and (iv)&nbsp;the Company&#8217;s and its subsidiaries&#8217; IT Systems and Data are (A)&nbsp;adequate for, and designed to operate and perform as required in connection with, the operation of their respective businesses as now
conducted by them and (B)&nbsp;free and clear of any and all material errors and defects, including any and all Trojan horses, time bombs, back doors, drop dead devices, malware and other corruptants, including software or hardware components that
are designed to permit unauthorized access to or disrupt, damage or erase any of the IT Systems and Data. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) Except as would not,
individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, in the past three (3)&nbsp;years, (i) the Company and its subsidiaries have complied, and are presently in compliance, in all respects with all applicable
laws and statutes and all judgments, orders, rules, and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental body or regulatory authority, external policies, binding industry standards and contractual obligations, each as they relate to
(A)&nbsp;the collection, use, transfer, import, export, storage, protection, disposal, disclosure or other processing by or on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries of personal information, personally identifiable information, sensitive
information, or similar term </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">12 </P>

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defined under applicable law, confidential or regulated data or information; (B)&nbsp;the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data; and (C)&nbsp;the protection of the Company&#8217;s and its
subsidiaries&#8217; IT Systems and Data from any Breach (collectively, the &#8220;<B>Privacy Obligations</B>&#8221;); (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries have not received any written notification of, or written complaint regarding, and are
unaware of any other facts that, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably indicate any material <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-compliance</FONT> with any Privacy Obligation; and (iii)&nbsp;there is no written claim, action, suit or
proceeding by or before any court or governmental body, authority or body pending or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened alleging any material <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-compliance</FONT> with any Privacy Obligation by the
Company or any of its subsidiaries, nor is the Company aware of any written notice of investigation by any governmental body relating to the Company&#8217;s or its subsidiaries&#8217; compliance with any Privacy Obligation. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(jj) The Company and each of its subsidiaries have filed all tax returns that are required to be filed or have requested extensions thereof
(except in any case in which the failure so to file would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus
(exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto)) and have paid all taxes required to be paid by them and any other assessment, fine or penalty levied against them in respect of taxes, to the extent that any of the foregoing is due and payable,
except for any such tax or other assessment, fine or penalty that is currently being contested in good faith or as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, except as set forth in or
contemplated in the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(kk) No material labor
problem or dispute with the employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is threatened or imminent, and the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any
of its or its subsidiaries&#8217; principal suppliers, contractors or customers, that would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ll) The Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and
risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which they are collectively engaged, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect; all policies of
insurance insuring the Company or any of its subsidiaries or their respective businesses, assets, employees, officers and directors are in full force and effect; the Company and its subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms of such policies and
instruments in all material respects; and there are no claims by the Company or any of its subsidiaries under any such policy or instrument as to which any insurance company is denying liability or defending under a reservation of rights clause;
neither the Company nor any such subsidiary has been refused any insurance coverage sought or applied for; and neither the Company nor any such subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as
and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business at a cost that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect,
except as set forth in or contemplated in the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">13 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(mm) No subsidiary of the Company is currently prohibited, directly or indirectly, from
paying any dividends to the Company, from making any other distribution on such subsidiary&#8217;s capital stock, from repaying to the Company any loans or advances to such subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such
subsidiary&#8217;s property or assets to the Company or any other subsidiary of the Company, except as described in or contemplated by the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(nn) The Company and its subsidiaries possess all material licenses (including material export licenses), certificates, permits and other
authorizations issued by all applicable authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses as currently conducted, and neither the Company nor any such subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or
modification of any such certificate, authorization or permit which, individually or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect, except as set forth
in or contemplated in the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(oo) The
financial statements included or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus, together with the related schedules and notes thereto, comply as to form in all material respects with
the applicable accounting requirements of the Securities Act and present fairly the consolidated financial position of the Company and its subsidiaries as of the dates shown and its results of operations and cash flows for the periods shown, and
such financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (&#8220;<B>U.S. GAAP</B>&#8221;) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods covered thereby except for any normal <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">year-end</FONT> adjustments in the Company&#8217;s quarterly financial statements. The other financial information included in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus has been
derived from the accounting records of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries and presents fairly in all material respects the information shown thereby. The statistical, industry-related and market-related data included in each of the
Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources which the Company reasonably and in good faith believes are reliable and accurate and such data is consistent with the sources from which
they are derived, in each case in all material respects. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(pp) There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or any of the
Company&#8217;s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith, including Section&nbsp;402
related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">14 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(qq) BPM LLP, who has certified certain financial statements of the Company and its
subsidiaries and delivered its report with respect to the audited consolidated financial statements and schedules filed with the Commission as part of the Registration Statement and included or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration
Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus, is an independent registered public accounting firm with respect to the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act and the applicable rules and regulations thereunder adopted by the
Commission and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(rr) The Company and each of its subsidiaries maintain a
system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorizations, (ii)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to
permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP and to maintain asset accountability, (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorization, (iv)&nbsp;the
recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences, and (v)&nbsp;the interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or
incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement is accurate. Since the end of the Company&#8217;s most recent audited fiscal year, there has been (i)&nbsp;no material weakness in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting
(whether or not remediated) and (ii)&nbsp;no change in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial
reporting. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ss) The Company maintains an effective system of &#8220;disclosure controls and procedures&#8221; (as defined in Rule <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13a-15(e)</FONT> under the Exchange Act). The Company has carried out evaluations of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as required by Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13a-15</FONT> of the
Exchange Act. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(tt) The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the
Registration Statement fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission&#8217;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(uu) Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, nor its parent nor any affiliate has any securities rated by any &#8220;nationally
recognized statistical rating organization,&#8221; as such term is defined in Section&nbsp;3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(vv) The Company
(i)&nbsp;has not alone engaged in any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication with any person other than
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communications with the consent of Morgan Stanley with entities that are reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers within the meaning
of Rule 144A under the Securities Act or institutions that are reasonably believed to be accredited investors within the meaning of Rule 501 under the Securities Act and (ii)&nbsp;has not authorized anyone other than Morgan Stanley to engage in <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communications. The Company </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">15 </P>

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reconfirms that Morgan Stanley has been authorized to act on its behalf in undertaking <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT>
Communications. The Company has not distributed any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication that is a written communication within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Securities
Act other than those listed on Schedule IV hereto. &#8220;<B><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication</B>&#8221; means any communication with potential investors undertaken in
reliance on Rule 163B of the Securities Act. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ww) As of the time of each sale of the Shares in connection with the offering when the
Prospectus is not yet available to prospective purchasers, none of (A)&nbsp;the Time of Sale Prospectus, (B)&nbsp;any free writing prospectus, when considered together with the Time of Sale Prospectus, and (C)&nbsp;any individual <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication, when considered together with the Time of Sale Prospectus, included, includes or will include an untrue statement of a material fact or
omitted, omits or will omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">2. <I>Representations and Warranties of the Selling Shareholder</I>. The Selling Shareholder represents and warrants to and agrees with each
of the Underwriters that: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by or on behalf of such Selling Shareholder.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) The execution and delivery by such Selling Shareholder of, and the performance by such Selling Shareholder of its obligations under,
this Agreement will not contravene any provision of applicable law, or the certificate of incorporation or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> of such Selling Shareholder (if such Selling Shareholder is a corporation), or any agreement
or other instrument binding upon such Selling Shareholder or any judgment, order or decree of any governmental body, agency or court having jurisdiction over such Selling Shareholder, except, in each case, for any such contravention that would not,
individually or in the aggregate, affect the validity of the Shares to be sold by such Selling Shareholder hereunder or reasonably be expected to materially impair the ability of such Selling Shareholder to consummate the sale and delivery of the
Shares to be sold by the Selling Shareholder hereunder; and no consent, approval, authorization or order of, or qualification with, any governmental body, agency or court is required for the performance by such Selling Shareholder of its obligations
under this Agreement, except (x)&nbsp;(i) the registration under the Securities Act of the Shares, (ii)&nbsp;the approval by FINRA of the underwriting terms and arrangements, (iii)&nbsp;the approval for listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or
(iv)&nbsp;such as may be required by the securities or Blue Sky laws of the various states in connection with the offer and sale of the Shares or (y)&nbsp;as would not, individually or in the aggregate, affect the validity of the Shares to be sold
by such Selling Shareholder hereunder or reasonably be expected to materially impair the ability of such Selling Shareholder to consummate the sale and delivery of the Shares to be sold by the Selling Shareholder hereunder. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">16 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) Such Selling Shareholder has, and on the Closing Date will have, (i)&nbsp;valid title
to, or a valid &#8220;security entitlement&#8221; within the meaning of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Section&nbsp;8-501</FONT> of the New York Uniform Commercial Code in respect of, the Shares to be sold by such Selling Shareholder, free and
clear of all security interests, claims, liens, equities or other encumbrances, and (ii)&nbsp;the legal right and power, and all authorization and approval required by law, to enter into this Agreement and to sell, transfer and deliver the Shares to
be sold by such Selling Shareholder or a security entitlement in respect of such Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) Upon payment for the Shares to be sold by
such Selling Shareholder pursuant to this Agreement, delivery of such Shares, as directed by the Underwriters, to Cede&nbsp;&amp; Co. (&#8220;<B>Cede</B>&#8221;) or such other nominee as may be designated by the Depository Trust Company
(&#8220;<B>DTC</B>&#8221;), registration of such Shares in the name of Cede or such other nominee and the crediting of such Shares on the books of DTC to securities accounts of the Underwriters (assuming that neither DTC nor any such Underwriter has
notice of any adverse claim (within the meaning of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Section&nbsp;8-105</FONT> of the New York Uniform Commercial Code (the &#8220;<B>UCC</B>&#8221;)) to such Shares), (A)&nbsp;DTC shall be a &#8220;protected
purchaser&#8221; of such Shares within the meaning of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Section&nbsp;8-303</FONT> of the UCC, (B)&nbsp;under <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Section&nbsp;8-501</FONT> of the UCC, the Underwriters will acquire a valid
security entitlement in respect of such Shares and (C)&nbsp;no action based on any &#8220;adverse claim&#8221;, within the meaning of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Section&nbsp;8-102</FONT> of the UCC, to such Shares may be asserted against the
Underwriters with respect to such security entitlement; for purposes of this representation, such Selling Shareholder may assume that (1)&nbsp;when such payment, delivery and crediting occur, (x)&nbsp;such Shares will have been registered in the
name of Cede or another nominee designated by DTC, in each case on the Company&#8217;s share registry in accordance with its certificate of incorporation, bylaws and applicable law, (y)&nbsp;DTC will be registered as a &#8220;clearing
corporation&#8221; within the meaning of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Section&nbsp;8-102</FONT> of the UCC and (z)&nbsp;appropriate entries to the accounts of the several Underwriters on the records of DTC will have been made pursuant to the UCC
and (2)&nbsp;neither DTC nor any Underwriter has notice of any adverse claim to such Shares </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) Such Selling Shareholder is not prompted
by any material <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-public</FONT> information concerning the Company or its subsidiaries which is not set forth in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus to sell its Shares pursuant
to this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) (i) None of such Selling Shareholder or any of its subsidiaries, or, to the knowledge of such Selling Shareholder,
any director, officer, employee, agent, representative, or affiliate thereof, is a Person that is, or is owned or controlled by one or more Persons that are: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(A) the subject of any Sanctions, or </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(B) located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of comprehensive territorial Sanctions
(including, without limitation, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">so-called</FONT> Donetsk People&#8217;s Republic, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">so-called</FONT> Luhansk People&#8217;s Republic, or any other Covered Region of Ukraine
identified pursuant to Executive Order 14065, Crimea, Cuba, Iran, and North Korea). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">17 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) Such Selling Shareholder will not, directly or indirectly, use the
proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(A) to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any Person that is the target of Sanctions, or with or
involving a Sanctioned Territory or the government of a Sanctioned Territory; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(B) to fund or facilitate any money
laundering or terrorist financing activities; or </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(C) in any other manner that would cause or result in a violation of any
Anti-Corruption Laws, Anti-Money Laundering Laws, or Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) Such Selling Shareholder (a)&nbsp;has not, since April&nbsp;24, 2019, engaged in, (b)&nbsp;is not now engaged in, and
(c)&nbsp;will not engage in, any dealings or transactions with any Person that, at the time of the dealing or transaction, is or was the target of Sanctions, or with or involving a country or territory or government that, at the time of the dealing
or transaction, is or was a Sanctioned Territory or the government of a Sanctioned Territory, as applicable. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iv) (a) None
of such Selling Shareholder or any of its subsidiaries, or, to the knowledge of such Selling Shareholder, any director, officer, employee, agent, representative, or affiliate thereof has knowingly taken or will take any action in furtherance of an
offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization or approval of the payment giving or receipt of money, property, gifts or anything else of value, directly or indirectly, to any person to improperly influence official action by that person for the
benefit of such Selling Shareholder or its subsidiaries or affiliates, or to otherwise secure any improper advantage, or to any person in violation of any applicable Anti-Corruption Laws; (b)&nbsp;such Selling Shareholder and each of its
subsidiaries have conducted their businesses in compliance with applicable Anti-Corruption Laws and have instituted and maintained and will continue to maintain policies and procedures reasonably designed to promote and achieve compliance with such
laws; and (c)&nbsp;neither the Selling Shareholder nor any of its subsidiaries will use, directly or indirectly, the proceeds of the offering in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization of the payment or giving of money, or
anything else of value, to any person in violation of any applicable Anti-Corruption Laws.<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top"> </SUP> </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">18 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v) The operations of such Selling Shareholder and each of its subsidiaries
are and have been conducted at all times in material compliance with all applicable Anti-Money Laundering Laws, and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving such
Selling Shareholder or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Anti-Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Selling Shareholder, threatened. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) Such Selling Shareholder represents and warrants that it is not (i)&nbsp;an employee benefit plan subject to Title I of the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (&#8220;<B>ERISA</B>&#8221;), (ii) a plan or account subject to Section&nbsp;4975 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended or (iii)&nbsp;an entity deemed to hold &#8220;plan assets&#8221; of
any such plan or account under Section&nbsp;3(42) of ERISA, 29 C.F.R. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">2510.3-101,</FONT> or otherwise. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">3. <I>Agreements to Sell and Purchase</I>. Each Seller, severally and not jointly, hereby agrees to sell to the several Underwriters, and each
Underwriter, upon the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained, but subject to the terms and conditions hereinafter stated, agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from such Seller at $42.02 a share (the &#8220;<B>Purchase
Price</B>&#8221;) the number of Firm Shares (subject to such adjustments to eliminate fractional shares as Morgan Stanley may determine) that bears the same proportion to the number of Firm Shares to be sold by such Seller as the number of Firm
Shares set forth in Schedule&nbsp;II hereto opposite the name of such Underwriter bears to the total number of Firm Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On the basis
of the representations and warranties contained in this Agreement, and subject to its terms and conditions, the Company agrees to sell to the Underwriters the Additional Shares, and the Underwriters shall have the right to purchase, severally and
not jointly, up to 685,246 Additional Shares at the Purchase Price, provided, however, that the amount paid by the Underwriters for any Additional Shares shall be reduced by an amount per share equal to any dividends declared by the Company and
payable on the Firm Shares but not payable on such Additional Shares. Morgan Stanley may exercise this right on behalf of the Underwriters in whole or from time to time in part by giving written notice not later than 30 days after the date of this
Agreement. Any exercise notice shall specify the number of Additional Shares to be purchased by the Underwriters and the date on which such shares are to be purchased. Each purchase date must be at least one business day after the written notice is
given and may not be earlier than the closing date for the Firm Shares or later than ten business days after the date of such notice. Additional Shares may be purchased as provided in Section&nbsp;5 hereof solely for the purpose of covering sales of
shares in excess of the number of the Firm Shares. On each day, if any, that Additional Shares are to be purchased (an &#8220;<B>Option Closing Date</B>&#8221;), each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase the number of
Additional Shares (subject to such adjustments to eliminate fractional shares as Morgan Stanley may determine) that bears the same proportion to the total number of Additional Shares to be purchased on such Option Closing Date as the number of Firm
Shares set forth in Schedule&nbsp;II hereto opposite the name of such Underwriter bears to the total number of Firm Shares. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">4. <I>Terms of Public Offering</I>. The Sellers are advised by Morgan Stanley that the
Underwriters propose to make a public offering of their respective portions of the Shares as soon after the Registration Statement and this Agreement have become effective as in Morgan Stanley&#8217;s judgment is advisable. The Sellers are further
advised by Morgan Stanley that the Shares are to be offered to the public initially at $44.00 a share (the &#8220;<B>Public Offering Price</B>&#8221;) and to certain dealers selected by Morgan Stanley at a price that represents a concession not in
excess of $1.188 a share under the Public Offering Price. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">5. <I>Payment and Delivery</I>. Payment for the Firm Shares to be sold by each
Seller shall be made to such Seller in Federal or other funds immediately available in New York City against delivery of such Firm Shares for the respective accounts of the several Underwriters at 10:00&nbsp;a.m., New York City time, on May&nbsp;15,
2026, or at such other time on the same or such other date, not later than May&nbsp;22, 2026, as shall be designated in writing by Morgan Stanley; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the Company Expenses (as defined in Section&nbsp;9) shall be
deducted from the amounts otherwise payable to the Selling Shareholder pursuant to this Section&nbsp;5, the amounts payable to the Selling Shareholder pursuant to this Section&nbsp;5 shall be reduced by the Company Expenses, and payment for such
Company Expenses shall be made to the Company in Federal or other funds immediately available in New York City at 10:00&nbsp;a.m., New York City time, on May&nbsp;15, 2026, or at such other time on the same or such other date, not later than
May&nbsp;22, 2026, as shall be designated in writing by Morgan Stanley. The time and date of such payment are hereinafter referred to as the &#8220;<B>Closing Date</B>.&#8221; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Payment for any Additional Shares shall be made to the Company in Federal or other funds immediately available in New York City against
delivery of such Additional Shares for the respective accounts of the several Underwriters at 10:00&nbsp;a.m., New York City time, on the date specified in the corresponding notice described in Section&nbsp;3 or at such other time on the same or on
such other date, in any event not later than June&nbsp;26, 2026, as shall be designated in writing by Morgan Stanley. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Firm Shares and
Additional Shares shall be registered in such names and in such denominations as Morgan Stanley shall request not later than one full business day prior to the Closing Date or the applicable Option Closing Date, as the case may be. The Firm Shares
and Additional Shares shall be delivered to Morgan Stanley on the Closing Date or an Option Closing Date, as the case may be, for the respective accounts of the several Underwriters, with any transfer taxes payable in connection with the transfer of
the Shares to the Underwriters duly paid, against payment of the Purchase Price therefor. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6. <I>Conditions to the
Underwriters</I><I>&#8217;</I><I> Obligations</I>. The obligations of the Sellers to sell the Shares to the Underwriters and the several obligations of the Underwriters to purchase and pay for the Shares on the Closing Date are subject to the
condition that the Registration Statement shall have become effective not later than 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the date hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The several obligations of the Underwriters are subject to the following further conditions: </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) Subsequent to the execution and delivery of this Agreement and prior to the Closing
Date: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) no order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall be in effect, and no proceeding for
such purpose or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A under the Securities Act shall be pending before or threatened by the Commission; and </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) there shall not have occurred any change, or any development involving a prospective change, in the condition, financial
or otherwise, or in the earnings, business, operations or prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, from that set forth in the Time of Sale Prospectus that, in Morgan Stanley&#8217;s judgment, is material and adverse and that
makes it, in Morgan Stanley&#8217;s judgment, impracticable to market the Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Time of Sale Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) The Underwriters shall have received on the Closing Date a certificate, dated the Closing Date and signed by an executive officer of the
Company, to the effect set forth in Sections&nbsp;6(a)(i) and 6(a)(ii) above and to the effect that the representations and warranties of the Company contained in this Agreement are true and correct as of the Closing Date and that the Company has
complied with all of the agreements and satisfied all of the conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied hereunder on or before the Closing Date. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The officer signing and delivering such certificate may rely upon the best of his or her knowledge as to proceedings threatened. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) The Underwriters shall have received on the Closing Date an opinion and negative assurance letter of Latham&nbsp;&amp; Watkins LLP, outside
counsel for the Company, dated the Closing Date and addressed to Morgan Stanley, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Morgan Stanley. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) The Underwriters shall have received on the Closing Date an opinion of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher&nbsp;&amp; Flom LLP, counsel for the
Selling Shareholder, dated the Closing Date, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Morgan Stanley. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) The Underwriters shall
have received on the Closing Date an opinion and negative assurance letter of Goodwin Procter LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, dated the Closing Date, and addressed to the Underwriters, with respect to the issuance and sale of the Shares, the
Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus (together with any supplement thereto) and other related matters as Morgan Stanley may reasonably require, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as
they request for the purpose of enabling them to pass upon such matters. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In giving the opinion to be delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;6(c), counsel may rely, as to
all matters governed by the laws of jurisdictions other than the law of the State of New York, the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the federal securities laws of the United States, upon the opinions of counsel satisfactory to
the Morgan Stanley. Such counsel may also state that, insofar as such opinions involve factual matters, they have relied, to the extent they deem proper, upon certificates of officers and other representatives of the Company and its subsidiaries and
certificates of public officials. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">With respect to the negative assurance letter to be delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;6(c) above,
Latham&nbsp;&amp; Watkins LLP may state that its opinions and beliefs are based upon their participation in the preparation of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto and
review and discussion of the contents thereof, but are without independent check or verification, except as specified. Goodwin Procter LLP may state that their opinions and beliefs are based upon their participation in the preparation of the
Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto (other than the documents incorporated by reference) and upon review and discussion of the contents thereof (including documents
incorporated by reference), but are without independent check or verification, except as specified. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The opinions of Latham&nbsp;&amp;
Watkins LLP and Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher&nbsp;&amp; Flom LLP, described in Sections&nbsp;6(c) and 6(d) above shall be rendered to the Underwriters at the request of the Company or the Selling Shareholder, as the case may be, and shall so state
therein. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) The Underwriters shall have received, on each of the date hereof and the Closing Date, a letter dated the
date hereof or the Closing Date, as the case may be, in form and substance satisfactory to the Underwriters, from BPM LLP, independent public accountants, containing statements and information of the type ordinarily included in accountants&#8217;
&#8220;comfort letters&#8221; to underwriters with respect to the financial statements and certain financial information contained in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus; <I>provided</I> that the letter
delivered on the Closing Date shall use a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#8220;cut-off</FONT> date&#8221; not earlier than two business days prior to the Closing Date. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) The <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-up</FONT> Agreements, each substantially in the form of Exhibit B hereto, between
Morgan Stanley and the officers and directors of the Company relating to restrictions on sales and certain other dispositions of or activities in respect of shares of Common Stock or certain other securities, delivered to Morgan Stanley on or before
the date hereof, shall be in full force and effect on the Closing Date. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) The Underwriters shall have received on each
of the date hereof and the Closing Date, a Chief Financial Officer&#8217;s certificate dated the date hereof or the Closing Date, as the case may be, with respect to certain financial data contained in the Prospectus and signed on behalf of the
Company by the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, in form and substance satisfactory to Morgan Stanley. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">22 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) The several obligations of the Underwriters to purchase Additional Shares hereunder are
subject to the delivery to Morgan Stanley on the applicable Option Closing Date of the following: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) a certificate, dated
the Option Closing Date and signed by an executive officer of the Company, confirming that the certificate delivered on the Closing Date pursuant to Section&nbsp;6(b) hereof remains true and correct as of such Option Closing Date; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) an opinion and negative assurance letter of Latham&nbsp;&amp; Watkins LLP, outside counsel for the Company, dated the
Option Closing Date, relating to the Additional Shares to be purchased on such Option Closing Date and otherwise to the same effect as the opinion required by Section&nbsp;6(c) hereof; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) an opinion and negative assurance letter of Goodwin Procter LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, dated the Option Closing
Date, relating to the Additional Shares to be purchased on such Option Closing Date and otherwise to the same effect as the opinion required by Section&nbsp;6(e) hereof; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iv) a letter dated the Option Closing Date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Underwriters, from BPM LLP, independent
public accountants, substantially in the same form and substance as the letter furnished to the Underwriters pursuant to Section&nbsp;6(f) hereof; <I>provided</I> that the letter delivered on the Option Closing Date shall use a <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#8220;cut-off</FONT> date&#8221; not earlier than two business days prior to such Option Closing Date; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v) a certificate, dated the Option Closing Date and signed on behalf of the Company by the Chief Financial Officer of the
Company confirming that the certificate delivered on the Closing Date pursuant to Section&nbsp;6(h) hereof remains true and correct as of such Option Closing Date; and </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(vi) such other documents as Morgan Stanley may reasonably request with respect to the good standing of the Company, the due
authorization and issuance of the Additional Shares to be sold on such Option Closing Date and other matters related to the issuance of such Additional Shares. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">23 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">7. <I>Covenants of the Company</I>. The Company covenants with each Underwriter as follows:
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) To furnish to Morgan Stanley, without charge, eight (8)&nbsp;signed copies of the Registration Statement (including
exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference) and for delivery to each other Underwriter a conformed copy of the Registration Statement (without exhibits thereto but including documents incorporated by reference) and to furnish to Morgan
Stanley in New York City, without charge, prior to 10:00&nbsp;a.m. New York City time on the business day next succeeding the date of this Agreement and during the period mentioned in Section&nbsp;7(e) or 7(f) below, as many copies of the Time of
Sale Prospectus, the Prospectus, any documents incorporated by reference therein and any supplements and amendments thereto or to the Registration Statement as Morgan Stanley may reasonably request. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) Before amending or supplementing the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus, to furnish to
Morgan Stanley a copy of each such proposed amendment or supplement and not to file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which Morgan Stanley reasonably objects, and to file with the Commission within the applicable period specified in
Rule&nbsp;424(b) under the Securities Act any prospectus required to be filed pursuant to such Rule. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) To prepare and
file with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b), as promptly as possible and in any event no later than the Closing, the Prospectus setting forth the amount of Shares covered thereby and the terms thereof not otherwise specified in the preliminary
prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) To furnish to Morgan Stanley a copy of each proposed free writing prospectus to be prepared by or on
behalf of, used by, or referred to by the Company and not to use or refer to any proposed free writing prospectus to which Morgan Stanley reasonably objects. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) Not to take any action that would result in an Underwriter or the Company being required to file with the Commission
pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act a free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of the Underwriter that the Underwriter otherwise would not have been required to file thereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) If the Time of Sale Prospectus is being used to solicit offers to buy the Shares at a time when the Prospectus is not yet
available to prospective purchasers and any event shall occur or condition exist as a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Time of Sale Prospectus in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances, not
misleading, or if any event shall occur or condition exist as a result of which the Time of Sale Prospectus conflicts with the information contained in the Registration Statement then on file, or if, in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters,
it is necessary to amend or supplement the Time of Sale Prospectus to comply with applicable law, forthwith to prepare, file with the Commission and furnish, at its own expense, to the Underwriters and to any dealer upon request, either amendments
or supplements to the Time of Sale Prospectus so that the statements in the Time of Sale Prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not, in the light of the circumstances when the Time of Sale Prospectus is delivered to a prospective purchaser,
be misleading or so that the Time of Sale Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, will no longer conflict with the Registration Statement, or so that the Time of Sale Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, will comply with applicable law. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) If, during such period after the first date of the public offering of
the Shares as in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters the Prospectus (or in lieu thereof the notice referred to in Rule 173(a) of the Securities Act) is required by law to be delivered in connection with sales by an Underwriter or dealer, any
event shall occur or condition exist as a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances when the Prospectus (or in lieu thereof the notice referred to
in Rule 173(a) of the Securities Act) is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading, or if, in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters, it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with applicable law, forthwith to prepare, file
with the Commission and furnish, at its own expense, to the Underwriters and to the dealers (whose names and addresses Morgan Stanley will furnish to the Company) to which Shares may have been sold by Morgan Stanley on behalf of the Underwriters and
to any other dealers upon request, either amendments or supplements to the Prospectus so that the statements in the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not, in the light of the circumstances when the Prospectus (or in lieu thereof the
notice referred to in Rule 173(a) of the Securities Act) is delivered to a purchaser, be misleading or so that the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, will comply with applicable law. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) If required by applicable law, to endeavor to qualify the Shares for offer and sale under the securities or Blue Sky laws
of such jurisdictions as Morgan Stanley shall reasonably request;<I> provided </I>that in no event shall the Company be obligated to qualify to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not now so qualified or to take any action that would subject
it to service of process in suits, other than those arising out of the offering or sale of the Shares, or taxation in any jurisdiction where it is not now so subject. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) To make generally available to the Company&#8217;s security holders and to Morgan Stanley as soon as practicable an
earnings statement covering a period of at least twelve months beginning with the first fiscal quarter of the Company occurring after the date of this Agreement which shall satisfy the provisions of Section&nbsp;11(a) of the Securities Act and the
rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) If any Seller is not a U.S. person for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, the Company will deliver to each Underwriter (or its agent), on or before the Closing Date, (i)&nbsp;a certificate with respect to the Company&#8217;s status as a &#8220;United States real property holding corporation,&#8221; dated not
more than thirty (30)&nbsp;days prior to the Closing Date, as described in Treasury Regulations Sections <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1.897-2(h)</FONT> and 1.1445-2(c)(3), and (ii)&nbsp;proof of delivery to the IRS of the required notice, as
described in Treasury Regulations <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1.897-2(h)(2).</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) If at any time following the
distribution of any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication that is a written communication within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Securities Act there occurred or occurs an
event or development as a result of which such <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication included or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or would omit
to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing at that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company will promptly notify Morgan Stanley and will promptly amend or supplement, at
its own expense, such <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication to eliminate or correct such untrue statement or omission. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company also covenants with each Underwriter that, without the prior written consent of
Morgan Stanley on behalf of the Underwriters, it will not, and will not publicly disclose an intention to, during the period ending 60 days after the date of the Prospectus (the &#8220;<B>Restricted Period</B>&#8221;), (1)&nbsp;offer, pledge, sell,
contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Common Stock or any
securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock or (2)&nbsp;enter into any swap, loan or other arrangement (including, without limitation, any short sale or the purchase or sale of, or entry into, any put or call option,
or combination thereof, forward or any other derivative transaction or instrument, however described or defined) that transfers to another, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Common
Stock, whether any such transaction described in clause 1 or 2 above is to be settled by delivery of Common Stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise, (3)&nbsp;file any registration statement with the Commission relating to the offering
of any shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The restrictions
contained in the preceding paragraph shall not apply to (A)&nbsp;the Shares to be sold hereunder, (B)&nbsp;the issuance by the Company of shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of an option or warrant (including net exercise), settlement of
restricted stock units (including net settlement) or the conversion of a security outstanding on the date hereof as described in each of the Time of Sale Prospectus and Prospectus, (C)&nbsp;the grant of compensatory equity-based awards and/or the
issuance of shares of Common Stock with respect thereto, or the filing of any registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-8</FONT> (including any resale registration statement on Form
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-8)</FONT> relating to securities granted, issued or to be granted pursuant to any equity incentive plans or employment benefit plans described in the Time of Sale Prospectus and Prospectus, (D)&nbsp;Common Stock or
any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, Common Stock, or the entrance into an agreement to issue Common Stock or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, Common Stock, in connection with any
merger, joint venture, strategic alliances, commercial or other collaborative transaction or the acquisition or license of the business, property, technology or other assets of another individual or entity or the assumption of an employee benefit
plan in connection with a merger or acquisition; provided that the aggregate number of Common Stock or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, Common Stock that the Company may issue or agree to issue pursuant to this
clause (D)&nbsp;shall not exceed 10% of the total outstanding share capital of the Company immediately following the issuance of the Shares, (E)&nbsp;facilitating the establishment of a trading plan on behalf of a shareholder, officer or director of
the Company pursuant to Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b5-1</FONT> under the Exchange Act for the transfer of shares of Common Stock, <I>provided</I> that (i)&nbsp;such plan does not provide for the transfer of Common Stock during the
Restricted Period and (ii)&nbsp;to the extent a public announcement or filing </P>
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under the Exchange Act, if any, is required of or voluntarily made by the Company regarding the establishment of such plan, such announcement or filing shall include a statement to the effect
that no transfer of Common Stock may be made under such plan during the Restricted Period or (F)&nbsp;any shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-employee</FONT> director stock plan or dividend reinvestment
plan referred to in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus. If Morgan Stanley, in its sole discretion, agrees to release or waive the restrictions on the transfer of Shares set forth in a <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-up</FONT> Agreement for an officer or director of the Company and provides the Company with notice of the impending release or waiver at least three business days before the effective date of the release or waiver,
the Company agrees to announce the impending release or waiver by a press release substantially in the form of Exhibit B hereto through a major news service at least two business days before the effective date of the release or waiver. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) The Company will use its best efforts to effect and maintain the listing of the Shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">8. <I>Covenants of the Sellers</I>. Each Seller, severally and not jointly, covenants with each Underwriter as follows: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) Each Seller will deliver to each Underwriter (or its agent), prior to or at the Closing Date, a properly completed and
executed Internal Revenue Service (&#8220;<B>IRS</B>&#8221;) Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-9</FONT> or an IRS Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-8,</FONT> as appropriate, together with all required attachments to such form. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) Each Seller will deliver to each Underwriter (or its agent), on the date of execution of this Agreement, a properly
completed and executed Certification Regarding Beneficial Owners of Legal Entity Customers, together with copies of identifying documentation, and each Seller undertakes to provide such additional supporting documentation as each Underwriter may
reasonably request in connection with the verification of the foregoing Certification. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">9. <I>Expenses</I>. Whether or not the
transactions contemplated in this Agreement are consummated or this Agreement is terminated, the Selling Shareholder agrees to pay or cause to be paid all expenses incident to the performance of their and the Company&#8217;s obligations under this
Agreement to the extent such expenses are reasonable, documented and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket,</FONT></FONT> including the following expenses to the extent such expenses are reasonable,
documented and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket:</FONT></FONT> (i)&nbsp;the reasonable and documented fees, disbursements and expenses of the Company&#8217;s counsel, the Company&#8217;s accountants and
counsel for the Selling Shareholder in connection with the registration and delivery of the Shares under the Securities Act and all other fees or expenses in connection with the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, any preliminary
prospectus, the Time of Sale Prospectus, the Prospectus, any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of, used by, or referred to by the Company and amendments and supplements to any of the foregoing, including all printing costs associated
therewith, and the mailing and delivering of copies thereof to the Underwriters and dealers, in the quantities hereinabove specified, (ii)&nbsp;all costs and expenses related to the transfer and </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">27 </P>

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delivery of the Shares to the Underwriters, including any transfer or other taxes payable thereon, (iii)&nbsp;the cost of printing or producing any Blue Sky or Legal Investment memorandum in
connection with the offer and sale of the Shares under state securities laws and all expenses in connection with the qualification of the Shares for offer and sale under state securities laws as provided in Section&nbsp;7(g) hereof, including filing
fees and the reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters in connection with such qualification and in connection with the Blue Sky or Legal Investment memorandum (<I>provided </I>that such reasonable and
documented fees and disbursements of counsel to the Underwriters pursuant to this clause (iii)&nbsp;shall not exceed $5,000), (iv)&nbsp;all filing fees and the reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of counsel to the Underwriters incurred
in connection with the review and qualification of the offering of the Shares by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (<I>provided </I>that such reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of counsel to the Underwriters pursuant to this
clause (iv)&nbsp;shall not exceed $15,000), (v)&nbsp;all costs and expenses incident to listing the Shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, (vi)&nbsp;the cost of printing certificates representing the Shares, (vii)&nbsp;the costs and charges of
any transfer agent, registrar or depositary, (viii)&nbsp;the costs and expenses of the Company relating to investor presentations on any &#8220;road show&#8221; undertaken in connection with the marketing of the offering of the Shares, including,
without limitation, expenses associated with the preparation or dissemination of any electronic road show, expenses associated with the production of road show slides and graphics, fees and expenses of any consultants engaged in connection with the
road show presentations with the prior approval of the Company, travel and lodging expenses of the representatives and officers of the Company and any such consultants, and the cost of any aircraft chartered in connection with the road show,
(ix)&nbsp;the document production charges and expenses associated with printing this Agreement and (x)&nbsp;all other costs and expenses incident to the performance of the obligations of the Company and the Selling Shareholder hereunder for which
provision is not otherwise made in this Section; <I>provided</I>&nbsp;that, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, (A)&nbsp;all such expenses invoiced and payable by the Selling Shareholder under this Section&nbsp;9 as of the
Closing Date (the &#8220;<B>Company Expenses</B>&#8221;) shall be paid solely out of, and netted against, the proceeds otherwise payable to the Selling Shareholder from the sale of the Shares on the Closing Date, (B)&nbsp;on or prior to the Closing
Date, the Company shall deliver to the Selling Shareholder a good-faith estimate of all expenses described in this Section&nbsp;9 that remain unpaid or uninvoiced as of the Closing Date but that are expected to be incurred or invoiced following the
Closing Date, and (C)&nbsp;the actual amounts of expenses payable by the Selling Shareholder under this Section&nbsp;9 not incurred or invoiced as of the Closing Date shall be paid by the Selling Shareholder directly to the Company promptly (but in
no event later than 10 business days) following the delivery of an invoice for such expenses to the Selling Shareholder. It is understood, however, that the Selling Shareholder shall not be required to pay the cost of any other matters not directly
relating to the sale and purchase of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement, and except as provided in this Section, Section&nbsp;11 entitled &#8220;Indemnity and Contribution&#8221; and the last paragraph of Section&nbsp;13 below, the Underwriters
will pay all of their costs and expenses, including fees and disbursements of their counsel, stock transfer taxes payable on resale of any of the Shares by them and any advertising expenses connected with any offers they may make. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The provisions of this Section shall not supersede or otherwise affect any agreement that
the Sellers may otherwise have for the allocation of such expenses among themselves. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">10. <I>Covenants of the Underwriters</I>. Each
Underwriter, severally and not jointly, covenants with the Company not to take any action that would result in the Company being required to file with the Commission under Rule 433(d) a free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of such
Underwriter that otherwise would not be required to be filed by the Company thereunder, but for the action of the Underwriter. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">11.
<I>Indemnity and Contribution</I>. (a)&nbsp;The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, each person, if any, who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of either Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20
of the Exchange Act, and each affiliate of any Underwriter within the meaning of Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act and their respective directors, officers and employees from and against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities
(including, without limitation, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with defending or investigating any such action or claim) that arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a
material fact contained in the Registration Statement or any amendment thereof, any preliminary prospectus, the Time of Sale Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, any issuer free writing prospectus as defined in Rule 433(h) under the
Securities Act, any Company information that the Company has filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act, any &#8220;road show&#8221; as defined in Rule 433(h) under the Securities Act (a &#8220;road show&#8221;),
the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication, or arise out of, or are based upon, any omission or alleged omission to
state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, except insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities arise out of, or are based upon, any such untrue statement or
omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with any information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by such Underwriter through Morgan Stanley expressly for use therein, it
being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by the Underwriters through Morgan Stanley consists of the information described as such in paragraph (c)&nbsp;below. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) The Selling Shareholder agrees to indemnify and hold harmless (i)&nbsp;the Company, its directors, its officers who sign
the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of either Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act, and (ii)&nbsp;each Underwriter and each person, if any, who
controls any Underwriter within the meaning of either Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act, and each affiliate of any Underwriter within the meaning of Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act and their
respective directors, officers and employees, from and against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities (including, without limitation, any legal or other </P>
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expenses reasonably incurred in connection with defending or investigating any such action or claim) that arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a
material fact contained in the Registration Statement or any amendment thereof, any preliminary prospectus, the Time of Sale Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, any issuer free writing prospectus as defined in Rule 433(h) under the
Securities Act, any road show, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication (any such document, an &#8220;<B>Offering
Document</B>&#8221;) or arise out of, or are based upon, any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, in each case to the extent, but only
to the extent, that such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission was made in any Offering Document in reliance upon and in conformity with the Selling Shareholder Information. The &#8220;<B>Selling Shareholder
Information</B>&#8221; shall mean (i)&nbsp;the legal name, address and the number of Shares owned by such Selling Shareholder before and after the offering and (ii)&nbsp;the other information with respect to such Selling Shareholder (excluding
percentages) which appear in the table (and corresponding footnotes) under the caption &#8220;Selling Stockholder.&#8221; The liability of the Selling Shareholder under the indemnity agreement contained in this paragraph shall be limited to an
amount equal to the net proceeds (after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions but before deducting expenses) received by such Selling Shareholder from the sale of Shares hereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) Each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, the Selling Shareholder,
the directors of the Company, the officers of the Company who sign the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company or the Selling Shareholder within the meaning of either Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or
Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act from and against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities (including, without limitation, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with defending or investigating any such action or
claim) that arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or any amendment thereof, any preliminary prospectus, the Time of Sale Prospectus or any
amendment or supplement thereto, any issuer free writing prospectus as defined in Rule 433(h) under the Securities Act, any Company information that the Company has filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act, any
road show, or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, or arise out of, or are based upon, any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not
misleading, but only with reference to information relating to such Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by such Underwriter through Morgan Stanley expressly for use in the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus, the Time of
Sale Prospectus, any issuer free writing prospectus, road show or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the following information
in the Prospectus furnished on behalf of each Underwriter: the selling concession amount appearing in the third paragraph under the caption &#8220;Underwriting&#8221;, and the information concerning stabilization in the fourteenth paragraph under
the caption &#8220;Underwriting&#8221; (the &#8220;<B>Underwriter Information</B>&#8221;). </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) In case any proceeding (including any governmental investigation) shall
be instituted involving any person in respect of which indemnity may be sought pursuant to Section&nbsp;11(a), 11(b) or 11(c), such person (the &#8220;<B>indemnified party</B>&#8221;) shall promptly notify the person against whom such indemnity may
be sought (the &#8220;<B>indemnifying party</B>&#8221;) in writing and the indemnifying party, upon request of the indemnified party, shall retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified party and any
others the indemnifying party may designate in such proceeding and shall pay the fees and disbursements of such counsel related to such proceeding. In any such proceeding, any indemnified party shall have the right to retain its own counsel, but the
fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (i)&nbsp;the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall have mutually agreed to the retention of such counsel or (ii)&nbsp;the named parties to any
such proceeding (including any impleaded parties) include both the indemnifying party and the indemnified party and representation of both parties by the same counsel would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interests between
them. It is understood that the indemnifying party shall not, in respect of the legal expenses of any indemnified party in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the fees and expenses of more
than one separate firm (in addition to any local counsel) for all such indemnified parties and that all such fees and expenses shall be reimbursed as they are incurred. In the case of any such separate firm for the Underwriters and such control
persons and affiliates of any Underwriters, such firm shall be designated in writing by Morgan Stanley. In the case of any such separate firm for the Company, and such directors, officers and control persons of the Company, such firm shall be
designated in writing by the Company. In the case of any such separate firm for the Selling Shareholder and such control persons of the Selling Shareholder, such firm shall be designated in writing by the Selling Shareholder. The indemnifying party
shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent, but if settled with such consent or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the indemnifying party agrees to indemnify the indemnified party from
and against any loss or liability by reason of such settlement or judgment. Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, if at any time an indemnified party shall have requested an indemnifying party to reimburse the indemnified party for fees and
expenses of counsel as contemplated by the second and third sentences of this paragraph, the indemnifying party agrees that it shall be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent if (i)&nbsp;such settlement is
entered into more than 30 days after receipt by such indemnifying party of the aforesaid request and (ii)&nbsp;such indemnifying party shall not have reimbursed the indemnified party in accordance with such request prior to the date of such
settlement. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened proceeding in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have been a party and indemnity
could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party, unless such settlement includes an unconditional release of such indemnified party from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of such proceeding, does not include a statement
as to, or an admission of fault, wrongdoing, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) To the extent the indemnification provided for in Section&nbsp;11(a),
11(b) or 11(c) is unavailable to an indemnified party or insufficient in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to therein, then each indemnifying party under such paragraph, in lieu of indemnifying such indemnified party
thereunder, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (i)&nbsp;in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the
indemnifying party or parties on the one hand and the indemnified party or parties on the other hand from the offering of the Shares or (ii)&nbsp;if the allocation provided by clause&nbsp;11(e)(i) above is not permitted by applicable law, in such
proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause&nbsp;11(e)(i) above but also the relative fault of the indemnifying party or parties on the one hand and of the indemnified party or parties on the other
hand in connection with the statements or omissions that resulted in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits received by the Sellers on the one hand and the
Underwriters on the other hand in connection with the offering of the Shares shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the net proceeds from the offering of the Shares (before deducting expenses) received by each Seller and the
total underwriting discounts and commissions received by the Underwriters, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover of the Prospectus, bear to the aggregate Public Offering Price of the Shares. The relative fault of the Sellers on the one
hand and the Underwriters on the other hand shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to
information supplied by the Sellers or by the Underwriters and the parties&#8217; relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Underwriters&#8217; respective obligations to
contribute pursuant to this Section&nbsp;11 are several in proportion to the respective number of Shares they have purchased hereunder, and not joint. The liability of the Selling Shareholder under the contribution agreement contained in this
paragraph shall be limited to an amount equal to the net proceeds (after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions but before deducting expenses) received by such Selling Shareholder from the sale of Shares hereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) The Sellers and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just or equitable if contribution pursuant to this
Section&nbsp;11 were determined by <I>pro rata</I> allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation that does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to in
Section&nbsp;11(e). The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the losses, claims, damages and liabilities referred to in Section&nbsp;11(e) shall be deemed to include, subject to the limitations set forth above, any legal or
other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section&nbsp;11, no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any amount in
excess of the amount by which the total price at which the Shares </P>
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underwritten by it and distributed to the public were offered to the public exceeds the amount of any damages that such Underwriter has otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or
alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such
fraudulent misrepresentation. The remedies provided for in this Section&nbsp;11 are not exclusive and shall not limit any rights or remedies which may otherwise be available to any indemnified party at law or in equity. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) The indemnity and contribution provisions contained in this Section&nbsp;11 and the representations, warranties and other
statements of the Company and the Selling Shareholder contained in this Agreement shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of (i)&nbsp;any termination of this Agreement, (ii)&nbsp;any investigation made by or on behalf of any
Underwriter, any person controlling any Underwriter or any affiliate of any Underwriter, or by or on behalf of the Selling Shareholder or any person controlling the Selling Shareholder, or by or on behalf of the Company, its officers or directors or
any person controlling the Company and (iii)&nbsp;acceptance of and payment for any of the Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">12. <I>Termination</I>. The
Underwriters may terminate this Agreement by notice given by Morgan Stanley to the Company, if after the execution and delivery of this Agreement and prior to or on the Closing Date or any Option Closing Date, as the case may be, (i)&nbsp;trading
generally shall have been suspended or materially limited on, or by, as the case may be, any of the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Chicago Board of Options Exchange, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange
or the Chicago Board of Trade, (ii)&nbsp;trading of any securities of the Company shall have been suspended on any exchange or in any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">over-the-counter</FONT></FONT> market,
(iii)&nbsp;a material disruption in securities settlement, payment or clearance services in the United States shall have occurred, (iv)&nbsp;any moratorium on commercial banking activities shall have been declared by Federal or New York State
authorities or (v)&nbsp;there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities, or any change in financial markets, or any calamity or crisis that, in Morgan Stanley&#8217;s judgment, is material and adverse and which, singly or
together with any other event specified in this clause&nbsp;(v), makes it, in Morgan Stanley&#8217;s judgment, impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offer, sale or delivery of the Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the
Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">13. <I>Effectiveness; Defaulting Underwriters</I>. This Agreement shall become effective upon
the execution and delivery hereof by the parties hereto. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If, on the Closing Date or an Option Closing Date, as the case may be, any one
or more of the Underwriters shall fail or refuse to purchase Shares that it has or they have agreed to purchase hereunder on such date, and the aggregate number of Shares which such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters agreed but failed or refused
to purchase is not more than <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-tenth</FONT> of the aggregate number of the Shares to be purchased on such date, the other Underwriters shall be obligated severally in the proportions that the number of Firm Shares
set forth opposite their respective names in Schedule&nbsp;II bears to </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">33 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
the aggregate number of Firm Shares set forth opposite the names of all such <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters, or in such other proportions as Morgan Stanley
may specify, to purchase the Shares which such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters agreed but failed or refused to purchase on such date; <I>provided</I> that in no event shall the number of Shares that any Underwriter has agreed to purchase
pursuant to this Agreement be increased pursuant to this Section&nbsp;13 by an amount in excess of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-ninth</FONT> of such number of Shares without the written consent of such Underwriter. If, on the Closing Date,
any Underwriter or Underwriters shall fail or refuse to purchase Firm Shares and the aggregate number of Firm Shares with respect to which such default occurs is more than <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-tenth</FONT> of the aggregate number of
Firm Shares to be purchased on such date, and arrangements satisfactory to Morgan Stanley, the Company and the Selling Shareholder for the purchase of such Firm Shares are not made within 36 hours after such default, this Agreement shall terminate
without liability on the part of any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriter, the Company or the Selling Shareholder. In any such case either Morgan Stanley or the relevant Sellers shall have the right to postpone the
Closing Date, but in no event for longer than seven days, in order that the required changes, if any, in the Registration Statement, in the Time of Sale Prospectus, in the Prospectus or in any other documents or arrangements may be effected. If, on
an Option Closing Date, any Underwriter or Underwriters shall fail or refuse to purchase Additional Shares and the aggregate number of Additional Shares with respect to which such default occurs is more than
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-tenth</FONT> of the aggregate number of Additional Shares to be purchased on such Option Closing Date, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters shall have the option to
(i)&nbsp;terminate their obligation hereunder to purchase the Additional Shares to be sold on such Option Closing Date or (ii)&nbsp;purchase not less than the number of Additional Shares that such
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters would have been obligated to purchase in the absence of such default. Any action taken under this paragraph shall not relieve any defaulting Underwriter from liability in respect of
any default of such Underwriter under this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If this Agreement shall be terminated by the Underwriters, or any of them, because
of any failure or refusal on the part of any Seller to comply with the terms or to fulfill any of the conditions of this Agreement, or if for any reason any Seller shall be unable to perform its obligations under this Agreement, the Sellers will
reimburse the Underwriters or such Underwriters as have so terminated this Agreement with respect to themselves, severally, for all <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses (including the
fees and disbursements of their counsel) reasonably incurred by such Underwriters in connection with this Agreement or the offering contemplated hereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">14. <I>Entire Agreement</I>. (a)&nbsp;This Agreement, together with any contemporaneous written agreements and any prior written agreements (to
the extent not superseded by this Agreement) that relate to the offering of the Shares, represents the entire agreement between the Company and the Selling Shareholder, on the one hand, and the Underwriters, on the other, with respect to the
preparation of any preliminary prospectus, the Time of Sale Prospectus, the Prospectus, the conduct of the offering, and the purchase and sale of the Shares. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">34 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) The Company and the Selling Shareholder acknowledge that in connection
with the offering of the Shares: (i)&nbsp;the Underwriters have acted at arm&#8217;s length, are not agents of, and owe no fiduciary duties to, the Company, the Selling Shareholder or any other person, (ii)&nbsp;the Underwriters owe the Company and
the Selling Shareholder only those duties and obligations set forth in this Agreement, any contemporaneous written agreements and prior written agreements (to the extent not superseded by this Agreement), if any, (iii)&nbsp;the Underwriters may have
interests that differ from those of the Company and the Selling Shareholder, and (iv)&nbsp;none of the activities of the Underwriters in connection with the transactions contemplated herein constitutes a recommendation, investment advice, or
solicitation of any action by the Underwriters with respect to any entity or natural person. The Company and the Selling Shareholder waive to the full extent permitted by applicable law any claims it may have against the Underwriters arising from an
alleged breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the offering of the Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) The Selling Shareholder further
acknowledges and agrees that, although the Underwriters may provide the Selling Shareholder with certain Regulation Best Interest and Form CRS disclosures or other related documentation in connection with the offering, the Underwriters are not
making a recommendation to the Selling Shareholder to participate in the offering or sell any Shares at the Purchase Price, and nothing set forth in such disclosures or documentation is intended to suggest that any Underwriter is making such a
recommendation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">15. <I>Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes</I>. (a)&nbsp;In the event that any Underwriter that is a
Covered Entity becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer from such Underwriter of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the
transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and any such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United State. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) In the event that any Underwriter that is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate of such Underwriter becomes subject to a
proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against such Underwriter are permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S.
Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For purposes
of this Section a &#8220;<B>BHC Act Affiliate</B>&#8221; has the meaning assigned to the term &#8220;affiliate&#8221; in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. &#167; 1841(k). &#8220;<B>Covered Entity</B>&#8221; means any of the
following: (i)&nbsp;a &#8220;covered entity&#8221; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167; 252.82(b); (ii) a &#8220;covered bank&#8221; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12
C.F.R. &#167; 47.3(b); or (iii)&nbsp;a &#8220;covered FSI&#8221; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167; 382.2(b). &#8220;<B>Default Right</B>&#8221; has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be
interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;&#167; 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable. &#8220;<B>U.S. Special Resolution Regime</B>&#8221; means each of (i)&nbsp;the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and
(ii)&nbsp;Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">35 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">16. <I>Counterparts; Electronic Signatures</I>. This Agreement may be signed in two or more
counterparts, each of which shall be an original, with the same effect as if the signatures thereto and hereto were upon the same instrument. Counterparts may be delivered via facsimile, electronic mail (including any electronic signature covered by
the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, the Electronic Signatures and Records Act or other applicable law, e.g., www.docusign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart so delivered shall be deemed to have
been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">17. <I>Applicable Law</I>. This Agreement shall be governed by
and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">18. <I>Headings</I>. The headings of the sections of this
Agreement have been inserted for convenience of reference only and shall not be deemed a part of this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">19. <I>Notices. </I>All
communications hereunder shall be in writing and effective only upon receipt and if to the Underwriters shall be delivered, mailed or sent to Morgan Stanley at 1585&nbsp;Broadway, New York, New York&nbsp;10036, Attention: Equity Syndicate Desk, with
a copy to the Legal and Compliance Division; if to the Company shall be delivered, mailed or sent to PDF Solutions, Inc., 2858 De La Cruz Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95050, and if to the Selling Shareholder shall be delivered, mailed or sent to Advantest
America, Inc. 3061 Zanker Road, San Jose, CA 95134, Attention: Keith Hardwick, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">E-mail:</FONT> keith.hardwick@advantest.com. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><I>[Remainder of page intentionally left blank] </I></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">36 </P>

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 <DIV ALIGN="right">
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<TD WIDTH="7%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="92%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Very truly yours,</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Adnan Raza</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Name:Adnan Raza</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Title:Chief Financial Officer</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">37 </P>

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<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SELLING SHAREHOLDER,</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Advantest America, Inc.</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Keith Hardwick</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Name:Keith Hardwick</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Title:Chief Executive Officer</TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="92%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Accepted as of the date hereof</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Morgan Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Acting on behalf of itself and the several Underwriters named in Schedule&nbsp;II hereto</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Morgan Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Diana Doyle</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Name:Diana Doyle</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Title:Managing Director</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>SCHEDULE&nbsp;I </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="84%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="9%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; display:table-cell; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><B>Selling Shareholder</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Number&nbsp;of&nbsp;Firm&nbsp;Shares<BR>To Be Sold</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Advantest America, Inc.</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">3,306,924</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="32"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="32" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:3.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Total:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">3,306,924</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>SCHEDULE&nbsp;II </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="89%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="4%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; display:table-cell; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><B>Underwriter</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Number&nbsp;of&nbsp;Firm<BR>Shares To Be<BR>Purchased</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Morgan Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">2,055,740</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Wells Fargo Securities, LLC</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">730,929</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SG Americas Securities, LLC</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">593,880</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Needham&nbsp;&amp; Company, LLC</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">502,514</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Rosenblatt Securities Inc.</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">228,415</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">D.A. Davidson&nbsp;&amp; Co.</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">228,415</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Northland Securities, Inc</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">228,415</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:3.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Total:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">4,568,308</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">II-1 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>SCHEDULE&nbsp;III </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Time of Sale Prospectus </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">1.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Preliminary Prospectus issued May&nbsp;13, 2026 </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">2.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Pricing Information: </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Public Offering Price: $44.00 per share </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Firm Shares to be sold by the Company: 1,261,384 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Firm Shares to be sold by the Selling Shareholder: 3,306,924 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Additional Shares to be sold by the Company: 685,246 </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">III-1 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>SCHEDULE&nbsp;IV </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communications </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company&#8217;s investor presentation, dated as of May&nbsp;12, 2026. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>EXHIBIT&nbsp;A </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>FORM OF <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">LOCK-UP</FONT> AGREEMENT </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">May&#8195;, 2026 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Morgan Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co.
LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As representatives of the several Underwriters </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">c/o</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Morgan Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1585 Broadway </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10036
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned
understands that Morgan Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC (&#8220;<B>Morgan Stanley</B>&#8221;) proposes to enter into an Underwriting Agreement (the &#8220;<B>Underwriting Agreement</B>&#8221;) with PDF Solutions, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the
&#8220;<B>Company</B>&#8221;) and the selling stockholder named therein, providing for the public offering (the &#8220;<B>Public Offering</B>&#8221;) by the several Underwriters named therein, including Morgan Stanley (the
&#8220;<B>Underwriters</B>&#8221;), of shares (the &#8220;<B>Shares</B>&#8221;) of the common stock, par value $0.00015 per share, of the Company (the &#8220;<B>Common Stock</B>&#8221;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">To induce the Underwriters that may participate in the Public Offering to continue their efforts in connection with the Public Offering, the
undersigned hereby agrees that, without the prior written consent of Morgan Stanley on behalf of the Underwriters, it will not, and will not publicly disclose an intention to, during the period commencing on the date hereof and ending immediately
after the close of the Trading Day occurring on the 60<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP> day after the date of the final prospectus (the &#8220;<B>Prospectus</B>&#8221;) relating to the Public Offering (the &#8220;<B>60</B><B><SUP
STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP></B><B> Day</B>&#8221;) or, if the 60<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP> Day is not a Trading Day, ending immediately after the close of the last Trading Day immediately preceding
the 60<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP> Day (such period of time between the date hereof and, as the case may be, the 60<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP> Day or the last Trading Day immediately preceding
the 60<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP> Day, referred to herein as the &#8220;<B>Restricted Period</B>&#8221;), (1)&nbsp;offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or
contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Common Stock owned or hereafter acquired by the undersigned or with respect to which the undersigned
has or hereafter acquires the power of disposition (including, without limitation, Common Stock or such other securities which may be deemed to be beneficially owned (as such term is used in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13d-3</FONT> of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;<B>Exchange Act</B>&#8221;))) and securities which may be issued upon exercise of a stock option or warrant by the undersigned or any other securities so owned convertible into or exercisable
or exchangeable for Common Stock or (2)&nbsp;enter into any hedging, swap, loan or other arrangement (including, without limitation, any short sale or the purchase or sale of, or entry into, any put or call option, or combination thereof, forward or
any other derivative transaction or instrument, however described or defined) that transfers to </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
another, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Common Stock, whether any such transaction described in clause&nbsp;(1) or
(2)&nbsp;above is to be settled by delivery of Common Stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise. The undersigned acknowledges and agrees that the foregoing precludes the undersigned from engaging in any hedging or other transactions
designed or intended, or which could reasonably be expected to lead to or result in, a sale or disposition of any Common Stock, or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock, even if any such sale or disposition
transaction or transactions would be made or executed by or on behalf of someone other than the undersigned. For purposes of this letter agreement (this &#8220;<B>Agreement</B>&#8221;), a &#8220;<B>Trading Day</B>&#8221; is a day on which the Nasdaq
Global Select Market is open for the buying and selling of securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The foregoing shall not apply to the following, <I>provided</I>
that in the case of any transfer or distribution pursuant to clauses (b)&nbsp;and (c) below, (A)&nbsp;each donee, devisee, trustee, distributee or transferee, as the case may be, shall sign and deliver a
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement substantially in the form of this Agreement for the balance of the Restricted Period, (B)&nbsp;any such transfer shall not involve a disposition for value, (C)&nbsp;such transfers are not
required to be reported during the Restricted Period in a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section&nbsp;16(a) of the Exchange Act on Form 4 or Form 5 (or, in the case of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">sub-clause</FONT>
(b)(i)-(viii) or clause (c), any filing, if required, shall indicate in the footnotes thereto that the filing relates to circumstances described in the relevant <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">sub-clause)</FONT> and (D)&nbsp;the undersigned does
not otherwise voluntarily effect any public filing or report regarding such transfers: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) transactions relating to shares of Common
Stock or other securities acquired in open market transactions after the closing date of the Public Offering, <I>provided</I> that no public report or filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission is voluntarily made during the Restricted
Period (and if such a filing is required, such filing must disclose that such transfer was made pursuant to a valid exemption from this Agreement), </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) transfers, dispositions or distributions of shares of Common Stock or any security convertible into Common Stock as: (i)&nbsp;a bona fide
gift, including, without limitation, to a charitable organization or educational institution, or for bona fide<I> </I>estate or tax planning purposes, (ii)&nbsp;by will, testamentary document or intestacy, (iii)&nbsp;by operation of law, such as
pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order, divorce settlement, divorce decree or separation agreement, (iv)&nbsp;pursuant to an order of a court or regulatory agency having jurisdiction over the undersigned, (v)&nbsp;to any corporation,
partnership, limited liability company or other entity of which the undersigned or the immediate family of the undersigned (as defined in FINRA Rule 5130(i)(5)) are the legal and beneficial owner of all of the outstanding equity securities or
similar interests, (vi)&nbsp;to any member of the undersigned&#8217;s immediate family or to any trust, partnership, limited liability company or other entity for the direct or indirect benefit of the undersigned and/or any member of the
undersigned&#8217;s immediate family, or if the undersigned is a trust, to a trustor or beneficiary of the trust or to the estate of the beneficiary of such trust, (vii)&nbsp;to any nominee or custodian of a person or entity to whom a disposition or
transfer would be permissible under clauses (i)&nbsp;through (vi) above, or (viii)&nbsp;to the Company upon the undersigned&#8217;s death, disability or termination of employment or other service relationship with the Company; <I>provided </I>that
such Common Stock was issued to the undersigned pursuant to an agreement or equity award granted pursuant to an employee benefit plan, option, warrant or other right disclosed in the Prospectus, </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) if the undersigned is not an individual, distributions of shares of Common Stock or any
security convertible into Common Stock to: (i)&nbsp;another corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust or other business entity that is an affiliate (as defined in Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended) of
the undersigned, or to any investment fund or other entity controlling, controlled by, managing or managed by or under common control with the undersigned or affiliates of the undersigned (including, for the avoidance of doubt, where the undersigned
is a partnership, to its general partner or a successor partnership or fund, or any other funds managed by such partnership), or (ii)&nbsp;as part of a distribution to limited partners, limited liability company members or stockholders of the
undersigned or holders of similar equity interests in the undersigned, </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) facilitating the establishment of a trading plan on behalf of
a stockholder, officer or director of the Company pursuant to Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b5-1</FONT> under the Exchange Act for the transfer of shares of Common Stock, <I>provided</I> that (i)&nbsp;such plan does not provide for the
transfer of Common Stock during the Restricted Period and (ii)&nbsp;to the extent a public announcement or filing under the Exchange Act, if any, is required of or voluntarily made by or on behalf of the undersigned or the Company regarding the
establishment of such plan, such announcement or filing shall include a statement to the effect that no transfer of Common Stock may be made under such plan during the Restricted Period, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) to the Company in connection with the vesting, exercise or settlement of options, warrants, restricted stock units
(&#8220;<B>RSUs</B>&#8221;) or other rights to purchase shares of Common Stock (including, in each case, by way of &#8220;net&#8221; or &#8220;cashless&#8221; exercise), including for the payment of exercise price and tax and remittance payments due
as a result of the vesting, exercise or settlement of such options, warrants, RSUs or rights, <I>provided that </I>any shares of Common Stock received upon such vesting, exercise or settlement shall be subject to the terms of this Agreement, and
<I>provided further </I>that any such options, warrants, RSUs or rights are held by the undersigned pursuant to (A)&nbsp;an agreement or (B)&nbsp;equity awards granted under an equity incentive plan, stock purchase plan or other equity award plan
(each, an &#8220;<B>Equity Plan</B>&#8221;), each such agreement or Equity Plan which is described in the Prospectus; <I>provided further</I> that, if any filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section&nbsp;16(a) of the Exchange
Act on Form 4 or Form 5 is required in connection with any such vesting, exercise or settlement, such filing shall indicate in the footnotes thereto that the filing relates to circumstances described in this clause (e), </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) in connection with the sale or other transfer of the undersigned&#8217;s shares of Common Stock to satisfy any tax obligations or payments
(including estimated taxes) due as a result of (A)&nbsp;the exercise of stock options or (B)&nbsp;the settlement of RSUs pursuant to awards granted under an Equity Plan described in the Prospectus, <I>provided that</I>, in each case, any remaining
shares of Common Stock received upon such exercise or settlement shall remain subject to the terms of this Agreement; <I>provided further</I> that, if any filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section&nbsp;16(a) of the Exchange
Act on Form 4 or Form 5 is required in connection with any such sale or other transfer, such filing shall indicate in the footnotes thereto that the filing relates to circumstances described in this clause (f), </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) pursuant to a bona fide third-party tender offer, merger, consolidation or other similar
transaction that is approved by the board of directors of the Company and made to all holders of the Company&#8217;s capital stock involving a Change of Control (as defined below) of the Company (for purposes hereof, &#8220;<B>Change of
Control</B>&#8221; shall mean the transfer (whether by tender offer, merger, consolidation or other similar transaction), in one transaction or a series of related transactions, to a person or group of affiliated persons, of shares of capital stock
if, after such transfer, such person or group of affiliated persons would hold more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Company (or the surviving entity)); <I>provided that </I>in the event that such tender offer, merger,
consolidation or other similar transaction is not completed, the undersigned&#8217;s shares of Common Stock and any other securities subject to this Agreement shall remain subject to the provisions of this Agreement, or </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) the exercise of options, the vesting or settlement of RSUs or other equity awards or the exercise of warrants granted pursuant to Equity
Plans or agreements described in the Prospectus; <I>provided that </I>any shares of Common Stock received upon such vesting, exercise or settlement shall be subject to the terms of this Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In addition, the undersigned agrees that, without the prior written consent of Morgan Stanley on behalf of the Underwriters, it will not,
during the Restricted Period, make any demand for, or exercise any right with respect to, the registration of any shares of Common Stock or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock. The undersigned also agrees
and consents to the entry of stop transfer instructions with the Company&#8217;s transfer agent and registrar against the transfer of the undersigned&#8217;s shares of Common Stock except in compliance with the foregoing restrictions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the undersigned has full power, capacity and authority to enter into this Agreement. The
undersigned understands that the Company and the Underwriters are relying upon this Agreement in proceeding toward consummation of the Public Offering. The undersigned further understands that this Agreement is irrevocable and shall be binding upon
the undersigned&#8217;s heirs, legal representatives, successors and assigns. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned acknowledges and agrees that the
Underwriters have not provided any recommendation or investment advice nor have the Underwriters solicited any action from the undersigned with respect to the Public Offering of the Shares and the undersigned has consulted its own legal, accounting,
financial, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent deemed appropriate. The undersigned further acknowledges and agrees that, although the Underwriters may provide certain Regulation Best Interest and Form CRS disclosures or other related
documentation to the undersigned in connection with the Public Offering, the Underwriters are not making a recommendation to&nbsp;the undersigned to participate in the Public Offering or sell any Shares at the price determined in the Public
Offering, and nothing set forth in such disclosures or documentation is intended to suggest that any Underwriter is making such a recommendation. </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Whether or not the Public Offering actually occurs depends on a number of factors, including
market conditions. Any Public Offering will only be made pursuant to an Underwriting Agreement, the terms of which are subject to negotiation between the Company and the Underwriters. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned understands that, if (i)&nbsp;Morgan Stanley, on the one hand, or the Company, on the other hand, informs the other in
writing, prior to the execution of the Underwriting Agreement, that it has determined not to proceed with the Public Offering, (ii)&nbsp;the Underwriting Agreement (other than the provisions thereof which survive termination) shall terminate or be
terminated prior to payment for and delivery of the securities to be sold thereunder, or (iii)&nbsp;the Underwriting Agreement is not executed on or before May&nbsp;29, 2026 (provided that the Company may, by written notice to the undersigned prior
to such date, extend such date for a period of up to one additional month), then, in each case, this Agreement shall automatically, and without any action on the part of any other party, be of no further force and effect, and the undersigned shall
be automatically released from all obligations under this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with
the laws of the State of New York. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an
original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same agreement. Electronic signatures complying with the New York Electronic Signatures and Records Act (N.Y. State Tech. &#167;&#167;
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">301-309),</FONT> as amended from time to time, or other applicable law will be deemed original signatures for purposes of this Agreement. Transmission by telecopy, electronic mail or other transmission method of an
executed counterpart of this Agreement will constitute due and sufficient delivery of such counterpart. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
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<TD WIDTH="100%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(Name)</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c/o PDF Solutions, Inc.</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">2858 De La Cruz Blvd.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Santa Clara, CA 95050</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">(Address)</TD></TR>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>d121225dex51.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-5.1
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<TITLE>EX-5.1</TITLE>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 5.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD WIDTH="66%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="14%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="18%"></TD></TR>


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<TD VALIGN="bottom" ROWSPAN="6">


<IMG SRC="g121225dsp4.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ROWSPAN="5">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="3" ROWSPAN="5"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">801 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 300</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Redwood City, California 94063</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Tel:&nbsp;+1.650.328.4600&nbsp;Fax:&nbsp;+1.650.463.2600</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">www.lw.com</P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">FIRM / AFFILIATE OFFICES</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Austin</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Milan</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Beijing</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Munich</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Boston</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">New York</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Brussels</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Orange&nbsp;County</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Chicago</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Paris</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Dubai</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Riyadh</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">D&uuml;sseldorf</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">San Diego</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Frankfurt</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">San Francisco</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">May&nbsp;15, 2026</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Hamburg</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Seoul</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Hong&nbsp;Kong</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Silicon Valley</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Houston</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Singapore</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">PDF Solutions, Inc.</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">London</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Tel Aviv</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">2858 De La Cruz Boulevard</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Los&nbsp;Angeles</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Tokyo</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Santa Clara, California 95050</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Madrid</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Washington,&nbsp;D.C.</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Re:&nbsp;<U>Registration Statement&nbsp;No.&nbsp;333-295834;&nbsp;5,253,554 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.00015 per
share</U> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">To the addressee set forth above: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have acted as special counsel to PDF Solutions, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<B><I>Company</I></B>&#8221;), in connection with
(i)&nbsp;the issuance of up to 1,946,630 shares (the &#8220;<B><I>Company Shares</I></B>&#8221;) of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.00015 per share (the&nbsp;&#8220;<B><I>Common Stock</I></B>&#8221;), by the Company and (ii)&nbsp;the
sale of up to 3,306,924 shares (the &#8220;<B><I>Selling Stockholder Shares</I></B>&#8221; and together with the Company Shares, the &#8220;<B><I>Shares</I></B>&#8221;) of Common Stock by the selling stockholder named in the Preliminary Prospectus
(as defined below) and the Prospectus (as defined below). The Shares are included in a registration statement on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Form&nbsp;S-3&nbsp;under</FONT> the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
&#8220;<B><I>Act</I></B>&#8221;), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&#8221;) on May&nbsp;13, 2026 <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(Registration&nbsp;No.&nbsp;333-295834)&nbsp;(the</FONT>
&#8220;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&#8221;), including a base prospectus dated May&nbsp;13, 2026 (the &#8220;<B><I>Base Prospectus</I></B>&#8221;), a preliminary prospectus supplement dated May&nbsp;13, 2026 filed with the Commission
pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act (together with the Base Prospectus, the &#8220;<B><I>Preliminary Prospectus</I></B>&#8221;), and a prospectus supplement dated May&nbsp;13, 2026 filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act
(together with the Base Prospectus, the &#8220;<B><I>Prospectus</I></B>&#8221;). The Shares are being sold pursuant to an underwriting agreement, dated May&nbsp;13, 2026, among the Company, the selling stockholder named therein and Morgan
Stanley&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC, as representative of the several underwriters named therein (the &#8220;<B><I>Underwriting Agreement</I></B>&#8221;). This opinion is being furnished in connection with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Regulation&nbsp;S-K&nbsp;under</FONT> the Act, and no opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus or related Prospectus, other than as
expressly stated herein with respect to the issue of the Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As such counsel, we have examined such matters of fact and questions of
law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your consent, we have relied upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without having independently verified such
factual matters. We are opining herein as to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and we express no opinion with respect to any other laws.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Subject to the foregoing and the other matters set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="7%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">1.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">The Company Shares have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company, and when the
Company Shares shall have been duly registered on the books of the transfer agent and registrar therefor in the name or on behalf of the purchasers and have been issued by the Company against payment therefor (not less than par value) in the
circumstances contemplated by the Underwriting Agreement, the Company Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. In rendering the foregoing opinion, we have assumed that the Company will comply with all applicable notice
requirements regarding uncertificated shares provided in the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
</DIV></Center>


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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>May&nbsp;13, 2026</B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Page 2</B></P>
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<IMG SRC="g121225dsp5.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR></TABLE> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="7%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">2.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">The Selling Stockholder Shares have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company and
are validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This opinion is for your benefit in connection with the Registration
Statement and may be relied upon by you and by persons entitled to rely upon it pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Act. We consent to your filing this opinion as an exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Current Report on <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Form&nbsp;8-K&nbsp;filed</FONT> with the Commission on May&nbsp;15, 2026 and to the reference to our firm in the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus under the heading &#8220;Legal Matters.&#8221; In giving such
consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
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<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Sincerely,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">/s/ Latham&nbsp;&amp; Watkins LLP</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>4
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  <xsd:annotation>
    <xsd:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="pdfs-20260513_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:title="Label Links, all" xlink:type="simple" />
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="pdfs-20260513_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:title="Presentation Links, all" xlink:type="simple" />
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.pdfs.com//20260513/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" id="Role_DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation">
        <link:definition>100000 - Document - Document and Entity Information</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xsd:appinfo>
  </xsd:annotation>
</xsd:schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>pdfs-20260513_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release 2606 Build:20260317.3 -->
<!-- Creation date: 5/15/2026 11:35:01 PM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<link:linkbase
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:labelLink xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link" xlink:type="extended">
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Type</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Document Type</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
  </link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>pdfs-20260513_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release 2606 Build:20260317.3 -->
<!-- Creation date: 5/15/2026 11:35:01 PM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<link:linkbase
    xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.pdfs.com//20260513/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" xlink:href="pdfs-20260513.xsd#Role_DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" xlink:type="simple" />
  <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.pdfs.com//20260513/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation">
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag" order="22.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" order="23.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType" order="25.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
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<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.26.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>May 13, 2026</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001120914<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">May 13,  2026<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-31311<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">25-1701361<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">2858 De La Cruz Boulevard<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Santa Clara<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">CA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">95050<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(408)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">280-7900<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Security 12b Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.00015 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">PDFS<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
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<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14a<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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