10-Q 1 viad201493010-q2.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

ý | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2014
or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 001-11015

Viad Corp
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 36-1169950
State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1850 North Central Avenue, Suite 1900 Phoenix, Arizona |  | 85004-4565
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(602) 207-1000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files.) Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ¨ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ý
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No ý
As of October 31, 2014, there were 20,069,990 shares of Common Stock ($1.50 par value) outstanding.

Table of Contents
INDEX

|  | Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 1
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 4
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 24
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 35
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 36
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 37
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 37
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 37
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 37
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 37
Item 5. | Other Information | 37
Item 6. | Exhibits | 38
SIGNATURES | 38

Table of Contents
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
VIAD CORP
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

| As of
(in thousands, except share data) | September 30, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Assets
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 56,918 |  |  | $ | 45,821 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,018 and $877, respectively | 90,675 |  |  | 61,197 |
Inventories | 36,852 |  |  | 27,993 |
Deferred income taxes | 19,737 |  |  | 20,577 |
Other current assets | 17,051 |  |  | 17,142 |
Total current assets | 221,233 |  |  | 172,730 |
Property and equipment, net | 198,583 |  |  | 190,330 |
Other investments and assets | 34,743 |  |  | 35,026 |
Deferred income taxes | 33,202 |  |  | 29,823 |
Goodwill | 140,661 |  |  | 129,543 |
Other intangible assets, net | 13,547 |  |  | 4,480 |
Total Assets | $ | 641,969 |  |  | $ | 561,932 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 68,746 |  |  | $ | 40,941 |
Customer deposits | 48,075 |  |  | 29,207 |
Accrued compensation | 20,921 |  |  | 15,113 |
Other current liabilities | 37,752 |  |  | 29,169 |
Current portion of debt and capital lease obligations | 23,375 |  |  | 10,903 |
Total current liabilities | 198,869 |  |  | 125,333 |
Long-term capital lease obligations | 623 |  |  | 765 |
Pension and postretirement benefits | 30,435 |  |  | 30,672 |
Other deferred items and liabilities | 46,341 |  |  | 48,619 |
Total liabilities | 276,268 |  |  | 205,389 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Viad stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, $1.50 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 24,934,981 shares issued | 37,402 |  |  | 37,402 |
Additional capital | 583,437 |  |  | 590,862 |
Retained deficit | (28,525 | ) |  | (50,393 | )
Unearned employee benefits and other | 18 |  |  | (21 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |
Unrealized gain on investments | 412 |  |  | 429 |
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments | 20,897 |  |  | 30,847 |
Unrecognized net actuarial loss and prior service credit, net | (11,291 | ) |  | (11,259 | )
Common stock in treasury, at cost, 4,869,691 and 4,618,433 shares, respectively | (249,106 | ) |  | (250,426 | )
Total Viad stockholders’ equity | 353,244 |  |  | 347,441 |
Noncontrolling interest | 12,457 |  |  | 9,102 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 365,701 |  |  | 356,543 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 641,969 |  |  | $ | 561,932 |

Refer to Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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VIAD CORP
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share data) | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exhibition and event services | $ | 188,005 |  |  | $ | 126,744 |  |  | $ | 605,274 |  |  | $ | 538,489 |
Exhibits and environments | 38,657 |  |  | 29,742 |  |  | 125,797 |  |  | 114,571 |
Travel and recreation services | 73,140 |  |  | 63,681 |  |  | 110,763 |  |  | 98,446 |
Total revenue | 299,802 |  |  | 220,167 |  |  | 841,834 |  |  | 751,506 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of services | 228,285 |  |  | 174,230 |  |  | 658,502 |  |  | 598,501 |
Costs of products sold | 38,503 |  |  | 31,989 |  |  | 122,821 |  |  | 114,007 |
Gain on sale of facility and related land | — |  |  | (4,775 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,775 | )
Corporate activities | 3,468 |  |  | 2,034 |  |  | 7,498 |  |  | 4,007 |
Interest income | (81 | ) |  | (122 | ) |  | (200 | ) |  | (397 | )
Interest expense | 462 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 1,069 |  |  | 905 |
Restructuring charges | 238 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 1,814 |  |  | 2,132 |
Goodwill impairment charge | — |  |  | 2,097 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,097 |
Impairment charges | — |  |  | 952 |  |  | 884 |  |  | 952 |
Total costs and expenses | 270,875 |  |  | 207,330 |  |  | 792,388 |  |  | 717,429 |
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 28,927 |  |  | 12,837 |  |  | 49,446 |  |  | 34,077 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (2,623 | ) |  | 3,567 |  |  | 870 |  |  | 10,143 |
Income from continuing operations | 31,550 |  |  | 9,270 |  |  | 48,576 |  |  | 23,934 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations | (979 | ) |  | 3,478 |  |  | 13,023 |  |  | 2,664 |
Net income | 30,571 |  |  | 12,748 |  |  | 61,599 |  |  | 26,598 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (951 | ) |  | (893 | ) |  | (3,355 | ) |  | (425 | )
Net income attributable to Viad | $ | 29,620 |  |  | $ | 11,855 |  |  | $ | 58,244 |  |  | $ | 26,173 |
Diluted income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations attributable to Viad common stockholders | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Discontinued operations attributable to Viad common stockholders | (0.05 | ) |  | 0.14 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.12 |
Net income attributable to Viad common stockholders | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |
Weighted-average outstanding and potentially dilutive common shares | 19,954 |  |  | 20,191 |  |  | 20,174 |  |  | 20,188 |
Basic income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations attributable to Viad common stockholders | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Discontinued operations attributable to Viad common stockholders | (0.05 | ) |  | 0.14 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.12 |
Net income attributable to Viad common stockholders | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |
Weighted-average outstanding common shares | 19,679 |  |  | 19,868 |  |  | 19,832 |  |  | 19,839 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 1.80 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Amounts attributable to Viad common stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 30,756 |  |  | $ | 8,871 |  |  | $ | 48,046 |  |  | $ | 23,840 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations | (1,136 | ) |  | 2,984 |  |  | 10,198 |  |  | 2,333 |
Net income | $ | 29,620 |  |  | $ | 11,855 |  |  | $ | 58,244 |  |  | $ | 26,173 |

Refer to Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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VIAD CORP
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Net income | $ | 30,571 |  |  | $ | 12,748 |  |  | $ | 61,599 |  |  | $ | 26,598 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax(1) | (67 | ) |  | 62 |  |  | (17 | ) |  | 117 |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax(1) | (9,799 | ) |  | 5,331 |  |  | (9,950 | ) |  | (6,092 | )
Amortization of net actuarial gain, net of tax(1) | 183 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 438 |  |  | 511 |
Amortization of prior service credit, net of tax(1) | (252 | ) |  | (140 | ) |  | (470 | ) |  | (420 | )
Comprehensive income | 20,636 |  |  | 18,151 |  |  | 51,600 |  |  | 20,714 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (951 | ) |  | (893 | ) |  | (3,355 | ) |  | (425 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to Viad | $ | 19,685 |  |  | $ | 17,258 |  |  | $ | 48,245 |  |  | $ | 20,289 |

(1) The tax effect on other comprehensive income (loss) is not significant.
Refer to Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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VIAD CORP
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2014 |  | 2013
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 61,599 |  |  | $ | 26,598 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 21,853 |  |  | 21,303 |
Deferred income taxes | (1,291 | ) |  | 2,669 |
Income from discontinued operations | (13,023 | ) |  | (2,664 | )
Restructuring charges | 1,814 |  |  | 2,132 |
Impairment charges | 884 |  |  | 3,049 |
Gain on sale of facility and related land | — |  |  | (4,775 | )
Gains on dispositions of property and other assets | (392 | ) |  | (223 | )
Share-based compensation expense | 1,562 |  |  | 3,569 |
Excess tax benefit from share-based compensation arrangements | (41 | ) |  | (389 | )
Other non-cash items, net | 7,689 |  |  | 3,603 |
Change in operating assets and liabilities (excluding the impact of acquisitions): |  |  |
Receivables | (29,933 | ) |  | (12,173 | )
Inventories | (7,052 | ) |  | (2,161 | )
Accounts payable | 27,301 |  |  | 4,704 |
Restructuring liabilities | (4,268 | ) |  | (3,771 | )
Accrued compensation | 4,053 |  |  | (8,768 | )
Customer deposits | 18,267 |  |  | (5,806 | )
Income taxes payable | 4,273 |  |  | 2,115 |
Other assets and liabilities, net | (11,283 | ) |  | (1,679 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 82,012 |  |  | 27,333 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Proceeds from possessory interest and personal property—discontinued operations | 28,000 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from dispositions of property and other assets | 502 |  |  | 422 |
Capital expenditures | (21,898 | ) |  | (26,927 | )
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired | (40,775 | ) |  | (647 | )
Proceeds from sale of facility and related land | — |  |  | 12,696 |
Proceeds from sale of land - discontinued operations | — |  |  | 1,645 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (34,171 | ) |  | (12,811 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Dividends paid on common stock | (36,374 | ) |  | (6,095 | )
Payments on debt and capital lease obligations | (56,196 | ) |  | (1,027 | )
Proceeds from borrowings | 68,000 |  |  | — |
Common stock purchased for treasury | (11,631 | ) |  | (1,294 | )
Excess tax benefit from share-based compensation arrangements | 41 |  |  | 389 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 1,155 |  |  | 540 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (35,005 | ) |  | (7,487 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (1,739 | ) |  | (1,084 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 11,097 |  |  | 5,951 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 45,821 |  |  | 114,171 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 56,918 |  |  | $ | 120,122 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 6,409 |  |  | $ | 4,299 |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 880 |  |  | $ | 510 |
Property and equipment acquired under capital leases | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | 462 |
Property and equipment purchases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 4,441 |

Refer to Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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VIAD CORP
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying unaudited, condensed consolidated financial statements of Viad Corp (“Viad” or the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements of Viad include the accounts of Viad and all of its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany account balances and transactions between Viad and its subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation.
In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2014.
For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes for the year ended December 31, 2013 included in the Company’s Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 7, 2014.
Nature of Business
Viad’s reportable segments consist of Marketing & Events U.S., Marketing & Events International (collectively, “Marketing & Events Group”) and the Travel & Recreation Group.
Marketing & Events Group
The Marketing & Events Group, comprised of Global Experience Specialists, Inc. and affiliates (“GES”), specializes in all aspects of the design, planning and production of face-to-face events, immersive environments and brand-based experiences for clients, including show organizers, corporate brand marketers and retail shopping centers. In addition, the Marketing & Events Group provides a variety of immersive, entertaining attractions and brand-based experiences, sponsored events, mobile marketing and other branded entertainment and face-to-face marketing solutions for leading consumer brands, movie studios, shopping malls and other clients, as well as for museums and other venues.
On September 16, 2014, the Company acquired Blitz Communications Group Limited and its affiliates (collectively, “Blitz”) for £15 million (approximately $24.4 million) in cash, subject to certain adjustments. Blitz, located in the United Kingdom, is a leading audio-visual staging and creative services provider for the live events industry in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. For additional information, refer to Note 3, Acquisition of Businesses.
On October 7, 2014, the Company acquired onPeak LLC and Travel Planners, Inc. for a purchase price of $43.1 million and $33.9 million, respectively, in cash, subject to certain adjustments. For additional information, refer to Note 21, Subsequent Events.
Travel & Recreation Group
The Travel & Recreation Group consists of Brewster Inc. (“Brewster”), Glacier Park, Inc. (“Glacier Park”) and Alaskan Park Properties, Inc. (“Alaska Denali Travel”). Brewster provides tourism products and experiential services in the Canadian Rockies in Alberta and in other parts of Western Canada. Brewster’s operations include the Banff Gondola, Columbia Icefield Glacier Adventure, Glacier Skywalk (opened May 2014), Banff Lake Cruise, motorcoach services, charter and sightseeing services, inbound package tour operations and hotel operations.
During 2013, Glacier Park, an 80 percent owned subsidiary of Viad, operated five lodges, three motor inns and one four-season resort hotel and provided food and beverage operations, retail operations and tour and transportation services in and around Glacier National Park in Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, Canada. Glacier Park’s concession contract with the U.S. National Park Service (the “Park Service”) for Glacier National Park expired on December 31, 2013. The ongoing operations of Glacier Park as of January 1, 2014 include: Glacier Park Lodge in East Glacier, Montana; Grouse Mountain Lodge in Whitefish, Montana; St. Mary Lodge in St. Mary, Montana; Motel Lake McDonald, an in-holding within Glacier National Park; and the Prince of Wales Hotel in Waterton Lakes National Park. Glacier Park also continues to operate the food and beverage operations and package tour and transportation services with respect to these properties and the retail shops located near Glacier National Park. With regard to Glacier Park’s concession operations within Glacier National Park, refer to Note 20, Discontinued Operations.
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On July 1, 2014, the Company acquired the West Glacier Motel & Cabins, the Apgar Village Lodge and related land, food and beverage services and retail operations (collectively, “West Glacier”). The West Glacier Motel & Cabins is a 32-room property situated on approximately 200 acres at the west entrance of Glacier National Park, and its full-service amenities include a restaurant, grocery store, gift shops, a gas station and employee housing. The Apgar Village Lodge is a 48-room property situated on a 3.8 acre private in-holding inside Glacier National Park with overnight accommodations, a gift shop and employee housing. The purchase price was $16.5 million in cash with a working capital adjustment of $0.3 million, subject to certain adjustments. For additional information, refer to Note 3, Acquisition of Businesses.
Alaska Denali Travel operates the Denali Backcountry Lodge and Denali Cabins. In addition to lodging, Alaska Denali Travel also provides food and beverage operations and package tour and transportation services in and around Denali National Park and Preserve.
Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In April 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. The new guidance changes the criteria for reporting discontinued operations while enhancing disclosures. Under the standard, only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations, such as a disposal of a major geographic area, a major line of business or a major equity method investment, may be presented as discontinued operations. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2014. The Company has not yet determined if the adoption of this new guidance will have a material impact on Viad’s financial condition or results of operations.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The standard establishes a new recognition model that requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is not permitted. The Company has not yet determined if the adoption of this new guidance will have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.
In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide that a Performance Target Could be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period. The new guidance requires that a performance target that affects vesting, and that could be achieved after the requisite service period, be treated as a performance condition. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant date fair value of the award. This update is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2016 and early adoption is permitted. The Company has not yet determined if the adoption of this new guidance will have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.
Note 2. Share-Based Compensation
The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Restricted stock | $ | 653 |  |  | $ | 802 |  |  | $ | 2,066 |  |  | $ | 2,522 |
Performance unit incentive plan (“PUP”) | (600 | ) |  | 347 |  |  | (505 | ) |  | 871 |
Restricted stock units | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 104 |
Stock options | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |
Share-based compensation before income tax benefit | 59 |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | 1,562 |  |  | 3,569 |
Income tax benefit | (17 | ) |  | (445 | ) |  | (587 | ) |  | (1,326 | )
Share-based compensation, net of income tax benefit | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 757 |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | 2,243 |

For the three months ended September 30, 2014, Viad recorded share-based compensation expense of $0.2 million through restructuring expense. For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, Viad recorded a reversal of share-based compensation expense of $0.1 million through restructuring expense.
On January 24, 2014, Viad announced that its Board of Directors declared a special cash dividend of $1.50 per share, or $30.5 million in the aggregate, which was paid on February 14, 2014. In accordance with the mandatory provisions of the 2007
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Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”) and the 1997 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, the Human Resources Committee of Viad’s Board of Directors approved equitable adjustments to the outstanding long-term incentive awards of stock options and PUP awards issued pursuant to those plans in order to prevent the special dividend from diluting the rights of participants under those plans. The equitable adjustment to the outstanding stock options reduced the exercise price and increased the number of shares of common stock underlying such options. The equitable adjustment to the PUP awards reflects the effect of the special dividend, but will be paid only if certain performance goals are met at the end of the 3-year performance period.
The following table summarizes the activity of the outstanding share-based compensation awards:

| Restricted Stock |  | PUP Awards |  | Restricted Stock Units
| Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Units |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Units |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance, December 31, 2013 | 430,899 |  |  | $ | 22.78 |  |  | 299,768 |  |  | $ | 23.46 |  |  | 28,560 |  |  | $ | 22.91 |
Granted | 89,800 |  |  | 23.81 |  |  | 123,300 |  |  | 23.71 |  |  | 6,700 |  |  | 24.95 |
Vested | (137,187 | ) |  | 22.59 |  |  | (94,600 | ) |  | 23.01 |  |  | (9,890 | ) |  | 23.45 |
Forfeited | (17,840 | ) |  | 22.13 |  |  | (7,800 | ) |  | 24.93 |  |  | (500 | ) |  | 27.32 |
Balance, September 30, 2014 | 365,672 |  |  | 23.14 |  |  | 320,668 |  |  | 23.66 |  |  | 24,870 |  |  | 23.16 |

As of September 30, 2014, the unamortized cost of all outstanding restricted stock awards was $3.0 million, which Viad expects to recognize in the consolidated financial statements over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, the Company repurchased 45,711 shares for $1.1 million and 48,937 shares for $1.3 million, respectively, related to tax withholding requirements on vested share-based awards. As of September 30, 2014, there were 912,668 total shares available for future grant in accordance with the provisions of the 2007 Plan.
As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, Viad had liabilities recorded of $2.3 million and $5.9 million, respectively, related to PUP awards. In March 2014, the PUP units granted in 2011 vested and cash payouts totaling $2.9 million were distributed. There were no PUP awards that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2013.
As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, Viad had aggregate liabilities recorded of $0.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively, related to restricted stock unit liability awards. In February 2014, portions of the 2009, 2010 and 2011 restricted stock unit awards vested and cash payouts totaling $0.2 million were distributed. Similarly, in February 2013 portions of the 2009 and 2010 restricted stock unit awards vested and cash payouts of $0.3 million were distributed.
The following table summarizes stock option activity:

| Shares |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Options Exercisable
Options outstanding at December 31, 2013 | 314,323 |  |  | $ | 19.79 |  |  | 314,323 |
Exercised | (66,076 | ) |  | 18.53 |  |  |
Forfeited or expired | (18,522 | ) |  | 35.28 |  |  |
Award modification | 17,865 |  |  | N/A |  |  |
Options outstanding at September 30, 2014 | 247,590 |  |  | $ | 17.82 |  |  | 247,590 |

As of September 30, 2014, there were no unrecognized costs related to non-vested stock option awards. As previously discussed, the equitable adjustment to the outstanding stock options resulting from the February 14, 2014 special cash dividend reduced the exercise price and increased the number of shares of common stock underlying such options as reflected on the “Award modification” line above.
Note 3. Acquisition of Businesses
Blitz
On September 16, 2014, the Company acquired Blitz, which has offices in the United Kingdom and is a leading audio-visual staging and creative services provider for the live events industry in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. The purchase price was £15 million (approximately $24.4 million) in cash, subject to certain adjustments.
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The following table summarizes the preliminary recording of the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Due to the recent timing of the acquisition, we have not yet finalized our purchase price allocation.

(in thousands) |  |  |  |
Purchase price |  |  |  | $ | 24,415 |
Cash acquired |  |  |  | (190 | )
Purchase price, net of cash acquired |  |  |  | $ | 24,225 |
Fair value of net assets acquired: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 264 |  |  |
Inventory |  | 433 |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  | 410 |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  | 5,892 |  |  |
Intangible assets |  | 9,636 |  |  |
Total assets acquired |  | 16,635 |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | 1,232 |  |  |
Accrued liabilities |  | 2,246 |  |  |
Customer deposits |  | 199 |  |  |
Deferred tax liability |  | 767 |  |  |
Revolving credit facility |  | 488 |  |  |
Accrued dilapidations |  | 589 |  |  |
Total liabilities acquired |  | 5,521 |  |  |
Total fair value of net assets acquired |  |  |  | 11,114 |
Excess purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired (“goodwill”) |  |  |  | $ | 13,111 |

Under the acquisition method of accounting, the preliminary purchase price as shown in the table above is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill is included in the Marketing & Events International segment and the primary factor that contributed to a purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill relates to future growth opportunities when combined with our other businesses. The goodwill is deductible for tax purposes over a period of 15 years. The estimated values of current assets and liabilities were based upon their historical costs on the date of acquisition due to their short-term nature. Transaction costs associated with the acquisition of Blitz were $0.7 million and are included in corporate activities in Viad’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Identified intangible assets acquired in the Blitz acquisition totaled $9.6 million and consist of customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trade name. The weighted-average amortization period related to the intangible assets is approximately 7 years.
The results of operations of Blitz have been included in Viad’s condensed consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. During 2014, revenues of $1.9 million and operating income of $0.4 million related to Blitz have been included in Viad’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
West Glacier
On July 1, 2014, the Company acquired West Glacier. The West Glacier Motel & Cabins is a 32-room property situated on approximately 200 acres at the west entrance of Glacier National Park, and its full-service amenities include a restaurant, grocery store, gift shops, a gas station and employee housing. The Apgar Village Lodge is a 48-room property situated on a 3.8 acre private in-holding inside Glacier National Park with overnight accommodations, a gift shop and employee housing. The purchase price was $16.5 million in cash with a working capital adjustment of $0.3 million, subject to certain adjustments. The working capital adjustment relates to the true up of certain current assets and liabilities.
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The following table summarizes the recording of the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Due to the recent timing of the acquisition, these amounts are subject to change within the measurement period as our fair value assessments are finalized.

(in thousands) |  |  |  |
Purchase price paid as: |  |  |  |
Cash |  |  |  | $ | 16,544 |
Working capital adjustment payable |  |  |  | 320 |
Total purchase price |  |  |  | 16,864 |
Fair value of net assets acquired: |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  | $ | 24 |  |  |
Inventory |  | 1,374 |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  | 14,510 |  |  |
Intangible assets |  | 189 |  |  |
Total assets acquired |  | 16,097 |  |  |
Accrued liabilities |  | 35 |  |  |
Customer deposits |  | 402 |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | 64 |  |  |
Total liabilities acquired |  | 501 |  |  |
Total fair value of net assets acquired |  |  |  | 15,596 |
Excess purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired (“goodwill”) |  |  |  | $ | 1,268 |

Under the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price as shown in the table above is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill is included in the Travel & Recreation Group and the primary factor that contributed to the purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill relates to future growth opportunities when combined with our other businesses. The goodwill is deductible for tax purposes over a period of 15 years. The estimated values of current assets and liabilities were based upon their historical costs on the date of acquisition due to their short-term nature. Transaction costs associated with the acquisition of West Glacier were $0.2 million and are included in corporate activities in Viad’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Identified intangible assets acquired in the West Glacier acquisition totaled $0.2 million and consist primarily of favorable lease contracts. The weighted-average amortization period related to the definite lived intangible assets is 3.6 years.
The results of operations of West Glacier have been included in Viad’s condensed consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. During 2014, revenues of $4.5 million and operating income of $2.0 million related to West Glacier have been included in Viad’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Supplementary pro forma financial information
The following table summarizes the unaudited pro forma results of operations attributable to Viad, assuming that the acquisitions above had each been completed on January 1, 2013:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Revenue |  | $ | 302,362 |  |  | $ | 228,080 |  |  | $ | 856,462 |  |  | $ | 771,241 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 8,794 |  |  | 8,328 |  |  | 24,969 |  |  | 24,468 |
Income from continuing operations |  | 31,003 |  |  | 8,787 |  |  | 47,427 |  |  | 22,562 |
Net income attributable to Viad |  | 29,075 |  |  | 11,294 |  |  | 57,119 |  |  | 24,743 |
Diluted net income per share |  | 1.45 |  |  | 0.56 |  |  | 2.82 |  |  | 1.22 |
Basic net income per share |  | 1.45 |  |  | 0.56 |  |  | 2.82 |  |  | 1.22 |

Pro forma net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 was adjusted to exclude transaction costs associated with the acquisition of Blitz and West, which were $0.7 million and $0.2 million, respectively. These costs were included in the pro forma net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2013.
In February 2013, Viad acquired the assets of Resource Creative Limited (“RCL”) for $0.6 million in cash. RCL is a United Kingdom-based company specializing in providing creative graphic services to the exhibition, events and retail markets throughout the United Kingdom and continental Europe. The purchase price is subject to certain adjustments, plus a deferred payment of up to approximately £0.2 million, which is contingent upon RCL’s achievement of certain net revenue targets between the acquisition date and December 31, 2014. RCL exceeded the first net revenue target for the period ended December 31, 2013 and, consequently, a deferred payment installment in the amount of $0.2 million (£0.1 million) was paid in March 2014.
Note 4. Inventories
The components of inventories consisted of the following as of the respective periods:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Raw materials | $ | 17,610 |  |  | $ | 14,825 |
Work in process | 19,242 |  |  | 13,168 |
Inventories | $ | 36,852 |  |  | $ | 27,993 |

Note 5. Other Current Assets
Other current assets consisted of the following as of the respective periods:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Income tax receivable | $ | 1,952 |  |  | $ | 2,035 |
Prepaid insurance | 2,703 |  |  | 2,260 |
Prepaid software maintenance | 2,434 |  |  | 1,946 |
Prepaid vendor payments | 2,382 |  |  | 2,008 |
Prepaid rent | 1,561 |  |  | 284 |
Prepaid other | 3,623 |  |  | 5,031 |
Other | 2,396 |  |  | 3,578 |
Other current assets | $ | 17,051 |  |  | $ | 17,142 |

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Note 6. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment consisted of the following as of the respective periods:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Land and land interests | $ | 30,707 |  |  | $ | 23,646 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements | 139,083 |  |  | 139,889 |
Equipment and other | 322,719 |  |  | 294,409 |
Gross property and equipment | 492,509 |  |  | 457,944 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (293,926 | ) |  | (267,614 | )
Property and equipment, net | $ | 198,583 |  |  | $ | 190,330 |

Depreciation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 was $7.7 million and $7.0 million, respectively. Depreciation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 was $21.1 million and $20.4 million, respectively.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, Viad recorded impairment charges of $0.9 million at the Marketing & Events Group related to the write-off of certain internally developed software.
Note 7. Other Investments and Assets
Other investments and assets consisted of the following as of the respective periods:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Cash surrender value of life insurance | $ | 19,924 |  |  | $ | 19,690 |
Workers’ compensation insurance security deposits | 3,350 |  |  | 3,350 |
Other | 11,469 |  |  | 11,986 |
Other investments and assets | $ | 34,743 |  |  | $ | 35,026 |

Note 8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 were as follows:

(in thousands) | Marketing & Events U.S. |  | Marketing & Events International |  | Travel & Recreation Group |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2013 | $ | 62,686 |  |  | $ | 22,611 |  |  | $ | 44,246 |  |  | $ | 129,543 |
Acquisition of Blitz | — |  |  | 13,111 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,111 |
Acquisition of West Glacier | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,268 |  |  | 1,268 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (783 | ) |  | (2,478 | ) |  | (3,261 | )
Balance at September 30, 2014 | $ | 62,686 |  |  | $ | 34,939 |  |  | $ | 43,036 |  |  | $ | 140,661 |

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The following table summarizes goodwill by reporting unit and segment as of the respective periods:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |
Marketing & Events U.S. | $ | 62,686 |  |  | $ | 62,686 |
Marketing & Events International: |  |  |
GES United Kingdom | 26,816 |  |  | 14,049 |
GES Canada | 8,123 |  |  | 8,562 |
Total Marketing & Events Group | 97,625 |  |  | 85,297 |
Travel & Recreation Group: |  |  |
Brewster | 38,584 |  |  | 41,062 |
Glacier Park | 1,268 |  |  | — |
Alaska Denali Travel | 3,184 |  |  | 3,184 |
Total Travel & Recreation Group | 43,036 |  |  | 44,246 |
Goodwill | $ | 140,661 |  |  | $ | 129,543 |

A summary of other intangible assets as of September 30, 2014 is presented below:

(in thousands) | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
Amortized intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |
Customer contracts and relationships | $ | 13,138 |  |  | $ | (3,000 | ) |  | $ | 10,138 |
Other | 3,287 |  |  | (338 | ) |  | 2,949 |
Total amortized intangible assets | 16,425 |  |  | (3,338 | ) |  | 13,087 |
Unamortized intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |
Business licenses | 460 |  |  | — |  |  | 460 |
Other intangible assets | $ | 16,885 |  |  | $ | (3,338 | ) |  | $ | 13,547 |

A summary of other intangible assets as of December 31, 2013 is presented below:

(in thousands) | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
Amortized intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |
Customer contracts and relationships | $ | 5,537 |  |  | $ | (2,521 | ) |  | $ | 3,016 |
Other | 1,280 |  |  | (276 | ) |  | 1,004 |
Total amortized intangible assets | 6,817 |  |  | (2,797 | ) |  | 4,020 |
Unamortized intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |
Business licenses | 460 |  |  | — |  |  | 460 |
Other intangible assets | $ | 7,277 |  |  | $ | (2,797 | ) |  | $ | 4,480 |

Intangible asset amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 was $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 was $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. Estimated amortization expense related to amortized intangible assets for future years is expected to be as follows:

(in thousands) |
2014 | $ | 944 |
2015 | $ | 2,741 |
2016 | $ | 2,462 |
2017 | $ | 1,983 |
2018 | $ | 1,398 |
Thereafter | $ | 3,559 |

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Note 9. Other Current Liabilities
Other current liabilities consisted of the following as of the respective periods:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Continuing operations: |  |  |
Self-insured liability accrual | $ | 8,459 |  |  | $ | 7,603 |
Accrued employee benefit costs | 3,979 |  |  | 2,751 |
Accrued sales and use taxes | 3,594 |  |  | 1,609 |
Accrued dividends | 2,115 |  |  | 2,192 |
Accrued restructuring | 1,919 |  |  | 3,877 |
Pension and postretirement benefits liability | 1,651 |  |  | 1,208 |
Accrued rebates | 1,277 |  |  | 831 |
Accrued professional fees | 1,005 |  |  | 1,832 |
Deferred rent | 946 |  |  | 1,558 |
Other | 11,639 |  |  | 4,709 |
Total continuing operations | 36,584 |  |  | 28,170 |
Discontinued operations: |  |  |
Self-insured liability accrual | 403 |  |  | 469 |
Environmental remediation liabilities | 356 |  |  | 353 |
Other | 409 |  |  | 177 |
Total discontinued operations | 1,168 |  |  | 999 |
Other current liabilities | $ | 37,752 |  |  | $ | 29,169 |

Note 10. Other Deferred Items and Liabilities
Other deferred items and liabilities consisted of the following as of the respective periods:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Continuing operations: |  |  |
Self-insured liability accrual | $ | 16,789 |  |  | $ | 17,316 |
Accrued compensation | 6,090 |  |  | 8,349 |
Deferred rent income | 2,949 |  |  | 3,022 |
Foreign deferred tax liability | 2,076 |  |  | 1,989 |
Accrued restructuring | 1,508 |  |  | 1,919 |
Other | 5,586 |  |  | 4,530 |
Total continuing operations | 34,998 |  |  | 37,125 |
Discontinued operations: |  |  |
Environmental remediation liabilities | 4,399 |  |  | 4,666 |
Self-insured liability accrual | 4,442 |  |  | 4,489 |
Accrued income taxes | 1,115 |  |  | 1,085 |
Other | 1,387 |  |  | 1,254 |
Total discontinued operations | 11,343 |  |  | 11,494 |
Other deferred items and liabilities | $ | 46,341 |  |  | $ | 48,619 |

Note 11. Debt and Capital Lease Obligations
Viad’s total debt as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013 was $24.0 million and $11.7 million, respectively. The debt-to-capital ratio was 0.062 to 1 and 0.032 to 1 as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Capital is defined as total debt and capital lease obligations plus total stockholders’ equity.
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In May 2011, Viad entered into an amended and restated $130 million revolving credit agreement (the “Credit Facility”). The term of the Credit Facility is five years (expiring on May 18, 2016) and borrowings are to be used for general corporate purposes (including permitted acquisitions) and to support up to $50 million of letters of credit. The lenders have a first perfected security interest in all of the personal property of Viad and GES, including 65 percent of the capital stock of top-tier foreign subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2014, Viad’s total debt of $24.0 million consisted of a $22.5 million revolver borrowing under the Credit Facility and $1.5 million of capital lease obligations. As of September 30, 2014, Viad had $106.2 million of capacity remaining under its Credit Facility reflecting outstanding letters of credit of $1.3 million and the outstanding balance under the Credit Facility of $22.5 million.
Effective October 10, 2014, Viad entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Company’s $130 million Credit Facility. The Company was able to exercise the accordion feature of the Credit Facility after the lenders committed an additional $50 million of credit on a pro rata basis. Accordingly, the Amendment increased the Company’s borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility from $130 million to $180 million. Refer to Note 21, Subsequent Events.
Borrowings under the Credit Facility (under which GES is a guarantor) are indexed to the prime rate or the London Interbank Offered Rate, plus appropriate spreads tied to Viad’s leverage ratio. Commitment fees and letters of credit fees are also tied to Viad’s leverage ratio. The fees on the unused portion of the Credit Facility are currently 0.35 percent annually.
The Credit Facility contains various affirmative and negative covenants that are customary for facilities of this type, including a fixed-charge coverage ratio, leverage ratio and dividend and share repurchase limits. Significant other covenants include limitations on: investments, additional indebtedness, sales/leases of assets, acquisitions, consolidations or mergers and liens on property. As of September 30, 2014, Viad was in compliance with all covenants.
As of September 30, 2014, Viad had certain obligations under guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries. These guarantees are not subject to liability recognition in the condensed consolidated financial statements and relate to leased facilities entered into by the Company’s subsidiary operations. The Company would generally be required to make payments to the respective third parties under these guarantees in the event that the related subsidiary could not meet its own payment obligations. The maximum potential amount of future payments that Viad would be required to make under all guarantees existing as of September 30, 2014 would be $7.9 million. These guarantees relate to leased facilities and expire through October 2017. There are no recourse provisions that would enable Viad to recover from third parties any payments made under the guarantees. Furthermore, there are no collateral or similar arrangements whereby Viad could recover payments.
The estimated fair value of total debt was $23.7 million and $11.5 million as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The fair value of debt was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates currently available for debt of similar terms and maturity.
Note 12. Fair Value Measurements
The fair value of an asset or liability is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value guidance requires an entity to maximize the use of quoted prices and other observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value, and also establishes a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value as follows:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of fair value.
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Viad measures its money market mutual funds and certain other mutual fund investments at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 1 inputs. The fair value information related to these assets is summarized in the following tables:

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
(in thousands) | September 30, 2014 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobserved Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 6,618 |  |  | $ | 6,618 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other mutual funds | 2,488 |  |  | 2,488 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 9,106 |  |  | $ | 9,106 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
(in thousands) | December 31, 2013 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobserved Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other mutual funds | 2,023 |  |  | 2,023 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 2,141 |  |  | $ | 2,141 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, Viad had investments in money market mutual funds of $6.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively, which are included in the consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Cash and cash equivalents.” These investments are classified as available-for-sale and were recorded at fair value. There have been no realized or unrealized gains or losses related to these investments and the Company has not experienced any redemption restrictions with respect to any of the money market mutual funds.
As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, Viad had investments in other mutual funds of $2.5 million and $2.0 million, respectively, which are classified in the consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Other investments and assets.” These investments were classified as available-for-sale and were recorded at fair value. As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, there were unrealized gains of $0.7 million ($0.4 million after-tax) and $0.7 million ($0.4 million after-tax), respectively, which were included in the consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).”
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, receivables and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. The estimated fair value of debt obligations is disclosed in Note 11, Debt and Capital Lease Obligations.
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Note 13. Stockholders' Equity
The following represents a reconciliation of the carrying amounts of stockholders’ equity attributable to Viad and the noncontrolling interest for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013:

(in thousands) |  | Total Viad Stockholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2013 |  | $ | 347,441 |  |  | $ | 9,102 |  |  | $ | 356,543 |
Net income |  | 58,244 |  |  | 3,355 |  |  | 61,599 |
Dividends on common stock |  | (36,374 | ) |  | — |  |  | (36,374 | )
Common stock purchased for treasury |  | (11,631 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11,631 | )
Employee benefit plans |  | 5,519 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,519 |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (9,950 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,950 | )
Unrealized gain on investments |  | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17 | )
ESOP allocation adjustment |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
Other |  | (32 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32 | )
Balance at September 30, 2014 |  | $ | 353,244 |  |  | $ | 12,457 |  |  | $ | 365,701 |

(in thousands) |  | Total Viad Stockholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2012 |  | $ | 388,061 |  |  | $ | 8,971 |  |  | $ | 397,032 |
Net income (loss) |  | 26,173 |  |  | 425 |  |  | $ | 26,598 |
Dividends on common stock |  | (6,095 | ) |  | — |  |  | $ | (6,095 | )
Common stock purchased for treasury |  | (1,294 | ) |  | — |  |  | $ | (1,294 | )
Employee benefit plans |  | 3,485 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 3,485 |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (6,092 | ) |  | — |  |  | $ | (6,092 | )
Unrealized gain on investments |  | 117 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 117 |
Prior service credit and net actuarial loss |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 91 |
ESOP allocation adjustment |  | 850 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 850 |
Balance at September 30, 2013 |  | $ | 405,296 |  |  | $ | 9,396 |  |  | $ | 414,692 |

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) by component were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Unrealized Gains on Investments |  | Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Unrecognized Net Actuarial Loss and Service Credit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Balance at December 31, 2013 |  | $ | 429 |  |  | $ | 30,847 |  |  | $ | (11,259 | ) |  | $ | 20,017 |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  | 15 |  |  | (9,950 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,935 | )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax |  | (32 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32 | ) |  | (64 | )
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (17 | ) |  | (9,950 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | (9,999 | )
Balance at September 30, 2014 |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | 20,897 |  |  | $ | (11,291 | ) |  | $ | 10,018 |

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The following table presents information about reclassification adjustments out of AOCI for the nine months ended September 30:

|  |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income is Presented
(in thousands) |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |
Unrealized gains on investments |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | Interest income
Tax effect |  | (20 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  |
Recognized net actuarial loss(1) |  | $ | (705 | ) |  | $ | (827 | ) |  |
Amortization of prior service credit(1) |  | 757 |  |  | 680 |  |  |
Tax effect |  | (20 | ) |  | 56 |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (91 | ) |  |

(1) Amount included in pension expense. Refer to Note 16, Pension and Postretirement Benefits.
Note 14. Income Per Share
The following are the components of basic and diluted income per share:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share data) | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Net income attributable to Viad (diluted) | $ | 29,620 |  |  | $ | 11,855 |  |  | $ | 58,244 |  |  | $ | 26,173 |
Less: Allocation to non-vested shares | (538 | ) |  | (264 | ) |  | (1,098 | ) |  | (605 | )
Net income allocated to Viad common stockholders (basic) | $ | 29,082 |  |  | $ | 11,591 |  |  | $ | 57,146 |  |  | $ | 25,568 |
Basic weighted-average outstanding common shares | 19,679 |  |  | 19,868 |  |  | 19,832 |  |  | 19,839 |
Additional dilutive shares related to share-based compensation | 275 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 349 |
Diluted weighted-average outstanding shares | 19,954 |  |  | 20,191 |  |  | 20,174 |  |  | 20,188 |
Income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic income attributable to Viad common stockholders | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |
Diluted income attributable to Viad common stockholders(1) | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |

(1) Diluted income per share amount cannot exceed basic income per share.
There were 275,000 and 323,000 share-based compensation awards considered dilutive and included in the computation of diluted income per share for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Additionally, there were 342,000 and 349,000 share-based compensation awards considered dilutive and included in the computation of diluted income per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Options to purchase 27,000 and 47,000 shares of common stock were outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively, but were not included in the computation of dilutive shares outstanding because the effect would be anti-dilutive.
Note 15. Income Taxes
The effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 were 1.8 percent and 29.8 percent, respectively.
The income tax provisions were computed based on the Company’s estimated effective tax rate and forecasted income by jurisdiction expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year, including the impact of any unusual or infrequent items. The relatively low effective tax rates compared to the federal statutory rate of 35 percent were primarily due to foreign income which is taxed at lower rates. Additionally, 2014 was favorably impacted by the projected utilization of foreign tax credit carryforwards and the release of the related valuation allowance.
Viad is required to estimate and record provisions for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Accordingly, the Company must estimate its actual current income tax liability, and assess temporary differences arising from the treatment of items for tax purposes, as compared to the treatment for accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities which are included in Viad’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company must assess the
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likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and to the extent that recovery is not likely, a valuation allowance must be established. The Company uses significant judgment in forming a conclusion regarding the recoverability of its deferred tax assets and evaluates the available positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will be realized in the future. These deferred tax assets reflect the expected future tax benefits to be realized upon reversal of deductible temporary differences and the utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.
The Company considered all available positive and negative evidence regarding the future recoverability of its deferred tax assets, including the Company’s recent operating history, taxpaying history and future reversals of deferred tax liabilities. The Company also evaluated its ability to utilize its foreign tax credits, given its recent utilization history and projected future domestic income. The foreign tax credits are subject to a 10-year carryforward period and begin to expire in 2019. As of December 31, 2013, $10.9 million of the $12.4 million was related to foreign tax credits. Based on the Company’s evaluation of all positive and negative evidence, it was determined to be more likely than not that the foreign tax credit carryforwards would be utilized before their expiration. Accordingly, the related valuation allowance was released during the third quarter of 2014. The positive evidence relied upon in making this assessment included the Company’s positive cumulative income position, the projected 2014 utilization of $5.4 million of foreign tax credit carryforwards, the history of utilizing all deferred tax assets including net operating losses, and future forecasts of domestic income.
As noted above, Viad uses considerable judgment in forming a conclusion regarding the recoverability of its deferred tax assets. As a result, there are inherent uncertainties regarding the ultimate realization of these assets, which is primarily dependent upon Viad’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods. In future periods, it is reasonably possible that the relative weight of positive and negative evidence regarding the recoverability of Viad’s deferred tax assets may change, which could result in a material increase or decrease in the Company’s valuation allowance. If such a change in the valuation allowance were to occur, it would result in a change to income tax expense in the period the assessment was made.
Viad had liabilities, including interest and penalties, associated with uncertain tax positions for continuing operations of $1.3 million and $0.7 million as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. In addition, as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, Viad had liabilities, including interest and penalties, for uncertain tax positions relating to discontinued operations of $1.1 million. Future tax resolutions or settlements that may occur related to these uncertain tax positions would be recorded through either continuing or discontinued operations (net of applicable federal tax benefit). The total liability associated with uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013 was $2.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively, which was classified as both current and non-current liabilities. The Company expects the majority of the unrecognized tax benefits to be recognized by March 31, 2015.
Note 16. Pension and Postretirement Benefits
The net periodic benefit cost of Viad’s pension and postretirement plans for the three months ended September 30 included the following components:

|  | Domestic Plans |  |  |  |
|  | Pension Plans |  | Postretirement Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Pension Plans
(in thousands) |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Service cost |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 134 |
Interest cost |  | 263 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 175 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (107 | ) |  | (100 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (161 | ) |  | (175 | )
Amortization of prior service credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (149 | ) |  | (227 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Recognized net actuarial loss |  | 101 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 10 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 144 |

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The net periodic benefit cost of Viad’s pension and postretirement plans for the nine months ended September 30 included the following components:

|  | Domestic Plans |  |  |  |
|  | Pension Plans |  | Postretirement Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Pension Plans
(in thousands) |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Service cost |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 313 |  |  | $ | 405 |
Interest cost |  | 809 |  |  | 773 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 478 |  |  | 531 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (327 | ) |  | (300 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (484 | ) |  | (530 | )
Amortization of prior service credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (445 | ) |  | (677 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Recognized net actuarial loss |  | 305 |  |  | 427 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 30 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 852 |  |  | $ | 960 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | 436 |

Viad expects to contribute $1.4 million to its funded pension plans, $0.9 million to its unfunded pension plans and $1.0 million to its postretirement benefit plans in 2014. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, Viad contributed $1.0 million to its funded pension plans, $0.6 million to its unfunded pension plans and $0.4 million to its postretirement benefit plans.
Note 17. Restructuring Charges
Marketing & Events Group Consolidation
Viad executed certain restructuring actions designed to reduce the Company’s cost structure primarily within the Marketing & Events U.S. segment, and to a lesser extent in the Marketing & Events International segment. The Company implemented a strategic reorganization plan in order to consolidate the separate business units within the Marketing & Events U.S. segment. The Company also consolidated facilities and streamlined its operations in the United Kingdom and Germany.
Other Restructurings
The Company has recorded restructuring charges primarily related to certain reorganization activities within the Travel & Recreation Group. These charges consist of severance and related benefits due to headcount reductions.
The table below represents a reconciliation of beginning and ending liability balances by major restructuring activity:

| Marketing & Events Group Consolidation |  | Other Restructurings |  |
(in thousands) | Severance & Employee Benefits |  | Facilities |  | Severance & Employee Benefits |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2013 | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | 3,565 |  |  | $ | 991 |  |  | $ | 5,796 |
Restructuring charges (recoveries) | 2,030 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (226 | ) |  | 1,814 |
Cash payments | (2,497 | ) |  | (926 | ) |  | (845 | ) |  | (4,268 | )
Adjustment to liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | 85 |
Balance at September 30, 2014 | $ | 773 |  |  | $ | 2,649 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 3,427 |

As of September 30, 2014, the liabilities related to severance and employee benefits are expected to be paid by the end of 2014. Additionally, the liability of $2.6 million related to future lease payments will be paid over the remaining lease terms at the Marketing & Events Group. Refer to Note 19, Segment Information, for information regarding restructuring charges by segment.
Note 18. Litigation, Claims, Contingencies and Other
Viad and certain of its subsidiaries are plaintiffs or defendants to various actions, proceedings and pending claims, some of which involve, or may involve, compensatory, punitive or other damages. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties and it is possible that some of the legal actions, proceedings or claims could be decided against Viad. Although the amount of liability as of September 30, 2014 with respect to these matters is not ascertainable, Viad believes that any resulting liability, after taking into consideration amounts already provided for and insurance coverage, will not have a material effect on Viad’s business, financial position or results of operations.
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Viad is subject to various U.S. federal, state and foreign laws and regulations governing the prevention of pollution and the protection of the environment in the jurisdictions in which Viad has or had operations. If the Company has failed to comply with these environmental laws and regulations, civil and criminal penalties could be imposed and Viad could become subject to regulatory enforcement actions in the form of injunctions and cease and desist orders. As is the case with many companies, Viad also faces exposure to actual or potential claims and lawsuits involving environmental matters relating to its past operations. Although it is a party to certain environmental disputes, Viad believes that any resulting liabilities, after taking into consideration amounts already provided for and insurance coverage, will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. As of September 30, 2014, Viad had recorded environmental remediation liabilities of $4.9 million related to previously sold operations.
As of September 30, 2014, Viad had certain obligations under guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries. These guarantees are not subject to liability recognition in the condensed consolidated financial statements and relate to leased facilities entered into by Viad’s subsidiary operations. The Company would generally be required to make payments to the respective third parties under these guarantees in the event that the related subsidiary could not meet its own payment obligations. The maximum potential amount of future payments that Viad would be required to make under all guarantees existing as of September 30, 2014 would be $7.9 million. These guarantees relate to leased facilities expiring through October 2017. There are no recourse provisions that would enable Viad to recover from third parties any payments made under the guarantees. Furthermore, there are no collateral or similar arrangements whereby Viad could recover payments.
A significant portion of Viad’s employees are unionized and the Company is a party to approximately 100 collective-bargaining agreements, with approximately one-third requiring renegotiation each year. If the Company was unable to reach an agreement with a union during the collective-bargaining process, the union may call for a strike or work stoppage, which may, under certain circumstances, adversely impact the Company’s businesses and results of operations. Viad believes that relations with its employees are satisfactory and that collective-bargaining agreements expiring in 2014 will be renegotiated in the ordinary course of business without having a material adverse effect on Viad’s operations. The Company entered into new showsite and warehouse agreements with the Chicago Teamsters Local 727, effective January 1, 2014, and those agreements contain provisions that allow the parties to re-open negotiation of the agreements on pension-related issues. The Company is in informal discussions regarding those issues with all relevant parties and is working diligently to resolve those issues in a manner that will be reasonable and equitable to employees, customers and shareholders. Although the Company’s labor relations are currently stable, disruptions pending the outcome of the Chicago Teamsters Local 727 negotiations could occur, as they could with any collective-bargaining agreement negotiation, with the possibility of an adverse impact on the operating results of the Marketing & Events Group.
Viad’s businesses contribute to various multi-employer pension plans based on obligations arising under collective-bargaining agreements covering its union-represented employees. Based upon the information available to Viad from plan administrators, management believes that several of these multi-employer plans are underfunded. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 requires pension plans underfunded at certain levels to reduce, over defined time periods, the underfunded status. In addition, under current laws, the termination of a plan, or a voluntary withdrawal from a plan by Viad, or a shrinking contribution base to a plan as a result of the insolvency or withdrawal of other contributing employers to such plan, would require Viad to make payments to such plan for its proportionate share of the plan’s unfunded vested liabilities. As of September 30, 2014, the amount of additional funding, if any, that Viad would be required to make related to multi-employer pension plans is not ascertainable.
Viad is self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation, employee health benefits, automobile, product and general liability and property loss claims. The aggregate amount of insurance liabilities (up to the Company’s retention limit) related to Viad’s continuing operations was $21.4 million as of September 30, 2014. Of this total, $12.8 million related to workers’ compensation liabilities, $1.2 million related to employee health benefits and the remaining $7.4 million related to general/auto liability claims. Viad has also retained and provided for certain insurance liabilities in conjunction with previously sold businesses totaling $4.8 million as of September 30, 2014, related to workers’ compensation liabilities. Provisions for losses for claims incurred, including estimated claims incurred but not yet reported, are made based on Viad’s historical experience, claims frequency and other factors. A change in the assumptions used could result in an adjustment to recorded liabilities. Viad has purchased insurance for amounts in excess of the self-insured levels, which generally range from $0.2 million to $0.4 million on a per claim basis. Viad does not maintain a self-insured retention pool fund as claims are paid from current cash resources at the time of settlement. Viad’s net cash payments in connection with these insurance liabilities were $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014.
In addition, as of September 30, 2014 Viad had recorded insurance liabilities of $5.0 million related to continuing operations in excess of the self-insured levels for which Viad remains the primary obligor. Of this total, $1.7 million related to workers’ compensation liabilities and the remaining $3.3 million related to general/auto liability claims. The Company has recorded these
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amounts in other deferred items and liabilities in Viad’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets with a corresponding receivable in other investments and assets.
On December 31, 2013, Glacier Park’s concession contract to operate lodging, tour and transportation and other hospitality services for Glacier National Park expired. Glacier Park generated approximately 47 percent of its 2013 revenue through its concession contract for services provided within Glacier National Park. Upon completion of the contract term, in January 2014, the Company received cash payments totaling $25.0 million for the Company’s “possessory interest,” which generally means the value of the structures acquired or constructed, fixtures installed and improvements made to the concession property at Glacier National Park during the term of the concession contract. In September 2014, the Company received $3.0 million in cash for the personal property Glacier Park used at the facilities covered by the concession contract.
Note 19. Segment Information
Viad’s reportable segments consist of Marketing & Events U.S., Marketing & Events International (together the “Marketing & Events Group”) and the Travel & Recreation Group.
Viad measures profit and performance of its operations on the basis of segment operating income which excludes restructuring charges and recoveries and impairment charges and recoveries. Intersegment sales are eliminated in consolidation and intersegment transfers are not significant. Corporate activities include expenses not allocated to operations. Depreciation and amortization and share-based compensation expense are the only significant non-cash items for the reportable segments. Disclosures regarding Viad’s reportable segments with reconciliations to consolidated totals are as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 168,058 |  |  | $ | 120,503 |  |  | $ | 558,292 |  |  | $ | 494,355 |
International | 64,199 |  |  | 40,335 |  |  | 186,296 |  |  | 168,974 |
Intersegment eliminations | (5,595 | ) |  | (4,352 | ) |  | (13,517 | ) |  | (10,269 | )
Total Marketing & Events Group | 226,662 |  |  | 156,486 |  |  | 731,071 |  |  | 653,060 |
Travel & Recreation Group | 73,140 |  |  | 63,681 |  |  | 110,763 |  |  | 98,446 |
Total revenue | $ | 299,802 |  |  | $ | 220,167 |  |  | $ | 841,834 |  |  | $ | 751,506 |
Segment operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 1,069 |  |  | $ | (3,745 | ) |  | $ | 22,044 |  |  | $ | 12,971 |
International | 1,297 |  |  | (4,159 | ) |  | 7,512 |  |  | 5,821 |
Total Marketing & Events Group | 2,366 |  |  | (7,904 | ) |  | 29,556 |  |  | 18,792 |
Travel & Recreation Group | 30,648 |  |  | 26,627 |  |  | 30,955 |  |  | 24,981 |
Segment operating income | 33,014 |  |  | 18,723 |  |  | 60,511 |  |  | 43,773 |
Corporate activities | (3,468 | ) |  | (2,034 | ) |  | (7,498 | ) |  | (4,007 | )
Operating income | 29,546 |  |  | 16,689 |  |  | 53,013 |  |  | 39,766 |
Interest income | 81 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 397 |
Interest expense | (462 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (1,069 | ) |  | (905 | )
Restructuring (charges) recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing & Events U.S. | (186 | ) |  | (185 | ) |  | (392 | ) |  | (309 | )
Marketing & Events International | (128 | ) |  | (434 | ) |  | (1,648 | ) |  | (1,761 | )
Travel & Recreation Group | (30 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | 41 |  |  | (15 | )
Corporate | 106 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 185 |  |  | (47 | )
Impairment charges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing & Events International | — |  |  | (952 | ) |  | (884 | ) |  | (952 | )
Travel & Recreation Group | — |  |  | (2,097 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,097 | )
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | 28,927 |  |  | $ | 12,837 |  |  | $ | 49,446 |  |  | $ | 34,077 |

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Note 20. Discontinued Operations
On December 31, 2013, Glacier Park’s concession contract with the Park Service to operate lodging, tour and transportation and other hospitality services within Glacier National Park expired. Upon completion of the contract, the Company received cash payments in January 2014 totaling $25.0 million resulting in a pre-tax gain of $21.5 million for the Company’s possessory interest. The gain after-tax on the possessory interest was $12.6 million with $2.7 million attributable to the noncontrolling interest. These amounts are included in income (loss) from discontinued operations and net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in Viad’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, respectively. In September 2014, the Company received $3 million in cash for the sale of the remaining personal property assets held for sale at Glacier Park. This resulted in a gain of approximately $0.7 million, net of tax, which was more than offset by the allocation of taxes to the possessory interest gain in the quarter.
The following summarizes Glacier Park’s expired concession contract operating results, which are presented in income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, in Viad’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Total revenue |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,306 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,444 |
Costs and expenses |  | (7 | ) |  | (10,402 | ) |  | (93 | ) |  | (14,882 | )
Impairment charges |  | — |  |  | (2,364 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,364 | )
Restructuring charges |  | — |  |  | (75 | ) |  | — |  |  | (75 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, before income taxes |  | (7 | ) |  | 3,465 |  |  | (93 | ) |  | 2,123 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | 7 |  |  | (990 | ) |  | 45 |  |  | (462 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | — |  |  | 2,475 |  |  | (48 | ) |  | 1,661 |
Gain (loss) on sale of discontinued operations, net of tax |  | (979 | ) |  | — |  |  | 13,343 |  |  | — |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | (979 | ) |  | 2,475 |  |  | 13,295 |  |  | 1,661 |
Income from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (157 | ) |  | (494 | ) |  | (2,825 | ) |  | (331 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Viad |  | $ | (1,136 | ) |  | $ | 1,981 |  |  | $ | 10,470 |  |  | $ | 1,330 |

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $4.5 million representing all goodwill at the Glacier Park reporting unit, of which $2.1 million relates to continuing operations and $2.4 million relates to discontinued operations. Additionally, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, the Company recorded other asset impairment charges of $1.0 million at the Marketing & Events Group related to the write-off of a touring exhibition asset and amounts capitalized for internally developed software.
The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest for the nine months ended September 30:

(in thousands) |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Income from continuing operations |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 94 |
Income from discontinued operations |  | 2,825 |  |  | 331 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | $ | 3,355 |  |  | $ | 425 |

For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, Viad recorded a loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, of $0.3 million due to additional reserves related to certain liabilities associated with previously sold operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, Viad recorded income from discontinued operations, net of tax, of $1.0 million related to the sale of certain land located in Utah associated with previously sold operations.
Note 21. Subsequent Events
On October 7, 2014, the Company acquired onPeak LLC and Travel Planners, Inc. for a purchase price of $43.1 million and $33.9 million, respectively, in cash, subject to certain adjustments. Both acquired companies provide event housing
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services in North America to the live event and exhibition industry. Due to the recent timing of the acquisition, the initial accounting for the business combination and purchase price allocation has not yet been finalized.
Effective October 10, 2014, Viad entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Company’s $130 million Credit Facility. The Company was able to exercise the accordion feature of the Credit Facility after the lenders committed an additional $50 million of credit on a pro rata basis. Accordingly, the Amendment increased the Company’s borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility from $130 million to $180 million.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Viad Corp’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Viad Corp’s actual results could differ materially from those anticipated due to various factors discussed under “Forward-Looking Statements” and elsewhere in this quarterly report.
Overview
Viad Corp (“Viad” or the “Company”) operates in three reportable business segments: Marketing & Events U.S., Marketing & Events International (together the “Marketing & Events Group”) and the Travel & Recreation Group.
The Marketing & Events Group, comprised of Global Experience Specialists, Inc. and affiliates (“GES”), specializes in all aspects of the design, planning and production of face-to-face events, immersive environments and brand-based experiences for clients, including show organizers, corporate brand marketers and retail shopping centers. In addition, the Marketing & Events Group provides a variety of immersive, entertaining attractions and brand-based experiences, sponsored events, mobile marketing and other branded entertainment and face-to-face marketing solutions for leading consumer brands, movie studios, shopping malls and other clients, as well as for museums and other venues.
On September 16, 2014, the Company acquired Blitz Communications Group Limited and its affiliates (collectively, “Blitz”) for £15 million (approximately $24.4 million) in cash, subject to certain adjustments. Blitz, located in the United Kingdom, is a leading audio-visual staging and creative services provider for the live events industry in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. For additional information, refer to Note 3, Acquisition of Businesses.
On October 7, 2014, the Company acquired onPeak LLC and Travel Planners, Inc. for a purchase price of $43.1 million and $33.9 million, respectively, in cash, subject to certain adjustments. For additional information, refer to Note 21, Subsequent Events.
The Travel & Recreation Group consists of Brewster Inc. (“Brewster”), Glacier Park, Inc. (“Glacier Park”) and Alaskan Park Properties, Inc. (“Alaska Denali Travel”). Brewster provides tourism products and experiential services in the Canadian Rockies in Alberta and in other parts of Western Canada. Brewster’s operations include the Banff Gondola, Columbia Icefield Glacier Adventure, Glacier Skywalk (opened May 2014), Banff Lake Cruise, motorcoach services, charter and sightseeing services, inbound package tour operations and hotel operations.
During 2013, Glacier Park, an 80 percent owned subsidiary of Viad, operated five lodges, three motor inns and one four-season resort hotel and provided food and beverage operations, retail operations and tour and transportation services in and around Glacier National Park in Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, Canada. Glacier Park’s concession contract with the U.S. National Park Service (the “Park Service”) for Glacier National Park expired on December 31, 2013. The ongoing operations of Glacier Park as of January 1, 2014 include: Glacier Park Lodge in East Glacier, Montana; Grouse Mountain Lodge in Whitefish, Montana; St. Mary Lodge in St. Mary, Montana; Motel Lake McDonald, an in-holding within Glacier National Park; and the Prince of Wales Hotel in Waterton Lakes National Park. Glacier Park also continues to operate the food and beverage operations and package tour and transportation services with respect to these properties and the retail shops located near Glacier National Park.
On July 1, 2014, the Company acquired the West Glacier Motel & Cabins, the Apgar Village Lodge and related land, food and beverage services and retail operations (collectively, “West Glacier”). The West Glacier Motel & Cabins is a 32-room property situated on approximately 200 acres at the west entrance of Glacier National Park, and its full-service amenities include a restaurant, grocery store, gift shops, a gas station and employee housing. The Apgar Village Lodge is a 48-room property situated on a 3.8 acre private in-holding inside Glacier National Park with overnight accommodations, a gift shop and employee housing. The purchase price was $16.5 million in cash with a working capital adjustment of $0.3 million, subject to certain adjustments. For additional information, refer to Note 3, Acquisition of Businesses.
With regard to Glacier Park’s concession operations within Glacier National Park, refer to Note 20, Discontinued Operations.
Alaska Denali Travel operates the Denali Backcountry Lodge and Denali Cabins. In addition to lodging, Alaska Denali Travel also provides food and beverage operations and package tour and transportation services in and around Denali National Park and Preserve.
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Non-GAAP Measure:
The following discussion includes a presentation of Adjusted EBITDA, which is utilized by management to measure the profit and performance of Viad’s operations and to facilitate period-to-period comparisons. “Adjusted EBITDA” is defined by Viad as net income attributable to Viad before the Company’s portion of interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, impairment charges and recoveries, changes in accounting principles and the effects of discontinued operations. The presentation of Adjusted EBITDA is supplemental to results presented under GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Adjusted EBITDA is considered a useful operating metric as potential variations arising from taxes, depreciation, debt service costs, impairment charges and recoveries, changes in accounting principles and the effects of discontinued operations are eliminated, thus resulting in an additional measure considered to be indicative of Viad’s ongoing operations. This non-GAAP measure should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP.
Management believes that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding Viad’s results of operations for trending, analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of Viad’s business. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA primarily as a performance measure and believes that the GAAP financial measure most directly comparable to this non-GAAP measure is net income attributable to Viad. Although Adjusted EBITDA is used as a financial measure to assess the performance of the business, the use of Adjusted EBITDA is limited because it does not consider material costs, expenses and other items necessary to operate the business. These items include debt service costs, non-cash depreciation and amortization expense associated with long-lived assets, expenses related to U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income taxes, impairment charges or recoveries, and the effects of accounting changes and discontinued operations. Because Adjusted EBITDA does not consider the above items, a user of Viad’s financial information should consider net income attributable to Viad as an important measure of financial performance because it provides a more complete measure of the Company’s performance.
A reconciliation of net income attributable to Viad to Adjusted EBITDA is as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Net income attributable to Viad | $ | 29,620 |  |  | $ | 11,855 |  |  | $ | 58,244 |  |  | $ | 26,173 |
Impairment charges | — |  |  | 952 |  |  | 884 |  |  | 952 |
Interest expense | 462 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 1,069 |  |  | 905 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (2,623 | ) |  | 3,567 |  |  | 870 |  |  | 10,143 |
Depreciation and amortization | 7,894 |  |  | 7,272 |  |  | 21,853 |  |  | 21,303 |
(Income) loss from discontinued operations | (979 | ) |  | 3,478 |  |  | 13,023 |  |  | 2,664 |
Noncontrolling interest | 1,483 |  |  | (5,098 | ) |  | (23,854 | ) |  | (3,654 | )
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 35,857 |  |  | $ | 22,312 |  |  | $ | 72,089 |  |  | $ | 58,486 |

The increase in Adjusted EBITDA of $13.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2013 was primarily due to an increase in segment operating income partially offset by an increase in corporate activities expense. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA of $13.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2013 was primarily due to an increase in segment operating income partially offset by an increase in corporate activities expense. Refer to “Results of Operations” below for a discussion of fluctuations.
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Results of Operations:
Financial Highlights
The following are financial highlights of the third quarter of 2014:

• | Total revenue was $299.8 million, as compared to $220.2 million in the third quarter of 2013. The increase in revenue was primarily driven by positive show rotation, continued same-show growth and new business wins in the Marketing & Events Group U.S. and International segments, as well as an increase in the Travel & Recreation Group revenue primarily due to Brewster’s attractions and the acquisition of the West Glacier Motel & Cabins, the Apgar Village Inn and related assets (collectively, “West Glacier”).

• | Total segment operating income was $33.0 million, as compared to $18.7 million for the third quarter of 2013. The increase in segment operating income was primarily driven by higher revenue and increased margins in all three reportable segments.

• | Diluted income per share from continuing operations was $1.53, as compared to $0.44 in the third quarter of 2013. Included in the third quarter of 2014 was a benefit related to favorable tax matters of $0.50 per diluted share (or $10.1 million) representing the reversal of a valuation allowance recorded in connection with the Company’s analysis of its deferred tax assets.

• | Loss from discontinued operations was $1.0 million, as compared to income of $3.5 million in the third quarter of 2013, primarily related to the expiration of Glacier Park’s concession contract with the Park Service on December 31, 2013. The Company’s 2013 results related to the operations of Glacier Park’s concession contract business were reclassified as discontinued operations. In September 2014, the Company received $3.0 million in cash for the sale of the remaining personal property assets held for sale at Glacier Park. This resulted in a gain of approximately $0.7 million, net of tax, which was more than offset by the allocation of taxes to the possessory interest gain.

• | Net income attributable to Viad was $29.6 million, as compared to $11.9 million in the third quarter of 2013.

Foreign Exchange Rate Variances
Viad conducts its foreign operations primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and to a lesser extent in certain other countries.
During the third quarter of 2014, foreign exchange rate variances resulted in an increase in revenue of $0.4 million and a decrease in operating income of $0.9 million, as compared to the third quarter of 2013. The following table summarizes the effects of foreign exchange rate variances on revenue and segment operating results from Viad’s significant international operations for the three months ended September 30:

| Revenue |  | Segment Operating Results
| Weighted-Average Exchange Rates |  | Effect of Rate Variance (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Exchange Rates |  | Effect of Rate Variance (in thousands)
| 2014 |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |
Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | $ | (591 | ) |  | $ | 0.93 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | $ | 36 |
United Kingdom | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.57 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | $ | 1.65 |  |  | $ | 1.46 |  |  | 74 |
Germany | $ | 1.30 |  |  | $ | 1.33 |  |  | (161 | ) |  | $ | 1.27 |  |  | $ | 1.27 |  |  | (22 | )
Total Marketing & Events Group |  |  |  |  | 2,585 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 88 |
Travel & Recreation Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | (2,179 | ) |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | (1,010 | )
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 406 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (922 | )

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, foreign exchange rate variances resulted in an increase in revenue of $2.6 million and a decrease in segment operating income of $0.7 million, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2013. The following table summarizes the effects of foreign exchange rate variances on revenue and segment operating results from Viad’s significant international operations for the nine months ended September 30:

| Revenue |  | Segment Operating Results
| Weighted-Average Exchange Rates |  | Effect of Rate Variance (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Exchange Rates |  | Effect of Rate Variance (in thousands)
| 2014 |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |
Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | (3,452 | ) |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (189 | )
United Kingdom | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |  |  | 9,785 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  | 459 |
Germany* | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |  |  | 261 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |  |  | (30 | )
Total Marketing & Events Group |  |  |  |  | 6,594 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 240 |
Travel & Recreation Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | (4,025 | ) |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | (987 | )
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,569 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (747 | )

* The low weighted average exchange rate for Germany operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 is the result of variability of exchange rates and operating results during the period. The Marketing & Events Group German operations realized net operating losses during months in which the Euro was relatively stronger than the U.S. dollar and realized its strongest operating income during the month of September when the Euro experienced a significant weakening relative to the U.S. dollar.
Viad’s operating results were primarily impacted by the strengthening of the British pound relative to the U.S. dollar and the weakening of the Canadian dollar. Future changes in the exchange rates may impact overall expected profitability and historical period-to-period comparisons when operating results are translated into U.S. dollars.
Analysis of Operating Results by Reportable Segment

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | Change |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | Change
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 168,058 |  |  | $ | 120,503 |  |  | $ | 47,555 |  |  | 39.5 | % |  | $ | 558,292 |  |  | $ | 494,355 |  |  | $ | 63,937 |  |  | 12.9 | %
International | 64,199 |  |  | 40,335 |  |  | 23,864 |  |  | 59.2 | % |  | 186,296 |  |  | 168,974 |  |  | 17,322 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Intersegment eliminations | (5,595 | ) |  | (4,352 | ) |  | (1,243 | ) |  | (28.6 | )% |  | (13,517 | ) |  | (10,269 | ) |  | (3,248 | ) |  | (31.6 | )%
Total Marketing & Events Group | 226,662 |  |  | 156,486 |  |  | 70,176 |  |  | 44.8 | % |  | 731,071 |  |  | 653,060 |  |  | 78,011 |  |  | 11.9 | %
Travel & Recreation Group | 73,140 |  |  | 63,681 |  |  | 9,459 |  |  | 14.9 | % |  | 110,763 |  |  | 98,446 |  |  | 12,317 |  |  | 12.5 | %
Total revenue | $ | 299,802 |  |  | $ | 220,167 |  |  | $ | 79,635 |  |  | 36.2 | % |  | $ | 841,834 |  |  | $ | 751,506 |  |  | $ | 90,328 |  |  | 12.0 | %
Segment operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 1,069 |  |  | $ | (3,745 | ) |  | $ | 4,814 |  |  | 128.5 | % |  | $ | 22,044 |  |  | $ | 12,971 |  |  | $ | 9,073 |  |  | 69.9 | %
International | 1,297 |  |  | (4,159 | ) |  | 5,456 |  |  | 131.2 | % |  | 7,512 |  |  | 5,821 |  |  | 1,691 |  |  | 29.0 | %
Total Marketing & Events Group | 2,366 |  |  | (7,904 | ) |  | 10,270 |  |  | 129.9 | % |  | 29,556 |  |  | 18,792 |  |  | 10,764 |  |  | 57.3 | %
Travel & Recreation Group | 30,648 |  |  | 26,627 |  |  | 4,021 |  |  | 15.1 | % |  | 30,955 |  |  | 24,981 |  |  | 5,974 |  |  | 23.9 | %
Segment operating income | $ | 33,014 |  |  | $ | 18,723 |  |  | $ | 14,291 |  |  | 76.3 | % |  | $ | 60,511 |  |  | $ | 43,773 |  |  | $ | 16,738 |  |  | 38.2 | %

Marketing & Events Group
Seasonality. Exhibition and event activity can vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, depending on the frequency and timing of shows (some shows are not held each year and some may shift between quarters). The rotation metric helps explain the show movement between quarters and years. Show rotation refers to shows that occur less frequently than annually, as well as annual shows that shift quarters from one year to the next.
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U.S. Segment. Revenue for the Marketing & Events U.S. segment was $168.1 million for the third quarter of 2014, up 39.5 percent, as compared to $120.5 million in the third quarter of 2013. Segment operating income increased $4.8 million to $1.1 million, as compared to the third quarter of 2013. Revenue was primarily impacted by positive show rotation revenue of approximately $34 million, base same-show revenue growth of 3.4 percent and new business wins. Management defines base same-show revenue as revenue derived from shows that the Company produced out of the same city during the same quarter in each year. Base same-shows represented approximately 35 percent of Marketing & Events U.S. segment revenue in the third quarter of 2014. The increase in operating income was primarily driven by higher revenue, partially offset by the pre-tax gain on the sale of a facility and related land of $4.8 million that was realized in the third quarter of 2013.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, revenue and operating income for the Marketing & Events U.S. segment was primarily impacted by positive show rotation revenue of approximately $73 million and base same-show revenue growth of 4.0 percent, which more than offset the loss of the International Consumer Electronics Show during the first quarter. Base same-shows represented approximately 40 percent of Marketing & Events U.S. segment revenue in the first nine months of 2014.
International Segment. Revenue for the Marketing & Events International segment for the third quarter of 2014 was affected by exchange rate variances, which had a favorable impact on revenue and segment operating income of $2.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively, as compared to the third quarter of 2013. Excluding exchange rate variances, revenue increased by $21.3 million, or 52.8 percent, and segment operating results increased by $5.4 million to income of $1.3 million compared to an operating loss of $4.2 million in the third quarter of 2013. These increases were primarily driven by positive show rotation revenue of approximately $14 million and new business wins, as well as the acquisition of Blitz Communications Group Limited and its affiliates (collectively, “Blitz”) on September 16, 2014.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, revenue and segment operating income for the Marketing & Events International segment were favorably impacted by exchange rate variances of $6.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Excluding exchange rate variances, revenue increased by $10.7 million and segment operating income increased by $1.5 million. These increases were mainly due to new business wins, as well as the acquisition of Blitz, partially offset by negative show rotation revenue of approximately $2 million.
Although the Marketing & Events Group has a diversified revenue base and long-term contracts for future shows, its revenue is affected by general economic and industry-specific conditions. The prospects for individual shows tend to be driven by the success of the industry related to those shows. In general, the exhibition and event industry is experiencing modest growth.
For the 2014 full year, management expects U.S. base same-show revenue to increase at a low-to mid-single digit rate and show rotation to have a net positive impact on revenue of approximately $60 million. Additionally, management anticipates that foreign currency exchange rate variances versus 2013 will have a favorable impact of about $6 million on the Marketing & Events Group’s 2014 full year revenue; the impact on operating income is not expected to be meaningful.
Management remains focused on improving the profitability of the Marketing & Events U.S. segment through continued efforts to more effectively manage labor costs by driving productivity gains through rigorous and strategic pre-show planning that reduces the ratio of labor costs to revenue. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, the labor-to-revenue ratio on a U.S. base same-show basis increased by 240 basis points as compared to the first nine months of 2013 due to certain large events that had changes in the scope of work as well as challenges related to certain venues that hampered margins. Improving this metric is a top priority of management and the Company continues to develop and enhance tools to support and systematize show site labor planning, measurement and benchmarking. Additionally, management is continuing to evaluate opportunities to reduce the physical footprint and the overhead associated with the U.S. warehousing operations.
Management is executing a strategic growth plan to transform the Marketing & Events Group into the preferred global full service provider to the live events market, which includes adding complementary and higher-margin service lines to its existing official services contracting business. In connection with this plan, the Company acquired Blitz, a leading audio-visual services firm based in the United Kingdom, on September 16, 2014, and onPeak LLC and Travel Planners, Inc., two leading event housing services firms based in the United States, on October 7, 2014. Management expects these acquisitions will contribute approximately $20 million to the Marketing & Events Group’s 2014 fourth quarter revenue with an operating loss of approximately $1.6 million primarily reflecting integration costs, and to be accretive to the Marketing & Events Group’s operating margins beginning in 2015. In 2015, management anticipates these acquisitions will contribute approximately $80 million to $85 million in revenue with an EBITDA margin in the range of 15 percent to 20 percent.
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Travel & Recreation Group
Seasonality. The Travel & Recreation Group segment experiences peak activity during the summer months. During 2013, 83 percent of its revenue was earned in the second and third quarters.
Results for the Travel & Recreation Group segment for the third quarter of 2014 were affected by exchange rate variances, which had an unfavorable impact on revenue and segment operating income of $2.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, as compared to the third quarter of 2013. Excluding exchange rate variances, revenue increased by $11.6 million, or 18.3 percent, and segment operating income increased by $5 million, or 18.9 percent.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, revenue for the Travel & Recreation Group segment was unfavorably impacted by exchange rate variances by $4.0 million and segment operating income of $1.0 million. Excluding exchange rate variances, revenue increased $16.3 million, or 16.6 percent, and segment operating income increased by $7 million, or 27.9 percent.
The following table provides Travel & Recreation Group revenue by line of business for the three and nine months ended September 30:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | Change |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | Change
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hospitality | $ | 29,084 |  |  | $ | 24,495 |  |  | $ | 4,589 |  |  | 18.7 | % |  | $ | 39,560 |  |  | $ | 35,260 |  |  | $ | 4,300 |  |  | 12.2 | %
Attractions | 26,764 |  |  | 21,700 |  |  | 5,064 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | 40,588 |  |  | 32,515 |  |  | 8,073 |  |  | 24.8 | %
Package tours | 11,714 |  |  | 11,755 |  |  | (41 | ) |  | (0.3 | )% |  | 18,519 |  |  | 17,795 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Transportation | 6,776 |  |  | 6,954 |  |  | (178 | ) |  | (2.6 | )% |  | 14,122 |  |  | 14,831 |  |  | (709 | ) |  | (4.8 | )%
Intra-segment eliminations & other | (1,198 | ) |  | (1,223 | ) |  | 25 |  |  | (2.0 | )% |  | (2,026 | ) |  | (1,955 | ) |  | (71 | ) |  | 3.6 | %
Total | $ | 73,140 |  |  | $ | 63,681 |  |  | $ | 9,459 |  |  | 14.9 | % |  | $ | 110,763 |  |  | $ | 98,446 |  |  | $ | 12,317 |  |  | 12.5 | %

Revenue. The increases in revenue for the third quarter and first nine months of 2014 were primarily driven by attractions and hospitality. The improved results from attractions were primarily due to the opening of the new Glacier Skywalk attraction and increased passenger counts at the Columbia Icefield Glacier Adventure, the Banff Gondola, and the Banff Lake Cruise. Hospitality revenue increased primarily due to the acquisition of West Glacier on July 1, 2014, which added $4.6 million of revenue during the quarter. Excluding West Glacier, hospitality revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 decreased slightly versus the comparable periods in 2013 primarily due to declines at the Denali Backcountry Lodge and Glacier Park Lodge. The Denali Backcountry Lodge was negatively affected by flooding at the end of June 2014 and Glacier Park Lodge experienced especially strong occupancy in 2013 as a result of its centennial anniversary. Declines at these properties were partially offset by increases at the Banff International Hotel, the Mount Royal Hotel and the Glacier View Inn, which benefitted from strong visitation to Banff and Jasper National Parks, as well as Grouse Mountain Lodge driven by the Company’s renovations in 2012 and 2013.
Transportation revenue decreased as compared to the prior year primarily as a result of unfavorable foreign exchange rate variances and reduced business for the Denali Backcountry Adventure. Package tours revenue decreased in the third quarter primarily as a result of unfavorable foreign exchange rate variances. The year to date increase in package tours revenue was primarily the result of higher group and individual business, partially offset by unfavorable exchange rate variances.
Performance Measures. Management uses the following key business metrics to evaluate the Travel & Recreation Group hospitality business: revenue per available room (“RevPAR”), average daily rate (“ADR”) and occupancy. These metrics are commonly used in the hospitality industry to measure performance.
Revenue per Available Room. RevPAR is calculated as total rooms revenue divided by the total number of room nights available for all comparable Travel & Recreation Group hospitality properties during the period. Total rooms revenue does not include non-rooms revenue, which consists of ancillary revenue generated by hospitality properties, such as food and beverage and retail revenue. RevPAR measures the period-over-period change in rooms revenue for comparable hospitality properties. RevPAR is affected by average daily rate and occupancy, which have different implications on profitability.
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Average Daily Rate. ADR is calculated as total rooms revenue divided by the total number of room nights sold for all comparable Travel & Recreation Group hospitality properties during the period. ADR is used to assess the pricing levels that the hospitality properties are able to generate. Increases in ADR at hospitality properties lead to increases in rooms revenue with no substantial effect on variable costs, therefore having a greater impact on margins than increases in occupancy.
Occupancy. Occupancy is calculated as the total number of room nights sold divided by the total number of room nights available for all comparable Travel & Recreation Group hospitality properties during the period. Occupancy measures the utilization of the available capacity at the hospitality properties. Increases in occupancy result in increases in rooms revenue and additional variable operating costs (including housekeeping services, utilities and room amenity costs), as well as increased ancillary non-rooms revenue (including food and beverage and retail revenue).
Management evaluates the performance of the Travel & Recreation Group attractions business utilizing the number of passengers and total attractions revenue per passenger. The number of passengers allows management to assess the volume of visitor activity at each attraction during the period. Total attractions revenue per passenger is calculated as total attractions revenue divided by the total number of passengers at all Travel & Recreation Group attractions during the period. Total attractions revenue includes ticket sales and ancillary revenue generated by attractions, such as food and beverage and retail revenue. Total attractions revenue per passenger measures the total spend per visitor that attraction properties are able to capture, which is important to the profitability of the attractions business.
The following table provides Travel & Recreation Group same-store key performance indicators for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013. The same-store metrics below indicate the performance of all Travel & Recreation Group properties and attractions that were owned by Viad and operating at full capacity, considering seasonal closures, for the entirety of both periods presented. For Travel & Recreation Group properties and attractions located in Canada, comparisons to the prior year are on a constant U.S. dollar basis, using the current year quarterly average exchange rates for previous periods, to eliminate the positive or negative effects that result from translating. Management believes that this same-store constant currency basis provides better comparability between reporting periods. The same-store key performance indicators presented below exclude the hospitality metrics for West Glacier (acquired July 1, 2014), as well as the attraction metrics for the Glacier Skywalk attraction (opened May 2014) as they do not have comparable results for the same periods in 2013.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2014 |  | 2013 |  | Change |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | Change
Hospitality: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Room nights available | 82,714 |  |  | 83,284 |  |  | (0.7 | )% |  | 177,664 |  |  | 179,901 |  |  | (1.2 | )%
RevPAR | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | 4.5 | %
ADR | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 185 |  |  | 1.1 | % |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | (0.6 | )%
Occupancy | 91.4 | % |  | 90.3 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  | 74.1 | % |  | 70.2 | % |  | 3.9 | %
Attractions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passengers | 631,397 |  |  | 558,959 |  |  | 13.0 | % |  | 953,332 |  |  | 826,073 |  |  | 15.4 | %
Total attractions revenue per passenger | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | (2.7 | )% |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | — |

Hospitality. The increase in RevPAR for the third quarter of 2014 was primarily due to higher occupancy and ADR at the Banff International Hotel, the Mount Royal Hotel and the Glacier View Inn driven by increased visitation to Banff and Jasper National Parks. The Grouse Mountain Lodge also experienced higher RevPAR driven by the Company’s renovations in 2012 and 2013. These increases were partially offset by reduced occupancy at the Denali Backcountry Lodge, which experienced flooding early in its operating season, and at Glacier Park Lodge, which experienced especially strong occupancy in 2013 as a result of its centennial anniversary. The decrease in room nights available from 2013 to 2014 was due to changes in seasonal opening and closing dates of certain Glacier Park properties. Management schedules opening and closing dates to optimize profitability based on anticipated travel patterns, and forecasted occupancy levels and operating expenses.
Attractions. The number of passengers increased for the third quarter and first nine months of 2014 at all three Brewster attractions (Columbia Icefield Glacier Adventure, Banff Gondola, and Banff Lake Cruise). The attractions benefited from increased park visitation traffic, favorable weather conditions, and strong combination ticket sales with the Glacier Skywalk. The Banff Lake Cruise experienced a substantial increase in individual traffic as a result of implementing additional departure times in 2014. The slight decrease in revenue per passenger was driven by an increase in sales of combination tickets, which include two or more of the Company’s attractions at a discounted price.
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For the 2013 full year, approximately 75 percent of revenue and 88 percent of segment operating income generated in the Travel & Recreation Group segment were derived through its Canadian operations. These operations are largely affected by foreign customer visitation, and, accordingly, increases in the value of the Canadian dollar, as compared to other currencies, could adversely affect customer volumes, revenue and segment operating income for the Travel & Recreation Group. Additionally, the Travel & Recreation Group is affected by consumer discretionary spending on tourism activities.
Management anticipates that foreign currency exchange rate variances versus 2013 will have an unfavorable impact on the Travel & Recreation Group’s 2014 full year revenue and operating income of approximately $5 million and $1 million, respectively. Also, management anticipates the five acquisitions completed by Viad since the beginning of 2011 will generate approximately $30 million in revenue in 2014 with an average Adjusted EBITDA margin (defined as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue) of more than 30 percent. By leveraging economies of scale and scope and repositioning the acquired assets for higher returns, management expects to realize continued revenue growth and expanding Adjusted EBITDA margins in future years.
Corporate Activities. Corporate activities expense of $3.5 million in the third quarter of 2014 increased from $2.0 million in the third quarter of 2013. The increase in corporate activities expense for the third quarter of 2014 was primarily related to consulting and other transaction-related costs associated with acquisitions.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, corporate activities expense was $7.5 million, as compared to $4.0 million for the same period of 2013. The increase in corporate activities expense for the first nine months of 2014 was primarily related to consulting and other transaction-related costs associated with acquisitions incurred primarily during the third quarter and higher 401(k) expense was driven by the depletion of the Company’s common stock held in the Employee Stock Ownership Plan feature of the Company’s 401(k). Matching contributions are now funded from shares of Viad common stock held in treasury, which have a higher cost to the Company.
Restructuring Charges. Viad recorded net restructuring charges of $0.2 million in the third quarter of 2014, as compared to $0.6 million in the third quarter of 2013. For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, restructuring charges were $1.8 million, as compared to $2.1 million for the same period of 2013. The 2014 charges primarily related to the elimination of certain positions in the Marketing & Events Group and the 2013 charges primarily related to facility consolidations and the elimination of certain positions in the Marketing & Events Group.
Impairment Charges. In the third quarter of 2014, Viad did not record any impairment charges. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, Viad recorded impairment charges of $0.9 million at the Marketing & Events Group related to the write-off of certain internally developed software. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, Viad recorded impairment charges of $3.0 million, which included $2.1 million related to the non-cash write-down of goodwill at Glacier Park and $1.0 million related to the write-off of certain assets within the Marketing & Events Group.
Income Taxes. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2014 was a benefit of 9.1 percent, as compared to expense of 27.8 percent for the third quarter of 2013. For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, the effective tax rate was 1.8 percent, as compared to 29.8 percent for the same period of 2013. The decrease in the effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 is primarily due to the release of the valuation allowance related to foreign tax credits and certain adjustments to deferred tax assets. During the third quarter of 2014, it was determined that certain deferred tax assets associated with foreign tax credits, for which a valuation allowance had previously been established, once again met the “more-likely-than-not” test in the accounting standards regarding the realization of those assets. Accordingly, Viad recorded a tax benefit of $10.1 million to income tax expense during the 2014 third quarter.
Discontinued Operations. On December 31, 2013, Glacier Park’s concession contract with the Park Service to operate lodging, tour and transportation and other hospitality services within Glacier National Park expired. Upon completion of the contract term, Viad received cash payments in January 2014 totaling $25.0 million for the Company’s possessory interest. This resulted in a pre-tax gain of $21.5 million and an after-tax gain of $12.6 million which was recorded as income from discontinued operations. The Company’s 2013 results related to the operations of Glacier Park’s concession contract business have been reclassified as discontinued operations. Accordingly, for the 2013 full year, approximately $19 million in revenue and $4 million in operating income has been reclassified as discontinued operations. The 2014 third quarter loss from discontinued operations included income of approximately $0.7 million, net of tax, related to the gain on sale of personal property at Glacier Park, which was more than offset by the allocation of taxes to the possessory interest gain.
Glacier Park continues to generate revenue from the seven properties it owns: St. Mary Lodge in St. Mary, Montana; Glacier Park Lodge in East Glacier, Montana; Grouse Mountain Lodge in Whitefish, Montana; the Prince of Wales Hotel in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta; the West Glacier Motel & Cabins in West Glacier, Montana; and Motel Lake McDonald
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and the Apgar Village Lodge, which are located inside Glacier National Park. Glacier Park also continues to operate the food and beverage operations and package tour and transportation services with respect to these properties and the retail shops located near Glacier National Park.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, Viad also recorded a loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, of approximately $0.3 million due to additional reserves related to certain liabilities associated with previously sold operations.
Subsequent Events. On October 7, 2014, Viad completed the acquisition of onPeak LLC and Travel Planners, Inc. for a purchase price of $43.1 million and $33.9 million, respectively, subject to certain adjustments. Both companies are leading providers of event housing services in North America. This transaction is aligned with management’s growth strategy to transform the Marketing & Events Group into the preferred global full service provider to the live events industry by adding complementary and higher-margin service lines to its existing official services contracting business.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash and cash equivalents were $56.9 million as of September 30, 2014, as compared to $45.8 million as of December 31, 2013. During the third quarter of 2014, the Company generated net cash flow from operating activities of $82.0 million primarily from the results of continuing operations. Management believes that Viad’s existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund operations and capital commitments for at least the next 12 months.
As of September 30, 2014, the Company had $43.8 million of its cash and cash equivalents held outside of the United States. Of the total amount, $33.2 million was held in Canada, $7.2 million in the United Kingdom, $2.7 million in Germany and $0.7 million in the United Arab Emirates. There are certain earnings related to its Canadian operations that have historically been deemed permanently reinvested. As of September 30, 2014, the incremental tax associated with these earnings if the cash balances were repatriated to the United States would approximate $0.9 million.
Cash Flows
Operating Activities

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Net income |  | $ | 61,599 |  |  | $ | 26,598 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 21,853 |  |  | 21,303 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (1,291 | ) |  | 2,669 |
(Income) loss from discontinued operations |  | (13,023 | ) |  | (2,664 | )
Other non-cash items |  | 11,516 |  |  | 6,966 |
Changes in assets and liabilities |  | 1,358 |  |  | (27,539 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 82,012 |  |  | $ | 27,333 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 - The changes in assets and liabilities primarily consisted of increases of $29.9 million in receivables, $7.1 million in inventories and increases or decreases in other assets and liabilities of $11.3 million, partially offset by increases in accounts payable and customer deposits of $27.3 million and $18.3 million, respectively. These changes reflect the increase and timing of revenue in the Marketing & Events Group during 2014 as compared to activity occurring at the end of 2013.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2013 - The changes in assets and liabilities primarily consisted of an increase in receivables of $12.2 million and decreases in accrued compensation of $8.8 million and customer deposits of $5.8 million, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable of $4.7 million. The change in accrued compensation reflects performance-based incentive payouts in the 2013 period. The remaining changes referenced above reflect the increase and timing of revenue in the Marketing & Events Group during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 as compared to activity occurring at the end of 2012.
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Investing Activities

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Proceeds from possessory interest and personal property - discontinued operations |  | $ | 28,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Proceeds from disposition of property and other assets |  | 502 |  |  | 422 |
Capital expenditures |  | (21,898 | ) |  | (26,927 | )
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired |  | (40,775 | ) |  | (647 | )
Proceeds from sale of facility and related land |  | — |  |  | 12,696 |
Proceeds from sale of land - discontinued operations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,645 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (34,171 | ) |  | $ | (12,811 | )

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 - Cash used in investing activities was driven by $40.8 million and $21.9 million of costs related to the acquisitions of Blitz and West Glacier and capital expenditures, respectively. This was offset by $28.0 million received for the Company’s possessory interest and personal property at Glacier Park. For additional information, refer to Note 3, Acquisition of Businesses.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2013 - Cash used in investing activities primarily consisted of $26.9 million used for capital expenditures primarily related to the construction of the Glacier Skywalk at the Travel & Recreation Group as well as equipment and computer hardware at the Marketing & Events U.S. segment. This was partially offset by $12.7 million of proceeds from the sale of a facility and related land.
Financing Activities

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Dividends paid on common stock |  | $ | (36,374 | ) |  | $ | (6,095 | )
Payments on debt and capital lease obligations |  | (56,196 | ) |  | (1,027 | )
Proceeds from borrowings |  | 68,000 |  |  | — |
Common stock purchased for treasury |  | (11,631 | ) |  | (1,294 | )
Other |  | 1,196 |  |  | 929 |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | $ | (35,005 | ) |  | $ | (7,487 | )

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 - Cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $56.2 million used for payments on debt and capital lease obligations, offset by $68.0 million in borrowings. Additionally, $36.4 million and $11.6 million was used for payments of quarterly dividends and a special cash dividend on common stock and the repurchase of common stock for treasury, respectively. On January 24, 2014, Viad announced that its Board of Directors declared a special cash dividend of $1.50 per share, which was paid on February 14, 2014.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2013 - Cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $6.1 million used for payments of quarterly dividends on common stock and $1.3 million used for the repurchase of common stock for treasury.
Debt and Capital Lease Obligations
Viad’s total debt as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013 was $24.0 million and $11.7 million, respectively. The debt-to-capital ratio was 0.062 to 1 and 0.032 to 1 as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Capital is defined as total debt and capital lease obligations plus total stockholders’ equity.
In May 2011, Viad entered into an amended and restated $130 million revolving credit agreement (the “Credit Facility”). The term of the Credit Facility is five years (expiring on May 18, 2016) and borrowings are to be used for general corporate purposes (including permitted acquisitions) and to support up to $50 million of letters of credit. The lenders have a first perfected security interest in all of the personal property of Viad and GES, including 65 percent of the capital stock of top-tier foreign subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2014, Viad’s total debt of $24.0 million consisted of a $22.5 million revolver borrowing under the Credit Facility and $1.5 million of capital lease obligations. As of September 30, 2014, Viad had $106.2 million of capacity
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remaining under its Credit Facility reflecting outstanding letters of credit of $1.3 million and the outstanding balance under the Credit Facility of $22.5 million.
Effective October 10, 2014, Viad entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Company’s $130 million Credit Facility. The Company was able to exercise the accordion feature of the Credit Facility after the lenders committed an additional $50 million of credit on a pro rata basis. Accordingly, the Amendment increased the Company’s borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility from $130 million to $180 million. Refer to Note 21, Subsequent Events.
Borrowings under the Credit Facility (under which GES is a guarantor) are indexed to the prime rate or the London Interbank Offered Rate, plus appropriate spreads tied to Viad’s leverage ratio. Commitment fees and letters of credit fees are also tied to Viad’s leverage ratio. The fees on the unused portion of the Credit Facility are currently 0.35 percent annually.
The Credit Facility contains various affirmative and negative covenants that are customary for facilities of this type, including a fixed-charge coverage ratio, leverage ratio and dividend and share repurchase limits. Significant other covenants include limitations on: investments, additional indebtedness, sales/leases of assets, acquisitions, consolidations or mergers and liens on property. As of September 30, 2014, Viad was in compliance with all covenants.
As of September 30, 2014, Viad had certain obligations under guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries. These guarantees are not subject to liability recognition in the consolidated financial statements and relate to leased facilities entered into by the Company’s subsidiary operations. The Company would generally be required to make payments to the respective third parties under these guarantees in the event that the related subsidiary could not meet its own payment obligations. The maximum potential amount of future payments that Viad would be required to make under all guarantees existing as of September 30, 2014 would be $7.9 million. These guarantees relate to leased facilities and expire through October 2017. There are no recourse provisions that would enable Viad to recover from third parties any payments made under the guarantees. Furthermore, there are no collateral or similar arrangements whereby Viad could recover payments.
The estimated fair value of total debt was $23.7 million and $11.5 million as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The fair value of debt was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates currently available for debt of similar terms and maturity.
Share Repurchases
Viad has announced the authorization of its Board of Directors to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, the Company repurchased 448,436 shares on the open market at a total cost of $10.6 million. There were no open market repurchases during the nine months ended September 30, 2013. As of September 30, 2014, 582,002 shares remain available for repurchase. The authorization of the Board of Directors does not have an expiration date. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, the Company repurchased 45,711 shares for $1.1 million and 48,937 shares for $1.3 million, respectively, related to tax withholding requirements on vested share-based awards.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Part II of Viad’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 for a discussion of critical accounting policies and estimates.
Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
For a description of recently issued accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on Viad’s condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation, in Item 1, Financial Statements.
Forward-Looking Statements:
As provided by the safe harbor provision under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Viad cautions readers that, in addition to historical information contained herein, this quarterly report includes certain information, assumptions and discussions that may constitute forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but reflect current estimates, projections, expectations, or trends concerning future growth, operating cash flows, availability of short-term borrowings, consumer demand, new or renewal business, investment policies, productivity improvements, ongoing cost reduction efforts, efficiency, competitiveness, legal expenses, tax rates and other tax matters, foreign exchange rates and the realization
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of restructuring cost savings. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Viad’s businesses can be affected by a host of risks and uncertainties. Among other things, natural disasters, gains and losses of customers, consumer demand patterns, labor relations, purchasing decisions related to customer demand for exhibition and event services, existing and new competition, industry alliances, consolidation and growth patterns within the industries in which Viad competes, acquisitions, capital allocations, adverse developments in liabilities associated with discontinued operations and any deterioration in the economy, may individually or in combination impact future results. In addition to factors mentioned elsewhere, economic, competitive, governmental, technological, capital marketplace and other factors, including terrorist activities or war, a pandemic health crisis and international conditions, could affect the forward-looking statements in this quarterly report. Additional information concerning business and other risk factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from those in the forward looking statements are discussed in “Risk Factors” in the risk factors sections included in Viad’s 2013 Annual Report.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Viad’s market risk exposures relate to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and certain commodity prices. Foreign exchange risk is the risk that fluctuating exchange rates will adversely affect Viad’s financial condition or results of operations. Interest rate risk is the risk that changing interest rates will adversely affect the earnings of Viad. Commodity risk is the risk that changing prices will adversely affect results of operations.
Viad conducts its foreign operations primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and to a lesser extent in certain other countries. The functional currency of Viad’s foreign subsidiaries is their local currency. Accordingly, for purposes of consolidation, Viad translates the assets and liabilities of its foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars at the foreign exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The unrealized gains or losses resulting from the translation of these foreign denominated assets and liabilities are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in Viad’s consolidated balance sheets. As a result, significant fluctuations in foreign exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar may result in material changes to Viad’s net equity position reported in its consolidated balance sheets. Viad does not currently hedge its equity risk arising from the translation of foreign denominated assets and liabilities. Viad had cumulative unrealized foreign currency translation gains recorded in stockholders’ equity of $20.9 million and $30.8 million as of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, unrealized foreign currency translation losses of $9.8 million and $10.0 million, respectively, were recorded in other comprehensive income. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, unrealized foreign currency translation gains of $5.3 million and losses of $6.1 million, respectively, were recorded in other comprehensive income.
In addition, for purposes of consolidation, the revenue, expenses, gains and losses related to Viad’s foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the period. As a result, Viad’s consolidated results of operations are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates as the operating results of its foreign operations, when translated, may vary from period to period, even when the functional currency amounts have not changed. Such fluctuations may adversely impact overall expected profitability and historical period-to-period comparisons. Viad does not currently hedge its net earnings exposure arising from the translation of its foreign operating results.
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The following table summarizes the effect of foreign exchange rate variances on segment operating results from Viad’s significant international operations for the three and nine months ended September 30:

|  | Weighted-Average Exchange Rates |  | Effect of Rate Variance (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Exchange Rates |  | Effect of Rate Variance (in thousands)
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |
Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | $ | 0.93 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (189 | )
United Kingdom |  | $ | 1.65 |  |  | $ | 1.46 |  |  | 74 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  | 459 |
Germany* |  | $ | 1.27 |  |  | $ | 1.27 |  |  | (22 | ) |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 1.32 |  |  | (30 | )
Total Marketing & Events Group: |  |  |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 240 |
Travel & Recreation Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | (1,010 | ) |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | (987 | )
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (922 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (747 | )

* The low weighted average exchange rate for Germany operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 is the result of variability of exchange rates and operating results during the period. The Marketing & Events Group German operations realized net operating losses during months in which the Euro was relatively stronger than the U.S. dollar and realized its strongest operating income during the month of September when the Euro experienced a significant weakening relative to the U.S. dollar.
Viad’s operating results at the Marketing & Events Group were primarily impacted by the strengthening of the British pound relative to the U.S. dollar and the weakening of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar. Viad’s operating results at the Travel & Recreation Group were impacted by the weakening of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar on a seasonal operating loss. Future changes in the exchange rates may impact overall expected profitability and historical period-to-period comparisons when operating results are translated into U.S. dollars.
Viad is exposed to short-term interest rate risk on certain of its debt obligations. Viad currently does not use derivative financial instruments to hedge cash flows for such obligations.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Viad, the effectiveness of the design and operation of disclosure controls and procedures has been evaluated as of September 30, 2014, and, based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of September 30, 2014. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in such reports is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the third quarter of 2014 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Refer to Note 18, Litigation, Claims, Contingencies and Other, in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements, for information regarding legal proceedings involving the Company.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In April 2014, management announced that it had concluded the formal strategic review process described in Part I, Item 1A - Risk Factors of Viad’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. In addition to the foregoing update and other information set forth in this report, careful consideration should be given to the factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A - Risk Factors and Part II, Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Viad’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, which could materially affect the Company’s business, financial condition and/or future results.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Set forth below is a table showing the total number of shares of Viad’s common stock that were repurchased during the third quarter of 2014 by Viad pursuant to publicly announced plans or programs, as well as from employees, former employees and non-employee directors surrendering previously owned Viad common stock (outstanding shares) to pay the taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards.
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (#) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share ($) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)
July 2014 | 380 |  |  | 23.57 |  |  | — |  |  | 582,002 |
September 2014 | 525 |  |  | 22.24 |  |  | — |  |  | 582,002 |
Total | 905 |  |  | 22.80 |  |  | — |  |  | 582,002 |

(1) Viad has announced the authorization of its Board of Directors to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, the Company repurchased 448,436 shares on the open market at a total cost of $10.6 million and as of September 30, 2014, 582,002 shares remain available for repurchase. The authorization of the Board of Directors does not have an expiration date.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit # |  | Exhibit Description
31.1 |  | Exhibit of Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
31.2 |  | Exhibit of Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
32.1 |  | Additional Exhibit of Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
32.2 |  | Additional Exhibit of Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.*
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.*
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.*
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.*
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.*
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.*

* | Filed herewith.

** | Furnished herewith.

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | VIAD CORP
|  |  | (Registrant)
November 10, 2014 |  |  |  | By: |  | /s/ Leslie S. Striedel
(Date) |  |  |  |  |  | Leslie S. Striedel
|  |  |  |  |  | Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  |  |  |  | (Chief Accounting Officer and Authorized Officer)

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