	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2017			2016
Performance unit incentive plan (“PUP”)	$	2,260		$	8,088		$	5,703
Restricted stock		2,453			2,594			2,073
Restricted stock units		157			287			262
Share-based compensation before income tax benefit		4,870			10,969			8,038
Income tax benefit		(1,227	)		(4,079	)		(2,988	)
Share-based compensation, net of income tax benefit	$	3,643		$	6,890		$	5,050

We recorded share-based compensation expense through restructuring charges of nil during 2018, $0.1 million in 2017, and $0.2 million in 2016. The 2018, 2017, and 2016 amounts relate to PUP and restricted stock units. No share-based compensation costs were capitalized during 2018, 2017, or 2016.

The following table summarizes the activity of the outstanding share-based compensation awards:

	PUP Awards					Restricted Stock					Restricted Stock Units
	Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance at December 31, 2017		239,338		$	32.80		206,899		$	33.16		12,750		$	30.94
Granted		76,925		$	52.03		51,404		$	52.26		3,898		$	52.54
Vested		(75,761	)	$	27.29		(75,034	)	$	27.52		(4,300	)	$	27.35
Forfeited		(693	)	$	51.22		(6,500	)	$	39.95		(258	)	$	37.69
Balance at December 31, 2018		239,809		$	40.65		176,769		$	40.87		12,090		$	39.04

We grant share-based compensation awards to our officers, directors, and certain key employees pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2017 Plan has a 10-year life and provides for the following types of awards: (a) incentive and non-qualified stock options; (b) restricted stock and restricted stock units; (c) performance units or performance shares; (d) stock appreciation rights; (e) cash-based awards; and (f) certain other stock-based awards. In June 2017, we registered 1,750,000 shares of common stock issuable under the 2017 Plan. As of December 31, 2018, there were 1,664,315 shares available for future grant under the 2017 Plan.

The vesting of PUP award shares is based upon achievement of certain performance-based criteria. The performance period of the shares is three years.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we granted PUP awards with a grant date fair value of $4.0 million of which $1.6 million are payable in shares. Liabilities related to PUP awards were $7.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and $11.0 million as of December 31, 2017. In 2018, PUP awards granted in 2015 vested and we distributed cash payouts of $5.9 million. In 2017, PUP awards granted in 2014 vested and we distributed cash payouts of $3.7 million. In 2016, PUP awards granted in 2013 vested and we distributed cash payouts of $0.2 million.

The grant date fair value of vested restricted stock was $2.1 million in 2018, $2.7 million in 2017, and $2.0 million in 2016. As of December 31, 2018, the unamortized cost of outstanding restricted stock awards was $2.5 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.0 year. We repurchased 22,358 shares for $1.2 million in 2018, 41,532 shares for $2.1 million in 2017, and 25,432 shares for $0.7 million in 2016 related to tax withholding requirements on vested share-based awards.

Aggregate liabilities related to restricted stock units were $0.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and $0.5 million as of December 31, 2017. In February 2018, the 2015 restricted stock units vested and we distributed $0.2 million in cash payouts. In February 2017, portions of the 2012 and 2014 restricted stock units vested and we distributed $0.3 million in cash payouts. In February 2016, portions of the 2011, 2012, and 2013 restricted stock units vested and we distributed $0.2 million in cash payouts.

	Shares			Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017		63,773		$	16.62
Exercised		(5,084	)	$	16.62
Options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2018		58,689		$	16.62

The weighted-average remaining contractual life of stock options outstanding is one year. The total intrinsic value of stock options outstanding was $2.0 million in 2018, $2.5 million in 2017, and $1.8 million in 2016. The intrinsic value of stock options outstanding represents the difference between our closing stock price on December 31 of each year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options.