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Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

Note 16. Income Taxes

The effective tax rate was a negative 20.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 32.8% for the three months ended June 30, 2019. The effective tax rate was a negative 7.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 18.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2019.

The negative effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were due to the recording of a valuation allowance of $25.5 million in the second quarter of 2020 against our remaining U.S., United Kingdom, and other European net deferred tax

assets as of June 30, 2020, as well as no tax benefits on non-deductible goodwill impairments and losses recognized in those jurisdictions. We recorded the valuation allowance based upon the level of historical losses and the uncertainty and timing of future income. At this time, we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize the benefits of these deductible differences.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments have enacted or are contemplating measures to provide aid and economic stimulus. These measures may include deferring the due dates of tax payments or other changes to income and non-income-based tax laws. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), which was enacted on March 27, 2020 in the U.S., includes measures to assist companies. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, there were no material tax impacts to our condensed consolidated financial statements as they relate to COVID-19 measures.

We received $11.2 million and $7.9 million of tax refunds in excess of payments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. Net cash paid for income taxes was $4.6 million and $8.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.