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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission file number: 001-11015

Viad Corp

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 36-1169950
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
7000 East 1st Avenue Scottsdale, Arizona |  | 85251-4304
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(602) 207-1000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $1.50 Par Value |  | VVI |  | New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights |  | __ |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files.) Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☒
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the Common Stock (based on its closing price per share on such date) held by non-affiliates on the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2022) was approximately $551.6 million.

Registrant had 20,740,318 shares of Common Stock ($1.50 par value) outstanding as of February 21, 2023.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the Proxy Statement for the Viad Corp Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled for May 24, 2023, is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report.

Auditor Firm Id: 34 | Auditor Name: Deloitte & Touche LLP | Auditor Location: Tempe, AZ USA

INDEX

|  | Page
Part I |  |
Item 1. | Business | 2
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 10
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 14
Item 2. | Properties | 14
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 15
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 15
Other. | Information about our Executive Officers | 15
Part II |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 16
Item 6. | Reserved | 17
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 18
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 29
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 31
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 79
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 79
Item 9B. | Other Information | 82
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 82
Part III |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 83
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 83
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 83
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 83
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 83
Part IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 83
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 87

In this report, for periods presented, “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” and “Viad Corp” refer to Viad Corp and its subsidiaries.

PAR T I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“2022 Form 10-K”) contains a number of forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this 2022 Form 10-K, including the following sections: “Business” (Part I, Item 1), “Risk Factors” (Part I, Item 1A), “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (Part II, Item 7), and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” (Part II, Item 7A). Words, and variations of words, such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “deliver,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “seek,” “target,” “will,” and similar expressions are intended to identify our forward-looking statements. Similarly, statements that describe our business strategy, outlook, objectives, plans, initiatives, intentions, or goals also are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and are subject to a host of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.

Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

•
general economic uncertainty in key global markets and a worsening of global economic conditions;
•
travel industry disruptions;
•
the impact of our overall level of indebtedness, as well as our financial covenants, on our operational and financial flexibility;
•
identified material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting;
•
seasonality of our businesses;
•
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial condition, liquidity, and cash flow;
•
our ability to anticipate and adjust for new and emerging challenges presented by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic on our businesses;
•
unanticipated delays and cost overruns of our capital projects, and our ability to achieve established financial and strategic goals for such projects;
•
our exposure to labor shortages, turnover, and labor cost increases;
•
the importance of key members of our account teams to our business relationships;
•
our ability to manage our business and continue our growth if we lose any of our key personnel;
•
the competitive nature of the industries in which we operate;
•
our dependence on large exhibition event clients;
•
adverse effects of show rotation on our periodic results and operating margins;
•
transportation disruptions and increases in transportation costs;
•
natural disasters, weather conditions, accidents, and other catastrophic events;
•
our exposure to labor cost increases and work stoppages related to unionized employees;
•
our multi-employer pension plan funding obligations;
•
our ability to successfully integrate and achieve established financial and strategic goals from acquisitions;
•
our exposure to cybersecurity attacks and threats;
•
our exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations;
•
liabilities relating to prior and discontinued operations; and
•
compliance with laws governing the storage, collection, handling, and transfer of personal data and our exposure to legal claims and fines for data breaches or improper handling of such data.

For a more complete discussion of the risks and uncertainties that may affect our business or financial results, refer to “Risk Factors” (Part I, Item 1A of this 2022 Form 10-K). The forward-looking statements in this 2022 Form 10-K are made as of the date hereof. We disclaim and do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement in this 2022 Form 10-K except as required by applicable law or regulation.

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Item 1. B usiness

We are a leading global provider of extraordinary experiences. Our mission is to drive significant and sustainable growth by delivering extraordinary experiences for our teams, clients, and guests.

We operate through three reportable business segments: Pursuit, Spiro, and GES Exhibitions.

During the first quarter of 2022, we rebranded GES’ brand experiences business and introduced Spiro to the market to accelerate our growth by servicing the changing needs of today’s brand marketers across a broader spectrum of their experiential marketing needs. Spiro and GES Exhibitions are both live event businesses and are collectively referred to as “GES.”

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Pursuit is a collection of inspiring and unforgettable travel experiences that includes recreational attractions, unique hotels and lodges, food and beverage, retail, sightseeing, and ground transportation services.
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Spiro is an experiential marketing agency that partners with leading brands around the world to manage and elevate their global experiential marketing activities.
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GES Exhibitions is a global exhibition services company that partners with leading exhibition and conference organizers as a full-service provider of strategic and logistics solutions to manage the complexity of their shows.

Pursuit is a global attractions and hospitality company that owns and operates a collection of inspiring and unforgettable travel experiences in iconic destinations. From world-class attractions, distinctive hotels, and engaging tours in stunning national parks and renowned global travel locations, Pursuit’s elevated attraction and hospitality experiences enable visitors to discover and connect with these iconic destinations. With a strategic direction to build an expanding portfolio of extraordinary experiences, Pursuit remains focused on refreshing, improving, and growing its collection in outstanding places around the globe. Pursuit draws its guests from major markets, including the United States, Canada, China, the United Kingdom, Australia/New Zealand, Asia Pacific, and Europe. Pursuit markets directly to consumers, as well as through distribution channels that include tour operators, tour wholesalers, destination management companies, and retail travel agencies. Pursuit comprises the following:

Banff Jasper Collection | The Banff Jasper Collection provides experiential travel experiences in the Canadian Rockies. Featuring lake cruises in Banff and Jasper National Parks, top-of-the-mountain views at the Banff Gondola, glacier exploration at the toe of the Columbia Icefield, the Glacier Skywalk and the Golden SkyBridge spanning over deep canyons, the collection offers visitors unique hotel experiences, attractions, culinary destinations, and retail offerings. The collection is also complemented by a sightseeing tour and transportation portfolio.
Alaska Collection | The Alaska Collection offers wilderness tours, whale watching, and glacier cruises complemented by unique lodging experiences in Denali and Kenai Fjords National Parks. From the port town of Seward, to the mountain town of Talkeetna, to the end of the road in Denali National Park, Pursuit offers a collection of unique attractions and hotels, complemented by culinary and retail services.
Glacier Park Collection | Located in and around Glacier and Waterton Lakes National Parks, the Glacier Park Collection features lodging, culinary and retail experiences, and attractions designed to enable guests to experience both Montana and Southern Alberta’s stunning outdoors. In 2022, we acquired the Glacier Raft Company, which provides guided river rafting trips operating in West Glacier, Montana.
FlyOver Attractions | Pursuit’s FlyOver flight ride attractions provide guests with an exhilarating flying experience over iconic natural wonders, hard to reach locations, and picturesque scenery. Utilizing state-of-the-art ride and audio-visual technology, each FlyOver experience features moving ride vehicles with six degrees of motion, multi-sensory special effects, and a spherical screen that provides guests with a flight across stunning landscapes.
Sky Lagoon | Pursuit’s Sky Lagoon is an oceanfront geothermal lagoon located in Reykjavik, Iceland. It features an ocean-side infinity-edge in addition to cold pool and sauna experiences. It also features an in-lagoon bar, dining experiences and retail offerings.

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Pursuit’s collection of experiences focuses on four distinct lines of business: Attractions (including food and beverage services and retail operations); Hospitality (including food and beverage services and retail operations); Transportation; and Travel planning.

Attractions

BANFF JASPER COLLECTION

Banff Gondola transports visitors to an elevation of over 7,000 feet above sea level to the top of Sulphur Mountain in Banff, Alberta, Canada offering an unobstructed view of the Canadian Rockies and overlooking the town of Banff and the Bow Valley. The Banff Gondola was a 2022 Trip Advisor Travelers Choice award winner and the Sky Bistro restaurant, which is located at the top of the Banff Gondola, is currently #2 of 115 restaurants in Banff on Trip Advisor.

Lake Minnewanka Cruise provides guests a unique sightseeing experience through interpretive boat cruises on Lake Minnewanka in the Canadian Rockies. The Lake Minnewanka Cruise operations are located adjacent to the town of Banff and include boat tours, small boat rentals, and charter fishing expeditions. The Lake Minnewanka Cruise was a 2022 Trip Advisor Travelers Choice award winner.

Glacier Adventure is a tour of the Athabasca Glacier on the Columbia Icefield, and provides guests a view of one of the largest accumulations of ice and snow south of the Arctic Circle. Guests ride in a giant “Ice Explorer,” a unique vehicle specially designed for glacier travel.

Columbia Icefield Skywalk is a 1,312-foot guided interpretive walkway with a 98-foot glass-floored observation area overlooking the Sunwapta Valley, near our Glacier Adventure attraction in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada.

Maligne Lake Cruise provides interpretive boat tours at Maligne Lake, the largest lake in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. In addition to boat tours, Maligne Lake has a marina and day lodge that offers food and beverage and retail services, an historic chalet complex and boat house that offers canoes, kayaks, and rowboats for rental.

Golden Skybridge is located in the mountain town of Golden, British Columbia, which is 90 minutes from Banff. It consists of two suspension bridges that are connected through forested trails. The upper skybridge is 426 feet above the canyon floor while the lower skybridge is 262 feet above the canyon floor. The attraction also includes a zip line and a canyon challenge course. We completed the construction of a mountain coaster, which will open during the summer of 2023.

Open Top Touring is a guided sightseeing tour of Banff with a historic twist. Guests ride in a custom-made, open-topped automobile inspired by local tours from the 1930s.

ALASKA COLLECTION

Kenai Fjords Tours is the #1 Alaska wildlife and glacier cruise, offering guests unforgettable sights of towering glaciers, humpback and grey whales, orcas, arctic birdlife, sea lions, seals, and porpoises in Kenai Fjords National Park. Tours range from a few hours to full days, with some tours including a full meal of wild Alaskan salmon, prime rib, and Alaskan King Crab on Fox Island. Kenai Fjords Tours was a 2022 Trip Advisor Travelers Choice award winner.

SKY LAGOON

Sky Lagoon is a 230-foot premium oceanfront geothermal lagoon that is located in Kársnes Harbour, Kópavogur, just minutes from Reykjavik. Sky Lagoon showcases expansive ocean vistas punctuated by awe-inspiring sunsets, Northern Lights, and dark sky views. Sky Lagoon was a 2022 Trip Advisor Travelers Choice award winner.

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FLYOVER ATTRACTIONS

FlyOver flight ride attractions provide guests with an exhilarating flying experience over iconic natural wonders, hard to reach locations, and picturesque scenery. Utilizing state-of-the-art ride and audio-visual technology, each FlyOver experience features moving ride vehicles with six degrees of motion and multi-sensory special effects before a spherical screen.

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FlyOver Canada is located along Vancouver’s waterfront in the heart of downtown.
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FlyOver Iceland is located in Reykjavik’s Grandi Harbour District.
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FlyOver Las Vegas is located on Las Vegas Boulevard in Las Vegas, Nevada.
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We currently have two additional locations in planning or development:
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FlyOver Chicago, located near the front entrance of Chicago’s Navy Pier, is expected to open during 2024.
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FlyOver Canada Toronto, located at the base of the CN Tower in Toronto’s Entertainment District. The opening of this attraction was originally planned for 2024, however, it has been postponed due to permitting and other related delays.

GLACIER PARK COLLECTION

Glacier Raft Company is Pursuit's newest attraction, which provides guided river rafting trips in West Glacier, Montana. The Glacier Raft Company also owns 13 log cabins, a lodge, and a wedding venue located on 50 acres with views into Glacier National Park.

Hospitality

BANFF JASPER COLLECTION |  | GLACIER PARK COLLECTION |  | ALASKA COLLECTION
Elk + Avenue Hotel | 164 rooms |  | Glacier Park Lodge | 162 rooms |  | Seward Windsong Lodge | 216 rooms
Forest Park Woodland | 152 rooms |  | Grouse Mountain Lodge | 145 rooms |  | Talkeetna Alaskan Lodge | 212 rooms
Lobstick Lodge | 139 rooms |  | St. Mary Lodge | 116 rooms |  | Denali Cabins | 46 rooms
Mount Royal Hotel | 133 rooms |  | Prince of Wales Hotel | 86 rooms |  | Denali Backcountry Lodge | 42 rooms
Chateau Jasper Hotel | 119 rooms |  | Apgar Village Lodge & Cabins | 48 rooms |  | Kenai Fjords Wilderness Lodge | 8 rooms
The Crimson Hotel | 99 rooms |  | West Glacier Cabin Village | 32 rooms |  |  | 524 rooms
Forest Park Alpine | 88 rooms |  | Glacier Basecamp Lodge | 32 rooms |  |  |
Marmot Lodge | 81 rooms |  | Belton Chalet | 27 rooms |  |  |
Pyramid Lake Resort | 62 rooms |  | Motel Lake McDonald | 27 rooms |  |  |
Miette Mountain Cabins | 56 rooms |  | Glacier Raft Co. Lodging | 23 rooms |  |  |
Glacier View Lodge | 32 rooms |  | West Glacier RV Park & Cabins | 20 rooms |  |  |
| 1,125 rooms |  |  | 718 rooms |  |  |

Transportation

BANFF JASPER COLLECTION

Transportation operations include sightseeing tours, airport shuttle services, and seasonal charter motorcoach services. The sightseeing services include seasonal half- and full-day tours from Calgary, Banff, Lake Louise, and Jasper, Canada and bring guests to the most scenic areas of Banff, Jasper, and Yoho National Parks. The charter business operates a fleet of luxury motorcoaches, available for groups of any size, for travel throughout the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia during the winter months.

ALASKA COLLECTION

Transportation includes a Denali Backcountry Adventure, which is a unique photo safari tour 92 miles deep into Denali National Park.

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Travel Planning

BANFF JASPER COLLECTION

Travel planning services include a full suite of corporate and event management services for meetings, conferences, incentive travel, sports, and special events. Event-related service offerings include staffing, off-site events, tours/activities, team building, accommodations, event management, theme development, production, and audio-visual services. The Banff Jasper Collection also owns and operates eight Pursuit Adventure Centers, which help guests book their leisure activities in Banff and Jasper National Parks.

ALASKA COLLECTION

Travel planning services provide complete travel planning services throughout Alaska.

Pursuit Seasonality

Pursuit’s peak activity occurs during the summer months. During 2022, 81% of Pursuit’s revenue was earned in the second and third quarters.

Pursuit Competition

Pursuit generally competes based on location, uniqueness of facilities, service, quality, and price. Competition exists both locally and regionally across all four lines of business. The hospitality industry has a large number of competitors and competes for leisure travelers (both individual and tour groups) across the United States and Canada. Pursuit’s competitive advantages are its distinctive attractions, iconic destinations, and strong culture of hospitality and guest services.

Pursuit Growth Strategy

Pursuit’s growth strategy is to become a leading attractions hospitality company through its Refresh, Build, Buy initiatives:

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Refresh. Refreshing our existing assets and processes to optimize the guest and team member experience, market position, and maximize returns;
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Build. Building new assets to create new guest experiences and additional revenue streams with economies of scale and scope; and
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Buy. Buying strategic assets that drive guest experience, economies of scale and scope, and improve financial performance.

We continue to search for opportunities to acquire or to build high return tourism assets in iconic natural and cultural destinations that enjoy perennial demand, bring meaningful scale and market share, and offer cross-selling advantages with a combination of attractions and hotels.

Recent Pursuit Developments

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On April 6, 2022, we acquired the Glacier Raft Company, which provides guided river rafting trips operating in Pursuit’s West Glacier, Montana operations. The Glacier Raft Company also owns 13 log cabins, a lodge, and a wedding venue located on 50 acres with views into Glacier National Park.
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The construction of the Forest Park Alpine, a new 88-room hotel in Jasper, was completed and opened in August 2022.
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We currently have two additional locations in planning or development:
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FlyOver Chicago, located near the front entrance of Chicago’s Navy Pier, is expected to open during 2024.
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FlyOver Canada Toronto, located at the base of the CN Tower in Toronto’s Entertainment District. The opening of this attraction was originally planned for 2024, however, it has been postponed due to permitting and other related delays.

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GES is a global, full-service live events company offering a comprehensive range of services to the world’s leading brands and event organizers from the design and production of compelling, immersive live and digital experiences that engage audiences and build brand awareness, through to logistics, including material handling, rigging, electrical, and other on-site event services.

GES has a leading position in the United States, serving every major exhibition market, including Las Vegas, Chicago, and Orlando. Additionally, GES produces events at many of the most active and popular international event destinations and venues in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands.

SPIRO

Spiro is an experiential marketing agency that partners with leading brands around the world to manage and elevate their global experiential marketing activities. Spiro builds immersive experiences with its clients starting with the strategic plan, creating the content and design, and finishing with the delivery and execution. Spiro delivers a broad range of unique and impactful experiences for its clients, including meetings and events, exhibition and program management, environments and permanent installations, brand and product activations, and marketing and measurement.

GES EXHIBITIONS

GES Exhibitions is a global exhibition services company with a legacy spanning over 90 years and teams throughout North America, Europe, and the Middle East. GES Exhibitions partners with leading exhibition and conference organizers as a full-service provider of strategic and logistics solutions to manage the complexity of their shows, including strategy, creative & design, registration & engagement, accommodations, logistics & management, material handling, overhead sign hanging, graphics and other rental and labor services. GES Exhibitions also serves as an in-house or preferred provider of electrical and other event services within event venues, including convention centers and conference hotels.

GES Seasonality and Show Rotation

GES’ exhibition and event activity can vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year depending on the frequency and timing of shows. Some shows are not held annually and some shift between quarters. Show rotation refers to shows that occur less frequently than annually, as well as annual shows that shift quarters from one year to the next.

GES Competition

Within brand experiences, Spiro generally competes on the basis of creative design, value, quality, and service offerings. Spiro maintains competitive advantages through its breadth of service offerings, worldwide network of resources, state-of-the-art creative solutions, advanced technology platforms, longstanding reputation for customer service and execution, and financial strength. Most known competitors are privately-held companies that provide limited public information regarding their operations. There is substantial competition from a large number of service providers, however Spiro’s primary competitors are experiential marketing agencies and trade show design-and-build companies.

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In the live events industry, GES Exhibitions generally competes across all classes of services and all markets on the basis of discernible differences, value, quality, price, convenience, and service. GES Exhibitions has a competitive advantage through its worldwide network of resources, history of serving as an extension of clients’ teams, experienced and knowledgeable personnel, client focus, creativity, reliable execution, proprietary technology platforms, and financial strength. All known United States competitors and most international competitors are privately held companies that provide limited public information regarding their operations. GES Exhibition’s primary competitor is a privately-held, United States-headquartered company; however, there is substantial competition from a large number of service providers in GES Exhibition’s other service offerings.

GES Strategic Transformation

Over the past few years, we accelerated our transformation and streamlining efforts at GES to significantly reduce costs and create a lower cost structure focused on servicing GES’ more profitable market segments including the following:

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exited 26 leased facilities across GES’ warehouse and office network since 2020;
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sold GES’ San Diego area production warehouse in 2020;
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closed GES’ United Kingdom-based audio-visual services business in 2020; and
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sold GES’ Orlando area production warehouse in 2021.

Recent GES Developments

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During the first quarter of 2022, we rebranded GES’ brand experiences business and introduced Spiro to the market to accelerate our growth by servicing the changing needs of today’s brand marketers across a broader spectrum of their experiential marketing needs.
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On December 15, 2022, we completed the sale of the assets of ON Services – AV Specialists, Inc. (“ON Services”), GES’ US-based audio-visual services business for approximately $30.0 million.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property rights (including trademarks, patents, copyrights, registered designs, technology, and know-how) are material to our business.

We own or have the right to use numerous trademarks and patents in many countries. Depending on the country, trademarks remain valid for as long as we use them, or as long as we maintain their registration status. Trademark registrations are generally for renewable, fixed terms. We also have patents for current and potential products. Our patents cover inventions ranging from a modular structure having a load-bearing surface that we use in our event and exhibition services, to a surface-covering installation tool and method that reduces our labor costs and improves worker safety. Our United States issued utility patents extend for 20 years from the patent application filing date, and our United States issued design patents are currently granted for 14 years from the grant date. We also have an extensive design library. Many of the designs have copyright protection and we have also registered many of the copyrights. In the United States, copyright protection is for 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter. While we believe that certain of our patents, trademarks, and copyrights have substantial value, we do not believe the loss of any one of them would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Our Trademarks

Our United States registered trademarks and trademarks pending registration include Global Experience Specialists & design®, Spiro, GES®, GES Servicenter®, GES National Servicenter®, , GES Measurement & Insight®, GES Project Central,, We’re There, Trade Show Rigging TSR®, TSE Trade Show Electrical & design®, Earth Explorers®, Compass Direct®, ethnoMetrics®, eXPRESSO®, FIT®, FLYOVER® & design, FLYOVER Canada & design®, FLYOVER Iceland & design®, eco-sense®, ONPEAK®, Above Banff®, by Pursuit, Kenai Fjords Tours & design®, Kenai Fjords Wilderness Lodge® & design, Seward Windsong Lodge & design®, Talkeetna Alaskan Lodge®, Explore Rockies®, Denali Backcountry Adventure®, Denali Backcountry Lodge®, and Denali Cabins & design®

We also own or have the right to use many registered trademarks and trademarks pending registration outside of the United States, including GES®, Spiro®, ShowTech®, Poken®, Visit®, Visit by GES®, Brewster Inc. & design®, Brewster Attractions Explore & design®, Brewster Hospitality Refresh & design®, Glacier Skywalk®, Above Banff®, Explore Rockies®, FLYOVER & design®, FLYOVER ICELAND & design, FLYOVER Canada & design, Mount Royal, GES Event Intelligence AG®, Pursuit®, by Pursuit®, Kaffi Grandi, Ský Lagoon®, Soaring Over Canada®, Elk + Avenue Hotel®, Brewster Epic Summer Pass®, and escape.connect.refresh.explore®.

Government Regulation and Compliance

The principal rules and regulations affecting our day-to-day business relate to our employees (such as regulations implemented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, equal employment opportunity laws, guidelines implemented pursuant to the Americans

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with Disabilities Act, and general federal and state employment laws), unionized labor (such as guidelines imposed by the National Labor Relations Act), United States and Canadian regulations relating to national parks (such as regulations established by Parks Canada, the United States Department of the Interior, and the United States National Park Service), United States and Canadian regulations relating to boating (such as regulations implemented by the United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard and state boating laws), and transportation (such as regulations promulgated by the United States Department of Transportation and its state counterparts).

Our current and former businesses are subject to federal and state environmental regulations. Compliance with these provisions, and environmental stewardship generally, is key to our ongoing operations. To date, these provisions have not had, and we do not expect them to have, a material effect on our results of current and discontinued operations.

On July 18, 2020, an off-road Ice Explorer operated by our Pursuit business was involved in an accident while enroute to the Athabasca Glacier, resulting in three fatalities and multiple other serious injuries. We continue to support the victims and their families. We immediately reported the accident to our relevant insurance carriers, who are also supporting the investigation and subsequent claims. In May 2022, we received charges from the Canadian office of Occupational Health and Safety in relation to this accident. We continue to cooperate fully with regulatory agencies regarding this accident. In addition, we believe that our reserves and, subject to customary deductibles, our insurance coverage is sufficient to cover potential claims and regulatory fines related to this accident.

Human Capital

Our people drive our success. We foster a culture that is equitable and inclusive, celebrates our talent, and prioritizes the safety and wellness of our teams, clients, and guests. We are committed to cultivating an environment where people of all different backgrounds feel a sense of belonging and contribute to our continued success.

We had the following number of employees as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Number of Employees (1) |
GES |  |  | 2,440 |
Pursuit |  |  | 913 |
Viad Corporate |  |  | 34 |
Total |  |  | 3,387 |

(1)
Includes 505 employees covered by collective bargaining agreements and excludes seasonal or temporary employees. The employees covered by collective bargaining agreements are largely used to staff GES’ shows, events, and production facilities pursuant to business demands. The transportation teams at Pursuit’s Banff Jasper Collection are covered by collective bargaining agreements as well as the majority of our Iceland workforce. We believe that relations with our employees are good and that collective bargaining agreements expiring in 2023 will be renegotiated in the ordinary course of business without adverse effects on our operations.

GES hires temporary employees on a show-by-show basis. The number of temporary employees fluctuates depending on the size and location of the exhibition or event. Pursuit hires approximately 2,000 seasonal employees during the peak summer months to help operate its attractions and hospitality properties.

We are governed by a Board of Directors comprising eight non-employee directors and one employee director, and we have an executive management team with six executive officers.

Diversity, inclusion, and belonging

We take pride in our diverse community. We believe diversity and gender equality are critical to building a thriving workplace. We strive to create an environment where people of all different backgrounds feel a sense of belonging and contribute to our continued success. To make our workplace as inclusive and safe as possible, we have diversity and inclusion training integrated into our Always Honest Compliance and Ethics Program.

We do not discriminate against employees or applicants based on race, color, age, disability, ethnicity, citizenship, religion, sex, national origin, sexual orientation, genetics or genetic information, or any other categories protected by applicable law. We are committed to equal opportunity in all of our employment activities, including, but not limited to, recruitment, hiring, compensation, determination of benefits, training, promotion, and discipline. We also provide reasonable accommodations to disabled persons, so all employees can achieve success in the workplace.

We take pride in the diverse and talented group of people that make up our Board of Directors, executive management team, and employees. We understand the value that a diverse workforce of varying genders, ethnicity, background, and experience brings to the Company and we are focused on improving diversity at all levels. With our appointment of Beverly K. Carmichael and Patrick T.

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LaValley to our Board of Directors in 2022, we now have three female Board members and two minorities out of a total of eight non-employee Board members. In 2022, more than 45% of our overall global workforce was female.

As a devoted steward to our communities, we are committed to increasing the diversity of our workforce to better reflect the communities in which we operate. We have undertaken initiatives, which go beyond legal compliance, to recruit from diverse audiences, such as minorities, women, and veterans. These efforts include leveraging inclusive job-posting sites and sharing job postings with community partners.

As part of our commitment to developing our employees and furthering their professional growth, we have programs in place including GES’ Business Development Mentor Program and the newly launched training platform for people leaders, including “Spiro.You” at Spiro, “Sales Leadership Program” at GES Exhibitions, and “Leaders’ Journey” at Pursuit. These programs connect new hires, which are recent graduates, with leaders within our organization and is designed to accelerate their career trajectory.

Our emphasis on equality permeates throughout the organization and helps drive our success. For example, we conduct periodic employee engagement surveys to help us understand, recognize, and respect the diversity within our team. These surveys help shape our training and development plans to ensure we are maintaining an inclusive culture by engaging, developing, and retaining our talented team members across the globe.

Safety and well-being

The safety and well-being of team members, clients, and guests is a leading core value. We believe that maintaining strong standards of health and safety improves employee productivity and operational efficiency and enhances employee well-being.

Our employees have a responsibility to maintain a safe and healthy work environment. We take prompt action to correct unsafe or hazardous conditions; we promptly report work-related accidents and injuries in accordance with established procedures and applicable laws; we strive to follow all established work rules related to safety; we educate our workers to ensure they understand the risks, know how to handle hazardous products safely, and are familiar with available information for all hazardous materials used. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we rapidly designed and implemented enhanced health and safety protocols to protect our team members who continued to perform critical on-site and front-line work serving our clients and guests.

Both Pursuit and GES have implemented business-specific programs that support our commitment to the safety and well-being of our team members, clients, and guests. Pursuit’s Safety Promise is our commitment to the safety and well-being of our guests and staff. Through this program, we ensure that everyone feels safe when visiting our experiences and that these places can continue to make a positive impact. GES’ Always On Health and Safety Program was designed by our safety team to protect our employees, customers, partners, and event attendees. GES employees are committed to adhering to all local government and facility requirements and those established in conjunction with our partners and clients. Safe, reliable delivery of events is one of our most significant responsibilities.

Compliance and ethics

We believe that maintaining a culture of high ethical standards gives us a distinct advantage in recruiting and retaining top talent, delivering the best experience for our customers, and attracting shareholders. Our Always Honest Compliance and Ethics Program, with the full support of our Board of Directors, has guided us since 1994 to translate integrity into our everyday behavior and actions. The Always Honest Compliance and Ethics Program guides our employees to act honestly, ethically, and always in compliance with the law.

Community involvement

Giving back to the community is very important to us. We are committed to making a positive impact within the communities we serve through educational programs such as GES’ Exhibition Sponsorships, volunteer services, and environmental/economic sustainable efforts in the community. Many of our offices pull together to volunteer and support local and national organizations. The Banff Jasper Collection was awarded Corporate Citizen of the Year in Jasper, Alberta in recognition of its community building efforts. Pursuit also supported an exchange of learning and renewed its dedication to reconciliation with local Indigenous communities through a variety of initiatives and programs.

Rewards and performance management

Beyond a competitive salary, we offer a range of healthcare benefits to full-time employees, their spouses, and dependents. We encourage our employees to grow professionally with ongoing training and internal career opportunities. We utilize a performance review process, which aligns our core competencies to our core values, and a performance management cycle, which provides a framework designed to maximize performance and cultivate talent. Short- and long-term incentive compensation for senior managers and executives is based on the Company’s performance and/or stock performance.

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Available Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 1991. Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VVI.”

Our website address is www.viad.com. All of our Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings, including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, are available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is neither a part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this 2022 Form 10-K.

Our investor relations website is www.viad.com/investors/investor-center/default.aspx and includes key information about our corporate governance initiatives, including our Corporate Governance Guidelines, our Board of Directors committee charters, our Code of Ethics, and information concerning our Board members and how to communicate with them.

Item 1A. Risk F actors

Our operations and financial results are subject to known and unknown risks. As a result, past financial performance and historical trends may not be reliable indicators of our future performance.

Macroeconomic Risks

We are vulnerable to deterioration in general economic conditions. Our business is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in general economic conditions in the United States and other global markets in which we operate. A decline in global or regional economic conditions, or consumers’ fears that economic conditions will decline, whether due to inflation, rising interest rates, or other economic, pandemic or geopolitical uncertainties could cause declining consumer or corporate spending, travel disruptions, unemployment, fluctuations in stock markets and interest rates, contraction of credit availability, or other dynamic factors affecting economic conditions generally. For example, in response to high inflation, the United States Federal Reserve began to raise its benchmark interest rates in March 2022 and continued to increase interest rates throughout 2022. This has increased our interest expense on our variable rate debt. The additional impacts of these macroeconomic developments on our operations cannot be predicted with certainty. The success of our GES business largely depends on the number of exhibitions or other live events held, the size of marketing expenditures at those events, and on the strength of particular industries that support those events. The number and size of live events and related marketing expenditures generally decrease when the economy weakens. We also could suffer from reduced spending for our services because many live event marketing budgets are partly discretionary and are frequently among the first expenditures reduced when economic conditions deteriorate. In addition, revenue from our Pursuit operations depends largely on the amount of disposable income that consumers have available for travel and vacations, which decreases during periods of weak general economic conditions. As a result, any deterioration in general economic conditions could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Travel industry disruptions, particularly those affecting the hotel and airline industries, could adversely affect our business. Our business depends largely on the ability and willingness of people, whether exhibitors, event attendees, tourists, or others, to travel. Factors adversely affecting the travel industry, and particularly the airline and hotel industries, generally also adversely affect our business and results of operations. Factors that could adversely affect the travel industry include high or rising fuel prices, levels of consumer discretionary or corporate marketing spendings, increased security and passport requirements, weather conditions, health epidemics, pandemics and endemics, airline accidents, acts of terrorism, and international political instability and hostilities. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing orders resulted in severe global travel restrictions, closure or reduction in capacity of event venues, hotels, attractions and other operations, and reluctance of customers to travel. These circumstances had severe effects on our businesses. A decline in travel-related consumer discretionary or corporate marketing spend, or the occurrence of other pandemic or geopolitical events or hostilities that affect the availability and pricing of air travel and accommodations, could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our overall level of indebtedness, as well as our financial covenants under our revolving credit facility, could limit our operational and financial flexibility and make us more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions. As of December 31, 2022, our debt totaled $481.8 million, including $395.0 million outstanding on our Term Loan B, financing lease obligations of $64.7 million, and $22.1 million in other debt. As of December 31, 2022, capacity remaining under the revolving credit facility was $86.7 million. As a result of our indebtedness, we are required to make interest and principal payments on our borrowings, which are significant. These payments reduce our cash available, which could limit our ability to respond to market conditions or take advantage of potential acquisitions and strategic investments. To manage our exposure to interest rate movements, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement on $300 million of our Term B Loan on January 4, 2023. Refer to Note 24 – Subsequent Events.

In addition, our ability to draw on our revolving credit facility depends on our ability to meet certain financial covenants. This exposes us to various risks, uncertainties, and events beyond our control, including the impact of adverse economic conditions (including inflation, rising interest rates, or a recession) and public health crises (including the COVID-19 pandemic). If we are unable to maintain compliance with these covenants, our lenders may exercise remedies against us, including the acceleration of any outstanding

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indebtedness on our revolving credit facility. Under this circumstance, we might not have sufficient funds or other resources to satisfy all of our obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic and related responsive actions have adversely affected our financial condition, liquidity, and cash flow, and may continue to do so in the future. The COVID-19 pandemic forced the cancellation of many of our events and the temporary closure of substantially all of our attractions, hotels, and other operations. The substantial reduction in our operations resulted in significant losses and negative cash flow from operations in 2020 and 2021.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused governments, public institutions, and other organizations to impose quarantines and lockdowns; restrictions and bans on travel or transportation; limitations on the size of in-person gatherings; closures of, or occupancy or other operating limitations on, work facilities, lodging facilities, food and beverage establishments, schools, public buildings, and businesses, including cancellation of exhibitions, sporting events, conferences and meetings; and quarantines and lock-downs. These actions dramatically reduced travel and demand for travel related services and live event experiences, which negatively impacted our business, operations, and financial results. Although many of these restrictions, bans, limitations, closures and mandates have eased or been lifted, they may be reinstituted from time to time in varying degrees by various jurisdictions as resurgences and variants emerge. The extent to which COVID-19 or other health epidemics, pandemics or endemics impacts our business, operations, and financial results will depend on the factors described above and numerous other evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict or assess, including the duration and scope of impact on global and regional economies and economic activity, short and longer-term impact on the demand for travel, transient and group business, and levels of consumer confidence and how quickly economies, travel activity, and demand for lodging recovers. A resurgence in cases of COVID-19 or another pandemic could further materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our businesses will face new challenges presented by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the direct economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear that as our businesses have begun to recover, they are operating in new environments in light of societal, regulatory, and industry changes that have occurred since March 2020. Our ability to continue to adjust to these changes and deliver expected business results may be hampered by ongoing uncertainty presented by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of proper safety protocols, social norms, labor shortages, supply chain interruptions, and a potential of uneven demand for our services. In addition, our ability to deliver such services and otherwise execute against our recovery and growth strategies may be impacted by the extreme reduction of our workforce during the pandemic and the resulting loss of knowledge of and experience in our businesses. Taken together, our ability to anticipate and adjust to these ongoing changes and new conditions may lead to additional costs, which may materially and adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Transportation disruptions and increases in transportation costs could adversely affect our business and results of operations. GES relies on independent transportation carriers to send materials and exhibits to and from exhibition, warehouse, and customer facilities. If our customers and suppliers are unable to secure the services of those independent transportation carriers at favorable rates, it could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, disruption of transportation services due to shortage of supply chain labor, including qualified commercial truck drivers; shipping capacity constraints, including shortages of related equipment; weather-related problems; labor strikes; lockouts; or other events could adversely affect our ability to supply services to customers and could cause the cancellation or curtailment of exhibitions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Natural disasters, weather conditions, accidents, and other catastrophic events could negatively affect our business. The occurrence of catastrophic events ranging from natural disasters (such as hurricanes, fires, floods, and earthquakes), acts of war or terrorism, accidents involving our travel offerings or experiences, the effects of climate change, including any impact of global warming, or the prospect of these events could disrupt our business. Changes in climates may increase the frequency and intensity of adverse weather patterns and make certain destinations less desirable.

Such catastrophic events have, and could have, an adverse impact on Pursuit, which is heavily dependent on the ability and willingness of its guests to travel and/or visit our attractions. Pursuit guests tend to delay or postpone vacations if natural conditions differ from those that typically prevail at competing lodges, resorts, and attractions, and catastrophic events and heightened travel security measures instituted in response to such events could impede the guests’ ability to travel, and interrupt our business operations, including damaging our properties. For example, the accident on July 18, 2020, at Pursuit’s Glacier Adventure attraction, which involved one of our off-road Ice Explorers and resulted in three fatalities and other serious injuries, may have a negative impact on our reputation and traveler willingness to visit that attraction in the future.

Such catastrophic events could also have a negative impact on GES, causing a cancellation of exhibitions and other events held in public venues or disrupt the services we provide to our customers at convention centers, exhibition halls, hotels, and other public venues. Such events could also have a negative impact on GES’ production facilities, preventing us from timely completing exhibit fabrication and other projects for customers. In addition, unfavorable media attention, or negative publicity, in the wake of any catastrophic event or accident could damage our reputation or reduce the demand for our services. If the conditions arising from such events persist or worsen, they could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Strategic, Business, and Operational Risks

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate this material weakness or maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired. We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and have restated our financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The identified material weakness remained unremediated as of December 31, 2022. If we are unable to remediate the existing material weakness, experience additional material weaknesses or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations or prevent fraud, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

The seasonality of our business makes us particularly sensitive to adverse events during peak periods. The peak activity for our Pursuit business is during the summer months, as the vast majority of Pursuit’s revenue is earned in the second and third quarters. Our GES exhibition and event activity varies significantly because it is based on the frequency and timing of shows, many of which are not held each year, and which may shift between quarters. If adverse events or conditions occur during these peak periods, such as the COVID-19 pandemic or natural disasters such as forest fires, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

New capital projects may not be commercially successful. From time to time, we pursue capital projects in order to enhance and expand our business, such as FlyOver, which includes FlyOver Canada in Vancouver, FlyOver Iceland, FlyOver Las Vegas, and the current development of FlyOver Chicago and FlyOver Canada Toronto, as well as other efforts to upgrade some of our Pursuit offerings. Capital projects are subject to a number of risks, including the failure to achieve established financial and strategic goals. For example, our FlyOver attractions are all considered one reporting unit and goodwill is assigned to, and tested at, the reporting unit level. Significant reductions in FlyOver’s expected future revenue, operating income, or cash flow forecasts and projections, or changes in macroeconomic facts and circumstances, particularly high inflation and the resulting rise in interest rates, may result in impairment charges in the future. Capital projects are also subject to unanticipated delays and cost overruns as well as additional project-specific risks. For example, we had to postpone FlyOver Canada Toronto due to the COVID-19 pandemic, permitting, and approval delays. A prolonged delay in a capital project, or our failure to accurately predict the revenue or profit that will be generated from a project, could prevent it from performing in accordance with our commercial expectations and could materially and adversely affect our future success, business, and results of operations.

We operate in highly competitive and dynamic industries. Competition in the live events markets is driven by price and service quality, among other factors. To the extent competitors seek to gain or retain market presence through aggressive underpricing strategies, we may be required to lower our prices and rates to avoid the loss of related business. Moreover, customer consolidations and other actions within the industry have caused downward pricing pressure for our products and services and could affect our ability to negotiate favorable terms with our customers. If we are unable to anticipate and respond as effectively as our competitors to changing business conditions, including new technologies and business models, we could lose market share. Our inability to meet the challenges presented by the competitive and dynamic environment of our industry could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

We depend on our large exhibition event clients to renew their service contracts and on our exclusive right to provide those services. GES has a number of large exhibition event organizers and large customer accounts. If any of these large clients do not renew their service contracts, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Moreover, when event organizers hire GES as the official services contractor, they usually also grant GES an exclusive right to perform material handling, electrical, rigging, and other services at the exhibition facility. However, some exhibition facilities have taken certain steps to in-source certain event services (either by performing the services themselves or by hiring a separate service provider) as a result of conditions generally affecting their industry, such as an increased supply of or reduced demand for exhibition space. If exhibition facilities choose to in-source certain event services, GES will lose the ability to provide certain event services, and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Show rotation affects our profitability and makes comparisons between periods difficult. GES results are largely dependent upon the frequency, timing, and location of exhibitions and events. Some large exhibitions are not held annually (they may be held once every two, three, or four years) or may be held at different times of the year from when they were previously held. In addition, the same exhibition may change locations from year to year resulting in lower margins if the exhibition shifts to a higher-cost location. Any of these factors could cause our results of operations to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter or from year to year, making periodic comparisons difficult.

Completed acquisitions may not perform as anticipated or be integrated as planned. We regularly evaluate and pursue opportunities to acquire businesses that complement, enhance, or expand our current business, or offer growth opportunities. Our acquired businesses might not meet our financial and non-financial expectations or yield anticipated benefits. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to

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conform controls, policies and procedures, and business cultures; consolidate and streamline operations and infrastructures; identify and eliminate redundant and underperforming operations and assets; manage inefficiencies associated with the integration of operations; and retain the acquired business’s key personnel and customers. Moreover, our acquisition activity may subject us to new regulatory requirements, distract our senior management and employees, and expose us to unknown liabilities or contingencies that we may fail to identify prior to closing. If we are forced to make changes to our business strategy or if external conditions adversely affect our business operations, such as unfavorable macroeconomic conditions (particularly high inflation and the resulting rise in interest rates), it may be difficult for us to accurately forecast revenue, operating income, or cash flow, and we may be required to record impairment charges in the future. Additionally, we may borrow funds to finance strategic acquisitions. Debt leverage resulting from future acquisitions would reduce our debt capacity, increase our interest expense, and limit our ability to capitalize on future business opportunities. Such borrowings may also be subject to fluctuations in interest rates. Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, product and service sales, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations. We have operations outside of the United States primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, and Germany. During 2022, our international operations accounted for approximately 38% of our consolidated revenue and 70% of our segment operating income. Consequently, a significant portion of our business is exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations. We do not currently hedge equity risk arising from the translation of non-United States denominated assets and liabilities. Our financial results and capital ratios are sensitive to movements in currency exchange rates because a large portion of our assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses must be translated into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. The unrealized gains or losses resulting from the currency translation are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also have certain loans and leases in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency, which results in gains or losses as exchange rates fluctuate. As a result, significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates could result in material changes to our results of operations and the net equity position we report in our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Liabilities relating to prior and discontinued operations may adversely affect our results of operations. We and our predecessors have a corporate history spanning decades and involving diverse businesses. Some of those businesses owned properties and used raw materials that have been, and may continue to be, subject to litigation. Moreover, some of the raw materials used and the waste produced by those businesses have been and are the subject of United States federal and state environmental regulations, including laws enacted under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or its state law counterparts. In addition, we may incur other liabilities resulting from indemnification claims involving previously sold properties and subsidiaries, or obligations under defined benefit plans or other employee plans, as well as claims from past operations of predecessors or their subsidiaries. Although we believe we have adequate reserves and sufficient insurance coverage to cover those potential liabilities, future events or proceedings could render our reserves or insurance protections inadequate, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Labor and Employment Risks

Our business has been and may continue to be adversely affected by labor shortages, turnover, and labor cost increases. We rely heavily on our global workforce, including many seasonal and temporary employees. Several factors, including factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic, have resulted and may continue to result in labor shortages, turnover, and increased labor costs, including high employment levels and demand for employees; unemployment subsidies; the freezing of visa programs; increased wages offered by other employers; vaccine mandates and other government regulations and our responses thereto. Any of these factors could materially and adversely affect our ability to hire qualified team members and, therefore negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Our business is relationship driven. Our GES business is heavily focused on client relationships, and, specifically, on having close collaboration and interaction with our clients. To be successful, our account teams must be able to understand clients’ desires and expectations in order to provide top-quality service. If we are unable to maintain our client relationships, including due to the loss of key members of our account teams, we could also lose customers and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we lose any of our key personnel, our ability to manage our business and continue our growth could be negatively impacted. Our success, at least in part, depends on the continued contributions of our executive team and key personnel. If one or more of our key personnel were to resign or otherwise terminate employment with us, we could experience operational disruptions. In addition, we do not maintain key person insurance on any of our executive employees or key personnel.

Union-represented labor increases our risk of higher labor costs and work stoppages. Significant portions of our employees are unionized. We have approximately 100 collective bargaining agreements, and we are required to renegotiate approximately one-third of those each year. If we increase wages or benefits as a result of labor negotiations, either our operating margins will suffer, or we could increase the cost of our services to our customers, which could lead those customers to turn to other vendors with lower prices. Either event could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Additionally, if we are unable to reach an agreement with a union during the collective bargaining process, the union may strike or carry out other types of work stoppages. If this were to occur, we might be unable to find substitute workers with the necessary skills to

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perform many of the services, or we may incur additional costs to do so, both of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our participation in multi-employer pension plans could substantially increase our pension costs. We sponsor a number of defined benefit plans for our United States and Canada-based employees. In addition, we are obligated to contribute to multi-employer pension plans under collective bargaining agreements covering our union-represented employees. We contributed $17.5 million in 2022, $7.1 million in 2021, and $8.6 million in 2020 to those multi-employer pension plans. Third-party boards of trustees manage these multi-employer plans. Based upon the information we receive from plan administrators, we believe that several of those multi-employer plans are underfunded. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 requires us to reduce the underfunded status over defined time periods. Moreover, we would be required to make additional payments of our proportionate share of a plan’s unfunded vested liabilities if a plan terminates, or other contributing employers withdraw, due to insolvency or other reasons, or if we voluntarily withdraw from a plan. At this time, we do not anticipate triggering any significant withdrawal from any multi-employer pension plan to which we currently contribute. However, significant plan contribution increases could materially and adversely affect our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Refer to Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of our 2022 Form 10-K) for further information.

Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Risks

We are vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks and threats. Our devices, servers, cloud-based solutions, computer systems, and business systems are vulnerable to cybersecurity risk, including cyberattacks, or we may be the target of email scams that attempt to acquire personal information and company assets. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of our employees switched to working remotely, which magnifies the importance of integrity of our remote access security measures. Despite our efforts to protect ourselves with insurance, and create security barriers to such threats, including regularly reviewing our systems for vulnerabilities and continually updating our protections, we might not be able to entirely mitigate these risks. Our failure to effectively prevent, detect, and recover from the increasing number and sophistication of information security threats could lead to business interruptions, delays or loss of critical data, misuse, modification, or destruction of information, including trade secrets and confidential business information, reputational damage, and third-party claims, any of which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Moreover, the cost of protecting against cybersecurity attacks and threats is expensive and expected to increase going forward.

Laws and regulations relating to the handling of personal data are evolving and could result in increased costs, legal claims, or fines. We store and process the personally identifiable information of our customers, employees, and third parties with whom we have business relationships. The legal requirements restricting the way we store, collect, handle, and transfer personal data continue to evolve, and there are an increasing number of authorities issuing privacy laws and regulations. These data privacy laws and regulations are subject to differing interpretations, creating uncertainty and inconsistency across jurisdictions. Our compliance with these myriad requirements could involve making changes in our services, business practices, or internal systems, any of which could increase our costs, lower revenue, or reduce efficiency. Our failure to comply with existing or new rules could result in significant penalties or orders to stop the alleged noncompliant activity, litigation, adverse publicity, or could cause our customers to lose trust in our services. In addition, if the third parties we work with violate applicable laws, contractual obligations to us, or suffer a security breach, those violations could also put us in breach of our obligations under privacy laws and regulations. In addition, the costs of maintaining adequate protection, including insurance protection against such threats, as they develop in the future (or as legal requirements related to data security increase) are expected to increase and could be material. Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Item 1B. Unresolve d Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Pr operties

We lease our corporate headquarters in Scottsdale, Arizona. Our other principal properties are owned or leased by Pursuit and GES.

Pursuit primarily owns its properties, both domestically and internationally, and leases its properties related to the FlyOver attractions. Pursuit’s properties mainly include attractions, hotels and lodges, retail stores, and offices. Properties located in Canada are subject to multiple long-term ground leases with their respective governments. For further information on Pursuit’s attractions and hospitality assets, refer to “Business” (Part I, Item 1 of this 2022 Form 10-K), which information is incorporated by reference herein.

GES leases its properties, both domestically and internationally. GES properties consist of offices and multi-use facilities. Multi-use facilities include manufacturing, sales and design, office, storage and/or warehouse, and truck marshaling yards. Multi-use facilities vary in size. Our largest multi-use facility in the United States is approximately 609,000 square feet and our largest foreign multi-use facility is in Canada at approximately 81,000 square feet.

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We believe our owned and leased properties are adequate and suitable for our business operations and that capacity is sufficient for current needs. For additional information related to our lease obligations, refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations and Note 20 – Leases and Other of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K), which information is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Refer to Note 21 – Litigation, Claims, Contingencies, and Other of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved, which information is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 4. Mine Saf ety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Other. Information about our executive Offic ers

Our executive officers as of the date of this 2022 Form 10-K were as follows:

Name |  | Age |  | Business Experience During the Past Five Years and Other Information
Steven W. Moster |  | 53 |  | President and Chief Executive Officer of Viad since 2014; President of GES from November 2010 to February 2019; prior thereto, held various executive management roles within the GES organization, including Executive Vice President-Chief Sales & Marketing Officer from 2008 to February 2010; Executive Vice President-Products and Services from 2006 to 2008; and Vice President-Products & Services Business from 2005 to 2006; and prior thereto, Engagement Manager, Management Strategy Consulting for McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm, from 2000 to 2004. Mr. Moster is a director of Cavco Industries, Inc (NASDAQ: CVCO), which designs and produces factory-built housing products, and serves as the Chair of the Compensation Committee.
Ellen M. Ingersoll |  | 58 |  | Chief Financial Officer since July 2002; prior thereto, Vice President-Controller or similar position since 2002; prior thereto, Controller of CashX, Inc., a service provider of stored value internet cards, from June 2001 through October 2001; prior thereto, Operations Finance Director of LeapSource, Inc., a provider of business process outsourcing, since January 2000; and prior thereto, Vice President and Controller of Franchise Finance Corporation of America, a real estate investment trust, from 1992 to 2000.
David W. Barry |  | 60 |  | President of Pursuit since June 2015; prior thereto, Chief Executive Officer and President of Trust Company of America, an independent registered investment adviser custodian, from 2011 to June 2015; prior thereto, Chief Executive Officer of Alpine/CMH, a helicopter skiing company, from 2007 to 2011; and prior thereto, Chief Operating Officer for all United States resort operations of Intrawest Corporation (formerly NYSE: IDR) (now Alterra Mountain Company) a North American mountain resort and adventure company, from 2004 to 2007.
Derek P. Linde |  | 47 |  | Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since March 2022, and General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since 2018; prior thereto, Deputy General Counsel and Assistant Secretary at Illinois Tool Works Inc. (NYSE: ITW), a diversified manufacturer of specialized industrial equipment, from 2014 to 2018, and Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary from 2011 to 2014; and prior thereto, a partner at the law firm of Winston & Strawn LLP.
Jeffrey A. Stelmach |  | 55 |  | President of GES Brand Experiences since August 2021; prior thereto, Group President of Stadium Red Group, a collective of specialist agencies, from 2020 to 2021; prior thereto, President of Opus Holding Group of Opus Agency, a global event design and experiential agency, from 2018 to 2020; and prior thereto, President of U.S. Experiential Marketing and Shopper Marketing of Mosaic, a sales and merchandising, experiential marketing and interactive firm, from 2009 to 2018.
Leslie S. Striedel |  | 60 |  | Chief Accounting Officer since 2014; prior thereto, Vice President of Finance from March 2014 to April 2014; prior thereto, Vice President of Finance and Administration or similar positions with Colt Defense LLC, a firearms manufacturer, from 2010 to 2013; prior thereto, Vice President of Finance, Director of Financial Reporting and Compliance, and Corporate Controller of White Electronics Designs Corp. (formerly NASDAQ: WEDC) (now a wholly owned subsidiary of Microchip Technology Inc.), a circuits and semiconductors manufacturer, from 2004 to 2010; prior

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|  |  |  | thereto, Corporate Controller of MD Helicopters, an international helicopter manufacturer, from 2002 to 2004; prior thereto, Corporate Controller of Fluke Networks (formerly Microtest, Inc. NASDAQ: MTST), a manufacturing and technology company, from 1999 to 2002; and prior thereto, Senior Tax Manager for KPMG LLP, a global firm providing audit, tax, and advisory services, from 1998 to 1999.

Our executive officers’ term of office is until our next Board of Directors annual organization meeting scheduled to be held on May 24, 2023.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stoc kholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol VVI.

Holders

As of February 21, 2023, there were 4,422 shareholders of record of our common stock, including 125 shareholders that had not converted their shares following a reverse stock split effective on July 1, 2004.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
October 1, 2022 - October 31, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 546,283 |
November 1, 2022 - November 30, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 546,283 |
December 1, 2022 - December 31, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 546,283 |
Total |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 546,283 |

Pursuant to previously announced authorizations, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices. Effective February 7, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 500,000 shares. In March 2020, our Board of Directors suspended future dividend payments and our share repurchase program for the foreseeable future. The Board of Directors’ authorization does not have an expiration date.

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Performance Graph

The following graph compares the change in the cumulative total shareholder return, from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2022, on our common stock, the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure, the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Media Index, the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Commercial Services & Supplies Index, the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Index, the Russell 2000 Index, and Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (assuming reinvestment of dividends, as applicable). The graph assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2017.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
Viad Corp |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 91.09 |  |  | $ | 123.54 |  |  | $ | 66.42 |  |  | $ | 78.58 |  |  | $ | 44.79 |
S&P 500 |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 95.61 |  |  | $ | 125.70 |  |  | $ | 148.81 |  |  | $ | 191.48 |  |  | $ | 156.77 |
Russell 2000 |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 88.97 |  |  | $ | 111.65 |  |  | $ | 133.90 |  |  | $ | 153.70 |  |  | $ | 122.25 |
S&P SmallCap 600 |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 91.48 |  |  | $ | 112.28 |  |  | $ | 124.90 |  |  | $ | 158.30 |  |  | $ | 132.74 |
S&P SmallCap 600 Comm. Services & Supplies |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 89.56 |  |  | $ | 110.59 |  |  | $ | 97.22 |  |  | $ | 104.10 |  |  | $ | 90.72 |
S&P SmallCap 600 Media |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 116.86 |  |  | $ | 125.48 |  |  | $ | 118.77 |  |  | $ | 192.91 |  |  | $ | 103.48 |
S&P SmallCap 600 Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 105.41 |  |  | $ | 116.43 |  |  | $ | 147.66 |  |  | $ | 143.37 |  |  | $ | 114.16 |

Item 6. RES ERVED

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Item 7. Manage ment’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes. The MD&A is intended to assist in understanding our financial condition and results of operations. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated due to various factors discussed under “Risk Factors,” “Forward-Looking Statements,” and elsewhere in this 2022 Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a leading global provider of extraordinary experiences, including hospitality and leisure activities, experiential marketing, and live events. We operate through three reportable segments: Pursuit, Spiro, and GES Exhibitions.

During the first quarter of 2022, we rebranded GES’ brand experiences business and introduced Spiro to the market to accelerate our growth by servicing the changing needs of today’s brand marketers across a broader spectrum of their experiential marketing needs. Spiro and GES Exhibitions are both live event businesses and are collectively referred to as “GES.”

Results of Operations

Financial Highlights

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | % Change 2022 vs. 2021 |  | % Change 2021 vs. 2020 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,127,311 |  |  | $ | 507,340 |  |  | $ | 415,435 |  |  | ** |  |  | 22.1 | %
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad |  | $ | 23,220 |  |  | $ | (92,655 | ) |  | $ | (374,094 | ) |  | ** |  |  | 75.2 | %
Segment operating income (loss)(1) |  | $ | 68,944 |  |  | $ | (47,002 | ) |  | $ | (116,240 | ) |  | ** |  |  | 59.6 | %
Diluted income (loss) per common share from continuing operations attributable to Viad common stockholders |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | (5.04 | ) |  | $ | (18.55 | ) |  | ** |  |  | 72.8 | %

** Change is greater than +/- 100%

(1)
Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure, segment operating income (loss), to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

2022 compared with 2021

•
Total revenue increased $620.0 million, primarily due to increased revenue at GES of $507.7 million as live event activity at GES continued to improve and as certain previously canceled shows in 2021 took place during 2022, although on average at reduced capacities from pre-COVID-19 levels. Pursuit revenue increased $112.3 million, primarily due to increased visitation at Pursuit’s Canadian attractions, as well as incremental performance from Pursuit’s new experiences that were opened or acquired after January 1, 2021, which contributed revenue of $43.2 million during 2022 as compared to $15.6 million during 2021.
•
Net income attributable to Viad was $23.2 million during 2022 as compared to a net loss of $92.7 million during 2021. This improvement of $115.9 million was primarily due to higher revenue and a gain on sale of GES’ United States audio-visual production business, ON Services, of $19.6 million, offset in part by higher expenses.
•
Total segment operating income was $68.9 million during 2022 as compared to a loss of $47.0 million during 2021. This improvement of $115.9 million was primarily due to higher revenue at GES and Pursuit, offset in part by a non-cash foreign currency unrealized loss of $4.2 million related to a finance lease remeasurement in addition to a $9.1 million gain on sale of a GES warehouse in Orlando during the 2021 period.

2021 compared with 2020

•
Total revenue increased $91.9 million, primarily due to increased revenue at Pursuit of $110.2 million. Although Pursuit continued to be affected by pandemic-related restrictions in certain international geographies, overall revenue at Pursuit improved from 2020 as health and travel restrictions lessened and people felt more comfortable traveling. Visitation from domestic travelers increased at Pursuit’s Glacier Park Collection and the Alaska Collection. Additionally, Canada’s border reopened during the third quarter of 2021. There also was strong regional and national demand from Canadians as they were required to stay closer to home. GES revenue decreased $18.3 million as live events remained largely shut down during the

18

first half of 2021. Large scale in-person events started to take place during the second half of 2021 with generally lower exhibitor participation and lower attendance than pre-pandemic occurrences.
•
Net loss attributable to Viad improved $281.4 million during 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily reflecting impairment charges of $203.1 million recorded during 2020 and higher restructuring charges of $7.4 million recorded during 2020 as compared to 2021, as well as improved segment operating results during 2021 of $69.2 million.
•
Total segment operating loss improved $69.2 million during 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily due to the increase in revenue at Pursuit, offset in part by the elimination of performance-based incentives in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and GES’ decrease in revenue.

Analysis of Revenue and Operating Results by Reportable Segment

Pursuit

The following table presents a comparison of Pursuit’s reported revenue and segment operating income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | % Change 2022 vs. 2021 |  |  | % Change 2021 vs. 2020
Revenue(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pursuit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Attractions |  | $ | 153,575 |  |  | $ | 77,860 |  |  | $ | 28,126 |  |  |  | 97.2 | % |  | **
Hospitality |  |  | 130,303 |  |  |  | 98,878 |  |  |  | 45,838 |  |  |  | 31.8 | % |  | **
Transportation |  |  | 12,798 |  |  |  | 5,578 |  |  |  | 2,696 |  |  | ** |  |  | **
Other |  |  | 2,651 |  |  |  | 4,732 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | (44.0 | )% |  | **
Total Pursuit |  | $ | 299,327 |  |  | $ | 187,048 |  |  | $ | 76,810 |  |  |  | 60.0 | % |  | **
Segment operating income (loss)(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Pursuit |  | $ | 24,031 |  |  | $ | 4,609 |  |  | $ | (42,343 | ) |  | ** |  |  | **

** Change is greater than +/- 100%

(1)
Revenue by line of business does not agree to Note 2 – Revenue and Related Contract Costs and Contract Liabilities of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) as the amounts in the above table include product revenue from food and beverage and retail operations within each line of business.
(2)
Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure, segment operating income (loss), to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

2022 compared with 2021

Pursuit revenue increased $112.3 million driven by stronger leisure travel to Pursuit’s Canadian experiences, resulting from reduced COVID-19 restrictions as well as incremental performance from Pursuit’s new experiences. Visitation at Pursuit’s Canadian attractions increased nearly 90% as compared to 2021 when Pursuit’s operations were impacted by border restrictions and temporary government mandated closures at FlyOver Canada and FlyOver Iceland. Pursuit’s new experiences that were opened or acquired after January 1, 2021, including the Sky Lagoon (opened May 2021), the Golden Skybridge (opened June 2021), FlyOver Las Vegas (opened September 2021), the Glacier Raft Company (acquired April 2022), and the Forest Park Alpine Hotel (opened August 2022), contributed revenue of $43.2 million during 2022 as compared to those attractions acquired or opened in 2021 of $15.6 million.

Pursuit segment operating income increased $19.4 million primarily due to the increase in revenue, offset in part by a non-cash foreign currency unrealized loss of $4.2 million related to a finance lease remeasurement, higher operating costs, including insurance and compensation-related expenses during 2022, as well as COVID-19 wage subsidies received in 2021 of $11.3 million from the Canadian government’s emergency wage subsidy program that did not repeat in 2022.

2021 compared with 2020

Pursuit revenue increased $110.2 million, which reflected the continued strengthening of leisure travel demand during the second half of 2021 versus 2020 as pandemic-related restrictions lessened and as people started to feel more comfortable traveling. Pursuit was affected by consumer discretionary spending on tourism activities. Travel restrictions and border closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected long-haul travelers to Canada and Iceland, which affected customer volumes and the results of operations. Pursuit’s seasonal attractions and properties were open starting in the second quarter of 2021 through the end of the year, although some operated at reduced capacities, whereas Pursuit’s properties and attractions were temporarily closed in 2020 from mid-March through

19

most of the second quarter. The Glacier Park Collection and the Alaska Collection experienced increased visitation during the 2021 peak season from strong domestic leisure travel, which resulted in an increase in revenue from the Glacier Park Collection of $27.7 million and from the Alaska Collection of $31.1 million. Pursuit opened or acquired three new attractions in 2021, Sky Lagoon, the Golden Skybridge, and FlyOver Las Vegas, which contributed revenue of $15.6 million during 2021.

Pursuit segment operating income was $4.6 million during 2021 as compared to a loss of $42.3 million during 2020. This improvement was primarily due to the increase in revenue.

Performance Measures

We use the following key business metrics to evaluate the performance of Pursuit’s attractions business:

•
Number of visitors. The number of visitors allows us to assess the volume of tickets sold at each attraction during the period.
•
Revenue per attraction visitor. Revenue per attraction visitor is calculated as total attractions revenue divided by the total number of visitors at all Pursuit attractions during the period. Total attractions revenue includes ticket sales and ancillary revenue generated by attractions, such as food and beverage and retail revenue. Total attractions revenue per visitor measures the total spend per visitor that attraction properties are able to capture, which is important to the profitability of the attractions business.
•
Effective ticket price. Effective ticket price is calculated as revenue from the sale of attraction tickets divided by the total number of visitors at all comparable Pursuit attractions during the period.

We use the following key business metrics, common in the hospitality industry, to evaluate Pursuit’s hospitality business:

•
Revenue per Available Room. RevPAR is calculated as total rooms revenue divided by the total number of room nights available for all comparable Pursuit hospitality properties during the period. Total rooms revenue does not include non-rooms revenue, which consists of ancillary revenue generated by hospitality properties, such as food and beverage and retail revenue. RevPAR measures the period-over-period change in rooms revenue per available room for comparable hospitality properties. RevPAR is affected by average daily rate and occupancy, which have different implications on profitability.
•
Average Daily Rate. ADR is calculated as total rooms revenue divided by the total number of room nights sold for all comparable Pursuit hospitality properties during the period. ADR is used to assess the pricing levels that the hospitality properties are able to realize. Increases in ADR lead to increases in rooms revenue with no substantial effect on variable costs, therefore having a greater impact on margins than increases in occupancy.
•
Occupancy. Occupancy is calculated as the total number of room nights sold divided by the total number of room nights available for all comparable Pursuit hospitality properties during the period. Occupancy measures the utilization of the available capacity at the hospitality properties. Increases in occupancy result in increases in rooms revenue and additional variable operating costs (including housekeeping services, utilities, and room amenity costs), as well as increases in ancillary non-rooms revenue (including food and beverage and retail revenue).

The following table provides Pursuit’s key performance indicators:

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  | % Change |
|  | As Reported |  |  | New Experiences(1) |  |  | Same-Store(2) |  |  | As Reported |  |  | New Experiences(1) |  |  | FX Impact(3) |  |  | Same-Store(2) |  |  | As Reported |  |  | Same-Store(2) |
Attractions Key Performance Indicators: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of visitors |  |  | 2,931,266 |  |  |  | 742,666 |  |  |  | 2,188,600 |  |  |  | 1,523,173 |  |  |  | 330,208 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,192,965 |  |  |  | 92.4 | % |  |  | 83.5 | %
Ticket revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 114,936 |  |  | $ | 31,828 |  |  | $ | 83,108 |  |  | $ | 61,166 |  |  | $ | 12,509 |  |  | $ | 1,461 |  |  | $ | 47,196 |  |  |  | 87.9 | % |  |  | 76.1 | %
Effective ticket price |  | $ | 39.21 |  |  | $ | 42.86 |  |  | $ | 37.97 |  |  | $ | 40.16 |  |  | $ | 37.88 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39.56 |  |  |  | (2.4 | %) |  |  | (4.0 | )%
Attractions revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 153,575 |  |  | $ | 40,675 |  |  | $ | 112,900 |  |  | $ | 77,860 |  |  | $ | 15,643 |  |  | $ | 2,015 |  |  | $ | 60,202 |  |  |  | 97.2 | % |  |  | 87.5 | %
Revenue per attraction visitor |  | $ | 52.39 |  |  | $ | 54.77 |  |  | $ | 51.59 |  |  | $ | 51.12 |  |  | $ | 47.37 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50.46 |  |  |  | 2.5 | % |  |  | 2.2 | %
Hospitality Key Performance Indicators: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Room nights available |  |  | 573,165 |  |  |  | 14,978 |  |  |  | 558,187 |  |  |  | 566,992 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 566,992 |  |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  | (1.6 | )%
Rooms revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 77,019 |  |  | $ | 2,069 |  |  | $ | 74,950 |  |  | $ | 57,603 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,150 |  |  | $ | 56,453 |  |  |  | 33.7 | % |  |  | 32.8 | %
RevPAR |  | $ | 134.37 |  |  | $ | 138.14 |  |  | $ | 134.27 |  |  | $ | 101.59 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 99.57 |  |  |  | 32.3 | % |  |  | 34.9 | %
Occupancy |  |  | 68.1 | % |  |  | 53.3 | % |  |  | 68.5 | % |  |  | 54.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52.7 | % |  |  | 26.1 | % |  |  | 30.0 | %
ADR |  | $ | 197.21 |  |  | $ | 259.19 |  |  | $ | 195.91 |  |  | $ | 187.99 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184.23 |  |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 6.3 | %
Hospitality revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 130,303 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |  |  | $ | 127,775 |  |  | $ | 98,878 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,480 |  |  | $ | 97,398 |  |  |  | 31.8 | % |  |  | 31.2 | %

20

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  |  | % Change |
|  | As Reported |  |  | New Experiences(1) |  |  | Same-Store(2) |  |  | As Reported |  |  | New Experiences(1) |  |  | FX Impact(3) |  |  | Same-Store(2) |  |  | As Reported |  |  | Same-Store(2) |
Attractions Key Performance Indicators: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of visitors |  |  | 1,523,173 |  |  |  | 335,888 |  |  |  | 1,187,285 |  |  |  | 678,558 |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 677,858 |  |  | ** |  |  |  | 75.2 | %
Ticket revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 61,166 |  |  | $ | 12,651 |  |  | $ | 48,515 |  |  | $ | 19,939 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (974 | ) |  | $ | 20,897 |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |
Effective ticket price |  | $ | 40.16 |  |  | $ | 37.66 |  |  | $ | 40.86 |  |  | $ | 29.38 |  |  | $ | 23.35 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30.83 |  |  |  | 36.7 | % |  |  | 32.6 | %
Attractions revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 77,860 |  |  | $ | 15,785 |  |  | $ | 62,075 |  |  | $ | 28,126 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (1,424 | ) |  | $ | 29,534 |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |
Revenue per attraction visitor |  | $ | 51.12 |  |  | $ | 46.99 |  |  | $ | 52.28 |  |  | $ | 41.45 |  |  | $ | 23.35 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43.57 |  |  |  | 23.3 | % |  |  | 20.0 | %
Hospitality Key Performance Indicators: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Room nights available |  |  | 566,992 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 566,992 |  |  |  | 387,809 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 387,809 |  |  |  | 46.2 | % |  |  | 46.2 | %
Rooms revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 57,603 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 57,603 |  |  | $ | 26,383 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,109 | ) |  | $ | 27,492 |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |
RevPAR |  | $ | 101.59 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 101.59 |  |  | $ | 68.03 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70.89 |  |  |  | 49.3 | % |  |  | 43.3 | %
Occupancy |  |  | 54.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54.0 | % |  |  | 49.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49.0 | % |  |  | 10.2 | % |  |  | 10.2 | %
ADR |  | $ | 187.99 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 187.99 |  |  | $ | 138.72 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 138.72 |  |  |  | 35.5 | % |  |  | 35.5 | %
Hospitality revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 98,878 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 98,878 |  |  | $ | 45,838 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,513 | ) |  | $ | 47,351 |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |

(1)
New experiences comprise the following attractions that were opened or acquired after January 1, 2021: Sky Lagoon (opened May 2021), the Golden Skybridge (acquired March 2021 and opened June 2021), FlyOver Las Vegas (opened September 2021), the Glacier Raft Company (acquired April 2022), and Forest Park Alpine Hotel (opened August 2022).
(2)
Same-Store metrics include only attractions and lodging properties that Pursuit operated at full capacity, considering seasonal closures, for the entirety of both periods presented. For experiences located outside the United States, financial metric comparisons to the prior year are expressed on a constant U.S. dollar basis.
(3)
Foreign exchange rate variance effects (or “FX Impact”) represents the adjustments necessary to express prior financial metrics on a constant U.S. dollar basis, using the current year quarterly average exchange rates for previous periods to eliminate the impact of changes in exchange rates for same-store Pursuit experiences located outside of the United States.

Attractions. The incremental increase in the number of visitors from new experiences that were opened or acquired after January 1, 2021 was primarily driven by Sky Lagoon and FlyOver Las Vegas, which contributed approximately 87% of the total increase. The increase in same-store visitors during 2022 as compared to 2021 was driven by higher visitation during 2022, as visitation was impacted in 2021 by border closures and travel restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to the temporary government mandated closures at FlyOver Canada and FlyOver Iceland.

The increase in same-store visitors during 2021 as compared to 2020 reflects the temporary closure of our attractions beginning in mid-March 2020 and extending through most of the second quarter of 2020 as a result of COVID-19 in addition to the reopening of the Canadian border during the third quarter of 2021, which accelerated visitation from international travelers. Revenue per attraction visitor increased due to higher effective ticket prices and ancillary revenue.

Hospitality. The increase in RevPAR during 2022 as compared to 2021 was primarily driven by higher occupancy and to a lesser extent by higher ADR driven by revenue management efforts.

Room nights available increased during 2021 as compared to 2020 as all of Pursuit’s properties were fully open during the 2021 peak season, whereas in 2020, Pursuit temporarily closed its properties in mid-March 2020 through most of the second quarter of 2020. The increase in RevPAR and ADR was primarily driven by Pursuit’s properties being open in 2021.

GES

During the first quarter of 2022, we changed our segment reporting as a result of operational changes and how our CODM reviews the financial performance of GES and makes decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Accordingly, GES’ new reportable segments are Spiro and GES Exhibitions. We reclassified prior periods to conform to the current-period presentation.

21

The following table presents a comparison of GES’ reported revenue and segment operating income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | % Change 2022 vs. 2021 |  |  | % Change 2021 vs. 2020 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spiro |  | $ | 277,641 |  |  | $ | 116,587 |  |  | $ | 102,027 |  |  | ** |  |  |  | 14.3 | %
GES Exhibitions |  |  | 557,880 |  |  |  | 209,529 |  |  |  | 238,705 |  |  | ** |  |  |  | (12.2 | )%
Intersegment eliminations |  |  | (7,537 | ) |  |  | (5,824 | ) |  |  | (2,107 | ) |  |  | (29.4 | )% |  | ** |
Total GES |  | $ | 827,984 |  |  | $ | 320,292 |  |  | $ | 338,625 |  |  | ** |  |  |  | (5.4 | )%
Segment operating income (loss)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spiro |  | $ | 23,133 |  |  | $ | (9,556 | ) |  | $ | (41,217 | ) |  | ** |  |  |  | 76.8 | %
GES Exhibitions |  |  | 21,780 |  |  |  | (42,055 | ) |  |  | (32,680 | ) |  | ** |  |  |  | (28.7 | )%
Total GES |  | $ | 44,913 |  |  | $ | (51,611 | ) |  | $ | (73,897 | ) |  | ** |  |  |  | 30.2 | %

** Change is greater than +/- 100%

(1)
Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure, segment operating income (loss), to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

2022 compared with 2021

Spiro and GES Exhibitions revenue increased $161.1 million and $348.4 million, respectively, primarily driven by increased live event activity at both GES Exhibitions and Spiro and the return of large-scale events that were canceled or postponed into the first half of 2021.

Spiro and GES Exhibitions segment operating income improved $32.7 million and $63.8 million, respectively, from operating losses in the prior year period primarily due to higher revenue, offset in part by higher costs to support increased business activity, as well as a $9.1 million gain on sale of a GES Exhibitions warehouse in Orlando in 2021.

2021 compared with 2020

Spiro revenue increased $14.6 million and GES Exhibitions revenue decreased $29.2 million. The net decrease at GES of $18.3 million was primarily due to show postponements and cancellations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in mid-March 2020. During the first half of 2021, Spiro and GES Exhibitions serviced clients primarily with virtual and hybrid events while in-person events remained largely shut down. Larger-scale in-person events began to take place toward the end of the second quarter and during the second half of 2021 with generally lower exhibitor participation and lower attendance than pre-pandemic occurrences. Spiro revenue increased due to virtual and hybrid events during 2021, offset in part by shows completed during the first quarter of 2020 prior to the onset of the pandemic. GES Exhibitions revenue decreased due to large shows completed during the first quarter of 2020 prior to the onset of the pandemic, offset in part by virtual and hybrid events during 2021.

Spiro segment operating loss improved $31.7 million and GES Exhibitions segment operating loss increased $9.4 million. The net operating loss improvement at GES of $22.3 million during 2021 was primarily due to decreased operating costs through the reduction of head count and facilities, implementation of a flex workforce, and a continued focus on managing discretionary costs. GES Exhibitions segment operating loss increased due to a $9.1 million gain on sale of a warehouse in Orlando in 2021, offset by a $13.5 million gain on sale of a warehouse in San Diego in 2020.

22

Other Expenses

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | % Change 2022 vs. 2021 |  |  | % Change 2021 vs. 2020 |
Corporate activities |  | $ | 13,418 |  |  | $ | 11,689 |  |  | $ | 8,687 |  |  |  | 14.8 | % |  |  | 34.6 | %
Gain on sale of ON Services |  | $ | (19,637 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |
Interest expense, net |  | $ | 34,891 |  |  | $ | 28,324 |  |  | $ | 17,887 |  |  |  | 23.2 | % |  |  | 58.3 | %
Other expense, net |  | $ | 2,077 |  |  | $ | 2,070 |  |  | $ | 1,594 |  |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | 29.9 | %
Restructuring charges |  | $ | 3,059 |  |  | $ | 6,066 |  |  | $ | 13,440 |  |  |  | (49.6 | )% |  |  | (54.9 | )%
Impairment charges |  | $ | 583 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 203,076 |  |  | ** |  |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 9,973 |  |  | $ | (1,788 | ) |  | $ | 14,246 |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 558 |  |  | $ | (1,847 | ) |  |  | (73.5 | )% |  | ** |

** Change is greater than +/- 100%.

Corporate Activities – The increase in corporate activities expense during 2022 relative to 2021 was primarily due to higher performance-based compensation expense. The increase in corporate activities expense during 2021 relative to 2020 was primarily due to higher performance-based compensation expense as we reduced our estimated performance achievement to zero in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, offset in part by fees and expenses related to the equity raise and credit facility amendment in 2020.

Gain on Sale of ON Services – On December 15, 2022, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of GES’ United States audio-visual production business, ON Services. We recognized a gain on sale of $19.6 million.

Interest Expense, net – The increase in interest expense during 2022 relative to 2021 was primarily due to higher interest rates in 2022, offset in part by $3.0 million in capitalized interest recorded during 2022. The increase in interest expense during 2021 relative to 2020 was primarily due to higher interest rates and higher debt balances during 2021. Additionally, as a result of the refinance and the repayment of our then $450 million revolving credit facility, we recorded $2.1 million of interest expense related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs during 2021.

Restructuring Charges – Restructuring charges during 2022, 2021, and 2020 were primarily related to facility closures and severance at GES. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we accelerated our transformation and streamlining efforts at GES to significantly reduce costs and create a lower and more flexible cost structure focused on servicing our more profitable market segments, as well as charges related to the closure of GES’ United Kingdom based audio-visual services business in 2020. Restructuring charges in 2020 also included the elimination of certain positions at our corporate office.

Impairment Charges – Impairment charges in 2022 of $0.6 million were related to certain software development costs that were no longer being utilized at GES. Impairment charges in 2020 were related to the deteriorating macroeconomic environment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in disruptions to our operations and the decline in our stock price. We recorded non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $185.8 million, a non-cash impairment charge to intangible assets of $15.7 million related to GES’ United States audio-visual production business, and a fixed asset impairment charge of $1.6 million.

Income Tax Expense – The effective income tax rates were 28.8% for 2022, 1.9% for 2021, and a negative 3.9% for 2020. The effective tax rate for 2022 was higher than the blended statutory rate primarily as a result of the higher mix of income earned in foreign jurisdictions where we do not have a valuation allowance. The effective tax rate for 2021 was lower than the blended statutory rate primarily as a result of excluding the tax benefit on losses recognized in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other European countries where we have a valuation allowance. The negative effective tax rate for 2020 was due to the recording of a $25.5 million valuation allowance against our remaining net deferred tax assets in the United States, United Kingdom, and other European countries, as well as no tax benefits on non-deductible goodwill impairments and losses recognized in those jurisdictions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe that our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund operations and projected capital outlays for at least the next 12 months and the longer term.

23

When assessing our current sources of liquidity, we include the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents(1) |  | $ | 59,719 |  |  | $ | 61,600 |
Available capacity on revolving credit facility(2) |  |  | 86,670 |  |  |  | 87,422 |
Total available liquidity |  | $ | 146,389 |  |  | $ | 149,022 |

(1)
As of December 31, 2022, we held approximately $49.2 million of our cash and cash equivalents outside of the United States, consisting of $20.6 million in Canada, $9.0 million in Iceland, $7.7 million in the Netherlands, $6.0 million in the United Arab Emirates, $3.9 million in the United Kingdom, and $2.0 million in other countries.
(2)
Includes our total revolving credit facility of $100 million less outstanding letters of credit of $13.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and $12.6 million as of December 31, 2021.

Cash provided by operating activities, supplemented by our total cash and cash equivalents, is our primary source of liquidity for funding our strategic business requirements. During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $73.4 million.

Our short-term and long-term funding requirements include debt obligations, capital expenditures, working capital requirements, and potential acquisitions and strategic investments as we focus on scaling Pursuit with investments in high-return unforgettable, inspiring experiences through its Refresh, Build, Buy growth strategy. Our projected capital outlays can be adjusted for changes in the operating environment.

Debt Obligations

Effective July 30, 2021, we entered into a $500 million credit facility (the “2021 Credit Facility”). The 2021 Credit Facility provides for a $400 million term loan with a maturity date of July 30, 2028 (“Term Loan B”) and a $100 million revolving credit facility with a maturity date of July 30, 2026. The $400 million in Term Loan B proceeds were offset in part by $14.8 million in related fees. The proceeds from the Term Loan B were used to repay the $327 million outstanding balance under our then $450 million revolving credit facility. The $100 million revolving credit facility and the remaining proceeds from the Term Loan B have been and will be used to provide for financial flexibility to fund future acquisitions and growth initiatives and for general corporate purposes. On March 23, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the 2021 Credit Facility, which modified the revolving credit facility’s financial covenants. We were in compliance with all covenants under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for additional information.

Capital Expenditures

As of December 31, 2022, we had planned capital expenditures of approximately $75 million to $85 million for 2023, including approximately $40 million on select growth projects, such as the development of FlyOver Chicago. We intend to continue making investments to advance Pursuit’s Refresh, Build, Buy growth strategy while maintaining a solid liquidity position.

Other Obligations

We have additional obligations as part of our ordinary course of business, beyond those committed for debt obligations and capital expenditures. Refer to Note 20 – Leases and Other and Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for further information. The expected timing of payments of our obligations is estimated based on current information. Timing of payments and actual amounts paid may be different, depending on changes to agreed-upon amounts for certain obligations.

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Cash Flows

Operating Activities

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 24,795 |  |  | $ | (92,735 | ) |  | $ | (376,952 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 52,483 |  |  |  | 53,750 |  |  |  | 56,565 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 1,820 |  |  |  | 6,012 |  |  |  | 15,097 |
(Income) loss from discontinued operations |  |  | (148 | ) |  |  | (558 | ) |  |  | 1,847 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 3,059 |  |  |  | 6,066 |  |  |  | 13,440 |
Impairment charges |  |  | 583 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 203,076 |
Gains on dispositions of property and other assets |  |  | (272 | ) |  |  | (9,374 | ) |  |  | (14,935 | )
Gain on disposition of ON Services |  |  | (19,637 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | 10,241 |  |  |  | 7,727 |  |  |  | 2,653 |
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 462 |
Other non-cash items, net |  |  | 12,843 |  |  |  | 5,318 |  |  |  | 8,056 |
Changes in assets and liabilities |  |  | (12,336 | ) |  |  | (14,115 | ) |  |  | 10,443 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 73,431 |  |  | $ | (37,852 | ) |  | $ | (80,248 | )

2022 compared with 2021

The change in net cash provided by (used in) operating activities of $111.3 million was primarily due to improved segment operating results of $115.9 million and a favorable change in working capital.

2021 compared with 2020

The decrease in net cash used in operating activities of $42.4 million was primarily due to improved segment operating results of $69.2 million, offset in part by an unfavorable change in working capital.

Investing Activities

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Capital expenditures |  | $ | (67,170 | ) |  | $ | (57,936 | ) |  | $ | (53,567 | )
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,767 |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net |  |  | (25,494 | ) |  |  | (8,227 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of ON Services |  |  | 28,926 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from dispositions of property and other assets |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 14,360 |  |  |  | 22,027 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (63,268 | ) |  | $ | (51,803 | ) |  | $ | (6,773 | )

2022 compared with 2021

The increase in net cash used in investing activities of $11.5 million was primarily due to the Glacier Raft Company acquisition in 2022 of $25.5 million and an increase in capital expenditures, offset in part by proceeds from the sale of ON Services of $28.9 million. During 2021, we used cash in investing activities for the acquisition of the Golden Skybridge, offset in part by proceeds of $14.4 million from the dispositions of property and other assets, primarily from the sale of a GES warehouse in Orlando.

2021 compared with 2020

The increase in net cash used in investing activities of $45.0 million was primarily due to 2020 activity including proceeds from the termination of our life insurance policies and proceeds of $17.1 million from the sale of the GES warehouse in San Diego. In 2021, we used cash in investing activities for the acquisition of the Golden Skybridge, offset in part by the proceeds from the sale of a GES warehouse in Orlando.

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Financing Activities

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Proceeds from borrowings |  | $ | 107,580 |  |  | $ | 461,322 |  |  | $ | 225,422 |
Payments on debt and finance obligations |  |  | (103,491 | ) |  |  | (345,297 | ) |  |  | (275,327 | )
Dividends paid on common stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,064 | )
Dividends paid on preferred stock |  |  | (7,801 | ) |  |  | (3,900 | ) |  |  | — |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest, net of contributions from noncontrolling interest |  |  | (570 | ) |  |  | (843 | ) |  |  | (1,526 | )
Payments of debt issuance costs |  |  | (418 | ) |  |  | (1,767 | ) |  |  | (1,585 | )
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld or repurchased |  |  | (1,428 | ) |  |  | (1,626 | ) |  |  | (1,688 | )
Common stock purchased for treasury |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,785 | )
Proceeds from issuance of Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125,763 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,077 |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | $ | (6,128 | ) |  | $ | 107,889 |  |  | $ | 66,287 |

2022 compared with 2021

The change in net cash used in financing activities of $114.0 million was primarily due to net debt proceeds of $4.1 million during 2022 compared to $116.0 million during 2021. In July 2021, we received $400 million in Term Loan B proceeds from the 2021 Credit Facility, which was used to repay the $327 million outstanding balance under our then $450 million revolving credit facility.

2021 compared with 2020

The increase in net cash provided by financing activities of $41.6 million was primarily due to net debt proceeds of $116.0 million during 2021 compared to net debt payments of $49.9 million during 2020. In July 2021, we received $400 million in Term Loan B proceeds from the 2021 Credit Facility, which was used to repay the $327 million outstanding balance under our then $450 million revolving credit facility. Proceeds from the issuance of Convertible Series A Preferred Stock in 2020 were offset in part by the 2020 net debt payments.

Debt and Finance Obligations

Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for further discussion all of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Guarantees

Refer to Note 21 – Litigation, Claims, Contingencies, and Other of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for further discussion all of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Share Repurchases

Our Board of Directors previously authorized us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices. Effective February 7, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 500,000 shares. As of December 31, 2022, 546,283 shares remained available for repurchase under all prior authorizations. The Board of Directors’ authorization does not have an expiration date.

Additionally, we repurchased shares related to tax withholding requirements on vested restricted share-based awards.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). We are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. Critical accounting policies are those policies that are most important to the portrayal of our financial position and results of operations, and that require us to make the most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. We identified and discussed with our audit committee the following critical accounting policies and estimates and the methodology and disclosures related to those estimates:

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets — Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment at least annually. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the intangible asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 31, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Our reporting units are defined, and goodwill is tested, at either an operating segment level or at the component level of an operating segment, depending on various factors including the internal reporting structure of the operating segment, the level of integration among components, the sharing of assets and other resources among components, and the benefits and likely recoverability of goodwill by the component’s operations.

For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, we use a discounted expected future cash flow methodology (income approach) to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows (the most significant being revenue and EBITDA margins), discount rates, and terminal values require considerable judgment and are based on market conditions, financial forecasts, industry trends, and historical experience.

The most critical assumptions and estimates in determining the estimated fair value of our reporting units relate to the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows for each reporting unit and the reporting unit cost of capital (discount rate) applied to those cash flows. We estimate the assumed reporting unit cost of capital rates (discount rates) using a build-up method based on the perceived risk associated with the cash flows pertaining to the specific reporting unit. In order to assess the reasonableness of our fair value estimates, we perform a reconciliation of the aggregate fair values of our reporting units to our market capitalization.

As noted above, the estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows, discount rates, and terminal values require considerable judgment and are based on market conditions, financial forecasts, industry trends, and historical experience. These estimates have inherent uncertainties, and different assumptions could lead to materially different results. Our goodwill balance was $121.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and $112.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and pertained to our Pursuit business. The discount rates used in our most recent impairment analysis ranged from 11% to 15%.

Pursuit’s goodwill was assigned to, and tested at, the reporting unit level. The results of our most recent impairment analysis performed as of October 31, 2022, indicated that no impairment existed for Pursuit’s reporting units with reported goodwill. The excess of the estimated fair value over the carrying value for the Banff Jasper Collection and the Alaska Collection was significant. The excess of the estimated fair value over the carrying value for the Glacier Park Collection was 17% and FlyOver was 19%. Significant reductions in our reporting unit’s expected future revenue, operating income, or cash flow forecasts and projections, or an increase in a reporting unit’s cost of capital, could trigger additional goodwill impairment testing, which may result in impairment charges that could be material.

If an impairment indicator related to intangible assets is identified, or if other circumstances indicate an impairment may exist, we perform an assessment to determine if an impairment loss should be recognized. This assessment includes a recoverability test to identify if the expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the related assets. If the results of the recoverability test indicate that expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the related assets, we perform a measurement of impairment and we recognize any carrying amount in excess of fair value as an impairment. We periodically evaluate the continued recoverability of intangible assets which were previously evaluated due to an impairment indicator to determine if remeasurement is necessary.

Income taxes — We are required to estimate and record provisions for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Accordingly, we must estimate our actual current income tax liability, and assess temporary differences arising from the treatment of items for tax purposes, as compared to the treatment for accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We use significant judgment in forming conclusions regarding the recoverability of our deferred tax assets and evaluate all available positive and negative evidence to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. To the extent recovery does not appear likely, a valuation allowance must be recorded. We had gross deferred tax assets of $110.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and $117.1 million as of December 31, 2021. We had a valuation allowance against gross deferred tax assets of $101.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and $103.5 million as of December 31, 2021.

While we believe that the deferred tax assets, net of existing valuation allowances, will be utilized in future periods, there are inherent uncertainties regarding the ultimate realization of these assets. It is possible that the relative weight of positive and negative evidence regarding the realization of deferred tax assets may change, which could result in a material increase or decrease in our valuation allowance. Such a change could result in a material increase or decrease to income tax benefit (expense) in the period the assessment was made.

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We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process: first we determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position; and, if so, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

Pension and postretirement benefits — Our pension plans use traditional defined benefit formulas based on years of service and final average compensation. Funding policies provide that payments to defined benefit pension trusts shall be at least equal to the minimum funding required by applicable regulations. We presently anticipate contributing $0.6 million to our funded pension plans and $0.8 million to our unfunded pension plans in 2023.

We have defined benefit postretirement plans that provide medical and life insurance for certain eligible employees, retirees, and dependents. The related postretirement benefit liabilities are recognized over the employees’ service period. In addition, we retain the obligations for these benefits for retirees of certain sold businesses. While the plans have no funding requirements, we expect to contribute $0.7 million to the plans in 2023.

The discount rates used in determining future pension and postretirement benefit obligations are based on rates determined by actuarial analysis and management review and reflect the estimated rates of return on a high-quality, hypothetical bond portfolio whose cash flows match the timing and amounts of expected benefit payments. Refer to Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for further information.

Share-based compensation — We grant share-based compensation awards to our officers, directors, and certain key employees pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, which has a 10-year term and provides for the following types of awards: (a) incentive and non-qualified stock options; (b) restricted stock awards and restricted stock units; (c) performance units or performance shares; (d) stock appreciation rights; (e) cash-based awards; and (f) certain other stock-based awards.

Share-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements was $10.2 million in 2022, $7.7 million in 2021, and $2.7 million in 2020. We recorded total tax benefits related to such costs of $0.1 million in both 2022 and 2021. There was no income tax benefit related to such cost in 2020 due to the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. No share-based compensation costs were capitalized during 2022, 2021, or 2020.

We account for share-based payment awards that will be settled in cash as liability-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of liability-based awards at fair value at each reporting date until the date of settlement based on the number of units expected to vest and, where applicable, the level of achievement of predefined performance goals. These awards are remeasured on each reporting date based on our stock price and the Monte Carlo simulation model. A Monte Carlo simulation requires the use of several assumptions, including historical volatility and correlation between our stock price and the price of the common shares of a comparator group, a risk-free rate of return, and an expected term. We account for share-based awards that will be settled in shares of our common stock as equity-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of equity-based awards at fair value on the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The estimated number of units to be achieved is updated each reporting period based on the number of units expected to vest and, where applicable, the level of achievement of predefined performance goals, until the date of settlement. The fair value of stock option grants is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes stock option pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of several assumptions, including expected volatility, a risk-free interest rate, a forfeiture rate, and expected life. We measure share-based compensation for performance-based options on a straight-line basis over the performance period and the underlying shares expected to be settled are adjusted each reporting period based on estimated future achievement of the respective performance metrics. Service-based options are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period on a graded-vesting schedule. Refer to Note 3 – Share-Based Compensation of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for further information.

Self-Insurance Liabilities — We are self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation and general liabilities, which includes automobile, product general liability, and client property loss claims. We have also retained and provided for certain workers’ compensation insurance liabilities in conjunction with previously sold businesses. We are also self-insured for certain employee health benefits. Provisions for losses for claims incurred, including actuarially derived estimated claims incurred but not yet reported, are made based on historical experience, claims frequency, and other factors. We have purchased insurance for amounts in excess of the self-insured levels.

Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1 – Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for further information.

Non-GAAP Measure

In addition to disclosing financial results that are determined in accordance with GAAP, we also disclose segment operating income (loss) as a non-GAAP financial measure. Our use of segment operating income (loss) is supplemental to, but not as a substitute for,

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other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP. As not all companies use identical calculations, segment operating income (loss) may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. We believe that our use of segment operating income (loss) provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations for trending, analyzing, and benchmarking our performance and the value of our business.

“Segment operating income (loss)” is net income (loss) attributable to Viad before income (loss) from discontinued operations, corporate activities, interest expense and interest income, income taxes, gains or losses from sales of businesses, restructuring charges, impairment charges, and certain other corporate expenses that are not allocated to the reportable segments and the reduction for income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests. Segment operating income (loss) is used to measure the profit and performance of our operating segments to facilitate period-to-period comparisons. Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for a reconciliation of segment operating income (loss) to income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes.

We believe segment operating income (loss) is a useful operating metric as it eliminates potential variations arising from taxes, debt service costs, impairment charges, restructuring charges, strategic dispositions, the reduction of income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests, and the effects of discontinued operations, resulting in an additional measure considered to be indicative of our ongoing operations and segment performance. Although we use segment operating income (loss) to assess the performance of our business, the use of this measure is limited because this measure does not consider material costs, expenses, and other items necessary to operate our business. As segment operating income (loss) does not consider these items, net income (loss) attributable to Viad should be considered as an important measure of financial performance because it provides a more complete measure of our performance.

Item 7A. Quantita tive and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our market risk exposure relates to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates. Foreign exchange risk is the risk that fluctuating exchange rates will adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. The foreign exchange risk is composed of both potential losses from the translation of foreign currency financial information and the remeasurement of foreign currency transactions. Interest rate risk is the risk that changing interest rates will adversely affect our financial position or results of operations.

Our foreign operations are primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, United Arab Emirates, and Germany. The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is their local currency. Accordingly, for purposes of consolidation, we translate the assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars at the foreign exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The unrealized gains or losses resulting from the translation of these foreign denominated assets and liabilities are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As a result, significant fluctuations in foreign exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar may result in material changes to our net equity position reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We do not currently hedge our equity risk arising from the translation of foreign denominated assets and liabilities. We recorded cumulative unrealized foreign currency translation losses in stockholders’ equity of $43.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and $16.2 million as of December 31, 2021. We recorded an unrealized foreign currency translation loss in other comprehensive income (loss) of $26.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 and a gain of $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.

For purposes of consolidation, revenue, expenses, gains, and losses related to our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the period. As a result, our consolidated results of operations are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates as revenue and segment operating income (loss) of our foreign operations, when translated, may vary from period to period, even when the functional currency amounts have not changed. Such fluctuations may adversely impact overall expected profitability and historical period-to-period comparisons. We do not currently hedge our net earnings exposure arising from the translation of our foreign revenue and segment operating income (loss).

A hypothetical change of 10% in the Canadian dollar exchange rate would result in a change to 2022 operating income of approximately $3.2 million. A hypothetical change of 10% in the British pound exchange rate would result in a change to 2022 operating income of approximately $0.2 million. A hypothetical change of 10% in the Euro exchange rate would result in a change to 2022 operating income of approximately $0.5 million. A hypothetical change of 10% in the Icelandic Krona exchange rate would result in a change to 2022 operating income of approximately $0.2 million.

We are exposed to foreign exchange transaction risk, as our foreign subsidiaries have certain loans and leases denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective subsidiary. As of December 31, 2022, we had long-term contractual liabilities that were denominated in nonfunctional currencies of $47.9 million. As foreign exchange rates fluctuate, these liabilities are remeasured, and the corresponding adjustment is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. A hypothetical change of 10% in foreign currency rates could result in an adjustment to the Consolidated Statements of Operations of approximately $4.8 million. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we did not have any outstanding foreign currency forward contracts.

We are exposed to short-term and long-term interest rate risk on certain of our debt obligations. A hypothetical change of 10% in interest rates would result in a change to 2022 interest expense of approximately $4 million.

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On January 4, 2023, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement with an effective date of January 31, 2023 to hedge cash flows on $300 million of our Term Loan B. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations and Note 24 – Subsequent Events of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K) for further information.

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Item 8. Financial Statemen ts and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 32
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 33
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 34
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Mezzanine Equity | 35
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 36
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 37
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 77
Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts | 88

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VIAD CORP

CONSOLIDA TED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands, except share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 59,719 |  |  | $ | 61,600 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $2,174 and $1,808, respectively |  |  | 122,373 |  |  |  | 91,966 |
Inventories |  |  | 10,785 |  |  |  | 8,581 |
Current contract costs |  |  | 14,331 |  |  |  | 11,105 |
Prepaid insurance |  |  | 13,370 |  |  |  | 10,284 |
Other current assets |  |  | 18,977 |  |  |  | 14,080 |
Total current assets |  |  | 239,555 |  |  |  | 197,616 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 549,578 |  |  |  | 549,108 |
Other investments and assets |  |  | 17,457 |  |  |  | 16,718 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 102,777 |  |  |  | 95,915 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 565 |  |  |  | 1,006 |
Goodwill |  |  | 121,429 |  |  |  | 112,078 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 58,985 |  |  |  | 65,189 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 1,090,346 |  |  | $ | 1,037,630 |
Liabilities, Mezzanine Equity, and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 73,020 |  |  | $ | 69,657 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 43,950 |  |  |  | 39,141 |
Accrued compensation |  |  | 25,839 |  |  |  | 12,788 |
Operating lease obligations |  |  | 13,463 |  |  |  | 12,451 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 41,653 |  |  |  | 28,289 |
Current portion of debt and finance obligations |  |  | 13,192 |  |  |  | 12,800 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 211,117 |  |  |  | 175,126 |
Long-term debt and finance obligations |  |  | 456,752 |  |  |  | 446,580 |
Pension and postretirement benefits |  |  | 16,769 |  |  |  | 23,692 |
Long-term operating lease obligations |  |  | 101,297 |  |  |  | 93,406 |
Other deferred items and liabilities |  |  | 70,024 |  |  |  | 68,953 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 855,959 |  |  |  | 807,757 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value, 180,000 shares authorized, 135,000 shares issued and outstanding |  |  | 132,591 |  |  |  | 132,591 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 4,956 |  |  |  | 5,444 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Viad Corp stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $1.50 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 24,934,981 shares issued and outstanding |  |  | 37,402 |  |  |  | 37,402 |
Additional capital |  |  | 570,271 |  |  |  | 566,741 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (334,301 | ) |  |  | (349,720 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (47,185 | ) |  |  | (27,429 | )
Common stock in treasury, at cost, 4,216,044 and 4,381,606 shares, respectively |  |  | (211,657 | ) |  |  | (220,712 | )
Total Viad stockholders’ equity |  |  | 14,530 |  |  |  | 6,282 |
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 82,310 |  |  |  | 85,556 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 96,840 |  |  |  | 91,838 |
Total Liabilities, Mezzanine Equity, and Stockholders’ Equity |  | $ | 1,090,346 |  |  | $ | 1,037,630 |

Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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VIAD CORP

CONSOLIDATED S TATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services |  | $ | 912,040 |  |  | $ | 401,142 |  |  | $ | 351,528 |
Products |  |  | 215,271 |  |  |  | 106,198 |  |  |  | 63,907 |
Total revenue |  |  | 1,127,311 |  |  |  | 507,340 |  |  |  | 415,435 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of services |  |  | 857,760 |  |  |  | 440,383 |  |  |  | 457,827 |
Costs of products |  |  | 200,540 |  |  |  | 113,889 |  |  |  | 73,783 |
Corporate activities |  |  | 13,418 |  |  |  | 11,689 |  |  |  | 8,687 |
Gain on sale of ON Services |  |  | (19,637 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Interest expense, net |  |  | 34,891 |  |  |  | 28,324 |  |  |  | 17,887 |
Other expense, net |  |  | 2,077 |  |  |  | 2,070 |  |  |  | 1,594 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 3,059 |  |  |  | 6,066 |  |  |  | 13,440 |
Impairment charges |  |  | 583 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 203,076 |
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 1,092,691 |  |  |  | 602,421 |  |  |  | 776,294 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  |  | 34,620 |  |  |  | (95,081 | ) |  |  | (360,859 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 9,973 |  |  |  | (1,788 | ) |  |  | 14,246 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations |  |  | 24,647 |  |  |  | (93,293 | ) |  |  | (375,105 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 558 |  |  |  | (1,847 | )
Net income (loss) |  |  | 24,795 |  |  |  | (92,735 | ) |  |  | (376,952 | )
Net (income) loss attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | (2,323 | ) |  |  | (1,686 | ) |  |  | 1,376 |
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | 1,766 |  |  |  | 1,482 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad |  | $ | 23,220 |  |  | $ | (92,655 | ) |  | $ | (374,094 | )
Diluted income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations attributable to Viad common stockholders |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | (5.04 | ) |  | $ | (18.55 | )
Discontinued operations attributable to Viad common stockholders |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.03 |  |  |  | (0.09 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad common stockholders |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (5.01 | ) |  | $ | (18.64 | )
Weighted-average outstanding and potentially dilutive common shares |  |  | 20,812 |  |  |  | 20,411 |  |  |  | 20,279 |
Basic income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations attributable to Viad common stockholders |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (5.04 | ) |  | $ | (18.55 | )
Discontinued operations attributable to Viad common stockholders |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.03 |  |  |  | (0.09 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad common stockholders |  | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | (5.01 | ) |  | $ | (18.64 | )
Weighted-average outstanding common shares |  |  | 20,589 |  |  |  | 20,411 |  |  |  | 20,279 |
Dividends declared per common share |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.10 |
Amounts attributable to Viad |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) from continuing operations |  | $ | 23,072 |  |  | $ | (93,213 | ) |  | $ | (372,247 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 558 |  |  |  | (1,847 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 23,220 |  |  | $ | (92,655 | ) |  | $ | (374,094 | )

Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

33

VIAD CORP

CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 24,795 |  |  | $ | (92,735 | ) |  | $ | (376,952 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (26,821 | ) |  |  | 524 |  |  |  | 7,113 |
Change in net actuarial loss, net of tax effects of $192, $210, and $(55) |  |  | 6,967 |  |  |  | 2,712 |  |  |  | (1,955 | )
Change in prior service cost, net of tax effects of $0, $0, and $(46) |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (100 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 5,039 |  |  |  | (89,523 | ) |  |  | (371,894 | )
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | (2,323 | ) |  |  | (1,686 | ) |  |  | 1,376 |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (4,999 | ) |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 1,315 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | 1,766 |  |  |  | 1,482 |
Comprehensive loss attributable to Viad |  | $ | (1,535 | ) |  | $ | (89,316 | ) |  | $ | (367,721 | )

Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

34

VIAD CORP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND MEZZANINE EQUITY

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Mezzanine Equity |
(in thousands) |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings (Deficit) |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Common Stock in Treasury |  |  | Total Viad Equity |  |  | Non-Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  | Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest |  |  | Convertible Series A Preferred Stock |
Balance, December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 37,402 |  |  | $ | 574,473 |  |  | $ | 122,971 |  |  | $ | (35,699 | ) |  | $ | (231,649 | ) |  | $ | 467,498 |  |  | $ | 79,731 |  |  | $ | 547,229 |  |  |  | $ | 6,172 |  |  | $ | — |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (374,094 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (374,094 | ) |  |  | (1,376 | ) |  |  | (375,470 | ) |  |  |  | (1,482 | ) |  |  | — |
Dividends on common stock ($0.10 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,038 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,038 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,038 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of Series A convertible preferred stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125,763 |
Dividends on convertible preferred stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,006 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,006 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,006 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,006 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,688 | ) |  |  | (1,688 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,688 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock purchased for treasury |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,785 | ) |  |  | (2,785 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,785 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Employee benefit plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,901 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,380 |  |  |  | 2,479 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,479 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation - equity awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,444 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,444 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,444 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,113 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,113 |  |  |  | 1,315 |  |  |  | 8,428 |  |  |  |  | (390 | ) |  |  | — |
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,955 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,955 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,955 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  |  | 925 |  |  |  | — |
Balance, December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 37,402 |  |  | $ | 568,100 |  |  | $ | (253,164 | ) |  | $ | (30,641 | ) |  | $ | (225,742 | ) |  | $ | 95,955 |  |  | $ | 78,144 |  |  | $ | 174,099 |  |  |  | $ | 5,225 |  |  | $ | 128,769 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (92,655 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (92,655 | ) |  |  | 1,686 |  |  |  | (90,969 | ) |  |  |  | (1,766 | ) |  |  | — |
Dividends on convertible preferred stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,821 | ) |  |  | (3,900 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,721 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,721 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,821 |
Capital contributions (distributions) to (from) noncontrolling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,160 | ) |  |  | (1,160 | ) |  |  |  | 341 |  |  |  | — |
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (652 | ) |  |  | (652 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (652 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Employee benefit plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,456 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,682 |  |  |  | 1,226 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,226 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation - equity awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,562 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,562 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,562 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 524 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 524 |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 651 |  |  |  |  | (153 | ) |  |  | — |
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,712 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,712 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,712 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service cost, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Acquisitions |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,759 |  |  |  | 6,759 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | (644 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (645 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (645 | ) |  |  |  | 1,797 |  |  |  | 1 |
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 37,402 |  |  | $ | 566,741 |  |  | $ | (349,720 | ) |  | $ | (27,429 | ) |  | $ | (220,712 | ) |  | $ | 6,282 |  |  | $ | 85,556 |  |  | $ | 91,838 |  |  |  | $ | 5,444 |  |  | $ | 132,591 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,220 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,220 |  |  |  | 2,323 |  |  |  | 25,543 |  |  |  |  | (748 | ) |  |  | — |
Dividends on convertible preferred stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,801 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,801 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,801 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Capital distributions from noncontrolling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (570 | ) |  |  | (570 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (355 | ) |  |  | (355 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (355 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Employee benefit plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,967 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,411 |  |  |  | 2,444 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,444 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation - equity awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,544 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,544 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,544 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,821 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,821 | ) |  |  | (4,999 | ) |  |  | (31,820 | ) |  |  |  | (503 | ) |  |  | — |
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,967 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,967 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,967 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service cost, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  |  | 763 |  |  |  | — |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 37,402 |  |  | $ | 570,271 |  |  | $ | (334,301 | ) |  | $ | (47,185 | ) |  | $ | (211,657 | ) |  | $ | 14,530 |  |  | $ | 82,310 |  |  | $ | 96,840 |  |  |  | $ | 4,956 |  |  | $ | 132,591 |

Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

35

VIAD CORP

CONSOLIDATED S TATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 24,795 |  |  | $ | (92,735 | ) |  | $ | (376,952 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 52,483 |  |  |  | 53,750 |  |  |  | 56,565 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 1,820 |  |  |  | 6,012 |  |  |  | 15,097 |
(Income) loss from discontinued operations |  |  | (148 | ) |  |  | (558 | ) |  |  | 1,847 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 3,059 |  |  |  | 6,066 |  |  |  | 13,440 |
Impairment charges |  |  | 583 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 203,076 |
Gains on dispositions of property and other assets |  |  | (272 | ) |  |  | (9,374 | ) |  |  | (14,935 | )
Gain on disposition of ON Services |  |  | (19,637 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | 10,241 |  |  |  | 7,727 |  |  |  | 2,653 |
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 462 |
Other non-cash items, net |  |  | 12,843 |  |  |  | 5,318 |  |  |  | 8,056 |
Change in operating assets and liabilities (excluding the impact of acquisitions and disposition): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  |  | (39,402 | ) |  |  | (75,450 | ) |  |  | 106,082 |
Inventories |  |  | (2,587 | ) |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 8,644 |
Current contract costs |  |  | (4,651 | ) |  |  | (3,284 | ) |  |  | 16,279 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 7,756 |  |  |  | 46,694 |  |  |  | (88,251 | )
Restructuring liabilities |  |  | (2,735 | ) |  |  | (5,923 | ) |  |  | (7,427 | )
Accrued compensation |  |  | 11,321 |  |  |  | 4,221 |  |  |  | (26,375 | )
Contract liabilities |  |  | 5,607 |  |  |  | 20,881 |  |  |  | (31,585 | )
Income taxes payable |  |  | 7,147 |  |  |  | 1,003 |  |  |  | 770 |
Other assets and liabilities, net |  |  | 5,208 |  |  |  | (2,386 | ) |  |  | 32,306 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 73,431 |  |  |  | (37,852 | ) |  |  | (80,248 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  |  | (67,170 | ) |  |  | (57,936 | ) |  |  | (53,567 | )
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,767 |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net |  |  | (25,494 | ) |  |  | (8,227 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of ON Services |  |  | 28,926 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from dispositions of property and other assets |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 14,360 |  |  |  | 22,027 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (63,268 | ) |  |  | (51,803 | ) |  |  | (6,773 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings |  |  | 107,580 |  |  |  | 461,322 |  |  |  | 225,422 |
Payments on debt and finance obligations |  |  | (103,491 | ) |  |  | (345,297 | ) |  |  | (275,327 | )
Dividends paid on common stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,064 | )
Dividends paid on preferred stock |  |  | (7,801 | ) |  |  | (3,900 | ) |  |  | — |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest, net of contributions from noncontrolling interest |  |  | (570 | ) |  |  | (843 | ) |  |  | (1,526 | )
Payments of debt issuance costs |  |  | (418 | ) |  |  | (1,767 | ) |  |  | (1,585 | )
Payment of payroll taxes on stock-based compensation through shares withheld or repurchased |  |  | (1,428 | ) |  |  | (1,626 | ) |  |  | (1,688 | )
Common stock purchased for treasury |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,785 | )
Proceeds from issuance of Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125,763 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,077 |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  |  | (6,128 | ) |  |  | 107,889 |  |  |  | 66,287 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  |  | (3,774 | ) |  |  | 4,098 |  |  |  | 701 |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  |  | 261 |  |  |  | 22,332 |  |  |  | (20,033 | )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of year |  |  | 64,303 |  |  |  | 41,971 |  |  |  | 62,004 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of year |  | $ | 64,564 |  |  | $ | 64,303 |  |  | $ | 41,971 |

Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

36

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of Viad and its subsidiaries. We have eliminated all significant intercompany account balances and transactions in consolidation.

Nature of Business

We are a leading global provider of extraordinary experiences, including hospitality and leisure activities, experiential marketing, and live events.

We operate through three reportable segments: Pursuit, Spiro, and GES Exhibitions.

During the first quarter of 2022, we rebranded GES’ brand experiences business and introduced Spiro to the market to accelerate our growth by servicing the changing needs of today’s brand marketers across a broader spectrum of their experiential marketing needs. Spiro and GES Exhibitions are both live event businesses and are collectively referred to as “GES.”

Pursuit

Pursuit is a collection of inspiring and unforgettable travel experiences that includes recreational attractions, unique hotels and lodges, food and beverage, retail, sightseeing, and ground transportation services. Pursuit comprises the Banff Jasper Collection, the Alaska Collection, the Glacier Park Collection, FlyOver, and Sky Lagoon.

Spiro

Spiro is an experiential marketing agency that partners with leading brands around the world to manage and elevate their global experiential marketing activities.

GES Exhibitions

GES Exhibitions is a global exhibition services company that partners with leading exhibition and conference organizers as a full-service provider of strategic and logistics solutions to manage the complexity of their shows.

Impact of COVID-19 and Macroeconomic Factors

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the economies of countries in which we operate, including supply chain and labor challenges, and the ability of guests to travel from certain countries. However, during 2022 international tourism and live event activity continued to improve and demand for our products and services remained strong. It is not currently possible to estimate the duration and continued evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, therefore no assurance can be given that an extended period of global economic disruption would not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations in future periods.

During 2022, changes in macroeconomic facts and circumstances, particularly high inflation and the resulting rise in interest rates, has increased our interest expense. The additional impacts of these macroeconomic developments on our operations cannot be predicted with certainty, but could have adverse effects on our business, financial condition, and results of operations in future periods.

Reclassifications

During the first quarter of 2022, we changed our segment reporting as a result of operational changes and how our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) reviews the financial performance of GES and makes decisions regarding the allocation of resources. As a result, we changed the presentation of certain items in GES’ disaggregation of revenue and reportable segments. Refer to Note 2 – Revenue and Related Contract Costs and Contract Liabilities and Note 23 – Segment Information for additional information. We reclassified certain prior-year amounts to conform to current-period presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Estimates and assumptions are used in accounting for, among other things: impairment

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testing of recorded goodwill and intangible assets and long-lived assets; allowances for uncollectible accounts receivable; sales reserve allowances; provisions for income taxes, including uncertain tax positions; valuation allowances related to deferred tax assets; liabilities for losses related to self-insured liability claims; liabilities for losses related to environmental remediation obligations; sublease income associated with restructuring liabilities; pension and postretirement benefit costs and obligations; share-based compensation costs; the discount rates used to value lease obligations; the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests; and the allocation of purchase price of acquired businesses. These estimates and assumptions may change as a result of the impact of global economic conditions, such as the uncertainty regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, global inflationary pressures, and volatility in foreign exchange rates. Actual results could differ from these and other estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash equivalents are highly-liquid investments with remaining maturities when purchased of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and bank demand deposits. Restricted cash represents collateral required for surety bonds, bank guarantees, letters of credit, and corporate credit cards.

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balances presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 59,719 |  |  | $ | 61,600 |
Restricted cash included in other current assets |  |  | 4,845 |  |  |  | 2,703 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows |  | $ | 64,564 |  |  | $ | 64,303 |

Allowances for Doubtful Accounts

Allowances for doubtful accounts reflect the best estimate of expected losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. The allowances for doubtful accounts, including a sales allowance for discounts at the time of sale, are based upon an evaluation of the aging of receivables, historical trends, and the current economic environment.

Inventories

We state inventories, which consist primarily of exhibit design and construction materials and supplies, as well as retail inventory, at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out and specific identification methods) or net realizable value.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets: buildings, 15 to 40 years; equipment, 3 to 12 years; and leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the lease term or useful life. Property and equipment are tested for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset may not be recoverable through undiscounted cash flows.

Leases

We recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability on the balance sheet and classify leases as either finance or operating leases. The classification of the lease determines whether we recognize the lease expense on an effective interest method basis (finance lease) or on a straight-line basis (operating lease) over the lease term. In determining whether an agreement contains a lease, we consider if we have a right to control the use of the underlying asset during the lease term in exchange for an obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities at commencement date, which is when the underlying asset is available for use to a lessee, based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.

Our operating and finance leases are primarily facility, equipment, and land leases. Our facility leases comprise mainly manufacturing facilities, sales and design facilities, offices, storage and/or warehouses, and truck marshaling yards for our GES business. These facility leases have lease terms ranging up to 29 years. Our equipment leases comprise mainly vehicles, hardware, and office equipment, each with various lease terms. Our land leases comprise mainly leases in Canada and Iceland on which our Pursuit hotels or attractions are located and have lease terms ranging up to 46 years.

If a lease contains a renewal option that is reasonably certain to be exercised, then the lease term includes the optional periods in measuring a ROU asset and lease liability. We evaluate the reasonably certain threshold at lease commencement, and it is typically met if we identify substantial economic incentives or termination penalties. We do not include variable leases and variable non-lease components in the calculation of the ROU asset and corresponding lease liability. For facility leases, variable lease costs include the

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costs of common area maintenance, taxes, and insurance for which we pay our lessors an estimate that is adjusted to actual expense on a quarterly or annual basis depending on the underlying contract terms. We expense these variable lease payments as incurred. Our lease agreements do not contain any significant residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants.

Substantially all of our lease agreements do not specify an implicit borrowing rate, and as such, we utilize an incremental borrowing rate based on lease term and country in order to calculate the present value of our future lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate represents a risk-adjusted rate on a collateralized basis and is the expected rate at which we would borrow funds to satisfy the scheduled lease liability payment streams commensurate with the lease term and the country.

We are also a lessor to third party tenants who either lease certain portions of facilities that we own or sublease certain portions of facilities that we lease. We record lease income from owned facilities as rental income and we record sublease income from leased facilities as an offset to lease expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We classify all of our leases for which we are the lessor as operating leases.

Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 31, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We use a discounted expected future cash flow methodology (income approach) to estimate the fair value of our reporting units for purposes of goodwill impairment testing. The estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows, discount rates, and terminal values require considerable judgment and are based on market conditions, financial forecasts, industry trends, and historical experience. These estimates, however, have inherent uncertainties and different assumptions could lead to materially different results.

Self-Insurance Liabilities

We are self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation and general liabilities, which includes automobile, product general liability, and client property loss claims. We have also retained and provided for certain workers’ compensation insurance liabilities in conjunction with previously sold operations. We are also self-insured for certain employee health benefits. Provisions for losses for claims incurred, including actuarially derived estimated claims incurred but not yet reported, are made based on historical experience, claims frequency, and other factors. We have purchased insurance for amounts in excess of the self-insured levels.

Environmental Remediation Liabilities

Environmental remediation liabilities represent the estimated cost of environmental remediation obligations primarily associated with previously sold operations. The amounts accrued primarily consist of the estimated direct incremental costs, on an undiscounted basis, for contractor and other services related to remedial actions and post-remediation site monitoring. Environmental remediation liabilities are recorded when the specific obligation is considered probable and the costs are reasonably estimable. Subsequent recoveries from third parties, if any, are recorded through discontinued operations when realized. Environmental insurance is maintained that provides coverage for new and undiscovered pre-existing conditions at both our continuing and discontinued operations.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations for the estimated fair value of debt obligations.

Convertible Preferred Stock

We record shares of convertible preferred stock based on proceeds received net of costs on the date of issuance. Dividends paid-in-kind increase the redemption value of the preferred stock. Redeemable preferred stock (including preferred stock that features redemption rights that are either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within our control) is classified as mezzanine equity and is reported between liabilities and stockholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Noncontrolling Interests – Non-redeemable and Redeemable

Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest represents the portion of equity in a subsidiary that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to us. We report non-redeemable noncontrolling interest within stockholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amount of

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consolidated net income or loss attributable to Viad and the non-redeemable noncontrolling interest is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

We consider noncontrolling interests with redemption features that are not solely within our control to be redeemable noncontrolling interests. Our redeemable noncontrolling interest relates to our 56.4% equity ownership interest in Esja Attractions ehf. (“Esja”), which owns the FlyOver Iceland attraction. The Esja shareholders agreement contains a put option that gives the minority Esja shareholders the right to sell (or “put”) their Esja shares to us based on a calculated formula within a predefined term. This redeemable noncontrolling interest is considered mezzanine equity and we report it between liabilities and stockholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amount of the net income or loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the accretion of the redemption value is recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings or accumulated deficit and is included in our income (loss) per share. Refer to Note 22 – Noncontrolling Interests – Redeemable and Non-redeemable for additional information.

Foreign Currency Translation

Our foreign operations are primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, Germany, and to a lesser extent, in certain other countries. The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is their local currency. Accordingly, for purposes of consolidation, we translate the assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars at the foreign exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The unrealized gains or losses resulting from the translation of these foreign denominated assets and liabilities are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For purposes of consolidation, revenue, expenses, gains, and losses related to our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the period. We also have certain loans and leases in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency, which results in gains or losses as exchange rates fluctuate and are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is measured based on a specified amount of consideration in a contract with a customer, net of commissions paid to customers and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. We recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of a product or delivering the service to a customer.

Pursuit’s service revenue is derived through its admissions, accommodations, and transportation services. Product revenue is derived through food and beverage and retail sales. Revenue is recognized at the time services are performed or upon delivery of the product. Pursuit’s service revenue is recognized over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits, and product revenue is recognized at a point in time.

GES’ service revenue is primarily derived through its comprehensive range of marketing, event production, and other related services to event organizers and corporate brand marketers. GES’ service revenue is earned over time over the duration of the live event, which generally lasts one to three days. Revenue for goods and services provided for which we do not have control of the goods or services before that good or service is transferred to a customer is recorded on a net basis to reflect only the fees received for arranging these services. GES’ product revenue is derived from the build of exhibits, environments, and graphics and is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the product.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation costs related to all share-based payment awards are recognized and measured using the fair value method of accounting. These awards generally include restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”), and stock options, and contain forfeiture and non-compete provisions. We issue share-based payment awards from shares held in treasury. Future vesting is generally subject to continued employment. Holders of share-based awards have the right to receive dividends and vote the shares, but may not sell, assign, transfer, pledge, or otherwise encumber the stock, except to the extent restrictions have lapsed and in accordance with our stock trading policy.

We account for share-based payment awards that will be settled in cash as liability-based awards, which includes PRSUs and restricted stock units. We measure share-based compensation expense of liability-based awards at fair value at each reporting date until the date of settlement based on the number of units expected to vest and, where applicable, the level of achievement of predefined performance goals. These awards are remeasured on each reporting date based on our stock price and the Monte Carlo simulation model. A Monte Carlo simulation requires the use of several assumptions, including historical volatility and correlation between our stock price and the price of the common shares of a comparator group, a risk-free rate of return, and an expected term. Share-based compensation expense related to liability-based awards is recognized ratably over the requisite service period of approximately three years.

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We account for share-based awards that will be settled in shares of our common stock as equity-based awards, which include PRSUs, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of equity-based awards at fair value on the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The estimated number of shares to be achieved is updated each reporting period based on the number of units expected to vest and, where applicable, the level of achievement of predefined performance goals, until the date of settlement. Share-based compensation expense related to equity-based awards is recognized ratably over the requisite service period ranging from one to three years.

The fair value of stock option grants is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes stock option pricing model. We grant non-qualified stock options that are performance-based and service-based. The performance-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the performance period ranging up to 3.4 years, and the underlying shares expected to be settled are adjusted each reporting period based on estimated future achievement of the respective performance metrics. The service-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period on a graded-vesting schedule ranging from one to three years. The exercise price of stock options is based on the market value of our common stock at the date of grant.

Common Stock in Treasury

Common stock purchased for treasury is recorded at historical cost. Subsequent share reissuances are primarily related to share-based compensation programs and recorded at weighted-average cost.

Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Diluted income (loss) per common share is calculated using the more dilutive of the two-class method or as-converted method. The two-class method uses net income (loss) available to common stockholders and assumes conversion of all potential shares other than the participating securities. The as-converted method uses net income (loss) available to common shareholders and assumes conversion of all potential shares including the participating securities. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options, unvested restricted share units and convertible preferred stock. We apply the two-class method in calculating income (loss) per common share as unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends and preferred stock are considered participating securities. Accordingly, such securities are included in the earnings allocation in calculating income (loss) per share. The adjustment to the carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest is reflected in income (loss) per common share.

Government Assistance

We received government assistance of approximately $2.7 million in 2022, $21.6 million in 2021, and $27.7 million in 2020. Benefits received were primarily from the Canadian Emergency Wage Subsidy (“CEWS”) program, the United Kingdom’s COVID Job Retention Scheme (“CJRS”), and two Netherlands programs referred to as NOW and TVL. We have no provisions for recapture and are currently completing the audit process for the NOW proceeds received in 2021.

The CEWS program was implemented by the Canadian government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic for businesses operating in Canada. Our Canadian subsidiaries within Pursuit and GES qualified for and applied for these CEWS cash benefits to partially offset the impacts of revenue reductions and on-going staffing costs. During 2022, GES received approximately $1.4 million in CEWS benefits. During 2021, Pursuit received approximately $11.6 million and GES received approximately $1.9 million. During 2020, Pursuit received approximately $12.8 million and GES received approximately $1.2 million. The CEWS benefits were recorded to “Costs of services” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The CJRS program was implemented by the United Kingdom government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to allow employers to retain and continue to pay their furloughed employees. Furloughed employees were paid 80% of their salary up to a maximum of GBP 2,500 per month. During July 2021, employers were required to contribute 10% of the furloughed employees salary, which increased to 2 0% before the program closed on September 30, 2021. Payments were handled by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, or HMRC. GES received approximately $0.9 million in 2021 and $8.4 million in 2020, which were recorded to “Costs of services” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The NOW and TVL programs were implemented by the Dutch government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The NOW program is a temporary emergency bridging measure to reimburse up to 85% of employees’ salaries. This program is still in effect and payments are handled by the Employee Insurance Agency, or UWV. The TVL program is a business support program focused on non-labor business expenses. The amounts claimed is based on lost income of more than 30%. Payments are handled by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency, or RVO. GES received approximately $0.6 million in 2022, $3.0 million in 2021, and $2.2 million in 2020 for both NOW and TVL programs, which were recorded to “Costs of services” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The remaining benefits received were from various other programs totaling $0.7 million in 2022, $4.2 million in 2021, and $3.1 million in 2020.

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Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following table provides a brief description of recent accounting pronouncements:

Standard |  | Description |  | Date of adoption |  | Effect on the financial statements
Standards Not Yet Adopted
Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805) Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers |  | Amendment relates to the application of Topic 805, Business Combinations, to contracts with a customer acquired in a business combination after the acquirer has adopted Topic 606. ASU 2021-08 requires contract assets and contract liabilities to be accounted for as if they (the acquirer) entered into the original contract at the same time and same date as the acquiree. |  | 1/1/2023 |  | We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the adoption of this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. We will apply the provisions of ASU 2021-08 after adoption to future acquisitions, if any. We do not expect this new guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2022-04, Liabilities - Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50) Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations |  | Amendment requires that a buyer in a supplier finance program disclose key terms about the program in connection with the purchase of goods and services along with information about their obligations under these programs, including a rollforward of those obligations. |  | 1/1/2023 |  | This new guidance will expand our disclosures within the scope of this new standard that are reflected in the financial statements as of the adoption date. It does not affect the recognition, measurement, or financial statement presentation of obligations covered by supplier finance programs. We do not expect this new standard to have a material impact on our related disclosures.

Standard |  | Description |  | Date of adoption |  | Effect on the financial statements
Standards Recently Adopted
ASU 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own Equity |  | The amendment simplified the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models available for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock. The amendment also requires expanded disclosures about the terms and features of convertible instruments. |  | 1/1/2022 |  | The adoption of this new standard on January 1, 2022 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832) Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance |  | Amendment improves the transparency of disclosures about government assistance received by business entities by requiring annual disclosure of: (1) the types of government assistance received; (2) the accounting for such assistance; and (3) the effect of the assistance on a business entity’s financial statements. |  | 1/1/2022 |  | We provided the annual disclosure about government assistance in this Note 1 - Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies under the heading “Government Assistance.” The adoption of this new standard on January 1, 2022 did not otherwise have a material impact on our related disclosures.
ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 |  | Topic 848 provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. This amendment defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. |  | 12/21/2022 |  | The sunset deferral date of Topic 848 was effective beginning on December 21, 2022, and we intend to utilize the relief of this amendment. There was no impact to our consolidated financial statements as a result of adopting this amendment.

Note 2. Revenue and Related Contract Costs and Contract Liabilities

Pursuit’s performance obligations are short-term in nature. They include the provision of a hotel room, an attraction admission, a chartered or ticketed bus or van ride, and/or the sale of food, beverage, or retail products. We recognize revenue when the service has been provided or the product has been delivered. When we extend credit, payment terms are generally within 30 days and contain no significant financing components.

GES’ performance obligations consist of services or product(s) outlined in a contract. While we often sign multi-year contracts for recurring events, the obligations for each occurrence are well defined and conclude upon the occurrence of each event. The obligations are typically the provision of services and/or sale of a product in connection with a live event. Revenue for goods and services provided

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for which we do not have control of the goods or services before that good or service is transferred to a customer is recorded on a net basis to reflect only the fees received for arranging these services. We recognize revenue for services generally at the close of the live event. We recognize revenue for products either upon delivery to the customer’s location, upon delivery to an event that we are serving, or when we have the right to invoice. In circumstances where a customer cancels a contract, we generally have the right to bill the customer for costs incurred to date. Payment terms are generally within 30-60 days and contain no significant financing components.

Contract Liabilities

Pursuit and GES typically receive customer deposits prior to transferring the related product or service to the customer. We record these deposits as a contract liability, which are recognized as revenue upon satisfaction of the related contract performance obligation(s). GES also provides customer rebates and volume discounts to certain event organizers that we recognize as a reduction of revenue. We include customer deposits in “Contract liabilities” and “Other deferred items and liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Changes to contract liabilities are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 18,618 |
Cash additions |  |  | 147,814 |
Revenue recognized |  |  | (126,573 | )
Foreign exchange translation adjustment |  |  | (197 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 39,662 |
Cash additions |  |  | 158,567 |
Revenue recognized |  |  | (151,408 | )
Foreign exchange translation adjustment |  |  | (2,064 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 44,757 |

Contract Costs

GES capitalizes certain incremental costs incurred in obtaining and fulfilling contracts. Capitalized costs principally relate to direct costs of materials and services incurred in fulfilling services of future live events, and also include up-front incentives and commissions incurred upon contract signing. We expense costs associated with preliminary contract activities (i.e. proposal activities) as incurred. Capitalized contract costs are expensed upon the transfer of the related goods or services and are included in “Costs of services” or “Costs of products” as applicable. We include the deferred incremental costs of obtaining and fulfilling contracts in “Current contract costs” and “Other investments and assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Changes to contract costs are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 10,835 |
Additions |  |  | 31,923 |
Expenses |  |  | (27,935 | )
Cancelled |  |  | (976 | )
Foreign exchange translation adjustment |  |  | (57 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 13,790 |
Additions |  |  | 62,038 |
Expenses |  |  | (58,561 | )
Foreign exchange translation adjustment |  |  | (699 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 16,568 |

As of December 31, 2022, capitalized contract costs consisted of $16.6 million to fulfill contracts. We did no t recognize an impairment loss with respect to capitalized contract costs during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.

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Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables disaggregate Pursuit and GES revenue by major service and product lines, timing of revenue recognition, and markets served:

Pursuit

During the first quarter of 2022, we reallocated certain ancillary revenue presented in Pursuit’s services revenue to better align with how we analyze revenue and depict the nature of revenue. All prior periods have been reclassified to conform to this new presentation.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ticket revenue |  | $ | 114,936 |  |  | $ | 61,166 |  |  | $ | 19,939 |
Rooms revenue |  |  | 77,019 |  |  |  | 57,603 |  |  |  | 26,383 |
Transportation |  |  | 12,460 |  |  |  | 5,591 |  |  |  | 2,694 |
Other |  |  | 14,143 |  |  |  | 8,564 |  |  |  | 3,567 |
Total services revenue |  |  | 218,558 |  |  |  | 132,924 |  |  |  | 52,583 |
Products: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Food and beverage |  |  | 47,275 |  |  |  | 28,953 |  |  |  | 10,295 |
Retail operations |  |  | 33,494 |  |  |  | 25,171 |  |  |  | 13,932 |
Total products revenue |  |  | 80,769 |  |  |  | 54,124 |  |  |  | 24,227 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 299,327 |  |  | $ | 187,048 |  |  | $ | 76,810 |
Timing of revenue recognition: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services transferred over time |  | $ | 218,558 |  |  | $ | 132,924 |  |  | $ | 52,583 |
Products transferred at a point in time |  |  | 80,769 |  |  |  | 54,124 |  |  |  | 24,227 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 299,327 |  |  | $ | 187,048 |  |  | $ | 76,810 |
Markets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banff Jasper Collection |  | $ | 152,863 |  |  | $ | 82,728 |  |  | $ | 46,913 |
Alaska Collection |  |  | 39,434 |  |  |  | 37,344 |  |  |  | 6,282 |
Glacier Park Collection |  |  | 57,760 |  |  |  | 45,276 |  |  |  | 17,596 |
FlyOver |  |  | 24,445 |  |  |  | 10,693 |  |  |  | 6,019 |
Sky Lagoon(1) |  |  | 24,825 |  |  |  | 11,007 |  |  |  | — |
Total revenue |  | $ | 299,327 |  |  | $ | 187,048 |  |  | $ | 76,810 |

(1)
We opened Pursuit’s Sky Lagoon attraction in Reykjavik, Iceland on April 30, 2021.

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GES

During the first quarter of 2022, we changed our segment reporting as a result of operational changes and how our CODM reviews the financial performance of GES and makes decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Accordingly, GES’ new reportable segments are Spiro and GES Exhibitions. As a result, we changed certain items in the following disaggregation of revenue table. All prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the new reporting structure.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Service lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spiro |  | $ | 277,641 |  |  | $ | 116,587 |  |  | $ | 102,027 |
GES Exhibitions |  |  | 557,880 |  |  |  | 209,529 |  |  |  | 238,705 |
Intersegment eliminations |  |  | (7,537 | ) |  |  | (5,824 | ) |  |  | (2,107 | )
Total revenue |  | $ | 827,984 |  |  | $ | 320,292 |  |  | $ | 338,625 |
Timing of revenue recognition: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services transferred over time |  | $ | 693,482 |  |  | $ | 268,218 |  |  | $ | 298,945 |
Products transferred over time(1) |  |  | 51,134 |  |  |  | 18,551 |  |  |  | 15,517 |
Products transferred at a point in time |  |  | 83,368 |  |  |  | 33,523 |  |  |  | 24,163 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 827,984 |  |  | $ | 320,292 |  |  | $ | 338,625 |
Geographical markets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  | $ | 675,628 |  |  | $ | 243,983 |  |  | $ | 288,921 |
EMEA |  |  | 176,086 |  |  |  | 82,242 |  |  |  | 53,384 |
Intersegment eliminations |  |  | (23,730 | ) |  |  | (5,933 | ) |  |  | (3,680 | )
Total revenue |  | $ | 827,984 |  |  | $ | 320,292 |  |  | $ | 338,625 |

(1)
GES’ graphics product revenue is earned over time over the duration of an event as it is considered a part of the single performance obligation satisfied over time.

Note 3. Share-Based Compensation

We grant share-based compensation awards to our officers, directors, and certain key employees pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, (the “2017 Plan”). The 2017 Plan has a 10-year term and provides for the following types of awards: (a) incentive and non-qualified stock options; (b) restricted stock awards and restricted stock units; (c) performance units or performance shares; (d) stock appreciation rights; (e) cash-based awards; and (f) certain other stock-based awards. In June 2017, we reserved 1,750,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan. On May 24, 2022, we amended and restated the 2017 Plan, which among other things, increased the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan by 840,000 shares, thus bringing the total number of reserved shares to 2,590,000. As of December 31, 2022, there were 1,202,763 shares available for future grant under the 2017 Plan.

The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Performance-based restricted stock units |  | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | (2,187 | )
Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units |  |  | 6,703 |  |  |  | 5,451 |  |  |  | 4,523 |
Stock options |  |  | 2,997 |  |  |  | 1,727 |  |  |  | 317 |
Share-based compensation expense before income tax |  |  | 10,241 |  |  |  | 7,727 |  |  |  | 2,653 |
Income tax benefit(1) |  |  | (117 | ) |  |  | (82 | ) |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation expense, net of income tax |  | $ | 10,124 |  |  | $ | 7,645 |  |  | $ | 2,653 |

(1)
The 2022 and 2021 income tax benefit amount primarily reflects the tax benefit associated with our Canadian-based employees. There was no income tax benefit in 2020 associated with our employees in the United States and the United Kingdom due to a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets within these jurisdictions. Refer to Note 17 – Income Taxes.

We recorded no share-based compensation expense through restructuring charges in 2022, 2021 or 2020. No share-based compensation costs were capitalized during 2022, 2021, or 2020.

45

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Performance-based Restricted Stock Units

Performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) are tied to our stock price and the expected achievement of certain performance-based criteria. The vesting of PRSUs is based upon the achievement of the performance-based criteria over a three to four-year period. We account for PRSUs that will be settled in shares of our common stock as equity-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of equity-based awards at fair value on the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The estimated number of units to be achieved is updated each reporting period.

We account for PRSUs that will be settled in cash as liability-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of liability-based awards at fair value at each reporting date until the date of settlement. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we granted PRSUs with a grant date fair value of $2.4 million, all of which are payable in shares.

In 2022, PRSUs granted in 2019 vested and we paid $0.4 million in cash. No PRSUs were paid in shares in 2022. In 2021, PRSUs granted in 2018 vested; however, as performance metrics were not achieved, no awards were paid in cash or in shares. In 2020, PRSUs granted in 2017 vested and we paid $2.6 million in cash. No PRSUs were paid in shares in 2020.

As of December 31, 2022, the unamortized cost of outstanding equity-based PRSUs was $1.6 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years. Liabilities related to liability-based PRSUs were zero as of December 31, 2022 and $0.7 million as of December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes the activity of the outstanding PRSU awards:

|  | Equity-Based PRSUs |  |  | Liability-Based PRSUs |
|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 134,152 |  |  | $ | 37.30 |  |  |  | 77,746 |  |  | $ | 57.13 |
Granted |  |  | 65,000 |  |  | $ | 36.46 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Vested |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | (36,758 | ) |  | $ | 58.31 |
Forfeited |  |  | (97,367 | ) |  | $ | 43.03 |  |  |  | (913 | ) |  | $ | 56.23 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 101,785 |  |  | $ | 31.28 |  |  |  | 40,075 |  |  | $ | 56.06 |

Service-based Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units are service-based awards. We account for restricted stock awards and restricted stock units that will be settled in shares of our common stock as equity-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of equity-based awards at fair value on the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

We account for restricted stock units that will be settled in cash as liability-based awards. We measure share-based compensation expense of liability-based awards at fair value at each reporting date until the date of settlement. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur.

As of December 31, 2022, the unamortized cost of outstanding equity-based restricted stock awards and restricted stock units was $8.1 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.3 years. We withheld 43,887 shares for $1.4 million during 2022, 37,686 shares for $1.6 million during 2021, and 42,185 shares for $1.7 million during 2020 related to tax withholding requirements on vested share-based awards.

Aggregate liabilities related to liability-based restricted stock units were $0.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2021. In 2022, 3,709 restricted stock units vested, and we paid $0.1 million in cash. In 2021, 3,174 restricted stock units vested, and we paid $0.1 million in cash. In 2020, 2,815 restricted stock units vested, and we paid $0.2 million in cash and $2.0 million in shares.

46

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The following table summarizes the activity of the outstanding restricted stock awards and restricted stock units:

|  | Equity-Based Restricted Stock Awards |  |  | Equity-Based Restricted Stock Units |  |  | Liability-Based Restricted Stock Units |
|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 76,792 |  |  | $ | 52.83 |  |  |  | 239,188 |  |  | $ | 34.74 |  |  |  | 6,278 |  |  | $ | 55.93 |
Granted |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 289,825 |  |  | $ | 31.23 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Vested |  |  | (52,127 | ) |  | $ | 52.21 |  |  |  | (103,327 | ) |  | $ | 29.83 |  |  |  | (3,709 | ) |  | $ | 56.66 |
Forfeited |  |  | (1,373 | ) |  | $ | 56.23 |  |  |  | (13,667 | ) |  | $ | 36.89 |  |  |  | (309 | ) |  | $ | 56.47 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 23,292 |  |  | $ | 54.03 |  |  |  | 412,019 |  |  | $ | 33.43 |  |  |  | 2,260 |  |  | $ | 54.75 |

Stock Options

We grant non-qualified stock options that are performance-based, as well as non-qualified stock options that are service-based. The performance-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective performance period, and the underlying shares expected to be settled are adjusted each reporting period based on estimated future achievement of the respective performance metrics. The service-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period on a graded-vesting schedule ranging from one to three years.

The following table summarizes stock option activity:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 312,008 |  |  | $ | 31.01 |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 233,970 |  |  | $ | 33.96 |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (120,000 | ) |  | $ | 19.30 |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 425,978 |  |  | $ | 35.93 |  |  | $ | 137,541 |
Options exercisable at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 100,103 |  |  | $ | 32.39 |  |  | $ | 137,541 |

(1)
The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding represents the difference between our closing stock price at the end of the reporting period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options.

The following table summarizes stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Options Outstanding |  |  | Options Exercisable |
Range of exercise prices |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price |
$21.85 |  |  | 54,150 |  |  |  | 4.65 |  |  | $ | 21.85 |  |  |  | 54,150 |  |  | $ | 21.85 |
$33.96 |  |  | 233,970 |  |  |  | 6.15 |  |  | $ | 33.96 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
$44.80 |  |  | 137,858 |  |  |  | 5.15 |  |  | $ | 44.80 |  |  |  | 45,953 |  |  | $ | 44.80 |
$21.85 - $44.80 |  |  | 425,978 |  |  |  | 5.64 |  |  | $ | 35.93 |  |  |  | 100,103 |  |  | $ | 32.39 |

The fair value of stock options granted in 2022 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes stock option pricing model.

Following is additional information on stock options granted during 2022 and the underlying assumptions used in assessing fair value:

|  | Year Ended |
|  | December 31, 2022 |
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of stock options granted: |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.9 | %
Expected term (in years) |  |  | 4.5 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 58.3 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | — |
Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of options granted |  | $ | 16.50 |

47

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock option awards was $2.3 million and $1.4 million, respectively. We expect to recognize such costs over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.0 years.

Note 4. Acquisitions and Disposition

2022 Acquisition

Glacier Raft Company

On April 6, 2022, we acquired the Glacier Raft Company, which provides guided river rafting trips operating in Pursuit’s West Glacier, Montana operations. The Glacier Raft Company also owns 13 log cabins, a lodge, and a wedding venue located on 50 acres with views into Glacier National Park. The purchase price was $26.5 million in cash. This acquisition was funded via cash on hand of approximately $11.5 million and borrowings under our revolving credit facility of $15.0 million.

The following table summarizes the final allocation of the aggregate purchase price paid and amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon the estimated fair value at the date of acquisition.

(in thousands) |  |  |
Purchase price paid as: |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 26,507 |
Working capital adjustment |  |  | (961 | )
Purchase price adjustment |  |  | 125 |
Cash acquired |  |  | (177 | )
Purchase price, net of cash acquired |  |  | 25,494 |
Fair value of net assets acquired: |  |  |
Inventory |  |  | 370 |
Prepaid expenses and other |  |  | 57 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 6,487 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 3,400 |
Total assets acquired |  |  | 10,314 |
Customer deposits |  |  | 1,575 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 32 |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  | 1,607 |
Total fair value of net assets acquired |  |  | 8,707 |
Excess purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired (“goodwill”) |  | $ | 16,787 |

Under the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price as shown in the table above is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired was recorded as “Goodwill.” Goodwill relating to the Glacier Raft Company acquisition is included in the Pursuit reportable segment. The primary factor that contributed to the purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill related to future growth opportunities when combined with our other businesses. Goodwill is deductible for tax purposes. We included these assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets from the date of acquisition.

Following are details of the purchase price allocated to the intangible assets acquired for the Glacier Raft Company:

(in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Weighted Average Life
Customer relationships |  | $ | 1,800 |  |  | 12 years
Operating licenses |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 17 years
Trade name |  |  | 300 |  |  | 8 years
Total |  | $ | 3,400 |  |  | 14 years

Transaction costs associated with the acquisition were $0.2 million in 2022, which are included in “Costs of services” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The results of operations of Glacier Raft Company have been included in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Pro forma information is not presented as revenue and the operating results of Glacier Raft Company, as if the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2022, is not material to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

48

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

2022 Disposition

ON Services

On December 15, 2022, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of GES’ United States audio-visual production business, ON Services – AV Specialists, Inc. (“ON Services”), for approximately $30.0 million, subject to customary working capital adjustments. We recognized a gain on sale of $19.6 million. ON Services had a net carrying value of $10.4 million, which included $4.9 million of net working capital and net non-current assets of $5.5 million. Working capital consisted primarily of accounts receivable of $8.2 million and other current assets of $0.7 million, offset in part by current liabilities of $4.0 million. Net non-current assets consisted primarily of property and equipment of $6.0 million, offset in part by other liabilities of $0.5 million. The staging business of ON Services was included in the Spiro reportable segment and the venue services business in the United States was included in the GES Exhibitions reportable segment. The ON Services sale did not represent a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on our operations and financial results, and therefore was not classified as a discontinued operation for any of the periods presented.

2021 Acquisition

Golden Skybridge

On March 18, 2021, we acquired a 60% controlling interest in the Golden Skybridge attraction for total cash consideration of $15 million Canadian dollars (approximately $12 million U.S. dollars), of which $6 million Canadian dollars (approximately $4.8 million U.S. dollars) were primarily used to fund additional experiences. The Golden Skybridge opened in June 2021.

The fair value of net assets acquired as of the acquisition date included $2.2 million U.S. dollars in property and equipment and $6.8 million U.S. dollars in noncontrolling interest. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired of $11.8 million U.S. dollars was recorded as “Goodwill.” Goodwill relating to the Golden Skybridge acquisition is included in the Pursuit reportable segment. The primary factor that contributed to the purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill related to future growth opportunities when combined with our other businesses. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. We included these assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets from the date of acquisition.

Transaction costs associated with the acquisition were $0.4 million U.S. dollars during 2021, which are included in “Costs of services” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Note 5. Inventories

The components of inventories consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 1,403 |  |  | $ | 2,350 |
Finished goods |  |  | 9,382 |  |  |  | 6,231 |
Inventories |  | $ | 10,785 |  |  | $ | 8,581 |

Note 6. Other Current Assets

Other current assets consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Restricted cash |  | $ | 4,845 |  |  | $ | 2,703 |
Prepaid software maintenance |  |  | 4,650 |  |  |  | 4,154 |
Prepaid project deposit |  |  | 3,615 |  |  |  | — |
Prepaid vendor payments |  |  | 2,084 |  |  |  | 1,604 |
Income tax receivable |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 1,901 |
Prepaid taxes |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 456 |
Prepaid other |  |  | 1,836 |  |  |  | 1,165 |
Other |  |  | 1,483 |  |  |  | 2,097 |
Other current assets |  | $ | 18,977 |  |  | $ | 14,080 |

49

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Note 7. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Land and land interests(1) |  | $ | 30,902 |  |  | $ | 30,532 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  |  | 409,852 |  |  |  | 407,930 |
Equipment and other |  |  | 413,485 |  |  |  | 413,684 |
Gross property and equipment |  |  | 854,239 |  |  |  | 852,146 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (362,195 | ) |  |  | (364,060 | )
Property and equipment, net (excluding finance leases) |  |  | 492,044 |  |  |  | 488,086 |
Finance lease ROU assets, net |  |  | 57,534 |  |  |  | 61,022 |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 549,578 |  |  | $ | 549,108 |

(1)
Land and land interests include certain leasehold interests in land within Pursuit for which we are considered to have perpetual use rights. The carrying amount of these leasehold interests was $7.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and $8.4 million as of December 31, 2021. These land interests are not subject to amortization.

Depreciation expense was $43.0 million during 2022, $43.7 million during 2021, and $46.5 million during 2020.

Property and equipment purchased through accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased $0.8 million during 2022, increased $2.3 million during 2021, and decreased $6.9 million during 2020. During 2022, we c apitalized interest of $3.0 million, which was primarily related to the development of Pursuit’s FlyOver attractions.

We recorded fixed asset impairment charges of $1.6 million during 2020 primarily related to capitalized software.

Note 8. Other Investments and Assets

Other investments and assets consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Self-insured liability receivable |  | $ | 8,211 |  |  | $ | 6,847 |
Other mutual funds |  |  | 3,490 |  |  |  | 4,057 |
Contract costs |  |  | 2,237 |  |  |  | 2,685 |
Other |  |  | 3,519 |  |  |  | 3,129 |
Other investments and assets |  | $ | 17,457 |  |  | $ | 16,718 |

Note 9. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 99,847 |
Business acquisition |  |  | 11,776 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 455 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 112,078 |
Business acquisition |  |  | 16,787 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (7,436 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 121,429 |

50

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The following table summarizes the remaining goodwill by reporting unit:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Pursuit: |  |  |  |  |  |
Banff Jasper Collection |  | $ | 62,383 |  |  | $ | 66,898 |
Alaska Collection |  |  | 3,184 |  |  |  | 3,184 |
Glacier Park Collection |  |  | 16,787 |  |  |  | — |
FlyOver |  |  | 39,075 |  |  |  | 41,996 |
Total Goodwill |  | $ | 121,429 |  |  | $ | 112,078 |

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 31, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We use a discounted expected future cash flow methodology (income approach) to estimate the fair value of our reporting units for purposes of goodwill impairment testing.

During 2020, we recorded non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $185.8 million, which was primarily related to the write-off of all of GES’ goodwill due to the deteriorating macroeconomic environment related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our remaining goodwill balance as of December 31, 2022 of $121.4 million pertains to our Pursuit business.

During 2022, we considered changes in macroeconomic facts and circumstances, particularly high inflation and the resulting rise in interest rates, which resulted in reduced fair values to our reporting units. As a result of our most recent impairment analysis performed as of October 31, 2022, the excess of the estimated fair value over the carrying value for our reporting units with reported goodwill (expressed as a percentage of the carrying amounts) under step one of the impairment test for the Banff Jasper Collection and the Alaska Collection was significant, and Glacier Park Collection was 17% and FlyOver was 19%. Accordingly, no impairment charges were recorded during 2022.

We will continue to closely monitor actual results versus expectations as well as whether and to what extent any significant changes in current events or conditions result in corresponding changes to our expectations about future estimated cash flows and discount rates. If our adjusted expectations of the operating results of our reporting units do not materialize, or the discount rate increases (based on increases in interest rates, market rates of return or market volatility), it is possible that we may be required to record goodwill impairment charges in the future, which may be material.

Our accumulated goodwill impairment was $415.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Other intangible assets consisted of the following:

|  |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
(in thousands) |  | Useful Life (Years) |  | Gross Carrying Value |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Carrying Value |  |  | Gross Carrying Value |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Carrying Value |
Intangible assets subject to amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer contracts and relationships |  | 7.4 |  | $ | 37,194 |  |  | $ | (30,109 | ) |  | $ | 7,085 |  |  | $ | 36,848 |  |  | $ | (28,372 | ) |  | $ | 8,476 |
Operating contracts and licenses |  | 34.1 |  |  | 38,993 |  |  |  | (3,504 | ) |  |  | 35,489 |  |  |  | 40,927 |  |  |  | (2,660 | ) |  |  | 38,267 |
In-place lease |  | 33.8 |  |  | 14,420 |  |  |  | (1,404 | ) |  |  | 13,016 |  |  |  | 15,464 |  |  |  | (1,084 | ) |  |  | 14,380 |
Tradenames |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5,546 |  |  |  | (3,324 | ) |  |  | 2,222 |  |  |  | 5,626 |  |  |  | (2,819 | ) |  |  | 2,807 |
Other |  | 5.2 |  |  | 770 |  |  |  | (163 | ) |  |  | 607 |  |  |  | 824 |  |  |  | (139 | ) |  |  | 685 |
Total amortized intangible assets |  |  |  |  | 96,923 |  |  |  | (38,504 | ) |  |  | 58,419 |  |  |  | 99,689 |  |  |  | (35,074 | ) |  |  | 64,615 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business licenses |  |  |  |  | 566 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 566 |  |  |  | 574 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 574 |
Other intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 97,489 |  |  | $ | (38,504 | ) |  | $ | 58,985 |  |  | $ | 100,263 |  |  | $ | (35,074 | ) |  | $ | 65,189 |

51

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Intangible asset amortization expense (excluding amortization expense of ROU assets) was $5.2 million during 2022, $5.8 million during 2021, and $6.4 million during 2020. We recorded a non-cash impairment charge to intangible assets of $15.7 million during 2020 related our United States audio-visual production business.

At December 31, 2022, the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Year ending December 31, |  |  |
2023 |  | $ | 4,565 |
2024 |  |  | 3,619 |
2025 |  |  | 2,321 |
2026 |  |  | 2,288 |
2027 |  |  | 1,891 |
Thereafter |  |  | 43,735 |
Total |  | $ | 58,419 |

Note 10. Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign income taxes payable |  | $ | 8,354 |  |  | $ | 965 |
Commissions payable |  |  | 5,059 |  |  |  | 4,119 |
Accrued employee benefit costs |  |  | 4,920 |  |  |  | 4,164 |
Self-insured liability |  |  | 4,909 |  |  |  | 4,815 |
Accrued concession fees |  |  | 4,297 |  |  |  | 964 |
Accrued sales and use taxes |  |  | 4,082 |  |  |  | 3,428 |
Accommodation services deposits |  |  | 2,208 |  |  |  | 892 |
Current portion of pension and postretirement liabilities |  |  | 1,426 |  |  |  | 1,637 |
Accrued professional fees |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 1,671 |
Other |  |  | 4,958 |  |  |  | 5,168 |
Total continuing operations |  |  | 41,111 |  |  |  | 27,823 |
Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Self-insured liability |  |  | 458 |  |  |  | 312 |
Environmental remediation liabilities |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 60 |
Other |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 94 |
Total discontinued operations |  |  | 542 |  |  |  | 466 |
Total other current liabilities |  | $ | 41,653 |  |  | $ | 28,289 |

52

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Note 11. Other Deferred Items and Liabilities

Other deferred items and liabilities consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign deferred tax liability |  | $ | 27,564 |  |  | $ | 27,748 |
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal liability |  |  | 13,815 |  |  |  | 14,260 |
Self-insured excess liability |  |  | 8,211 |  |  |  | 6,847 |
Self-insured liability |  |  | 5,028 |  |  |  | 5,119 |
Accrued compensation |  |  | 4,977 |  |  |  | 5,696 |
Accrued restructuring |  |  | 3,245 |  |  |  | 2,571 |
Other |  |  | 3,071 |  |  |  | 2,758 |
Total continuing operations |  |  | 65,911 |  |  |  | 64,999 |
Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Environmental remediation liabilities |  |  | 2,177 |  |  |  | 2,168 |
Self-insured liability |  |  | 1,631 |  |  |  | 1,535 |
Other |  |  | 305 |  |  |  | 251 |
Total discontinued operations |  |  | 4,113 |  |  |  | 3,954 |
Total other deferred items and liabilities |  | $ | 70,024 |  |  | $ | 68,953 |

Note 12. Debt and Finance Obligations

The components of debt and finance obligations consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands, except interest rates) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
2021 Credit Facility - Term Loan B, 9.4% interest rate at December 31, 2022 and 5.5% at December 31, 2021, due through 2028(1) |  | $ | 395,000 |  |  | $ | 399,000 |
Forest Park Hotel Construction Loan Facility, 8.8% interest rate at December 31, 2022, due through 2027(1) |  |  | 11,491 |  |  |  | — |
FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility, 6.9% interest rate at December 31, 2022 and 4.9% at December 31, 2021, due through 2027(1) |  |  | 4,965 |  |  |  | 5,566 |
FlyOver Iceland Term Loans, 10.1% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2022 and 3.8% at December 31, 2021, due through 2024(1) |  |  | 594 |  |  |  | 689 |
Less unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  | (11,848 | ) |  |  | (14,804 | )
Total debt |  |  | 400,202 |  |  |  | 390,451 |
Finance lease obligations, 9.1% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, due through 2067 |  |  | 64,729 |  |  |  | 63,401 |
Financing arrangements |  |  | 5,013 |  |  |  | 5,528 |
Total debt and finance obligations(2)(3) |  |  | 469,944 |  |  |  | 459,380 |
Current portion |  |  | (13,192 | ) |  |  | (12,800 | )
Long-term debt and finance obligations |  | $ | 456,752 |  |  | $ | 446,580 |

(1)
Represents the weighted-average interest rate in effect as of the end of the respective periods, including any applicable margin. The interest rates do not include amortization of debt issuance costs or commitment fees.
(2)
The weighted-average interest rate on total debt (including unamortized debt issuance costs and commitment fees) was 9.3% for 2022, 6.4% for 2021 and 4.6% for 2020. The estimated fair value of total debt and finance leases was $301.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and $328.9 million as of December 31, 2021. The fair value of debt was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates currently available for debt of similar terms and maturity, which is a Level 2 measurement. Refer to Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements.
(3)
Cash paid for interest on debt was $34.3 million during 2022, $25.9 million during 2021, and $14.0 million during 2020.

2021 Credit Facility

Effective July 30, 2021, we entered into a $500 million credit facility (the “2021 Credit Facility”). The 2021 Credit Facility provides for a $400 million term loan (“Term Loan B”) and a $100 million revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”). The proceeds of

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VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

the Term Loan B, net of $14.8 million in related fees, were used to repay the $327 million outstanding balance under our then $450 million revolving credit facility and to provide for financial flexibility to fund future acquisitions and growth initiatives and for general corporate purposes.

The 2021 Credit Facility provides us with the option to have interest calculated based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) for one, three, or six-month tenors, plus credit spreads as detailed below under “Term Loan B” and “Revolving Credit Facility”.

LIBOR Transition Amendment

On February 6, 2023, we entered into the LIBOR Transition Amendment to the 2021 Credit Facility to replace LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). In accordance with the LIBOR replacement provisions outlined in the 2021 Credit Facility, additional credit spread adjustments apply to SOFR ranging from 0.11448% (for a one-month duration) up to 0.71513% (for a 12-month duration). Refer to Note 24 – Subsequent Events.

Interest Rate Cap Agreement

On January 4, 2023, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement with an effective date of January 31, 2023. The interest rate cap manages our exposure to interest rate increases on $300 million in borrowings under our 2021 Credit Facility and provides us with the right to receive payment if the one-month SOFR exceeds 5.00%. Beginning on February 28, 2023, we will pay a fixed monthly deferred premium based on an annual rate of 0.3335% for the interest rate cap, which matures on January 31, 2025. Refer to Note 24 – Subsequent Events.

Term Loan B

The Term Loan B has a maturity date of July 30, 2028 and is subject to quarterly amortization of principal of $1 million. Interest rates are based on LIBOR plus a 5.00% credit spread, with a LIBOR floor of 0.50%. See discussion above under “LIBOR Transition.” The Term Loan B carries no financial covenants.

Revolving Credit Facility

The Revolving Credit Facility has a maturity date of July 30, 2026. As of December 31, 2022, capacity remaining under the revolving credit facility was $86.7 million, reflecting $100.0 million total facility size, less $13.3 million in outstanding letters of credit.

In addition to borrowing based on one, three, or six month LIBOR tenors, we also have the option to borrow based on the “Base Rate”, which for any day is a fluctuating rate equal to the highest of the Fed Funds Rate plus 0.50%, Bank of America’s publicly announced “prime rate”, and LIBOR plus 1.00%. Credit spreads for LIBOR and Base Rate borrowings are based on Viad’s total net leverage ratio and range from 2.50% to 3.50% for LIBOR borrowings and from 1.50% to 3.50% for Base Rate borrowings. See discussion above under “LIBOR Transition.” Additionally, a 1.00% floor applies to the Bate Rate.

The Revolving Credit Facility includes an undrawn fee ranging from 0.30% to 0.50% that is based on Viad’s total net leverage ratio.

The Revolving Credit Facility carries financial covenants. On March 23, 2022, we entered into the First Amendment to the 2021 Credit Facility, which modified the financial covenants as follows:

•
Maintain a total net leverage ratio of not greater than 4.75 to 1.00 at December 31, 2022 with a step-down to 4.50 to 1.00 at March 31, 2023, and 4.00 to 1.00 at June 30, 2023 and thereafter; and
•
Maintain an interest coverage ratio of not less than 2.50 to 1.00 at December 31, 2022 and thereafter.

As of December 31, 2022, Viad’s total net leverage ratio was 3.15 to 1.00, the interest coverage ratio was 3.67 to 1.00, and we were in compliance with all covenants under the revolving credit facility.

In addition to U.S. Dollar borrowings, we may borrow funds on the Revolving Credit Facility in Canadian Dollars based on the Canadian Dollar Offered Rate, Pound Sterling based on the Sterling Overnight Index Average, and Euros based on the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, plus applicable credit spreads. No such borrowings had been made as of December 31, 2022.

54

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Forest Park Hotel Construction Loan Facility

Effective May 17, 2022, Pursuit, through a 60% owned subsidiary, entered into a construction loan facility for borrowings up to $17.0 million Canadian dollars (approximately $13.3 million U.S. dollars) for the development and construction of the Forest Park Hotel in Jasper National Park. Construction of the hotel was completed in August 2022. As of December 31, 2022, funds of $1.4 million Canadian dollars (approximately $1.1 million U.S. dollars) were available for borrowing under the facility.

The construction loan facility required interest only payments at Canada Prime plus 2.35% through November 2023, at which time it was to be converted to a term loan with a maturity date of May 17, 2027.

During January 2023, we completed our final borrowing under the construction loan facility and the facility was converted, by way of an amendment to the loan agreement, to a term loan with a fixed interest rate of 6.5% effective January 31, 2023. The term loan matures on February 1, 2028 and requires interest only payments through July 31, 2024. Refer to Note 24 – Subsequent Events.

FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility

Effective February 15, 2019, FlyOver Iceland ehf., (“FlyOver Iceland”) a wholly-owned subsidiary of Esja, entered into a credit agreement with a €5.0 million (approximately $5.6 million U.S. dollars) credit facility (the “FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility”) with an original maturity date of March 1, 2022. The loan proceeds were used to complete the development of the FlyOver Iceland attraction. The loan bears interest at the three month Euro Interbank Offered Rate plus 4.9%.

We entered into an addendum effective December 1, 2021 wherein the principal payments were deferred for twelve months beginning December 1, 2021, with the first payment due December 1, 2022. The addendum extended the maturity date to March 1, 2025, which was further extended to September 1, 2027 by way of an option as permitted in the addendum, and provided for a semi-annual waiver of certain covenants through June 30, 2022 with the first testing date as of December 31, 2022. Conditions to the addendum included securing additional capital of ISK 75.0 million (approximately $0.6 million) in January 2022, which was completed, in order to strengthen FlyOver Iceland’s liquidity position. There were no other changes to the terms of the FlyOver Iceland Credit Facility. Effective November 2, 2022, FlyOver Iceland received a waiver for the 2022 through 2023 financial covenants.

FlyOver Iceland Term Loans

During 2020, FlyOver Iceland entered into three term loans totaling ISK 90.0 million (approximately $0.7 million U.S. dollars) (the “FlyOver Iceland Term Loans”). The first term loan for ISK 10.0 million was entered into effective October 15, 2020 with a maturity date of April 1, 2023 and bears interest on a seven-day term deposit at the Central Bank of Iceland. The second term loan for ISK 30.0 million was entered into effective October 15, 2020 with a maturity date of October 1, 2024 and bears interest on a seven-day term deposit at the Central Bank of Iceland plus 3.07%. The third term loan for ISK 50.0 million was entered into effective December 29, 2020 with a maturity date of February 1, 2023 and bears interest at one-month Reykjavik InterBank Offered Rate (“REIBOR”) plus 4.99%. The Icelandic State Treasury guarantees supplemental loans provided by credit institutions to companies impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, the Icelandic State Treasury guaranteed the repayment of up to 85% of the principal and interest on the ISK 10.0 million and ISK 30.0 million term loans and 70% of the principal amount on the ISK 50.0 million term loan. Loan proceeds were used to fund FlyOver Iceland operations.

Financing arrangements

We have insurance premium financing arrangements in order to finance certain of our insurance premium payments. The financing arrangements are payable within the next 12 months and bear a weighted average interest rate of 4.9%.

Future maturities

Aggregate annual maturities of debt (excluding finance obligations) as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Credit Facilities |
Year ending December 31, |  |  |
2023 |  | $ | 5,201 |
2024 |  |  | 5,931 |
2025 |  |  | 5,480 |
2026 |  |  | 5,480 |
2027 |  |  | 14,958 |
Thereafter |  |  | 375,000 |
Total |  | $ | 412,050 |

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VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The aggregate annual maturities and the related amounts representing interest on finance lease obligations are included in Note 20 – Leases and Other.

Note 13. Fair Value Measurements

The fair value of an asset or liability is defined as the price that would be received by selling an asset or paying to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value guidance requires an entity to maximize the use of quoted prices and other observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value, and also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of fair value.

Money market mutual funds and certain other mutual fund investments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 1 inputs. The fair value information related to these assets is summarized in the following tables:

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
(in thousands) |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other mutual funds(1) |  | $ | 3,490 |  |  | $ | 3,490 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets at fair value on a recurring basis |  | $ | 3,490 |  |  | $ | 3,490 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
(in thousands) |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 11,003 |  |  | $ | 11,003 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other mutual funds(1) |  |  | 4,057 |  |  |  | 4,057 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total assets at fair value on a recurring basis |  | $ | 15,060 |  |  | $ | 15,060 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1)
We include other mutual funds in “Other investments and assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations for the estimated fair value of debt obligations.

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VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Note 14. Income (Loss) Per Share

The components of basic and diluted income (loss) per share are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Viad |  | $ | 23,220 |  |  | $ | (92,655 | ) |  | $ | (374,094 | )
Less: Allocation to participating securities |  |  | (3,600 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Convertible preferred stock dividends paid in cash |  |  | (7,801 | ) |  |  | (3,900 | ) |  |  | — |
Convertible preferred stock dividends paid in kind |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,821 | ) |  |  | (3,006 | )
Adjustment to the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | (763 | ) |  |  | (1,797 | ) |  |  | (926 | )
Net income (loss) allocated to Viad common stockholders (basic) |  | $ | 11,056 |  |  | $ | (102,173 | ) |  | $ | (378,026 | )
Add: Allocation to participating securities |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) allocated to Viad common stockholders (diluted) |  | $ | 11,086 |  |  | $ | (102,173 | ) |  | $ | (378,026 | )
Basic weighted-average outstanding common shares |  |  | 20,589 |  |  |  | 20,411 |  |  |  | 20,279 |
Additional dilutive shares related to share-based compensation |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Diluted weighted-average outstanding shares |  |  | 20,812 |  |  |  | 20,411 |  |  |  | 20,279 |
Income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic income (loss) attributable to Viad common stockholders |  | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | (5.01 | ) |  | $ | (18.64 | )
Diluted income (loss) attributable to Viad common stockholders(1) |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | (5.01 | ) |  | $ | (18.64 | )

(1)
Diluted loss per share amount cannot exceed basic loss per share.

We excluded the following weighted-average potential common shares from the calculations of diluted net income (loss) per common share during the applicable periods because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Convertible preferred stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,674 |  |  |  | 6,406 |
Unvested restricted share-based awards |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 115 |
Unvested performance share-based awards |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | — |
Stock options |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 24 |

Note 15. Common and Preferred Stock

Preferred Stock

We authorized two million shares of Junior Participating Preferred Stock, no ne of which was outstanding on December 31, 2022 and five million shares of Preferred Stock of which 141,827 shares are outstanding.

Convertible Series A Preferred Stock

On August 5, 2020, we entered into an investment agreement with funds managed by private equity firm Crestview Partners (the “Investment Agreement”), relating to the issuance of 135,000 shares of newly issued Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Convertible Preferred Stock”), for an aggregate purchase price of $135 million or $1,000 per share. The $135 million issuance was offset in part by $9.2 million of expenses related to the capital raise. We have classified the Convertible Preferred Stock as mezzanine equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheet due to the existence of certain change in control provisions that are not solely within our control.

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VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The Convertible Series A Preferred Stock carries a 5.5% cumulative quarterly dividend, which is payable in cash or in-kind at Viad’s option and is convertible at the option of the holders into shares of our common stock at a conversion price of $21.25 per share. Dividends paid-in-kind increase the redemption value of the preferred stock. The redemption value of the preferred stock was $141.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Upon the occurrence of a change in control event, the holders have a right to require Viad to repurchase such preferred stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, $7.8 million of dividends were declared, all of which were paid in cash. We intend to pay preferred stock dividends in cash for the foreseeable future.

Holders of the Convertible Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with holders of Viad’s common stock on an as-converted basis.

Common Stock Repurchases

Our Board of Directors previously authorized us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices. Effective February 7, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 500,000 shares. In March 2020, our Board of Directors suspended our share repurchase program. Prior to the suspension, we had repurchased 53,784 shares on the open market for $2.8 million in 2020. As of December 31, 2022, 546,283 shares remain available for repurchase under all prior authorizations. Additionally, we repurchase shares related to tax withholding requirements on vested restricted stock awards. Refer to Note 3 – Share-Based Compensation.

Note 16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in AOCI by component are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  |  | Unrecognized Net Actuarial Loss and Prior Service Credit, Net |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | (16,686 | ) |  | $ | (13,955 | ) |  | $ | (30,641 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | 524 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 554 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,658 |  |  |  | 2,658 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 524 |  |  |  | 2,688 |  |  |  | 3,212 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | (16,162 | ) |  | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (27,429 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | (26,821 | ) |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | (26,704 | )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,948 |  |  |  | 6,948 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (26,821 | ) |  |  | 7,065 |  |  |  | (19,756 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | (42,983 | ) |  | $ | (4,202 | ) |  | $ | (47,185 | )

Amounts reclassified from AOCI that relate to our defined benefit pension and postretirement plans include the amortization of prior service costs and actuarial net losses recognized during each period presented. We recorded these costs as components of net periodic cost for each period presented. Refer to Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits for additional information.

Note 17. Income Taxes

We record current income tax expense for the amounts that we expect to report and pay on our income tax returns and deferred income tax expense for the change in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) that significantly changed United States tax law. One part of this Tax Act required us to pay a deemed repatriation tax of $5.2 million on our cumulative foreign earnings and profit. After application of tax payments and credits, $1.0 million of the liability remains outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and is due in 2024.

Income from continuing operations before income taxes consisted of the following:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Foreign |  | $ | 40,178 |  |  | $ | (17,750 | ) |  | $ | (95,919 | )
United States |  |  | (5,558 | ) |  |  | (77,331 | ) |  |  | (264,940 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | $ | 34,620 |  |  | $ | (95,081 | ) |  | $ | (360,859 | )

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VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Significant components of the income tax provision from continuing operations are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | (128 | )
State |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | (581 | ) |  |  | 674 |
Foreign |  |  | 7,773 |  |  |  | (7,268 | ) |  |  | (1,397 | )
Total current |  |  | 8,153 |  |  |  | (7,800 | ) |  |  | (851 | )
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,171 |
State |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,896 |
Foreign |  |  | 1,775 |  |  |  | 6,012 |  |  |  | (4,970 | )
Total deferred |  |  | 1,820 |  |  |  | 6,012 |  |  |  | 15,097 |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | $ | 9,973 |  |  | $ | (1,788 | ) |  | $ | 14,246 |

We are subject to income tax in the jurisdictions in which we operate. A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Computed income tax expense (benefit) at statutory federal income tax rate |  | $ | 7,270 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | (19,967 | ) |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | (75,780 | ) |  |  | 21.0 | %
State income tax expense (benefit), net of federal benefit |  |  | 1,264 |  |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | (7,959 | ) |  |  | 8.4 | % |  |  | (4,138 | ) |  |  | 1.1 | %
Remeasurement of deferred taxes due to change in tax rates |  |  | (499 | ) |  |  | (1.4 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Foreign tax rate differential |  |  | 733 |  |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | (672 | ) |  |  | 0.7 | % |  |  | (401 | ) |  |  | 0.1 | %
U.S. tax expense on current year foreign earnings, net of foreign tax credits |  |  | 401 |  |  |  | 1.2 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Goodwill impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 16,471 |  |  |  | (4.6 | )%
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | (702 | ) |  |  | (2.0 | )% |  |  | 21,859 |  |  |  | (23.0 | )% |  |  | 77,369 |  |  |  | (21.3 | )%
Restructuring |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 4,676 |  |  |  | (4.9 | )% |  |  | (3,002 | ) |  |  | 0.8 | %
Other adjustments, net |  |  | 1,506 |  |  |  | 4.3 | % |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | (0.3 | )% |  |  | 3,727 |  |  |  | (1.0 | )%
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | $ | 9,973 |  |  |  | 28.8 | % |  | $ | (1,788 | ) |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | $ | 14,246 |  |  |  | (3.9 | )%

59

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax credit carryforwards |  | $ | 7,461 |  |  | $ | 6,491 |
Pension, compensation, and other employee benefits |  |  | 16,287 |  |  |  | 14,755 |
Accrued liabilities and reserves |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 3,979 |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  |  | 52,422 |  |  |  | 53,546 |
Leases |  |  | 2,897 |  |  |  | 2,557 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets |  |  | 5,100 |  |  |  | 17,781 |
Deferral of United States interest deductions |  |  | 13,048 |  |  |  | 6,770 |
Other deferred income tax assets |  |  | 9,601 |  |  |  | 11,194 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 110,816 |  |  |  | 117,073 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (101,639 | ) |  |  | (103,510 | )
Foreign deferred tax assets included above |  |  | (2,166 | ) |  |  | (5,037 | )
United States net deferred tax assets |  |  | 7,011 |  |  |  | 8,526 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment |  |  | (21,090 | ) |  |  | (24,100 | )
Goodwill and other intangible assets |  |  | (10,857 | ) |  |  | (11,651 | )
Leases |  |  | (295 | ) |  |  | (339 | )
Other deferred income tax liabilities |  |  | (4,023 | ) |  |  | (4,254 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (36,265 | ) |  |  | (40,344 | )
Foreign deferred tax liabilities included above |  |  | (29,170 | ) |  |  | (31,778 | )
United States net deferred tax liabilities included above |  |  | (7,095 | ) |  |  | (8,566 | )
United States net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (84 | ) |  | $ | (40 | )

In 2022, due to the improved operations in GES Middle East and Europe, we are reporting a global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) inclusion in the United States for the first time since 2020 resulting in a $0.4 million increase in tax. Due to improved worldwide earnings in 2022, our $0.7 million reduction of the valuation allowance was the result of realizing net operating losses and other deferred tax assets in excess of the amount of net operating losses and other deferred tax assets added.

Our state income tax benefit in 2021 includes $4.0 million related to the true up of our state net operating losses on an entity-by-entity approach. In 2020 and at the beginning of 2021, we filed certain tax elections to restructure how our foreign UK operations are taxed in the United States to maximize future tax benefits and minimize future compliance complexity. These elections resulted in a $3.0 million benefit in 2020 and a $4.7 million expense in 2021. Both of these amounts were offset by a change in the valuation allowance.

We use significant judgment in forming conclusions regarding the recoverability of our deferred tax assets and evaluate all available positive and negative evidence to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. To the extent recovery does not appear likely, a valuation allowance must be recorded. In determining the recoverability of our deferred assets, we considered our cumulative loss incurred over the four-year period ended December 31, 2022 in each tax jurisdiction. Given the weight of objectively verifiable historical losses from our operations, we recorded a valuation allowance on all deferred tax assets in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, and our FlyOver operations in Iceland and Toronto. We had gross deferred tax assets of $110.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and $117.1 million as of December 31, 2021.

The valuation allowance was $101.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and $103.5 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to utilization of net operating losses and deferred tax assets to offset current year income including the book gain on the disposition of the ON Service assets, which were offset by an increase to deferred assets for additional foreign tax credits and net operating losses in certain foreign jurisdictions.

As of December 31, 2022, we had foreign tax credit carryforwards of $6.8 million, including $3.8 million against United States income tax, of which $1.9 million will begin to expire in 2023 with the remaining $1.9 million beginning to expire in 2027. Foreign tax credits creditable against United Kingdom taxes was $3.0 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2022, we had $0.7 million of United States research and development cre dit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2038. We recorded a valuation allowance on all tax credit carryforwards.

We had gross federal, state, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $373.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and $366.8 million as of December 31, 2021. The net operating loss carryforwards for 2022 that relate to the United States federal, United Kingdom,

60

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Germany, and Poland may be carried forward indefinitely. Certain state net operating loss carryforwards of $164.6 million expire from 2023 through 2041, although many states now have unlimited carryforwards. We recorded a valuation allowance on all net operating losses, except losses generated in Canada (excluding FlyOver Canada Toronto), the Netherlands, and Sky Lagoon in Iceland. During 2022, we carried back $9.7 million of the $13.8 million 2021 Canadian net operating losses to receive a $3.5 million refund of prior year taxes and realized a $0.3 million tax benefit. The remaining $4.1 million of Canadian net operating losses may be carried forward to offset taxable income in the next 20 years, of which we recorded a valuation allowance of $1.6 million for FlyOver Canada Toronto. The gross net operating losses of Iceland of $15.9 million will expire between five and ten years. N et operating losses related to our prior operations in Switzerland and Hong Kong was $6.9 million. It is more likely than not these net operating losses will not be realized as we have closed our operations in these jurisdictions. Therefore, a full valuation allowance is recorded. However, realization of these net operating losses is possible until the legal liquidation is complete.

We have not recorded deferred taxes for withholding taxes on current unremitted earnings of our subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and certain subsidiaries in Canada as there are no withholding taxes applied on the distributions of those current earnings in operations outside of the United States.

We exercise judgment in determining the income tax provision for positions taken on prior returns when the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We classify liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions as “Other deferred items and liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets unless expected to be paid or released within one year. We had liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions of $0.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and $0.5 million as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, these amounts do not include any accrual of interest nor penalties as none would be owed on these amounts. We elected that all uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, are classified as a component of income tax expense.

A reconciliation of the liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions (excluding interest and penalties) is as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 225 |
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years |  |  | 25 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 250 |
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years |  |  | 285 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 535 |
Reductions for lapse of applicable statutes |  |  | (23 | )
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years |  |  | 378 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 890 |

Our 2019 through 2021 United States federal tax years and various state tax years from 2018 through 2021 remain subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities. The tax years 2018 through 2021 remain subject to examination by various foreign taxing jurisdictions.

We received net cash refunds from income taxes of $0.8 million during 2022, $7.1 million during 2021, and $14.9 million during 2020. Most of the $3.8 million gross cash refunds in 2022 were from the result of the carryback of net operating losses in Canada and in certain United States’ states. These cash refunds were generally offset by $2.4 million of cash payments made in other operations in Canada, $0.3 million of minimum state income taxes and $0.3 million net payments of other foreign income and withholding taxes.

61

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Note 18. Pension and Postretirement Benefits

Domestic Plans

We have frozen defined benefit pension plans held in trust for certain employees which we funded. We also maintain certain unfunded defined benefit pension plans, which provide supplemental benefits to select management employees. These plans use traditional defined benefit formulas based on years of service and final average compensation. Funding policies provide that payments to defined benefit pension trusts shall be at least equal to the minimum funding required by applicable regulations.

We also have certain defined benefit postretirement plans that provide medical and life insurance for certain eligible employees, retirees, and dependents. The related postretirement benefit liabilities are recognized over the period that services are provided by employees. In addition, we retained the obligations for these benefits for retirees of certain sold businesses. While the plans have no funding requirements, we may fund the plans.

The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts of our pension plans recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net periodic benefit cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest cost |  |  | 478 |  |  |  | 419 |  |  |  | 653 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | (145 | )
Recognized net actuarial loss |  |  | 444 |  |  |  | 623 |  |  |  | 526 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  |  | 1,015 |  |  |  | 995 |  |  |  | 1,034 |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (gain) loss |  |  | (3,409 | ) |  |  | (883 | ) |  |  | 1,587 |
Prior service credit |  |  | (518 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Reversal of amortization item: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss |  |  | (444 | ) |  |  | (623 | ) |  |  | (526 | )
Total recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  | (4,371 | ) |  |  | (1,506 | ) |  |  | 1,061 |
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (3,356 | ) |  | $ | (511 | ) |  | $ | 2,095 |

62

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts of our postretirement benefit plans recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net periodic benefit cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 51 |
Interest cost |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 296 |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (146 | )
Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss |  |  | (152 | ) |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 18 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 360 |  |  |  | 219 |
Settlement income |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | — |
Total expenses, net |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 219 |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (gain) loss |  |  | (2,540 | ) |  |  | (642 | ) |  |  | 688 |
Prior service credit |  |  | 509 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Reversal of amortization items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gain (loss) |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | (18 | )
Prior service (cost) credit |  |  | (89 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 146 |
Settlement income |  |  | — |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | — |
Total recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  | (1,968 | ) |  |  | (686 | ) |  |  | 816 |
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (1,818 | ) |  | $ | (391 | ) |  | $ | 1,035 |

The following table indicates the funded status of the plans as of December 31:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Postretirement |
|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |  |  | Benefit Plans |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Change in benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 15,191 |  |  | $ | 16,331 |  |  | $ | 9,170 |  |  | $ | 9,776 |  |  | $ | 10,134 |  |  | $ | 12,219 |
Service cost |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 70 |
Interest cost |  |  | 321 |  |  |  | 266 |  |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 180 |
Plan amendments |  |  | (518 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 509 |  |  |  | — |
Actuarial adjustments |  |  | (2,621 | ) |  |  | (385 | ) |  |  | (2,815 | ) |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (2,540 | ) |  |  | (641 | )
Benefits paid |  |  | (919 | ) |  |  | (1,021 | ) |  |  | (546 | ) |  |  | (650 | ) |  |  | (593 | ) |  |  | (1,694 | )
Benefit obligation at end of year |  |  | 11,454 |  |  |  | 15,191 |  |  |  | 5,966 |  |  |  | 9,170 |  |  |  | 7,723 |  |  |  | 10,134 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  |  | 11,647 |  |  |  | 11,878 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Actual return on plan assets |  |  | (2,120 | ) |  |  | 436 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Company contributions |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 354 |  |  |  | 546 |  |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | 1,694 |
Benefits paid |  |  | (919 | ) |  |  | (1,021 | ) |  |  | (546 | ) |  |  | (650 | ) |  |  | (593 | ) |  |  | (1,694 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  |  | 9,110 |  |  |  | 11,647 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Funded status at end of year |  | $ | (2,344 | ) |  | $ | (3,544 | ) |  | $ | (5,966 | ) |  | $ | (9,170 | ) |  | $ | (7,723 | ) |  | $ | (10,134 | )

The net amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the captions “Pension and postretirement benefits” and “Other Current Liabilities” as of December 31 are as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Postretirement |
|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |  |  | Benefit Plans |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Non-current assets |  | $ | (205 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other current liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | 701 |  |  |  | 687 |  |  |  | 755 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  | 2,549 |  |  |  | 3,544 |  |  |  | 5,396 |  |  |  | 8,469 |  |  |  | 7,036 |  |  |  | 9,379 |
Net amount recognized |  | $ | 2,344 |  |  | $ | 3,544 |  |  | $ | 5,966 |  |  | $ | 9,170 |  |  | $ | 7,723 |  |  | $ | 10,134 |

63

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Amounts recognized in AOCI as of December 31 are as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Postretirement |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |  |  | Benefit Plans |  |  | Total |  |  | Total |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net actuarial loss (gain) |  | $ | 6,926 |  |  | $ | 8,025 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | 3,129 |  |  | $ | (1,088 | ) |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 6,099 |  |  | $ | 12,453 |
Prior service (credit) cost |  |  | (518 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 613 |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 195 |
Subtotal |  |  | 6,408 |  |  |  | 8,025 |  |  |  | 261 |  |  |  | 3,129 |  |  |  | (475 | ) |  |  | 1,494 |  |  |  | 6,194 |  |  |  | 12,648 |
Less tax effect |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 6,408 |  |  | $ | 8,025 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | 3,129 |  |  | $ | (475 | ) |  | $ | 1,494 |  |  | $ | 6,194 |  |  | $ | 12,648 |

The fair value of the domestic plans’ assets by asset class are as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 |
|  |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |
(in thousands) |  | Total |  |  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
Domestic pension plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 5,452 |  |  | $ | 5,452 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity securities |  |  | 3,473 |  |  |  | 3,473 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 9,110 |  |  | $ | 9,110 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021 |
|  |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |
(in thousands) |  | Total |  |  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
Domestic pension plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 5,935 |  |  | $ | 5,935 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity securities |  |  | 5,297 |  |  |  | 5,297 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 11,647 |  |  | $ | 11,462 |  |  | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | — |

We employ a total return investment approach whereby a mix of equities and fixed income securities is used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and corporate financial condition. The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of equity and fixed income securities. Furthermore, equity securities are diversified across United States and non-United States stocks, as well as growth and value. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through quarterly investment portfolio reviews and annual liability measurements.

We utilize a building-block approach in determining the long-term expected rate of return on plan assets. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equity securities and fixed income securities are preserved consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over the long run. Current market factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term capital market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return also considers diversification and rebalancing. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed relative to our assumed rates for reasonableness and appropriateness.

64

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The following pension and postretirement benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid:

(in thousands) |  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |  |  | Postretirement Benefit Plans |
2023 |  | $ | 992 |  |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 705 |
2024 |  | $ | 968 |  |  | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | 719 |
2025 |  | $ | 1,022 |  |  | $ | 554 |  |  | $ | 710 |
2026 |  | $ | 1,009 |  |  | $ | 538 |  |  | $ | 696 |
2027 |  | $ | 938 |  |  | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 672 |
2028-2032 |  | $ | 4,352 |  |  | $ | 2,287 |  |  | $ | 2,857 |

Foreign Pension Plans

Certain of our foreign operations also maintain defined benefit pension plans held in trust for certain employees which are funded by the companies, and unfunded defined benefit pension plans providing supplemental benefits to select management employees. These plans use traditional defined benefit formulas based on years of service and final average compensation. Funding policies provide that payments to defined benefit pension trusts shall be at least equal to the minimum funding required by applicable regulations. The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) included the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net periodic benefit cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 444 |
Interest cost |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 339 |  |  |  | 365 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (393 | ) |  |  | (508 | ) |  |  | (530 | )
Recognized net actuarial loss |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 162 |
Settlement |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost |  |  | 946 |  |  |  | 459 |  |  |  | 441 |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (income) loss |  |  | (724 | ) |  |  | (375 | ) |  |  | 368 |
Reversal of amortization of net actuarial loss |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | (171 | ) |  |  | (162 | )
Total recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  | (829 | ) |  |  | (546 | ) |  |  | 206 |
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | (87 | ) |  | $ | 647 |

65

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The following table represents the funded status of the plans as of December 31:

|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Change in benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 10,790 |  |  | $ | 10,916 |  |  | $ | 2,470 |  |  | $ | 2,449 |
Service cost |  |  | 280 |  |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Interest cost |  |  | 283 |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 69 |
Actuarial adjustments |  |  | (1,682 | ) |  |  | (475 | ) |  |  | (268 | ) |  |  | 208 |
Benefits paid |  |  | (392 | ) |  |  | (462 | ) |  |  | (176 | ) |  |  | (185 | )
Settlements |  |  | (2,616 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Translation adjustment |  |  | (578 | ) |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | (147 | ) |  |  | (71 | )
Benefit obligation at end of year |  |  | 6,085 |  |  |  | 10,790 |  |  |  | 1,957 |  |  |  | 2,470 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  |  | 11,171 |  |  |  | 10,798 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Actual return on plan assets |  |  | (1,597 | ) |  |  | 623 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Company contributions |  |  | 222 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 185 |
Benefits paid |  |  | (392 | ) |  |  | (462 | ) |  |  | (176 | ) |  |  | (185 | )
Settlements |  |  | (2,616 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Translation adjustment |  |  | (588 | ) |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  |  | 6,200 |  |  |  | 11,171 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Funded status at end of year |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | (1,957 | ) |  | $ | (2,470 | )

The net amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the captions “Pension and postretirement benefits” and “Other Current Liabilities” as of December 31 were as follows:

|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Non-current assets |  | $ | (115 | ) |  | $ | (384 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other current liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 181 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,788 |  |  |  | 2,300 |
Net amount recognized |  | $ | (115 | ) |  | $ | (384 | ) |  | $ | 1,957 |  |  | $ | 2,481 |

Net actuarial losses for the foreign funded plans recognized in AOCI were $1.5 million ($1.2 million after-tax) as of December 31, 2022 and $2.0 million ($1.4 million after-tax) as of December 31, 2021. Net actuarial losses for the foreign unfunded plans recognized in AOCI were $0.6 million ($0.5 million after-tax) as of December 31, 2022 and $1.0 million ($0.8 million after-tax) as of December 31, 2021.

The fair value information related to the foreign pension plans’ assets is summarized in the following tables:

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
(in thousands) |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobserved Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 3,965 |  |  | $ | 3,965 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity securities |  |  | 2,036 |  |  |  | 2,036 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 6,200 |  |  | $ | 6,200 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

66

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
(in thousands) |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobserved Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 6,534 |  |  | $ | 6,534 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity securities |  |  | 4,439 |  |  |  | 4,439 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 11,171 |  |  | $ | 11,171 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The following payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid:

(in thousands) |  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |
2023 |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 172 |
2024 |  | $ | 380 |  |  | $ | 171 |
2025 |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 171 |
2026 |  | $ | 375 |  |  | $ | 170 |
2027 |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | 169 |
2028-2032 |  | $ | 1,968 |  |  | $ | 828 |

Information for Pension Plans with an Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets

The accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets as of December 31 were as follows:

|  | Domestic Plans |
|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 11,454 |  |  | $ | 15,191 |  |  | $ | 5,966 |  |  | $ | 9,170 |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  | $ | 11,454 |  |  | $ | 15,191 |  |  | $ | 5,966 |  |  | $ | 9,170 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 9,110 |  |  | $ | 11,647 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  | Foreign Plans |
|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 6,085 |  |  | $ | 10,790 |  |  | $ | 1,957 |  |  | $ | 2,470 |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  | $ | 5,727 |  |  | $ | 10,150 |  |  | $ | 1,957 |  |  | $ | 2,470 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 6,200 |  |  | $ | 11,171 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Contributions

In aggregate for both the domestic and foreign plans, we anticipate contributing $0.6 million to the funded pension plans, $0.8 million to the unfunded pension plans, and $0.7 million to the postretirement benefit plans in 2023.

Weighted-Average Assumptions

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31 were as follows:

|  | Domestic Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |  |  | Postretirement Benefit Plans |  |  | Foreign Plans |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Discount rate |  |  | 5.13 | % |  |  | 2.76 | % |  |  | 5.13 | % |  |  | 2.74 | % |  |  | 5.17 | % |  |  | 2.85 | % |  |  | 4.68 | % |  |  | 2.80 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 3.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 2.16 | % |  |  | 2.35 | %

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VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs as of December 31 were as follows:

|  | Domestic Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Funded Plans |  |  | Unfunded Plans |  |  | Postretirement Benefit Plans |  |  | Foreign Plans |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Discount rate |  |  | 2.73 | % |  |  | 2.32 | % |  |  | 2.73 | % |  |  | 2.35 | % |  |  | 2.85 | % |  |  | 2.47 | % |  |  | 4.71 | % |  |  | 2.34 | %
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  | 4.75 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 4.47 | % |  |  | 3.76 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 3.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 2.16 | % |  |  | 2.35 | %

Multi-employer Plans

We contribute to various defined benefit pension plans under the terms of collective bargaining agreements that cover our union-represented employees. The financial risks of participating in these multi-employer pension plans generally include the fact that the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by solvent participating employers. In addition, if we were to discontinue participating in some of our multi-employer pension plans, we could be required to pay a withdrawal liability amount based on the underfunded status of the plan. Currently, we do not anticipate triggering any withdrawal from any multi-employer pension plan to which we currently contribute. We also contribute to defined contribution plans pursuant to collective bargaining agreements, which are generally not subject to the funding risks inherent in defined benefit pension plans. The overall level of contributions to our multi-employer plans may significantly vary from year to year based on the demand for union-represented labor to support our operations. We do not have any minimum contribution requirements for future periods pursuant to our collective bargaining agreements for individually significant multi-employer plans.

Our participation in multi-employer pension plans for 2022 is outlined in the following table. Unless otherwise noted, the most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2022 and 2021 relates to the plan’s year end as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and is based on information received from the plan. Among other factors, plans in the red zone are generally less than 65% funded, plans in the yellow zone are less than 80% funded, and plans in the green zone are at least 80% funded. The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan or a rehabilitation plan is either pending or has been implemented.

|  |  |  | Plan |  |  | Pension Protection Act Zone Status |  | FIP/RP Status Pending/ Implemented |  | Viad Contributions |  |  | Surcharge Paid |  | Expiration Date of Collective Bargaining Agreement(s)
(in thousands) |  | EIN |  | No. |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  |  |  |
Pension Fund: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Western Conference of Teamsters Pension Plan |  | 91-6145047 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Green |  | Green |  | No |  | $ | 4,466 |  |  | $ | 2,571 |  |  | $ | 2,898 |  |  | No |  | Continuous
Chicago Regional Council of Carpenters Pension Fund |  | 36-6130207 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Green |  | Green |  | Yes |  |  | 2,255 |  |  |  | 658 |  |  |  | 608 |  |  | No |  | 5/31/2024
Southern California Local 831—Employer Pension Fund(1) |  | 95-6376874 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Green |  | Green |  | No |  |  | 1,181 |  |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | 943 |  |  | No |  | Continuous
IBEW Local Union No 357 Pension Plan A |  | 88-6023284 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Green |  | Green |  | No |  |  | 912 |  |  |  | 628 |  |  |  | 843 |  |  | No |  | Continuous
Machinery Movers Riggers & Mach Erect Local 136 Supplemental Retirement Plan(1) |  | 36-1416355 |  |  | 11 |  |  | Green |  | Yellow |  | Yes |  |  | 900 |  |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 337 |  |  | Yes |  | 6/30/2024
Southwest Carpenters Pension Trust |  | 95-6042875 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Green |  | Green |  | No |  |  | 573 |  |  |  | 352 |  |  |  | 195 |  |  | No |  | 7/31/2023
New England Teamsters & Trucking Industry Pension |  | 04-6372430 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Red |  | Red |  | Yes |  |  | 477 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  | No |  | 3/31/2027
Electrical Contractors Assoc. Chicago Local Union 134, IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chicago Plan #2 |  | 51-6030753 |  |  | 2 |  |  | Green |  | Green |  | No |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 306 |  |  |  | 509 |  |  | No |  | Continuous
All other funds(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,134 |  |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | 1,151 |  |  |  |  |
Total contributions to defined benefit plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,282 |  |  |  | 6,126 |  |  |  | 7,526 |  |  |  |  |
Total contributions to other plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,236 |  |  |  | 931 |  |  |  | 1,066 |  |  |  |  |
Total contributions to multi-employer plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,518 |  |  | $ | 7,057 |  |  | $ | 8,592 |  |  |  |  |

68

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(1)
We contributed more than 5% of total plan contributions for the plan year detailed in the plans’ most recent Form 5500 s.
(2)
Represents participation in 32 pension funds during 2022.

Other Employee Benefits

We match United States employee contributions to the 401(k) Plan with shares of our common stock held in treasury up to 100% of the first 3% of a participant’s salary plus 50% of the next 2%. The expense associated with our match was $3.5 million for 2022, $2.2 million for 2021, and $1.7 million for 2020. In April 2020, we suspended our 401(k) Plan employer match contributions, which were later reinstated in October 2020.

Note 19. Restructuring Charges

GES

As part of our efforts to drive efficiencies and simplify our business operations, we took certain restructuring actions designed to simplify and transform GES for greater profitability. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020, we accelerated our transformation and streamlining efforts at GES to significantly reduce costs and create a lower and more flexible cost structure focused on servicing our more profitable market segments. These initiatives resulted in restructuring charges related to the elimination of certain positions and continuing to reduce our facility footprint at GES, as well as charges related to the closure and liquidation of GES’ United Kingdom-based audio-visual services business. During the fourth quarter of 2020, we entered into an agreement with a third-party to outsource the management, cleaning, and storage of the aisle carpeting that we use at live events, which resulted in restructuring charges in 2021 when we vacated a facility.

Other Restructurings

We recorded restructuring charges in connection with the consolidation of certain support functions at our corporate headquarters and certain reorganization activities within Pursuit. These charges primarily consist of severance and related benefits due to headcount reductions.

Changes to the restructuring liability by major restructuring activity are as follows:

|  | GES |  |  | Other Restructurings |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | Severance & Employee Benefits |  |  | Facilities |  |  | Severance & Employee Benefits |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 2,935 |  |  | $ | 1,339 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | 4,513 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 6,563 |  |  |  | 5,784 |  |  |  | 1,093 |  |  |  | 13,440 |
Cash payments |  |  | (7,051 | ) |  |  | (2,573 | ) |  |  | (1,201 | ) |  |  | (10,825 | )
Non-cash items(1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,789 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,789 | )
Adjustment to liability |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (107 | ) |  |  | (109 | )
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 2,440 |  |  |  | 2,766 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 5,230 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 1,829 |  |  |  | 4,107 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 6,066 |
Cash payments |  |  | (2,302 | ) |  |  | (3,506 | ) |  |  | (91 | ) |  |  | (5,899 | )
Non-cash items(1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,906 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,906 | )
Adjustment to liability |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | (56 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,976 |  |  |  | 1,433 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 3,435 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 624 |  |  |  | 2,351 |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 3,059 |
Cash payments |  |  | (988 | ) |  |  | (863 | ) |  |  | (83 | ) |  |  | (1,934 | )
Non-cash items(1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,167 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,167 | )
Adjustment to liability |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 46 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1,609 |  |  | $ | 1,818 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 3,439 |

(1)
Represents non-cash adjustments related to a write-down of certain ROU assets and leasehold improvements as a result of vacating certain facilities prior to the lease term during the year ended December 31, 2022, a write down of certain ROU assets as a result of vacating certain facilities prior to the lease term during the year ended December 31, 2021, and the closure and liquidation of GES’ United Kingdom-based audio-visual services business during the year ended December 31, 2020.

As of December 31, 2022, $1.5 million of the liabilities related to severance and employee benefits and $1.5 million of liabilities related to facilities will remain unpaid by the end of 2023. The liabilities related to facilities primarily include dilapidations and non-lease

69

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

expenses that will be paid over the remaining lease terms. Refer to Note 23 – Segment Information, for information regarding restructuring charges by segment.

Note 20. Leases and Other

The balance sheet presentation of our operating and finance leases is as follows:

|  |  |  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | Classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets |  | Operating lease ROU assets |  | $ | 102,777 |  |  | $ | 95,915 |
Finance lease assets |  | Property and equipment, net |  |  | 57,534 |  |  |  | 61,022 |
Total lease assets |  |  |  | $ | 160,311 |  |  | $ | 156,937 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease obligations |  | Operating lease obligations |  | $ | 13,463 |  |  | $ | 12,451 |
Finance lease obligations |  | Current portion of debt and finance obligations |  |  | 2,978 |  |  |  | 2,928 |
Noncurrent: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease obligations |  | Long-term operating lease obligations |  |  | 101,297 |  |  |  | 93,406 |
Finance lease obligations |  | Long-term debt and finance obligations |  |  | 61,751 |  |  |  | 60,473 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 179,489 |  |  | $ | 169,258 |

The components of lease expense consisted of the following:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of ROU assets |  | $ | 4,264 |  |  | $ | 4,280 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  |  | 5,817 |  |  |  | 5,580 |
Operating lease cost |  |  | 24,850 |  |  |  | 23,129 |
Short-term lease cost |  |  | 2,545 |  |  |  | 1,444 |
Variable lease cost |  |  | 5,566 |  |  |  | 4,372 |
Total lease cost, net |  | $ | 43,042 |  |  | $ | 38,805 |

Other information related to operating and finance leases are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 23,024 |  |  | $ | 23,320 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  | $ | 6,089 |  |  | $ | 3,926 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  | $ | 3,845 |  |  | $ | 3,223 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | $ | 24,050 |  |  | $ | 38,838 |
Finance leases |  | $ | 5,139 |  |  | $ | 43,241 |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years): |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 8.51 |  |  |  | 8.54 |
Finance leases |  |  | 34.07 |  |  |  | 34.95 |
Weighted-average discount rate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 7.25 | % |  |  | 6.86 | %
Finance leases |  |  | 9.12 | % |  |  | 9.06 | %

70

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

As of December 31, 2022, the estimated future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases, excluding variable leases and variable non-lease components, are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Operating Leases |  |  | Finance Leases |  |  | Total |
2023 |  | $ | 23,267 |  |  | $ | 8,743 |  |  | $ | 32,010 |
2024 |  |  | 21,560 |  |  |  | 7,692 |  |  |  | 29,252 |
2025 |  |  | 20,055 |  |  |  | 6,869 |  |  |  | 26,924 |
2026 |  |  | 19,126 |  |  |  | 6,367 |  |  |  | 25,493 |
2027 |  |  | 15,886 |  |  |  | 6,205 |  |  |  | 22,091 |
Thereafter |  |  | 60,268 |  |  |  | 180,055 |  |  |  | 240,323 |
Total future lease payments |  |  | 160,162 |  |  |  | 215,931 |  |  |  | 376,093 |
Less: Amount representing interest |  |  | (45,402 | ) |  |  | (151,202 | ) |  |  | (196,604 | )
Present value of minimum lease payments |  |  | 114,760 |  |  |  | 64,729 |  |  |  | 179,489 |
Current portion |  |  | 13,463 |  |  |  | 2,978 |  |  |  | 16,441 |
Long-term portion |  | $ | 101,297 |  |  | $ | 61,751 |  |  | $ | 163,048 |

As of December 31, 2022, the estimated future minimum rental income under non-cancellable leases, which includes rental income from facilities that we own, are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
2023 |  | $ | 1,815 |
2024 |  |  | 1,569 |
2025 |  |  | 1,354 |
2026 |  |  | 1,111 |
2027 |  |  | 455 |
Thereafter |  |  | 579 |
Total minimum rents |  | $ | 6,883 |

Lease Not Yet Commenced

As of December 31, 2022, we had executed a facility lease for which we did not have control of the underlying assets. Accordingly, we did not record the lease liability and ROU asset on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. T his lease is for a new FlyOver attraction, FlyOver Canada Toronto. The lease commencement date was originally planned for 2023, however, it has been postponed due to permitting and other related delays. Upon commencement date, it will have a lease term of 20 years.

Note 21. Litigation, Claims, Contingencies, and Other

We are plaintiffs or defendants in various actions, proceedings, and pending claims, some of which involve, or may involve, compensatory, punitive, or other damages. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties and it is possible that some of the legal actions, proceedings, or claims could be decided against us. Although the amount of liability as of December 31, 2022 with respect to unresolved legal matters is not ascertainable, we believe that any resulting liability, after taking into consideration amounts already provided for and insurance coverage, will not have a material effect on our business, financial position, or results of operations.

On July 18, 2020, an off-road Ice Explorer operated by our Pursuit business was involved in an accident while enroute to the Athabasca Glacier, resulting in three fatalities and multiple other serious injuries. We continue to support the victims and their families. We immediately reported the accident to our relevant insurance carriers, who are also supporting the investigation and subsequent claims. In May 2022, we received charges from the Canadian office of Occupational Health and Safety in relation to this accident. We continue to cooperate fully with regulatory agencies regarding this accident. In addition, we believe that our reserves and, subject to customary deductibles, our insurance coverage is sufficient to cover potential claims and regulatory fines related to this accident.

We are subject to various United States federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations governing the prevention of pollution and the protection of the environment in the jurisdictions in which we have or had operations. If we fail to comply with these environmental laws and regulations, civil and criminal penalties could be imposed, and we could become subject to regulatory enforcement actions in the form of injunctions and cease and desist orders. As is the case with many companies, we also face exposure to actual or potential claims and lawsuits involving environmental matters relating to our past operations. As of December 31, 2022, we had recorded environmental remediation liabilities of $2.2 million related to previously sold operations. Although we are a party to certain environmental disputes, we believe that any resulting liabilities, after taking into consideration amounts already provided for and insurance coverage, will not have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations.

71

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

As of December 31, 2022, on behalf of our subsidiaries, we had certain obligations under guarantees to third parties. These guarantees are not subject to liability recognition in the consolidated financial statements and relate to leased facilities and equipment leases entered into by our subsidiary operations. We would generally be required to make payments to the respective third parties under these guarantees in the event that the related subsidiary could not meet its own payment obligations. The maximum potential amount of future payments that we would be required to make under all guarantees existing as of December 31, 2022 would be $88.2 million. These guarantees relate to our leased equipment and facilities through January 2040. There are no recourse provisions that would enable us to recover from third parties any payments made under the guarantees. Furthermore, there are no collateral or similar arrangements pursuant to which we could recover payments.

A significant number of our employees are unionized and we are a party to approximately 100 collective bargaining agreements, with approximately one-third requiring renegotiation each year. If we are unable to reach an agreement with a union during the collective bargaining process, the union may call for a strike or work stoppage, which may, under certain circumstances, adversely impact our business and results of operations. We believe that relations with our employees are satisfactory and that collective bargaining agreements expiring in 2023 will be renegotiated in the ordinary course of business. Although our labor relations are currently stable, disruptions could occur, with the possibility of an adverse impact on the operating results of GES. Refer to Note 18 – Pension and Postretirement Benefits for additional information on specific union-related pension matters.

We are self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation and general liabilities, which includes automobile, product general liability, and client property loss claims. The aggregate amount of insurance liabilities (up to our retention limit) related to our continuing operations was $9.9 million as of December 31, 2022, which includes $5.9 million related to workers’ compensation liabilities, and $4.0 million related to general liability claims. We have also retained and provided for certain workers’ compensation insurance liabilities in conjunction with previously sold businesses of $2.1 mil lion as of December 31, 2022. We are also self-insured for certain employee health benefits and the estimated employee health benefit claims incurred but not yet reported was $1.5 million as of December 31, 2022. Provisions for losses for claims incurred, including actuarially derived estimated claims incurred but not yet reported, are made based on our historical experience, claims frequency, and other factors. A change in the assumptions used could result in an adjustment to recorded liabilities. We have purchased insurance for amounts in excess of the self-insured levels, which generally range from $0.2 million to $0.5 million on a per claim basis. We do not maintain a self-insured retention pool fund as claims are paid from current cash resources at the time of settlement. Our net cash payments in connection with these insurance liabilities were $5.3 million for 2022, $2.8 million for 2021, and $5.0 million for 2020.

In addition, as of December 31, 2022, we have recorded insurance liabilities of $8.2 million related to continuing operations, which represents the amount for which we remain the primary obligor after self-insured insurance limits, without taking into consideration the above-referenced insurance coverage. Of this total, $6.4 million is related to workers’ compensation liabilities and $1.8 million is related to general/auto liability claims, which is recorded in “Other deferred items and liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets with a corresponding receivable in “Other investments and assets.”

Note 22. Noncontrolling Interests – Redeemable and Non-redeemable

Redeemable noncontrolling interest

On November 3, 2017, we acquired the controlling interest (54.5% of the common stock) in Esja, a private corporation in Reykjavik, Iceland. Subsequent to additional capital contributions, our equity ownership increased to 56.4% as of December 31, 2022. Through Esja and its wholly-owned subsidiary, we are operating the FlyOver Iceland attraction.

The minority Esja shareholders have the right to sell (or “put”) their Esja shares to us based on a multiple of 5.0x EBITDA as calculated on the trailing 12 months from the most recently completed quarter before the put option exercise. The put option is only exercisable after August 2022 (the “Reference Date”), and in the event the FlyOver Iceland attraction has earned a minimum of €3.25 million in unadjusted EBITDA during the most recent fiscal year and during the trailing 12-month period prior to exercise (the “Put Option Condition”). The put option is exercisable during a period of 12 months following the Reference Date (the “Option Period”) if the Put Option Condition has been met. If the Put Option Condition has not been met during the first Option Period, the Reference Date will be extended for an additional 12 months up to three times. If after 72 months, the FlyOver Iceland attraction has not achieved the Put Option Condition, the put option expires. If the Put Option Condition is met during any of the Option Periods, yet the shares are not exercised prior to the end of the 12-month Option Period, the put option will expire.

The noncontrolling interest’s carrying value is determined by the fair value of the noncontrolling interest as of the acquisition date and the noncontrolling interest’s share of the subsequent net income or loss. This value is benchmarked against the redemption value of the sellers’ put option. The carrying value is adjusted to the redemption value, provided that it does not fall below the initial carrying value, as determined by the purchase price allocation. We have made a policy election to reflect any changes caused by such an adjustment to retained earnings (accumulated deficit), rather than to current earnings (loss).

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VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Changes in the redeemable noncontrolling interest are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 5,225 |
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | (1,766 | )
Adjustment to the redemption value |  |  | 1,797 |
Capital contributions |  |  | 341 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (153 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 5,444 |
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | (748 | )
Adjustment to the redemption value |  |  | 763 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (503 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 4,956 |

Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest

Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest represents the portion of equity in a subsidiary that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to us. Our non-redeemable noncontrolling interest relates to the equity ownership interest that we do not own.

Changes in the non-redeemable noncontrolling interest are as follows:

(in thousands) | Glacier Park Inc. |  |  | Brewster (1) |  |  | Sky Lagoon |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 13,953 |  |  | $ | 51,295 |  |  | $ | 12,896 |  |  | $ | 78,144 |
Net loss attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest |  | 1,360 |  |  |  | 1,399 |  |  |  | (1,073 | ) |  |  | 1,686 |
Acquisitions |  | — |  |  |  | 6,759 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,759 |
Distributions to non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  |  | (1,160 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,160 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 2 |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | (183 | ) |  |  | 127 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 15,315 |  |  | $ | 58,601 |  |  | $ | 11,640 |  |  | $ | 85,556 |
Net income (loss) attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interest |  | 1,394 |  |  |  | 1,675 |  |  |  | (746 | ) |  |  | 2,323 |
Distributions to non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  |  | (570 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (570 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (4,004 | ) |  |  | (976 | ) |  |  | (4,999 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 16,690 |  |  | $ | 55,702 |  |  | $ | 9,918 |  |  | $ | 82,310 |
Equity ownership interest that we do not own |  | 20 | % |  |  | 40 | % |  |  | 49 | % |  |  |

(1)
Includes Mountain Park Lodges and the Golden Skybridge at Brewster, part of the Banff Jasper Collection.

Note 23. Segment Information

An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise that engages in business activities for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by the CODM in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer.

During the first quarter of 2022, we changed our segment reporting as a result of operational changes and how our CODM reviews the financial performance of GES and makes decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Accordingly, GES’ new reportable segments are Spiro and GES Exhibitions. We made no changes to the Pursuit reportable segment.

We measure the profit and performance of our operations on the basis of segment operating income (loss) which excludes restructuring charges, impairment charges, gain (loss) from disposition of strategic assets, and certain other corporate expenses that are not allocated to the reportable segments. Intersegment sales are eliminated in consolidation and intersegment transfers are not significant. Corporate activities include expenses not allocated to operations.

73

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Our reportable segments, with reconciliations to consolidated totals, are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pursuit |  | $ | 299,327 |  |  | $ | 187,048 |  |  | $ | 76,810 |
GES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spiro |  |  | 277,641 |  |  |  | 116,587 |  |  |  | 102,027 |
GES Exhibitions |  |  | 557,880 |  |  |  | 209,529 |  |  |  | 238,705 |
GES intersegment eliminations |  |  | (7,537 | ) |  |  | (5,824 | ) |  |  | (2,107 | )
Total GES |  |  | 827,984 |  |  |  | 320,292 |  |  |  | 338,625 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,127,311 |  |  | $ | 507,340 |  |  | $ | 415,435 |
Segment operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pursuit |  | $ | 24,031 |  |  | $ | 4,609 |  |  | $ | (42,343 | )
GES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spiro |  |  | 23,133 |  |  |  | (9,556 | ) |  |  | (41,217 | )
GES Exhibitions |  |  | 21,780 |  |  |  | (42,055 | ) |  |  | (32,680 | )
Total GES |  |  | 44,913 |  |  |  | (51,611 | ) |  |  | (73,897 | )
Segment operating income (loss) |  |  | 68,944 |  |  |  | (47,002 | ) |  |  | (116,240 | )
Corporate eliminations (1) |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 65 |
Corporate activities |  |  | (13,418 | ) |  |  | (11,689 | ) |  |  | (8,687 | )
Gain on sale of ON Services |  |  | 19,637 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Interest expense, net |  |  | (34,891 | ) |  |  | (28,324 | ) |  |  | (17,887 | )
Other expense, net |  |  | (2,077 | ) |  |  | (2,070 | ) |  |  | (1,594 | )
Restructuring charges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pursuit |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | (85 | ) |  |  | (132 | )
Spiro |  |  | (1,015 | ) |  |  | (575 | ) |  |  | (1,011 | )
GES Exhibitions |  |  | (1,960 | ) |  |  | (5,361 | ) |  |  | (11,336 | )
Corporate |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | (961 | )
Impairment charges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pursuit |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,758 | )
Spiro |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (43,403 | )
GES Exhibitions |  |  | (583 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (157,915 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | $ | 34,620 |  |  | $ | (95,081 | ) |  | $ | (360,859 | )

(1)
Corporate eliminations represent the elimination of depreciation expense recorded by Pursuit associated with previously eliminated intercompany profit realized by GES for renovations to Pursuit’s Banff Gondola.

74

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Additional information of our reportable segments is as follows:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Depreciation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pursuit |  | $ | 31,075 |  |  | $ | 27,360 |  |  | $ | 24,761 |
Spiro |  |  | 3,599 |  |  |  | 4,769 |  |  |  | 6,975 |
GES Exhibitions |  |  | 8,315 |  |  |  | 11,550 |  |  |  | 14,634 |
Corporate |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 97 |
|  | $ | 43,032 |  |  | $ | 43,713 |  |  | $ | 46,467 |
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pursuit |  | $ | 5,021 |  |  | $ | 5,108 |  |  | $ | 3,633 |
Spiro |  |  | 242 |  |  |  | 509 |  |  |  | 1,306 |
GES Exhibitions |  |  | 4,188 |  |  |  | 4,420 |  |  |  | 5,159 |
|  | $ | 9,451 |  |  | $ | 10,037 |  |  | $ | 10,098 |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pursuit |  | $ | 56,775 |  |  | $ | 54,325 |  |  | $ | 43,177 |
Spiro |  |  | 2,923 |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | 1,570 |
GES Exhibitions |  |  | 7,342 |  |  |  | 2,557 |  |  |  | 8,820 |
Corporate and other |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 67,170 |  |  | $ | 57,936 |  |  | $ | 53,567 |

We do not report total assets by segment because this is not a metric used to allocate resources or evaluate segment performance.

Geographic Areas

Our foreign operations are primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, the Netherlands, Germany, and to a lesser extent, in certain other countries. GES revenue is designated as domestic or foreign based on the originating location of the product or service. Long-lived assets are attributed to domestic or foreign based principally on the physical location of the assets. Long-lived assets consist of “Property and equipment, net” and “Other investments and assets.” The table below presents the financial information by major geographic area:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 703,379 |  |  | $ | 312,265 |  |  | $ | 290,541 |
EMEA |  |  | 207,339 |  |  |  | 96,603 |  |  |  | 56,656 |
Canada |  |  | 216,593 |  |  |  | 98,472 |  |  |  | 68,238 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,127,311 |  |  | $ | 507,340 |  |  | $ | 415,435 |
Long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 190,917 |  |  | $ | 179,756 |  |  | $ | 173,790 |
EMEA |  |  | 85,680 |  |  |  | 91,877 |  |  |  | 56,996 |
Canada |  |  | 290,438 |  |  |  | 294,193 |  |  |  | 276,860 |
Total long-lived assets |  | $ | 567,035 |  |  | $ | 565,826 |  |  | $ | 507,646 |

Note 24. Subsequent Events

Interest Rate Cap Agreement

On January 4, 2023, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement with an effective date of January 31, 2023. The interest rate cap manages our exposure to interest rate increases on $300 million in borrowings under our 2021 Credit Facility and provides us with the right to receive payment if the one-month SOFR exceeds 5.00%. Beginning on February 28, 2023, we will pay a fixed monthly deferred premium based on an annual rate of 0.3335% for the interest rate cap, which matures on January 31, 2025.

75

VIAD CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

LIBOR Transition Amendment

On February 6, 2023, we entered into the LIBOR Transition Amendment to the 2021 Credit Facility to replace LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). In accordance with the LIBOR replacement provisions outlined in the 2021 Credit Facility, additional credit spread adjustments apply to SOFR ranging from 0.11448% (for a one-month duration) up to 0.71513% (for a 12-month duration). For additional information on the 2021 Credit Facility, refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations.

Forest Park Construction Loan Amendment

During January 2023, we completed our final borrowing under the Forest Park Hotel Construction Loan Facility and the facility was converted, by way of an amendment to the loan agreement, to a term loan with a fixed interest rate of 6.5% effective January 31, 2023. The term loan matures on February 1, 2028 and requires interest only payments through July 31, 2024. For additional information on the Forest Park Hotel Construction Loan Facility, refer to Note 12 – Debt and Finance Obligations.

76

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGIST ERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Viad Corp

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Viad Corp and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and mezzanine equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 28, 2023, expressed a qualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Litigation, Claims, Contingencies, and Other—Self Insurance Reserves —Refer to Notes 1 and 21 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company is self-insured up to certain limits for workers’ compensation, automobile, product and general liability claims. Reserves for losses for claims incurred, including actuarially derived estimated claims incurred but not reported, are made by the Company based on historical experience, claims frequency, insurance coverage, and other factors. The Company purchases insurance for amounts in excess of self-insured levels. The aggregate amount of these insurance liabilities related to continuing operations was $18.1 million as of December 31, 2022.

Given the subjectivity of estimating the projected settlement value of reported and unreported claims, auditing the self-insurance reserves involved especially subjective auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our actuarial specialists when auditing the self-insurance reserves, and therefore we have identified this as a critical audit matter.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the self-insurance reserves included the following, among others:

•
We tested the effectiveness of controls related to self-insurance reserves, including those over the projection of settlement value of reported and unreported claims.
•
We evaluated the methods and assumptions used by management to estimate the self-insurance reserves by:

77

•
Agreeing the underlying claims data to source documents that served as the basis for the Company’s actuarial analysis, to evaluate whether the inputs to the actuarial estimate were reasonable.
•
Comparing management’s prior-year assumptions of expected development and ultimate loss to actuals incurred during the current year to identify potential bias in the determination of the self-insurance reserves.
•
With the assistance of our actuarial specialists, we developed independent estimates of the self-insurance reserves, using standard traditional actuarial methodologies, and compared our estimates to management’s estimates.

Goodwill — FlyOver and Glacier Park Collection – Refer to Notes 1 and 9 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company’s evaluation of goodwill for impairment involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company used a discounted expected future cash flow methodology to estimate the fair value of its reporting units, which requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to the discount rate and forecasts of future revenues and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”) margins. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value, the amount of goodwill impairment charge, or both.

Given the significant judgments made by management to estimate the fair value of the FlyOver and Glacier Park Collection reporting units, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions related to selection of the discount rates and forecasts of future revenue and EBITDA margins required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the selection of the discount rates and forecasts of future revenue and EBITDA margins (“forecasts”) used by management to estimate the fair value of the FlyOver and Glacier Park Collection reporting units included the following procedures:

•
We tested the effectiveness of controls over management’s goodwill impairment evaluation, including those over the determination of the fair value of the reporting units, such as the control related to management’s selection of the discount rates and forecasts.
•
We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecasts by comparing the forecasts to (1) historical results of the Company, (2) internal communications to management, and (3) forecasted information included in industry reports of the Company.
•
With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the (1) valuation methodology and (2) discount rate, including testing the source information underlying the determination of the discount rate, testing the mathematical accuracy of the calculation, and developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rates selected by management.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Tempe, Arizona

February 28, 2023

We have served as the Company’s auditor since at least 1929; however, an earlier year could not be reliably determined.

78

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Acco untants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Control s and Procedures

We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022.

Based on this evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2022 due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting as described below. Notwithstanding the material weakness described below, based on the additional analysis and other post-closing procedures performed, the Company believes the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are fairly presented, in all material respects, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

79

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our board of directors, our management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:

•
Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
•
Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with United States GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
•
Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.

Management performed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria described in the “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013),” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The objective of this assessment was to determine whether our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022. Based on our assessment, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting is not effective based on those criteria due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting as described below.

A material weakness, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2, is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has issued a report relating to our audit of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which appears on the following page of this 2022 Form 10-K.

Identification of Material Weakness in Controls over Financial Reporting

During our year-end close and review procedures for the year ended December 31, 2022, a material weakness was identified over the remeasurement of monetary liabilities in nonfunctional currencies as a result of the error identified in accounting for a finance lease at the Company’s Sky Lagoon attraction in Iceland, which impacted costs of services, long-term debt and finance obligations, and net income attributable to Viad after accounting for taxes and noncontrolling interests. This error was corrected in the Form 10-Q/A for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, which was filed on February 28, 2023.

Remediation Plan

We are in the process of designing and implementing an internal control to address the material weakness. The material weakness cannot be considered remediated until applicable controls have been designed, implemented, and operated for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. Accordingly, we will continue to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except as noted above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

80

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Viad Corp

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Viad Corp and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness identified below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated February 28, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Material Weakness

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management's assessment:

The Company did not appropriately design and implement a control to identify and account for monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the resulting transaction gains and losses from a change in exchange rates between the functional currency and the currency in which the monetary liabilities is denominated.

This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 of the Company, and this report does not affect our report on such financial statements.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Tempe, Arizona

February 28, 2023

81

Item 9B. Other Information

Not applicable.

Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

82

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Off icers and Corporate Governance

Information regarding our directors, director nomination procedures, and the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors is included in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 24, 2023 (the “Proxy Statement”), under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance,” and “Stock Ownership Information,” and are incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding our executive officers is located in Part I, “Other – Information about our Executive Officers” of this 2022 Form 10-K.

We adopted a Code of Ethics for all of our directors, officers and employees. A copy of our Code of Ethics is available at our website at www.viad.com/about-us/corporate-governance/documents-and-charters/default.aspx and is also available without charge to any shareholder upon written request to: Viad Corp, 7000 East 1st Avenue, Scottsdale, Arizona 85251-4304, Attention: Corporate Secretary.

Item 11. Executiv e Compensation

Information in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance,” and “Executive Compensation” is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Own ers and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Information in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Executive Compensation” and “Stock Ownership Information” is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Information in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accoun tANT Fees and Services

Information regarding principal accountant fees and services and the pre-approval policies and procedures for such fees and services, as adopted by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, is contained in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Ratification of the Selection of Deloitte & Touche LLP as Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2023” and is incorporated herein by reference.

P ART IV

Item 15. Exhib its AND Financ ial Statement Schedules

(a)
Financial Statements and Schedules

See Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule at Item 8 of this 2022 Form 10-K.

(b)
Exhibit Index

83

|  |  |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  |  |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Period Ending |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
3.A |  |  |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Viad Corp, as amended through July 1, 2004 (SEC File No. 001-11015; SEC Film No. 04961107). |  | 10-Q |  | 6/30/2004 |  | 3.A |  | 8/9/2004
3.B |  |  |  | Bylaws of Viad Corp, as amended through December 5, 2013. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 3 |  | 12/9/2013
3.C |  |  |  | Certificate of Designations of 5.5% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 3.1 |  | 8/5/2020
4.A |  |  |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 5, 2020, by and among Viad Corp, Crestview IV VC TE Holdings, LLC, Crestview IV VC Holdings, L.P., and Crestview IV VC CI Holdings, L.P. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 4.1 |  | 8/5/2020
4.B |  | * |  | Description of Viad Corp’s Securities. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
10.A1 |  | + |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement, effective as of August 26, 2020, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Award Plan. |  | 10-Q |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 10.7 |  | 11/6/2020
10.B1 |  | + |  | 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, amended and restated effective May 24, 2022. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.1 |  | 5/26/2022
10.B2 |  | + |  | Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement, effective as of May 18, 2017, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.4 |  | 5/23/2017
10.B3 |  | + |  | Form of Management Incentive Plan (MIP) Administrative Guidelines, effective February 27, 2018, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of May 18, 2017. |  | 10-K |  | 12/31/2017 |  | 10.B4 |  | 2/28/2018
10.B4 |  | + |  | Form of Management Incentive Plan, effective as of February 27, 2018, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan, effective as of May 18, 2017. |  | 10-K |  | 12/31/2017 |  | 10.B5 |  | 2/28/2018
10.B5 |  | + |  | Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement, by and between Viad Corp and each of Steven W. Moster and Ellen M. Ingersoll, dated February 16, 2021. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.1 |  | 2/17/2021
10.B6 |  | + |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement by and between Viad Corp and David Barry, dated March 29, 2022. |  | 10-Q |  | 3/31/2022 |  | 10.2 |  | 5/6/2022
10.B7 |  | + |  | Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement - Non-Employee Directors (Crestview), effective as of February 24, 2022, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan. |  | 10-Q |  | 3/31/2022 |  | 10.3 |  | 5/6/2022
10.B8 |  | + |  | Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement - Non-Employee Directors (Others), effective as of February 24, 2022, pursuant to the 2017 Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan. |  | 10-Q |  | 3/31/2022 |  | 10.4 |  | 5/6/2022
10.B9 |  | + * |  | Form of Stock Option Agreement, effective as of August 26, 2020, pursuant to the 2017 Viad Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

84

|  |  |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  |  |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Period Ending |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
10.B10 |  | + * |  | Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement, effective as of May 26, 2022, pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2017 Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
10.B11 |  | + * |  | Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement, effective as of February 23, 2021, pursuant to the 2017 Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
10.C1 |  | + |  | Forms of Viad Corp Executive Severance Plans (Tier I and II), amended and restated for Code Section 409A as of January 1, 2005. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.B |  | 8/29/2007
10.C2 |  | + |  | Form of Viad Corp Executive Severance Plan (Tier I-2013) effective as February 27, 2013. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.B |  | 3/5/2013
10.C3 |  | + |  | Amendment No. 1 to Viad Corp Executive Severance Plan (Tier I), effective as of February 26, 2014. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10 |  | 3/4/2014
10.C4 |  | + |  | Severance Agreement (No Change in Control) between Viad Corp and Steven W. Moster, effective as of December 3, 2014. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.B |  | 12/5/2014
10.C5 |  | + |  | Severance Agreement (No Change in Control) between Viad Corp and David W. Barry, effective as of April 22, 2015. |  | 10-K |  | 12/31/2015 |  | 10.H4 |  | 3/11/2016
10.D1 |  | + |  | Viad Corp Supplemental Pension Plan, amended and restated as of January 1, 2005 for Code Section 409A. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.A |  | 8/29/2007
10.E1 |  | + |  | Viad Corp Defined Contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, effective as of January 1, 2013. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.E |  | 3/5/2013
10.F1 |  | + |  | Executive Officer Pay Continuation Policy adopted February 7, 2007. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.A |  | 2/13/2007
10.G1 |  | + |  | Viad Corp Directors’ Matching Gift Program, effective as of February 18, 1999. |  | 10-K |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 10.H1 |  | 2/27/2019
10.H1 |  | + |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement between Viad Corp and Directors of Viad Corp, as approved by Viad Corp stockholders on October 16, 1987. |  | 10-K |  | 12/31/2008 |  | 10.1 |  | 2/27/2009
10.I1 |  | + |  | Summary of Compensation Program of Non-Employee Directors of Viad Corp, effective as of February 25, 2020. |  | 10-K |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 10.J1 |  | 3/2/2021
10.J1 |  |  |  | Investment Agreement, dated August 5, 2020, by and among Viad Corp, Crestview IV VC TE Holdings, LLC, Crestview IV VC Holdings, L.P., and Crestview IV VC CI Holdings, L.P. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.1 |  | 8/5/2020
10.J2 |  |  |  | Stockholders Agreement, dated August 5, 2020, by and among Viad Corp, Crestview IV VC TE Holdings, LLC, Crestview IV VC Holdings, L.P., and Crestview IV VC CI Holdings, L.P. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.2 |  | 8/5/2020
10.J3 |  | + |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.4 |  | 8/5/2020
10.J4 |  |  |  | Form of Crestview Designee Indemnification Agreement. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.5 |  | 8/5/2020

85

|  |  |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  |  |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Period Ending |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
10.K1 |  |  |  | $500,000,000 Credit Agreement among Viad Corp, Bank of America, N.A., and other lenders party thereto, dated as of July 30, 2021. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.1 |  | 8/2/2021
10-K2 |  |  |  | First Amendment, among the Company, the other loan parties party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, which amends the Credit Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2021, among the Company, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto from time to time. |  | 8-K |  |  |  | 10.1 |  | 3/24/2022
21 |  | * |  | List of Viad Corp Subsidiaries. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
23 |  | * |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm to the incorporation by reference into specified registration statements on Form S-8 of its report contained in this Annual Report. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
24 |  | * |  | Power of Attorney signed by Viad Corp Directors. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
31.1 |  | * |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2 |  | * |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1 |  | ** |  | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Viad Corp pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.INS |  | *** |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH |  | **** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL |  | **** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB |  | **** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE |  | **** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF |  | **** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  | *** |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

*** The Inline XBRL Instance Document and Cover Page Interactive Data File do not appear in the Interactive Data File because their XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

**** Submitted electronically herewith

+ Management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.

86

Item 16. Form 1 0-K summary

None.

87

VIAD CORP

SCH EDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

|  |  |  |  | Additions |  |  | Deductions |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | Balance at Beginning of Year |  |  | Charged to Expense(1) |  |  | Charged to Other Accounts |  |  | Write-Offs |  |  | Other(2) |  |  | Balance at End of Year |
Allowances for doubtful accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2020 |  |  | 1,200 |  |  |  | 6,712 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (2,628 | ) |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 5,310 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  | 5,310 |  |  |  | (2,700 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (680 | ) |  |  | (123 | ) |  |  | 1,808 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  | 1,808 |  |  |  | 1,580 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,064 | ) |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  | 2,174 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2020 |  |  | 4,276 |  |  |  | 77,369 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 81,795 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  | 81,795 |  |  |  | 21,859 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (144 | ) |  |  | 103,510 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  | 103,510 |  |  |  | (702 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,169 | ) |  |  | 101,639 |

(1)
Includes bad debt recoveries.
(2)
“Other” primarily includes foreign exchange translation adjustments.

88

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 28, 2023.

| VIAD CORP
| By: | /s/ Steven W. Moster
|  | Steven W. Moster
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

|  |  | Principal Executive Officer
Date: | February 28, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ Steven W. Moster
|  |  |  | Steven W. Moster
|  |  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer, Director
|  |  | Principal Financial Officer
Date: | February 28, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ Ellen M. Ingersoll
|  |  |  | Ellen M. Ingersoll
|  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | Principal Accounting Officer
Date: | February 28, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ Leslie S. Striedel
|  |  |  | Leslie S. Striedel
|  |  |  | Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  | Directors
|  |  | Beverly K. Carmichael*
|  |  | Brian P. Cassidy*
|  |  | Denise M. Coll*
|  |  | Richard H. Dozer*
|  |  | Virginia L. Henkels*
|  |  | Patrick T. LaValley*
|  |  | Edward E. Mace*
|  |  | Joshua E. Schechter*
Date: | February 28, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ Ellen M. Ingersoll
|  |  |  | Ellen M. Ingersoll
|  |  |  | Attorney-in-Fact

* Pursuant to power of attorney filed as Exhibit 24 to this 2022 Form 10-K

89