10-Q 1 snh_093017x10qxdocument.htm 10-Q
Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number 1-15319
SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Maryland |  | 04-3445278
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

Two Newton Place, 255 Washington Street, Suite 300, Newton, MA 02458-1634
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
617-796-8350
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ |  | Accelerated filer ☐
Non—accelerated filer ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company ☐
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  |
Emerging growth company ☐ |  |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Number of registrant’s common shares outstanding as of November 8, 2017: 237,630,409

Table of Contents
SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
FORM 10-Q
September 30, 2017
INDEX

|  | Page
PART I | Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets — September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income — Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 | 3
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 4
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 19
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 46
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 48
| Warning Concerning Forward Looking Statements | 49
| Statement Concerning Limited Liability | 53
PART II | Other Information | 54
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 54
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54
Item 5. | Other Information | 54
Item 6. | Exhibits | 55
| Signatures | 57

References in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the Company, we, us or our include Senior Housing Properties Trust and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise expressly stated or the context indicates otherwise.

Table of Contents
PART I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements.
SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(amounts in thousands, except share data)
(unaudited)

|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate properties: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 814,137 |  |  | $ | 803,773 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 7,023,311 |  |  | 6,926,750 |
|  | 7,837,448 |  |  | 7,730,523 |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (1,475,360 | ) |  | (1,328,011 | )
|  | 6,362,088 |  |  | 6,402,512 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 28,870 |  |  | 31,749 |
Restricted cash |  | 14,088 |  |  | 3,829 |
Acquired real estate leases and other intangible assets, net |  | 463,802 |  |  | 514,446 |
Other assets, net |  | 318,893 |  |  | 275,218 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,187,741 |  |  | $ | 7,227,754 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured revolving credit facility |  | $ | 471,000 |  |  | $ | 327,000 |
Unsecured term loans, net |  | 547,253 |  |  | 547,058 |
Senior unsecured notes, net |  | 1,724,936 |  |  | 1,722,758 |
Secured debt and capital leases, net |  | 815,500 |  |  | 1,117,649 |
Accrued interest |  | 32,185 |  |  | 18,471 |
Assumed real estate lease obligations, net |  | 98,498 |  |  | 106,038 |
Other liabilities |  | 210,814 |  |  | 189,375 |
Total liabilities |  | 3,900,186 |  |  | 4,028,349 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |
Common shares of beneficial interest, $.01 par value: 300,000,000 shares authorized, 237,630,409 and 237,544,479 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively |  | 2,376 |  |  | 2,375 |
Additional paid in capital |  | 4,609,029 |  |  | 4,533,456 |
Cumulative net income |  | 1,701,495 |  |  | 1,618,885 |
Cumulative other comprehensive income |  | 66,310 |  |  | 34,549 |
Cumulative distributions |  | (3,267,792 | ) |  | (2,989,860 | )
Total equity attributable to common shareholders |  | 3,111,418 |  |  | 3,199,405 |
Noncontrolling interest: |  |  |  |
Total equity attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 176,137 |  |  | — |
Total equity |  | 3,287,555 |  |  | 3,199,405 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,187,741 |  |  | $ | 7,227,754 |

See accompanying notes.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(amounts in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 168,348 |  |  | $ | 165,503 |  |  | $ | 501,437 |  |  | $ | 490,922 |
Residents fees and services |  | 98,331 |  |  | 98,480 |  |  | 294,816 |  |  | 292,803 |
Total revenues |  | 266,679 |  |  | 263,983 |  |  | 796,253 |  |  | 783,725 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | 104,714 |  |  | 103,347 |  |  | 308,565 |  |  | 298,776 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 66,619 |  |  | 72,344 |  |  | 209,463 |  |  | 214,938 |
General and administrative |  | 19,883 |  |  | 12,107 |  |  | 57,889 |  |  | 34,931 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | 824 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 1,443 |
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | 4,578 |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 16,930 |
Total expenses |  | 191,216 |  |  | 193,200 |  |  | 581,291 |  |  | 567,018 |
Operating income |  | 75,463 |  |  | 70,783 |  |  | 214,962 |  |  | 216,707 |
Dividend income |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | 1,449 |
Interest and other income |  | 128 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 330 |
Interest expense |  | (40,105 | ) |  | (43,438 | ) |  | (124,394 | ) |  | (123,837 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (274 | ) |  | (84 | ) |  | (7,627 | ) |  | (90 | )
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 35,871 |  |  | 28,009 |  |  | 85,242 |  |  | 94,559 |
Income tax expense |  | (109 | ) |  | (119 | ) |  | (300 | ) |  | (318 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | 31 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 533 |  |  | 107 |
Income before gain on sale of properties |  | 35,793 |  |  | 27,903 |  |  | 85,475 |  |  | 94,348 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,061 |
Net income |  | 35,793 |  |  | 27,903 |  |  | 85,475 |  |  | 98,409 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,379 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,865 | ) |  | — |
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 34,414 |  |  | $ | 27,903 |  |  | $ | 82,610 |  |  | $ | 98,409 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on investments in available for sale securities |  | 7,333 |  |  | 16,562 |  |  | 26,383 |  |  | 56,680 |
Amounts reclassified from cumulative other comprehensive income to net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | — |
Equity in unrealized gain of an investee |  | 116 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 175 |
Other comprehensive income |  | 7,449 |  |  | 16,642 |  |  | 31,761 |  |  | 56,855 |
Comprehensive income |  | 43,242 |  |  | 44,545 |  |  | 117,236 |  |  | 155,264 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,379 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,865 | ) |  | — |
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 41,863 |  |  | $ | 44,545 |  |  | $ | 114,371 |  |  | $ | 155,264 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (basic) |  | 237,421 |  |  | 237,347 |  |  | 237,404 |  |  | 237,329 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (diluted) |  | 237,460 |  |  | 237,396 |  |  | 237,445 |  |  | 237,369 |
Per common share amounts (basic and diluted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |

See accompanying notes.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 85,475 |  |  | $ | 98,409 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 209,463 |  |  | 214,938 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums |  | 4,050 |  |  | 4,272 |
Straight line rental income |  | (10,485 | ) |  | (13,598 | )
Amortization of acquired real estate leases and other intangible assets |  | (3,963 | ) |  | (3,795 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | 7,627 |  |  | 90 |
Impairment of assets |  | 5,082 |  |  | 16,930 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | — |  |  | (4,061 | )
Other non-cash adjustments |  | (2,829 | ) |  | (2,828 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | (533 | ) |  | (107 | )
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted cash |  | (10,259 | ) |  | (170 | )
Other assets |  | (390 | ) |  | 2,990 |
Accrued interest |  | 13,714 |  |  | 16,156 |
Other liabilities |  | 27,438 |  |  | 13,170 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 324,390 |  |  | 342,396 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate acquisitions and deposits |  | (34,227 | ) |  | (188,523 | )
Real estate improvements |  | (89,710 | ) |  | (72,455 | )
Proceeds from sale of properties |  | — |  |  | 29,179 |
Net cash used for investing activities |  | (123,937 | ) |  | (231,799 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of senior unsecured notes |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |
Proceeds from borrowings on revolving credit facility |  | 572,000 |  |  | 505,000 |
Proceeds from issuance of secured debt |  | — |  |  | 620,000 |
Repayments of borrowings on revolving credit facility |  | (428,000 | ) |  | (1,065,000 | )
Repayment of other debt |  | (303,964 | ) |  | (127,202 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt settled in cash |  | (5,485 | ) |  | — |
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (6,836 | ) |  | (12,016 | )
Repurchase of common shares |  | (341 | ) |  | (416 | )
Proceeds from noncontrolling interest, net |  | 255,813 |  |  | — |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest |  | (8,587 | ) |  | — |
Distributions to shareholders |  | (277,932 | ) |  | (277,846 | )
Net cash used for financing activities |  | (203,332 | ) |  | (107,480 | )
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (2,879 | ) |  | 3,117 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 31,749 |  |  | 37,656 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 28,870 |  |  | $ | 40,773 |
Supplemental cash flows information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 106,629 |  |  | $ | 103,409 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 363 |

See accompanying notes.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
Note 1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of Senior Housing Properties Trust and its subsidiaries, or we, us, or our, are unaudited. Certain information and disclosures required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, for complete financial statements have been condensed or omitted. We believe the disclosures made are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. However, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, or our Annual Report.
In the opinion of our management, all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All intercompany transactions and balances with or among our consolidated subsidiaries have been eliminated. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates in our condensed consolidated financial statements include purchase price allocations, useful lives of fixed assets and impairment of real estate and intangible assets.
In March 2017, we entered a joint venture with a sovereign investor for one of our properties leased to medical providers, medical related business, clinics and biotech laboratory tenants, or a MOB (two buildings), located in Boston, Massachusetts. We have determined that this joint venture is a variable interest entity, or VIE, as defined under the Consolidation Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC. We concluded that we must consolidate this VIE because we are the entity with the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and we have the obligation to absorb losses of, and the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could be significant to the VIE, and therefore are the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The assets of this VIE were $1,112,959 as of September 30, 2017 and consist primarily of the net real estate owned by the joint venture. The liabilities of this VIE were $721,769 as of September 30, 2017 and consist primarily of the mortgage debts on the property. The sovereign investor's interest in this consolidated entity is reflected as noncontrolling interest in our condensed consolidated financial statements. See Note 7 for further information about this joint venture.
Note 2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
On January 1, 2017, we adopted FASB Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business. This update provides additional guidance on evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of assets or of a business. This update defines three requirements for a set of assets and activities (collectively referred to as a “set”) to be considered a business: inputs, processes and outputs. As a result of the implementation of this update, certain property acquisitions, which under previous guidance were accounted for as business combinations, are now accounted for as acquisitions of assets. In an acquisition of assets, certain acquisition costs are capitalized as opposed to expensed under previous guidance.
On January 1, 2017, we adopted FASB ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which identifies areas for simplification involving several aspects of accounting for share based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, an option to recognize gross stock compensation expense with actual forfeitures recognized as they occur, as well as certain classifications on the statement of cash flows. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-09 did not have a material impact in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue From Contracts With Customers, which outlines a comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. ASU No. 2014-09 states that “an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” While ASU No. 2014-09 specifically references contracts with customers, it may apply to certain other transactions such as the sale of real estate or equipment. In August 2015, the FASB provided for a one-year deferral of the effective date for ASU No. 2014-09, which is now effective for us beginning January 1, 2018. A substantial portion of our revenue consists of rental income from leasing arrangements, including leases with residents at properties leased to our taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, which is specifically excluded from ASU No. 2014-09. We are continuing to evaluate ASU No. 2014-09 (and related clarifying guidance issued by the FASB); however, we do
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
not expect its adoption to have a significant impact on the amount or timing of our revenue recognition in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We currently expect to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective approach.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which changes how entities measure certain equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities measured under the fair value option that are attributable to their own credit. This update is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted subject to certain conditions. Currently, changes in fair value of these investments are recorded through other comprehensive income. ASU No. 2016-01 states that these changes will be recorded through earnings. We are continuing to evaluate this guidance, but we expect the implementation of this guidance will affect how changes in the fair value of available for sale securities we hold are presented in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e., lessees and lessors). ASU No. 2016-02 requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the lessee. This classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right of use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. The new standard requires lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the potential impact the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 will have in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires that entities use a new forward looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowance for credit losses. The measurement of expected credit losses is based upon historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently assessing the potential impact the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 will have in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which clarifies how companies present and classify certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. ASU No. 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The guidance is not expected to have a material impact in our condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which clarifies how companies should present restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. Companies will show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The new standard requires a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captions in the balance sheets. ASU No. 2016-18 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Upon the adoption of ASU No. 2016-18, we will reconcile both cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, whereas under the current guidance we explain the changes during the period for cash and cash equivalents only.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting, which clarifies which changes to the terms or conditions of a share based payment award are subject to the guidance on modification accounting under ASC 718. Entities would apply the modification accounting guidance unless the value, vesting requirements and classification of a share based payment award are the same immediately before and after a change to the terms or conditions of the award. ASU No. 2017-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are continuing to evaluate ASU No. 2017-09; however, we do not expect its adoption to have a material impact in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
Note 3. Real Estate Properties
At September 30, 2017, we owned 435 properties (461 buildings) located in 42 states and Washington, D.C.
Acquisitions:
MOBs:
In January 2017, we acquired one MOB (one building) located in Kansas with approximately 117,000 square feet for a purchase price of approximately $15,106, including closing costs of $35.
In July 2017, we acquired one MOB (one building) located in Maryland with approximately 59,000 square feet for a purchase price of approximately $16,601, including closing costs of $383.
We funded these asset acquisitions using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The allocations of the purchase prices for these acquisitions are as follows:

Date |  | Location |  | Number of Properties |  | Number of Buildings |  | Square Feet (000’s) |  | Cash Paid plus Assumed Debt (1) |  | Land |  | Building and Improvements |  | Acquired Real Estate Leases (2)
1/17/2017 |  | Kansas |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 117 |  |  | $ | 15,106 |  |  | $ | 1,522 |  |  | $ | 7,246 |  |  | $ | 6,338 |
7/12/2017 |  | Maryland |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 59 |  |  | 16,601 |  |  | 6,138 |  |  | 6,526 |  |  | 3,937 |
|  |  |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | 176 |  |  | $ | 31,707 |  |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  | $ | 13,772 |  |  | $ | 10,275 |

(1) | Amount includes the cash we paid and various closing settlement adjustments, as well as closing costs.

(2) | The weighted average amortization periods for acquired real estate leases at the time of these acquisitions was 7.8 years.

In October 2017, we acquired two MOBs (two buildings) located in Minnesota and North Carolina with a total of approximately 255,000 square feet for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $38,650, excluding closing costs.
In August and October 2017, we entered agreements to acquire two MOBs (two buildings) located in California and Kansas with a total of approximately 302,000 square feet for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $71,100, excluding closing costs. These acquisitions are subject to conditions; accordingly, we may not acquire these properties, these acquisitions may be delayed or the terms may change.
In November 2017, we entered a transaction agreement with Five Star Senior Living Inc., or Five Star, pursuant to which we agreed to acquire six senior living communities from Five Star. The aggregate purchase price for these six senior living communities is approximately $104,000, including our assumption of $33,696 of mortgage debt securing certain of these senior living communities with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.2% and excluding closing costs. The closings of these acquisitions are expected to occur as third party approvals are received between now and the end of the first quarter of 2018. These acquisitions are subject to conditions; accordingly, we may not acquire these senior living communities, these acquisitions may be delayed or the terms may change. See Note 10 for further information regarding this transaction.
Impairment and Held for Sale:
We periodically evaluate our assets for impairments. Impairment indicators may include declining tenant or resident occupancy, weak or declining profitability from the property, decreasing tenant cash flows or liquidity, our decision to dispose of an asset before the end of its estimated useful life, and legislative, market or industry changes that could permanently reduce the value of an asset. If indicators of impairment are present, we evaluate the carrying value of the affected asset by comparing it to the expected future undiscounted net cash flows to be generated from that asset. If the sum of these expected future net cash flows is less than the carrying value, we reduce the net carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value. We did not record any impairment charges for our real estate properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. See Note 4 for further information regarding other than temporary impairment losses recorded in 2017 on our investments in available for sale securities.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
Note 4. Investments in Available for Sale Securities
At September 30, 2017, we owned 2,637,408 shares of class A common stock of The RMR Group Inc., or RMR Inc. We classify these shares as available for sale securities and carry them at fair value in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of shareholders’ equity. Our historical cost basis for these shares is $69,826. At September 30, 2017, our investment in RMR Inc. had a fair value of $135,431, resulting in a cumulative unrealized gain of $65,605 based on RMR Inc.’s quoted share price on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or the Nasdaq, at September 30, 2017 ($51.35 per share).
At September 30, 2017, we owned 4,235,000 common shares of Five Star. We classify these shares as available for sale securities and carry them at fair value in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of shareholders’ equity. In performing our periodic evaluation of other than temporary impairment on our investment in Five Star for the second quarter of 2017, we determined that, based upon the length of time and the extent to which the market value of our Five Star investment was below the carrying value of our Five Star investment, the decline in fair value should be deemed to be other than temporary at June 30, 2017. Accordingly, we recorded a loss on impairment of $5,082 to reduce the carrying value of our Five Star investment to its estimated fair value during the second quarter of 2017. We determined the fair value using the closing price of Five Star's common shares on the Nasdaq on June 30, 2017 ($1.50 per share). At September 30, 2017, our Five Star investment had an adjusted cost basis of $6,353 and a fair value of $6,564, resulting in a cumulative unrealized gain of $211 based on Five Star's per share market price at September 30, 2017 ($1.55 per share).
See Notes 6 and 12 for further information regarding our investments in available for sale securities.
Note 5. Indebtedness
Our principal debt obligations at September 30, 2017 were: (1) outstanding borrowings under our $1,000,000 unsecured revolving credit facility; (2) six public issuances of senior unsecured notes, including: (a) $400,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 3.25% due 2019, (b) $200,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.75% due 2020, (c) $300,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.75% due 2021, (d) $250,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 4.75% due 2024, (e) $350,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 5.625% due 2042 and (f) $250,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.25% due 2046; (3) our $350,000 principal amount unsecured term loan due 2020; (4) our $200,000 principal amount unsecured term loan due 2022; and (5) $806,418 aggregate principal amount of mortgages (excluding premiums, discounts and net debt issuance costs) secured by 24 of our properties (25 buildings) with maturity dates between 2018 and 2043. The 24 mortgaged properties (25 buildings) had a carrying value (before accumulated depreciation) of $1,232,275 at September 30, 2017. We also had two properties subject to capital leases with lease obligations totaling $10,892 at September 30, 2017; these two properties had a carrying value (before accumulated depreciation) of $36,234 at September 30, 2017, and the capital leases expire in 2026.
In April 2017, we prepaid a mortgage note secured by 17 of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $277,837 plus an aggregate premium of $5,449 plus accrued interest, a maturity date in September 2019 and an annual interest rate of 6.71%. In May 2017, we prepaid, at par plus accrued interest, a mortgage note secured by one of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $10,579, a maturity date in August 2017 and an annual interest rate of 6.15%. In June 2017, we prepaid, at par plus accrued interest, a mortgage note secured by one of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $8,807, a maturity date in August 2037 and an annual interest rate of 5.95%. We recorded loss on early extinguishment of debt of $7,353 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 related to these prepayments.
We have a $1,000,000 revolving credit facility that is available for general business purposes, including acquisitions. Our revolving credit facility provides that we can borrow, repay and re-borrow funds available under our revolving credit facility until maturity, and no principal repayment is due until maturity. In August 2017, we amended the agreement governing our revolving credit facility. As a result of the amendment, the interest rate payable on borrowings under the facility was reduced from LIBOR plus a premium of 130 basis points per annum to LIBOR plus a premium of 120 basis points per annum, and the facility fee was reduced from 30 basis points per annum to 25 basis points per annum on the total amount of lending commitments under the facility. The interest rate premium and facility fee are each subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. Also as a result of the amendment, the stated maturity date of the facility was extended from January 15, 2018 to January 15, 2022, and, subject to the payment of an extension fee and meeting other conditions, we have the option to extend the maturity date of the facility for an additional year. The facility also includes a feature pursuant to which in certain circumstances maximum borrowings
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
under the facility may be increased to up to $2,000,000. In connection with this amendment, in August 2017 we recorded loss on early extinguishment of debt of $149 to write off unamortized debt issuance costs.
As of September 30, 2017, the annual interest rate payable on borrowings under our revolving credit facility was 2.4%. The weighted average annual interest rates for borrowings under our revolving credit facility were 2.5% and 1.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and 2.3% and 1.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, we had $471,000 outstanding and $529,000 available for borrowing, and as of November 8, 2017, we had $485,000 outstanding and $515,000 available for borrowing under our revolving credit facility. We incurred interest expense and other associated costs related to our revolving credit facility of $3,512 and $2,024 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $8,538 and $9,159 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Our $350,000 term loan matures in January 2020, and is prepayable without penalty at any time. This term loan requires annual interest to be paid at the rate of LIBOR plus a premium of 140 basis points that is subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. At September 30, 2017, the annual interest rate payable on amounts outstanding under this term loan was 2.6%. The weighted average annual interest rate for amounts outstanding under this term loan was 2.6% and 1.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and 2.4% and 1.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We incurred interest expense and other associated costs related to this term loan of $2,363 and $1,707 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $6,419 and $4,956 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This term loan includes an accordion feature under which maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $700,000 in certain circumstances.
Our $200,000 term loan matures in September 2022, and is prepayable without penalty at any time beginning in September 2017. At September 30, 2017, the annual interest rate payable on amounts outstanding under this term loan was 2.6%. The weighted average annual interest rate for amounts outstanding under this term loan was 2.7% and 2.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and 2.7% and 2.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We incurred interest expense and other associated costs related to this term loan of $1,404 and $1,173 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $4,129 and $3,433 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This term loan includes an accordion feature under which maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $400,000 in certain circumstances. In August 2017, we amended the agreement governing this term loan. As a result of the amendment, the interest rate payable was reduced from LIBOR plus a premium of 180 basis points per annum to LIBOR plus a premium of 135 basis points per annum, subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. In connection with this amendment, in August 2017 we recorded loss on early extinguishment of debt of $125 to write off unamortized debt issuance costs.
Our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements provide for acceleration of payment of all amounts due thereunder upon the occurrence and continuation of certain events of default, such as, in the case of our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements, a change of control of us, as defined, which includes The RMR Group LLC, or RMR LLC, ceasing to act as our business and property manager. Our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements also contain a number of covenants, including covenants that restrict our ability to incur debts, and generally require us to maintain certain financial ratios, and our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements restrict our ability to make distributions under certain circumstances. We believe we were in compliance with the terms and conditions of the respective covenants under our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements at September 30, 2017.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
Note 6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
The table below presents certain of our assets measured at fair value at September 30, 2017, categorized by the level of inputs as defined in the fair value hierarchy under GAAP, used in the valuation of each asset:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Significant
|  | Total as of |  | Quoted Prices in Active |  | Significant Other |  | Unobservable
|  | September 30, |  | Markets for Identical |  | Observable Inputs |  | Inputs
Description |  | 2017 |  | Assets (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Recurring Fair Value Measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in available for sale securities (1) |  | $ | 141,995 |  |  | $ | 141,995 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1) | Our investments in available for sale securities include our 2,637,408 shares of RMR Inc. class A common stock and our 4,235,000 Five Star common shares. The fair values of these shares are based upon quoted prices at September 30, 2017 in active markets (Level 1 inputs). See Notes 4 and 12 for further information on our investments in available for sale securities.

In addition to the assets described in the table above, our financial instruments at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 included cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, other assets, our revolving credit facility, term loans, senior unsecured notes, secured debt and capital leases and other unsecured obligations and liabilities. The fair values of these financial instruments approximated their carrying values in our condensed consolidated financial statements as of such dates, except as follows:

|  | As of September 30, 2017 |  | As of December 31, 2016
Description |  | Carrying Amount (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value
Senior unsecured notes |  | $ | 1,724,936 |  |  | $ | 1,823,535 |  |  | $ | 1,722,758 |  |  | $ | 1,755,715 |
Secured debt (2) |  | 804,608 |  |  | 782,175 |  |  | 1,106,183 |  |  | 1,090,515 |
|  | $ | 2,529,544 |  |  | $ | 2,605,710 |  |  | $ | 2,828,941 |  |  | $ | 2,846,230 |

(1) | Includes unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts.

(2) | We assumed certain of these secured debts in connection with our acquisitions of certain properties. We recorded the assumed mortgage debts at estimated fair value on the date of acquisition and we are amortizing the fair value adjustments, if any, to interest expense over the respective terms of the mortgage debts to adjust interest expense to the estimated market interest rates as of the date of acquisition.

We estimated the fair value of our two issuances of senior unsecured notes due 2042 and 2046 based on the closing price on the Nasdaq (a Level 1 input) as of September 30, 2017. We estimated the fair values of our four issuances of senior unsecured notes due 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2024 using an average of the bid and ask price on or about September 30, 2017 (Level 2 inputs as defined in the fair value hierarchy under GAAP). We estimated the fair values of our secured debts by using discounted cash flows analyses and currently prevailing market terms as of the measurement date (Level 3 inputs as defined in the fair value hierarchy under GAAP). Because Level 3 inputs are unobservable, our estimated fair value may differ materially from the actual fair value.
Note 7. Noncontrolling Interest
In March 2017, we entered a joint venture with a sovereign investor for one of our MOBs (two buildings) located in Boston, Massachusetts. The investor contributed approximately $260,891 for a 45% equity interest in the joint venture, and we retained the remaining 55% equity interest in the joint venture. Net proceeds from this transaction were approximately $255,813, after transaction costs. We continue to effectively control this property and therefore continue to account for this property on a consolidated basis in our condensed consolidated financial statements under the VIE model.
This transaction was considered a partial sale of real estate that did not result in profit recognition under the full accrual method due to our continuing involvement in the entity. We recognized a noncontrolling interest in our condensed consolidated balance sheets of approximately $181,859 as of completion of the transaction, which was equal to 45% of the aggregate carrying value of the total equity of the property immediately prior to the transaction. The difference between the net proceeds received from this transaction and the noncontrolling interest recognized, which was approximately $73,954, has been reflected as an increase in additional paid in capital in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The portion of the joint venture's net income and
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
comprehensive income not attributable to us, or $1,379 and $2,865 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, is reported as noncontrolling interest in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. We made aggregate cash distributions to our joint venture partner of $5,105 and $8,587 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, which are reflected as a decrease in total equity attributable to noncontrolling interest in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2017, this joint venture held real estate assets with an aggregate net book value of $989,432, subject to mortgage debts of $620,000.
In assessing whether we have a controlling interest in this joint venture arrangement and the requirement to consolidate the accounts of the joint venture entity, we considered the members' rights to residual gains and obligation to absorb losses, which activities most significantly impact the economic performance of the entity and which member has the power to direct those activities.
Note 8. Shareholders’ Equity
Share Issuances and Repurchases:
On May 18, 2017, we granted 3,000 of our common shares, valued at $21.25 per share, the closing price of our common shares on the Nasdaq on that day, to each of our five Trustees as part of their annual compensation.
On June 30, 2017, we purchased 516 of our common shares, valued at $20.44 per share, the closing price of our common shares on the Nasdaq on that day, from former employees of RMR LLC in satisfaction of tax withholding and payment obligations in connection with vesting of awards of our common shares.
On September 14, 2017, we granted an aggregate of 88,100 of our common shares to our officers and certain other employees of RMR LLC, valued at $19.78 per share, the closing price of our common shares on the Nasdaq on that day.
On September 19, 2017, we purchased an aggregate of 16,654 of our common shares, valued at $19.85 per share, the closing price of our common shares on the Nasdaq on that day, from certain employees of RMR LLC, in satisfaction of tax withholding and payment obligations in connection with the vesting of awards of our common shares.
Distributions:
On February 21, 2017, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92,642, that was declared on January 13, 2017 and was payable to shareholders of record on January 23, 2017. On May 18, 2017, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92,642, that was declared on April 11, 2017 and was payable to shareholders of record on April 21, 2017. On August 17, 2017, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92,648, that was declared on July 12, 2017 and was payable to shareholders of record on July 24, 2017. On October 12, 2017, we declared a regular quarterly distribution payable to common shareholders of record on October 23, 2017 of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92,676. We expect to pay this distribution on or about November 16, 2017.
Note 9. Segment Reporting
As of September 30, 2017, we have four operating segments, of which three are separate reporting segments. We aggregate our triple net leased senior living communities, our managed senior living communities and our MOBs into three reporting segments, based on their similar operating and economic characteristics. The first reporting segment includes triple net leased senior living communities that provide short term and long term residential care and other services for residents and with respect to which we receive rents from the operators. The second reporting segment includes managed senior living communities that provide short term and long term residential care and other services for residents where we pay fees to the operator to manage the communities for our account. The third reporting segment includes MOBs where the tenants pay us rent. Our fourth segment includes all of our other operations, including certain properties that offer wellness, fitness and spa services to members and with respect to which we receive rents from operators, which we do not consider to be sufficiently material to constitute a separate reporting segment.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)

|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
|  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 67,662 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 96,116 |  |  | $ | 4,570 |  |  | $ | 168,348 |
Residents fees and services |  | — |  |  | 98,331 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,331 |
Total revenues |  | 67,662 |  |  | 98,331 |  |  | 96,116 |  |  | 4,570 |  |  | 266,679 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | — |  |  | 75,556 |  |  | 29,158 |  |  | — |  |  | 104,714 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 20,629 |  |  | 12,691 |  |  | 32,351 |  |  | 948 |  |  | 66,619 |
General and administrative |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,883 |  |  | 19,883 |
Total expenses |  | 20,629 |  |  | 88,247 |  |  | 61,509 |  |  | 20,831 |  |  | 191,216 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 47,033 |  |  | 10,084 |  |  | 34,607 |  |  | (16,261 | ) |  | 75,463 |
Dividend income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |
Interest and other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |  |  | 128 |
Interest expense |  | (655 | ) |  | (1,172 | ) |  | (6,172 | ) |  | (32,106 | ) |  | (40,105 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (274 | ) |  | (274 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 46,378 |  |  | 8,912 |  |  | 28,435 |  |  | (47,854 | ) |  | 35,871 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (109 | ) |  | (109 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 31 |
Net income (loss) |  | 46,378 |  |  | 8,912 |  |  | 28,435 |  |  | (47,932 | ) |  | 35,793 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,379 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,379 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 46,378 |  |  | $ | 8,912 |  |  | $ | 27,056 |  |  | $ | (47,932 | ) |  | $ | 34,414 |
|  | As of September 30, 2017
|  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Total assets |  | $ | 2,270,952 |  |  | $ | 1,241,190 |  |  | $ | 3,290,138 |  |  | $ | 385,461 |  |  | $ | 7,187,741 |

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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)

|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
|  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 66,520 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 94,404 |  |  | $ | 4,579 |  |  | $ | 165,503 |
Residents fees and services |  | — |  |  | 98,480 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,480 |
Total revenues |  | 66,520 |  |  | 98,480 |  |  | 94,404 |  |  | 4,579 |  |  | 263,983 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | 47 |  |  | 74,763 |  |  | 28,537 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,347 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 19,727 |  |  | 20,747 |  |  | 30,922 |  |  | 948 |  |  | 72,344 |
General and administrative |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,107 |  |  | 12,107 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 824 |  |  | 824 |
Impairment of assets |  | 2,191 |  |  | 2,394 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | 4,578 |
Total expenses |  | 21,965 |  |  | 97,904 |  |  | 59,452 |  |  | 13,879 |  |  | 193,200 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 44,555 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 34,952 |  |  | (9,300 | ) |  | 70,783 |
Dividend income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |
Interest and other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | 89 |
Interest expense |  | (6,228 | ) |  | (2,104 | ) |  | (5,599 | ) |  | (29,507 | ) |  | (43,438 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (84 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (84 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 38,327 |  |  | (1,612 | ) |  | 29,353 |  |  | (38,059 | ) |  | 28,009 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (119 | ) |  | (119 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 38,327 |  |  | $ | (1,612 | ) |  | $ | 29,353 |  |  | $ | (38,165 | ) |  | $ | 27,903 |
|  | As of December 31, 2016
|  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Total assets |  | $ | 2,289,045 |  |  | $ | 1,260,032 |  |  | $ | 3,333,141 |  |  | $ | 345,536 |  |  | $ | 7,227,754 |

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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)

|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
|  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 202,340 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 285,413 |  |  | $ | 13,684 |  |  | $ | 501,437 |
Residents fees and services |  | — |  |  | 294,816 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 294,816 |
Total revenues |  | 202,340 |  |  | 294,816 |  |  | 285,413 |  |  | 13,684 |  |  | 796,253 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | — |  |  | 224,585 |  |  | 83,980 |  |  | — |  |  | 308,565 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 61,434 |  |  | 49,295 |  |  | 95,890 |  |  | 2,844 |  |  | 209,463 |
General and administrative |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,889 |  |  | 57,889 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 292 |  |  | 292 |
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 5,082 |
Total expenses |  | 61,434 |  |  | 273,880 |  |  | 179,870 |  |  | 66,107 |  |  | 581,291 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 140,906 |  |  | 20,936 |  |  | 105,543 |  |  | (52,423 | ) |  | 214,962 |
Dividend income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | 1,978 |
Interest and other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 323 |  |  | 323 |
Interest expense |  | (8,205 | ) |  | (3,523 | ) |  | (18,742 | ) |  | (93,924 | ) |  | (124,394 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (7,294 | ) |  | — |  |  | (59 | ) |  | (274 | ) |  | (7,627 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 125,407 |  |  | 17,413 |  |  | 86,742 |  |  | (144,320 | ) |  | 85,242 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (300 | ) |  | (300 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 533 |  |  | 533 |
Net income (loss) |  | 125,407 |  |  | 17,413 |  |  | 86,742 |  |  | (144,087 | ) |  | 85,475 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,865 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,865 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 125,407 |  |  | $ | 17,413 |  |  | $ | 83,877 |  |  | $ | (144,087 | ) |  | $ | 82,610 |
|  | As of September 30, 2017
|  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Total assets |  | $ | 2,270,952 |  |  | $ | 1,241,190 |  |  | $ | 3,290,138 |  |  | $ | 385,461 |  |  | $ | 7,187,741 |

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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)

|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
|  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 198,269 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 278,964 |  |  | $ | 13,689 |  |  | $ | 490,922 |
Residents fees and services |  | — |  |  | 292,803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 292,803 |
Total revenues |  | 198,269 |  |  | 292,803 |  |  | 278,964 |  |  | 13,689 |  |  | 783,725 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | 833 |  |  | 218,582 |  |  | 79,361 |  |  | — |  |  | 298,776 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 58,401 |  |  | 60,905 |  |  | 92,788 |  |  | 2,844 |  |  | 214,938 |
General and administrative |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,931 |  |  | 34,931 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,443 |  |  | 1,443 |
Impairment of assets |  | 6,583 |  |  | 2,394 |  |  | 7,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,930 |
Total expenses |  | 65,817 |  |  | 281,881 |  |  | 180,102 |  |  | 39,218 |  |  | 567,018 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 132,452 |  |  | 10,922 |  |  | 98,862 |  |  | (25,529 | ) |  | 216,707 |
Dividend income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,449 |  |  | 1,449 |
Interest and other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 330 |  |  | 330 |
Interest expense |  | (18,892 | ) |  | (7,332 | ) |  | (7,398 | ) |  | (90,215 | ) |  | (123,837 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (90 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (90 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 113,560 |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | 91,464 |  |  | (113,965 | ) |  | 94,559 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (318 | ) |  | (318 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107 |  |  | 107 |
Income (loss) from before gain on sale of properties |  | 113,560 |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | 91,464 |  |  | (114,176 | ) |  | 94,348 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | 4,061 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,061 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 117,621 |  |  | $ | 3,500 |  |  | $ | 91,464 |  |  | $ | (114,176 | ) |  | $ | 98,409 |
|  | As of December 31, 2016
|  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Total assets |  | $ | 2,289,045 |  |  | $ | 1,260,032 |  |  | $ | 3,333,141 |  |  | $ | 345,536 |  |  | $ | 7,227,754 |

Note 10. Leases and Management Agreements with Five Star
Our Senior Living Communities Leased by Five Star. We are Five Star’s largest landlord and Five Star is our largest tenant. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, we leased 185 and 183 senior living communities to Five Star, respectively. We lease senior living communities to Five Star pursuant to five leases with Five Star. We recognized total rental income from Five Star of $51,333, and $50,417 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $153,441 and $146,758 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts exclude percentage rent payments we received from Five Star of $1,353 and $1,367 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $4,190 and $4,228 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We determine actual percentage rent due under our Five Star leases annually and recognize any resulting amount as rental income at year end when all contingencies are met. As of September 30,
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
2017 and December 31, 2016, we had rents receivable from Five Star of $17,120 and $18,320, respectively, which amounts are included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Rental income from Five Star represented 19.2% and 19.3% of our total revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and the properties Five Star leases from us represented 27.5% of our total gross book value of real estate assets as of September 30, 2017.
Pursuant to the terms of our leases with Five Star, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we funded $30,698 and $15,306, respectively, of improvements to communities leased to Five Star. As a result, the annual rent payable to us by Five Star increased by approximately $2,464 and $1,228, respectively. During the quarter ended June 30, 2017, we and Five Star agreed to amend the applicable lease for certain construction, expansion and development projects at two senior living communities we own and lease to Five Star. If and when Five Star requests that we purchase improvements related to these specific projects from them, Five Star’s annual rent payable to us will increase by an amount equal to the interest rate then applicable to our borrowings under our revolving credit facility plus 2% per annum of the amount we purchased. This amount of increased rent will apply until 12 months after a certificate of occupancy is issued with respect to the project; thereafter, Five Star’s annual rent payable to us will be revised to equal the amount determined pursuant to the capital improvement formula specified in the applicable lease.
In August 2017, we acquired a land parcel from Five Star adjacent to a senior living community located in Delaware that we lease to Five Star for $750, excluding closing costs. This land parcel was added to the applicable lease and Five Star’s annual minimum rent payable to us increased by $33 in accordance with the terms of that lease.
In June 2016, we acquired seven senior living communities from Five Star for an aggregate purchase price of $112,350, and we simultaneously leased these communities back to Five Star under a new long term lease agreement.
Our Senior Living Communities Managed by Five Star. Five Star managed 68 and 63 senior living communities for our account as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We lease our senior living communities that are managed by Five Star and include assisted living units or skilled nursing facility, or SNF, units to our TRSs and Five Star manages these communities pursuant to long term management agreements. We incurred management fees payable to Five Star of $3,414 and $3,070 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $10,531 and $8,689 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts are included in property operating expenses or have been capitalized, as appropriate, in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In addition to management services to us, Five Star also provides certain other services to residents at some of the senior living communities it manages for us, such as rehabilitation services. At senior living communities Five Star manages for us where Five Star provides rehabilitation services on an outpatient basis, the residents, third party payers or government programs pay Five Star for those rehabilitation services. At senior living communities Five Star manages for us where Five Star provides both inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation services, we generally pay Five Star for these services and charges for these services are included in amounts charged to residents, third party payers or government programs. We incurred fees of $1,884 and $1,866 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $5,713 and $5,755 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for rehabilitation services Five Star provided at senior living communities it manages for us and that are payable by us; we include these amounts in property operating expenses in our condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
In November 2017, we entered a transaction agreement with Five Star pursuant to which we agreed to acquire six senior living communities from Five Star. We will enter management and pooling agreements with Five Star as we acquire these communities for Five Star to manage these senior living communities for us. The aggregate purchase price for these six senior living communities is approximately $104,000, including our assumption of approximately $33,696 of mortgage debt securing certain of these senior living communities and excluding closing costs. These acquisitions are subject to conditions, including our assumption of certain applicable mortgage debt and receipt of any applicable regulatory approvals. We expect to complete these acquisitions as third party approvals are received between now and the end of the first quarter of 2018; however, the conditions to our acquisitions of these senior living communities may not be met and some or all of these acquisitions and related management and pooling arrangements may not occur, may be delayed or the terms may change.
The management agreements we and Five Star will enter in connection with our acquisitions of these senior living communities will be combined pursuant to two new pooling agreements to be entered between us and Five Star. The first new pooling agreement will combine the management agreements for five of these senior living communities. Pursuant to the terms of the management and pooling agreements to be entered for these five senior living communities, we will pay Five Star a
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
management fee equal to 5% of the gross revenues realized at these communities plus reimbursement for Five Star’s direct costs and expenses related to its operation of these communities, as well as an annual incentive fee equal to 20% of the annual net operating income of such communities remaining after we realize an annual minimum return equal to 7% of our invested capital for these senior living communities. The second new pooling agreement will include one management agreement for a senior living community that is subject to an ongoing construction, expansion and development project. The terms of the management and pooling agreements to be entered for this senior living community will be substantially the same as the terms of the management and pooling agreements for the other five senior living communities, except that our annual minimum return on invested capital related to the ongoing, construction and development project at this community will be an amount equal to the interest rate then applicable to borrowings under our revolving credit facility plus 2% per annum. This amount of minimum return will apply until the earlier of 12 months after a certificate of occupancy is issued with respect to the project and the third anniversary of our acquisition of this community; thereafter, the amount of annual minimum return on invested capital related to this project will be 7% of our invested capital. Also pursuant to the terms of the management and pooling agreements to be entered for these six senior living communities, we will pay Five Star a fee for its management of capital expenditure projects at these senior living communities equal to 3% of amounts funded by us. The terms of these management and pooling agreements will expire in 2041 and will be subject to automatic renewals, unless earlier terminated or timely notices of nonrenewal are delivered.
Also in November 2017, we amended our preexisting pooling agreements with Five Star, among other things, to provide that, with respect to our right to terminate all of the management agreements covered by a preexisting pooling agreement if we do not receive our annual minimum return under such agreement in each of three consecutive years, the commencement year for the measurement period for determining whether the specified annual minimum return under the applicable pooling agreement has been achieved will be 2017.
During the quarter ended June 30, 2017, we and Five Star agreed to amend the applicable management and pooling agreements for a construction, expansion and development project at a senior living community that we own and that is managed by Five Star. Our minimum return on invested capital for this specific project will increase by an amount equal to the interest rate then applicable to our borrowings under our revolving credit facility plus 2% per annum. This amount of increased minimum return will apply until 12 months after a certificate of occupancy is issued with respect to the project; thereafter, the amount of annual minimum return on invested capital will be revised to equal the amount determined pursuant to the applicable management and pooling agreements. We and Five Star also agreed that the commencement of the measurement period for determining whether the specified annual minimum return under the applicable management and pooling agreements has been achieved will be deferred until 12 months after a certificate of occupancy is issued with respect to the project.
Simultaneously with the June 2016 sale and leaseback transaction, we and Five Star terminated three of our four then existing pooling agreements and entered 10 new pooling agreements that combine our management agreements with Five Star for senior living communities that include assisted living units or SNF units. Pursuant to these management agreements and the pooling agreements, Five Star receives management fees equal to either 3% or 5% of the gross revenues realized at the applicable communities, reimbursement for its direct costs and expenses related to such communities, annual incentive fees if certain operating results at those communities are achieved and fees for its supervision of capital expenditure projects at those communities equal to 3% of amounts funded by us.
Under the pooling agreements, the calculations of Five Star's fees and of our annual minimum returns related to management agreements that include assisted living units that became effective before May 2015 and had been pooled under one of the previously existing pooling agreements are generally the same as they were under the previously existing pooling agreements. However, for certain communities, the pooling agreements reduced our annual minimum returns, and, with respect to 10 communities, reset the annual minimum returns we receive before Five Star is paid incentive fees to specified amounts. For those management agreements that include assisted living units that became effective from and after May 2015, the pooling agreements increased the management fees Five Star receives from 3% to 5% of the gross revenues realized at the applicable communities, and changed the potential annual incentive fees from 35% to 20% of the annual net operating income, or NOI, of the applicable communities remaining after we realize our requisite annual minimum returns.
Note 11. Business and Property Management Agreements with RMR LLC
We have no employees. The personnel and various services we require to operate our business are provided to us by RMR LLC. We have two agreements with RMR LLC to provide management services to us: (1) a business management agreement, which relates to our business generally; and (2) a property management agreement, which relates to the property level operations of our MOBs. We also have a subsidiary level management agreement with RMR LLC related to one of our MOBs located in Boston, Massachusetts, which we entered in connection with the joint venture arrangement for that MOB. Under that agreement,
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
our subsidiary pays RMR LLC certain business management fees directly, which fees are credited against the business management fees payable by us to RMR LLC.
Pursuant to our business management agreement with RMR LLC, we recognized net business management fees of $17,744 and $9,609 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $50,956 and $27,199 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The business management fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 also include $725 and $1,512, respectively, of management fees related to our subsidiary level management agreement with RMR LLC entered in connection with our joint venture arrangement. The business management fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 included estimated annual incentive fees for 2017 of $8,022 and $22,048, respectively, based on our common share total return, as defined, as of September 30, 2017. Although we recognized estimated incentive fees in accordance with GAAP, the actual amount of annual incentive fees payable to RMR LLC for 2017, if any, will be based on our common share total return, as defined, for the three year period ending December 31, 2017, and will be payable in 2018. The net business management fees we recognized for the 2017 and 2016 periods are included in general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Pursuant to our property management agreement with RMR LLC, we recognized aggregate net property management and construction supervision fees of $2,736 and $2,961 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $8,034 and $8,193 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts are included in property operating expenses or have been capitalized, as appropriate, in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
We are generally responsible for all of our operating expenses, including certain expenses incurred by RMR LLC on our behalf. Our property level operating expenses, including certain payroll and related costs incurred by RMR LLC, are generally incorporated into rents charged to our tenants. We reimbursed RMR LLC $2,353 and $2,482 for property management related expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $7,116 and $6,781 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which amounts are included in property operating expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. In addition, we are responsible for our share of RMR LLC's costs for providing our internal audit function. The amounts recognized as expense for internal audit costs were $72 and $34 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $206 and $168 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which amounts are included in general and administrative expense in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Note 12. Related Person Transactions
We have relationships and historical and continuing transactions with Five Star, RMR LLC, RMR Inc., Affiliates Insurance Company, or AIC, and others related to them, including other companies to which RMR LLC provides management services and which have trustees, directors and officers who are also our Trustees or officers.
Five Star. We are currently one of Five Star’s largest stockholders. As of September 30, 2017, we owned 4,235,000 of Five Star’s common shares, or approximately 8.5% of Five Star’s outstanding common shares. Five Star is our largest tenant and the manager of our managed senior living communities. As of September 30, 2017, our Managing Trustees, the controlling shareholders of RMR LLC's parent, beneficially owned, directly and indirectly, 36.7% of Five Star's outstanding common shares. RMR LLC provides management services to both us and Five Star. See Note 10 for further information regarding our relationships, agreements and transactions with Five Star and Note 4 for further information regarding our investment in Five Star.
Our Manager, RMR LLC. See Note 11 for further information regarding our management agreements with RMR LLC.
We have historically granted share awards to certain RMR LLC employees under our equity compensation plans. In September 2017 and 2016, we granted annual share awards of 88,100 and 79,650 of our common shares, respectively, to our officers and certain other employees of RMR LLC. In September 2017 and 2016, we purchased 16,654 and 17,667 of our common shares, respectively, at the closing price of our common shares on the Nasdaq on the date of purchase, from certain employees of RMR LLC in satisfaction of tax withholding and payment obligations in connection with the vesting of awards of our common shares. We include the amounts recognized as expense for share awards to RMR LLC employees in general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
RMR Inc. RMR LLC is a subsidiary of RMR Inc. and RMR Inc. is the managing member of RMR LLC. The controlling shareholder of RMR Inc., ABP Trust, is owned by our Managing Trustees. As of September 30, 2017, we owned 2,637,408 shares of class A common stock of RMR Inc. See Note 4 for further information regarding our investment in RMR Inc.
AIC. We, ABP Trust, Five Star and four other companies to which RMR LLC provides management services currently own AIC, an Indiana insurance company, in equal amounts. We and the other AIC shareholders participate in a combined property insurance program arranged and reinsured in part by AIC; we also have a one year standalone insurance policy that provides coverage for our MOB (two buildings) located in Boston, Massachusetts that is owned in our joint venture arrangement, which we obtained as a part of this insurance program. We (including our consolidated joint venture) currently expect to pay aggregate annual premiums, including taxes and fees, of approximately $2,433 in connection with this insurance program for the policy year ending June 30, 2018, which amount may be adjusted from time to time as we acquire and dispose of properties that are included in this insurance program.
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our investment in AIC had a carrying value of $7,945 and $7,116, respectively. These amounts are included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We recognized income related to our investment in AIC, which amounts are presented as equity in earnings of an investee in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Our other comprehensive income includes our proportionate part of unrealized gains (losses) on securities which are owned and held for sale by AIC.
For further information about these and certain other related person relationships and transactions, please refer to our Annual Report.
Note 13. Income Taxes
We have elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and as such, are generally not subject to federal and most state income taxation on our operating income provided we distribute our taxable income to our shareholders and meet certain organization and operating requirements. We do, however, lease certain managed senior living communities to our wholly owned TRSs that, unlike most of our subsidiaries, file a separate consolidated federal corporate income tax return and are subject to federal and state income taxes. Our consolidated income tax provision includes the income tax provision related to the operations of our TRSs and certain state income taxes we incur despite our taxation as a REIT. During the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized income tax expense of $109 and $119, respectively, and during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized income tax expense of $300 and $318, respectively.
Note 14. Weighted Average Common Shares
The following table provides a reconciliation of the weighted average number of common shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Weighted average common shares for basic earnings per share |  | 237,421 |  |  | 237,347 |  |  | 237,404 |  |  | 237,329 |
Effect of dilutive securities: unvested share awards |  | 39 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 40 |
Weighted average common shares for diluted earnings per share |  | 237,460 |  |  | 237,396 |  |  | 237,445 |  |  | 237,369 |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our Annual Report.
We are a REIT organized under Maryland law. At September 30, 2017, we owned 435 properties (461 buildings) located in 42 states and Washington, D.C. At September 30, 2017, the undepreciated carrying value of our real estate assets was $8.5 billion. For the three months ended September 30, 2017, 97% of our NOI came from properties where a majority of the revenues are paid from our residents’ and tenants’ private resources.
PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW
The following tables present an overview of our portfolio (dollars in thousands, except investment per unit or square foot data):

|  |  |  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Investment per |  |  | % of |  |  | % of
|  | Number of |  | Units or |  |  |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Total |  | Unit or |  | Q3 2017 | Q3 2017 |  | Q3 2017 | Q3 2017
(As of September 30, 2017) |  | Properties |  | Square Feet |  |  |  | of Investment (1) |  | Investment |  | Square Foot (2) |  | Revenues | Revenues |  | NOI (3) | NOI (3)
Facility Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Independent living (4) |  | 68 |  |  | 16,452 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,373,413 |  |  | 28.0 | % |  | $ | 144,263 |  |  | $ | 88,539 |  | 33.2 | % |  | $ | 45,939 |  | 28.4 | %
Assisted living (4) |  | 197 |  |  | 14,444 |  |  |  |  | 2,121,398 |  |  | 25.1 | % |  | $ | 146,871 |  |  | 73,213 |  | 27.5 | % |  | 40,257 |  | 24.9 | %
Skilled nursing facilities (4) |  | 39 |  |  | 4,131 |  |  |  |  | 188,514 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | $ | 45,634 |  |  | 4,241 |  | 1.6 | % |  | 4,241 |  | 2.6 | %
Subtotal senior living communities |  | 304 |  |  | 35,027 |  |  |  |  | 4,683,325 |  |  | 55.3 | % |  | $ | 133,706 |  |  | 165,993 |  | 62.3 | % |  | 90,437 |  | 55.9 | %
MOBs (5) |  | 121 |  |  | 11,611,203 |  |  | sq. ft. |  | 3,602,819 |  |  | 42.6 | % |  | $ | 310 |  |  | 96,116 |  | 36.0 | % |  | 66,958 |  | 41.3 | %
Wellness centers |  | 10 |  |  | 812,000 |  |  | sq. ft. |  | 178,172 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | $ | 219 |  |  | 4,570 |  | 1.7 | % |  | 4,570 |  | 2.8 | %
Total |  | 435 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,464,316 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 266,679 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 161,965 |  | 100.0 | %
Tenant / Operator / Managed Properties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Five Star |  | 185 |  |  | 20,187 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,326,945 |  |  | 27.5 | % |  | $ | 115,269 |  |  | $ | 51,337 |  | 19.2 | % |  | $ | 51,337 |  | 31.7 | %
Sunrise / Marriott (6) |  | 4 |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  |  | 126,326 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | $ | 78,027 |  |  | 3,132 |  | 1.2 | % |  | 3,132 |  | 1.9 | %
Brookdale |  | 18 |  |  | 894 |  |  |  |  | 69,669 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | $ | 77,930 |  |  | 1,810 |  | 0.7 | % |  | 1,810 |  | 1.1 | %
11 private senior living companies (combined) |  | 29 |  |  | 3,520 |  |  |  |  | 569,006 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 161,649 |  |  | 11,383 |  | 4.3 | % |  | 11,383 |  | 7.0 | %
Subtotal triple net leased senior living communities |  | 236 |  |  | 26,220 |  |  |  |  | 3,091,946 |  |  | 36.5 | % |  | $ | 117,923 |  |  | 67,662 |  | 25.4 | % |  | 67,662 |  | 41.7 | %
Managed senior living communities (7) |  | 68 |  |  | 8,807 |  |  |  |  | 1,591,379 |  |  | 18.8 | % |  | $ | 180,695 |  |  | 98,331 |  | 36.9 | % |  | 22,775 |  | 14.2 | %
Subtotal senior living communities |  | 304 |  |  | 35,027 |  |  |  |  | 4,683,325 |  |  | 55.3 | % |  | $ | 133,706 |  |  | 165,993 |  | 62.3 | % |  | 90,437 |  | 55.9 | %
MOBs (5) |  | 121 |  |  | 11,611,203 |  |  | sq. ft. |  | 3,602,819 |  |  | 42.6 | % |  | $ | 310 |  |  | 96,116 |  | 36.0 | % |  | 66,958 |  | 41.3 | %
Wellness centers |  | 10 |  |  | 812,000 |  |  | sq. ft. |  | 178,172 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | $ | 219 |  |  | 4,570 |  | 1.7 | % |  | 4,570 |  | 2.8 | %
Total |  | 435 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,464,316 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 266,679 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 161,965 |  | 100.0 | %

Tenant / Managed Property Operating Statistics(8)

|  | Rent Coverage |  | Occupancy
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Five Star |  | 1.16 | x |  | 1.23 | x |  | 83.0 | % |  | 84.2 | %
Sunrise / Marriott (6) |  | 2.07 | x |  | 1.94 | x |  | 92.7 | % |  | 90.3 | %
Brookdale |  | 2.44 | x |  | 2.71 | x |  | 83.2 | % |  | 86.6 | %
11 private senior living companies (combined) |  | 1.23 | x |  | 1.26 | x |  | 88.5 | % |  | 88.4 | %
Subtotal triple net leased senior living communities |  | 1.26 | x |  | 1.33 | x |  | 84.3 | % |  | 85.3 | %
Managed senior living communities (7) |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | 86.3 | % |  | 87.5 | %
Subtotal senior living communities |  | 1.26 | x |  | 1.33 | x |  | 84.8 | % |  | 85.8 | %
MOBs (5) |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | 95.8 | % |  | 95.9 | %
Wellness centers |  | 1.80 | x |  | 1.90 | x |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total |  | 1.29 | x |  | 1.36 | x |  |  |  |  |

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(1) | Represents gross book value of real estate assets before depreciation and purchase price allocations, less impairment write downs, if any.

(2) | Represents carrying value of investment divided by number of living units or rentable square feet, as applicable, at September 30, 2017.

(3) | NOI is defined and calculated by reportable segment. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.

(4) | Senior living communities are categorized by the type of living units which constitute a majority of the living units at the community.

(5) | These 121 MOB properties are comprised of 147 buildings. Our MOB leases include some triple net leases where, in addition to paying fixed rents, the tenants assume the obligation to operate and maintain the properties at their expense, and some net and modified gross leases where we are responsible for the operation and maintenance of the properties, and we charge tenants for some or all of the property operating costs. A small percentage of our MOB leases are so-called "full-service" leases where we receive fixed rent from our tenants and no reimbursement for our property operating costs.

(6) | Marriott International, Inc. guarantees the lessee’s obligations under these leases.

(7) | These senior living communities are managed by Five Star. The occupancy for the 12 month period ended, or, if shorter, from the date of acquisitions through, September 30, 2017 was 86.1%.

(8) | Operating data for MOBs are presented as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 and includes (i) space being fitted out for occupancy and (ii) space which is leased but is not occupied or is being offered for sublease by tenants; operating data for other properties, tenants and managers are presented based upon the operating results provided by our tenants and managers for the 12 months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, or the most recent prior period for which tenant operating results are made available to us. Rent coverage is calculated as operating cash flows from our tenants’ facility operations of our properties, before subordinated charges, if any, divided by rents payable to us. We have not independently verified tenant operating data. Excludes data for periods prior to our ownership of certain properties, as well as data for properties sold during the periods presented.

The following tables set forth information regarding our lease expirations as of September 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  | Cumulative
|  | Annualized Rental Income(1) (2) |  | Total |  | Percentage of
|  | Triple Net Leased |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Annualized |  | Annualized
|  | Senior Living |  |  |  | Wellness |  |  |  | Rental Income |  | Rental Income
Year |  | Communities |  | MOBs |  | Centers |  | Total |  | Expiring (2) |  | Expiring (2)
2017 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,950 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,950 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 1.3 | %
2018 |  | — |  |  | 20,318 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,318 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 4.3 | %
2019 |  | 590 |  |  | 42,292 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,882 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  | 10.7 | %
2020 |  | — |  |  | 32,460 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,460 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 15.5 | %
2021 |  | 1,424 |  |  | 22,359 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,783 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 19.0 | %
2022 |  | — |  |  | 27,196 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,196 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 23.1 | %
2023 |  | 28,281 |  |  | 12,141 |  |  | 7,546 |  |  | 47,968 |  |  | 7.1 | % |  | 30.2 | %
2024 |  | 69,005 |  |  | 38,598 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,603 |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | 46.3 | %
2025 |  | — |  |  | 12,862 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,862 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 48.2 | %
Thereafter |  | 181,965 |  |  | 154,707 |  |  | 10,550 |  |  | 347,222 |  |  | 51.8 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total |  | $ | 281,265 |  |  | $ | 371,883 |  |  | $ | 18,096 |  |  | $ | 671,244 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |

Average remaining lease term for triple net leased senior living communities, MOBs and wellness center properties (weighted by annualized rental income): 8.2 years (2)

(1) | Annualized rental income is rents pursuant to existing leases as of September 30, 2017, including estimated percentage rents, straight line rent adjustments, estimated recurring expense reimbursements for certain net and modified gross leases and excluding lease value amortization at certain of our MOBs and wellness centers. Rental income amounts also include 100% of rental income as reported under GAAP from a property owned by a joint venture in which we own a 55% equity interest.

(2) | Excludes rent received from our managed senior living communities leased to our TRSs. If the NOI from our TRSs (three months ended September 30, 2017, annualized) were included in the foregoing table, the percent of total annualized rental income expiring in each of the following years would be: 2017 — 1.2%; 2018 — 2.7%; 2019 — 5.6%; 2020 — 4.3%; 2021 — 3.1%; 2022 — 3.6%; 2023 — 6.3%; 2024 — 14.1%; 2025 — 1.7%; and thereafter — 57.4%. In addition, if our leases to our TRSs using the terms of the management agreements for these communities were included in the foregoing table, the average remaining lease term for all properties (weighted by annualized rental income) would be 8.9 years.

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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  | Cumulative
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | Percentage of
|  | Number of Tenants (1) |  | Number of |  | Number of
|  | Senior Living |  |  |  | Wellness |  |  |  | Tenancies |  | Tenancies
Year |  | Communities |  | MOBs |  | Centers |  | Total |  | Expiring (1) |  | Expiring (1)
2017 |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 10.2 | % |  | 10.2 | %
2018 |  | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | 23.3 | %
2019 |  | 1 |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |  |  | 14.5 | % |  | 37.8 | %
2020 |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 13.4 | % |  | 51.2 | %
2021 |  | 1 |  |  | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | 74 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | 62.1 | %
2022 |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 73.8 | %
2023 |  | 2 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 78.8 | %
2024 |  | 3 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | 84.3 | %
2025 |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 88.0 | %
Thereafter |  | 11 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 12.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total |  | 18 |  |  | 658 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 678 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |

(1) | Excludes our managed senior living communities leased to our TRSs.

|  | Number of Living Units or Square Feet with Leases Expiring
|  | Living Units (1) |  | Square Feet (2)
|  | Triple Net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Leased Senior |  | Percent of |  | Cumulative |  |  |  | Wellness |  |  |  | Percent of |  | Cumulative
|  | Living |  | Total Living |  | Percentage of |  |  |  | Centers |  |  |  | Total |  | Percent of
|  | Communities |  | Units |  | Living Units |  | MOBs |  | (Square |  | Total Square |  | Square Feet |  | Total Square
Year |  | (Units) |  | Expiring |  | Expiring |  | (Square Feet) |  | Feet) |  | Feet |  | Expiring |  | Feet Expiring
2017 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 198,077 |  |  | — |  |  | 198,077 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 1.7 | %
2018 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 698,609 |  |  | — |  |  | 698,609 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | 7.6 | %
2019 |  | 175 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 1,324,791 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,324,791 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | 18.7 | %
2020 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 1,453,739 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,453,739 |  |  | 12.2 | % |  | 30.9 | %
2021 |  | 361 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 697,422 |  |  | — |  |  | 697,422 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  | 36.7 | %
2022 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 1,055,166 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,055,166 |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | 45.5 | %
2023 |  | 2,263 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 10.7 | % |  | 801,553 |  |  | 354,000 |  |  | 1,155,553 |  |  | 9.7 | % |  | 55.2 | %
2024 |  | 6,561 |  |  | 25.0 | % |  | 35.7 | % |  | 1,461,589 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,461,589 |  |  | 12.2 | % |  | 67.4 | %
2025 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 35.7 | % |  | 537,584 |  |  | — |  |  | 537,584 |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | 71.9 | %
Thereafter |  | 16,860 |  |  | 64.3 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 2,894,849 |  |  | 458,000 |  |  | 3,352,849 |  |  | 28.1 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total |  | 26,220 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  | 11,123,379 |  |  | 812,000 |  |  | 11,935,379 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |

(1) | Excludes 8,806 living units from our managed senior living communities leased to our TRSs. If the number of living units included in our TRS leases using the terms of the management agreements for these communities were included in the foregoing table, the percent of total living units expiring in each of the following years would be: 2017 — 0.0%; 2018 — 0.0%; 2019 — 0.5%; 2020 — 0.0%; 2021 — 1.0%; 2022 — 0.0%; 2023 — 6.5%; 2024 — 18.7%; 2025 — 0.0%; and thereafter — 73.3%.

(2) | Includes 100% of square feet from a property owned by a joint venture in which we own a 55% equity interest.

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we entered MOB lease renewals for 352,000 leasable square feet and new leases for 50,000 leasable square feet. The weighted average annual rental rate for leases entered during the quarter was $24.61 per square foot, and these rental rates were, on a weighted average basis, 0.6% above previous rents charged for the same space. Average lease terms for leases entered during the third quarter of 2017 were 7.2 years based on annualized rental income pursuant to existing leases as of September 30, 2017, including straight line rent adjustments and estimated recurring expense reimbursements and excluding lease value amortization. Commitments for tenant improvement costs, leasing commission costs and concessions for leases we entered during the third quarter of 2017 totaled $7.0 million, or $17.29 per square foot on average (approximately $2.40 per square foot per year of the lease term).
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GENERAL INDUSTRY TRENDS
We believe that the primary market for senior living services is individuals age 75 and older, and, according to U.S. Census data, that group is projected to be among the fastest growing age cohort in the United States over the next 20 years. Also, as a result of medical advances, seniors are living longer. Due to these demographic trends, we expect the demand for senior living services to increase for the foreseeable future. Despite this trend, future economic downturns, softness in the U.S. housing market, higher levels of unemployment among our potential residents’ family members, lower levels of consumer confidence, stock market volatility and/or changes in demographics could adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford the resident fees or entrance fees at our senior living communities.
The medical advances which are increasing average life spans are also causing some seniors to defer considering relocating to senior living communities, but we do not believe this factor is sufficient to offset the long term positive demographic trends causing increased demand for senior living communities for the foreseeable future.
In recent years, a significant number of new senior living communities have been developed and continue to be developed. Although there are indications that the rate of newly started developments has recently declined, the increased supply of senior living communities that has resulted from recent development activity has increased competitive pressures on our tenants and manager, particularly in certain geographic markets where we own senior living communities, including Arizona, Georgia and Texas, and we expect these competitive challenges to continue for at least the next few years. These competitive challenges may prevent our tenants and manager from maintaining or improving occupancy and rates at our senior living communities, which may increase the risk of default under our leases, reduce the rents and returns we may receive and earn from our leased and managed senior living communities and adversely affect the profitability of our senior living communities, and may cause the value of our properties to decline. In response to these competitive pressures, we have invested capital in our existing senior living communities and expect to continue to do so in order that our communities may remain competitive with newer communities.
The senior living industry is subject to extensive and frequently changing federal, state and local laws and regulations. For further information regarding these laws and regulations, and possible legislative and regulatory changes, see "Impact of Government Reimbursement" elsewhere in this Quarterly Report as well as in our Annual Report.
Our MOBs have been impacted by at least two major industry trends for the past 10 years which are continuing at this time and that have impacted our investment activities.
First, medical properties are being consolidated onto hospital campuses and/or under common ownership with hospitals. This has caused the number of free standing medical office buildings to decline. At the same time the number of medical office buildings on hospital campuses has increased and the number of multi-practice medical buildings that are anchor leased by hospital systems who employ doctors has increased.
Second, various advances in medical science have caused a large investment in new bio-medical research companies that require office, lab and medical products manufacturing space. We believe that about half of our total investments in MOBs may be considered biotech and life science properties.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (dollars and square feet in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
We have four operating segments, of which three are separate reporting segments. We aggregate our triple net leased senior living communities, our managed senior living communities and our MOBs into three reporting segments, based on their similar operating and economic characteristics. The first reporting segment includes triple net leased senior living communities that provide short term and long term residential care and other services for residents and with respect to which we receive rents from the operators. The second reporting segment includes managed senior living communities that provide short term and long term residential care and other services for residents where we pay fees to the operator to manage the communities for our account. The third reporting segment includes MOBs where the tenants pay us rent. Our fourth segment includes all of our other operations, including certain properties that offer wellness, fitness and spa services to members and with respect to which we receive rents from operators, which we do not consider to be sufficiently material to constitute a separate reporting segment.
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|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Triple net leased senior living communities |  | $ | 67,662 |  |  | $ | 66,520 |  |  | $ | 202,340 |  |  | $ | 198,269 |
Managed senior living communities |  | 98,331 |  |  | 98,480 |  |  | 294,816 |  |  | 292,803 |
MOBs |  | 96,116 |  |  | 94,404 |  |  | 285,413 |  |  | 278,964 |
All other operations |  | 4,570 |  |  | 4,579 |  |  | 13,684 |  |  | 13,689 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 266,679 |  |  | $ | 263,983 |  |  | $ | 796,253 |  |  | $ | 783,725 |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Triple net leased senior living communities |  | $ | 46,378 |  |  | $ | 38,327 |  |  | $ | 125,407 |  |  | $ | 117,621 |
Managed senior living communities |  | 8,912 |  |  | (1,612 | ) |  | 17,413 |  |  | 3,500 |
MOBs |  | 27,056 |  |  | 29,353 |  |  | 83,877 |  |  | 91,464 |
All other operations |  | (47,932 | ) |  | (38,165 | ) |  | (144,087 | ) |  | (114,176 | )
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 34,414 |  |  | $ | 27,903 |  |  | $ | 82,610 |  |  | $ | 98,409 |

The following sections analyze and discuss the results of operations of each of our segments for the periods presented.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 (dollars in thousands, except average monthly rate):
Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to changes or comparisons of results, income or expenses refer to comparisons of the results for the three months ended September 30, 2017 to the three months ended September 30, 2016.
Triple net leased senior living communities:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and for the Three Months |  | As of and for the Three Months
|  | Ended September 30, |  | Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Total properties |  | 236 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 234 |
# of units |  | 26,220 |  |  | 26,094 |  |  | 26,094 |  |  | 26,094 |
Tenant operating data (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy |  | 84.3 | % |  | 85.3 | % |  | 84.3 | % |  | 85.3 | %
Rent coverage |  | 1.26 | x |  | 1.33 | x |  | 1.26 | x |  | 1.33 | x

(1) | Consists of triple net leased senior living communities we have owned continuously since July 1, 2016 and excludes communities held for sale, if any.

(2) | All tenant operating data presented are based upon the operating results provided by our tenants for the 12 months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 or the most recent prior period for which tenant operating results are made available to us. Rent coverage is calculated as operating cash flows from our triple net lease tenants’ operations of our properties, before subordinated charges, if any, divided by triple net lease minimum rents payable to us. We have not independently verified tenant operating data. Excludes data for historical periods prior to our ownership of certain properties, as well as for properties sold during the periods presented.

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Triple net leased senior living communities, all properties:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 67,662 |  |  | $ | 66,520 |  |  | $ | 1,142 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Property operating expenses |  | — |  |  | (47 | ) |  | (47 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 67,662 |  |  | 66,473 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (20,629 | ) |  | (19,727 | ) |  | 902 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | (2,191 | ) |  | (2,191 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Operating income |  | 47,033 |  |  | 44,555 |  |  | 2,478 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Interest expense |  | (655 | ) |  | (6,228 | ) |  | (5,573 | ) |  | (89.5 | )%
Net income |  | $ | 46,378 |  |  | $ | 38,327 |  |  | $ | 8,051 |  |  | 21.0 | %

Except as noted below under “Rental income,” we have not included a discussion and analysis of the results of our comparable properties data for the triple net leased senior living communities segment as we believe that such a comparison is generally consistent with the comparison of results for all our triple net leased senior living communities from quarter to quarter and a separate, comparable properties comparison is not meaningful.
Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to rents from triple net leased senior living communities we acquired since July 1, 2016, and also due to increased rents resulting from our purchase of improvements since July 1, 2016. These increases were partially offset by reduced rental income resulting from our sale of one senior living community since July 1, 2016. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $750 and $865 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rental income increased year over year on a comparable property basis by $757, primarily as a result of our purchase of improvements at certain of these communities that we have owned continuously since July 1, 2016 and the resulting increased rent, pursuant to the terms of the applicable leases.
Property operating expenses. In the third quarter of 2016, we recorded $47 of property operating expenses related to bad debt reserves associated with a lease default at a triple net leased senior living community we acquired in 2015 which was previously leased to a third party private operator. In July 2016, we terminated this lease and entered a management agreement with Five Star to manage this community for our account under a TRS structure.
Net operating income. We typically incur minimal property operating expenses at these communities, as the majority of those expenses are paid by our tenants. NOI increased due to the increase in rental income and the decrease in property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our triple net leased senior living communities segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased primarily as a result of our acquisitions and our purchase of improvements since July 1, 2016.
Impairment of assets. Impairment of assets charges recorded in 2016 relate to the reduction of the carrying value of a SNF that we sold during the third quarter of 2016 to its sale price less cost to sell.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts and capital leases secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of $320,379 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debts since July 1, 2016 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.7%, as well as regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these communities.
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Managed senior living communities:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and for the Three Months |  | As of and for the Three Months
|  | Ended September 30, |  | Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Total properties |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 62 |
# of units |  | 8,807 |  |  | 8,797 |  |  | 8,242 |  |  | 8,242 |
Occupancy |  | 85.8 | % |  | 86.7 | % |  | 86.0 | % |  | 86.9 | %
Average monthly rate (2) |  | $ | 4,243 |  |  | $ | 4,208 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |  |  | $ | 4,223 |

(1) | Consists of managed senior living communities owned and managed by the same operator continuously since July 1, 2016 and excludes communities classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | Average monthly rate is calculated by taking the average daily rate, which is defined as total residents fees and services divided by occupied units during the period, and multiplying it by 30 days.

Managed senior living communities, all properties:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Residents fees and services |  | $ | 98,331 |  |  | $ | 98,480 |  |  | $ | (149 | ) |  | (0.2 | )%
Property operating expenses |  | (75,556 | ) |  | (74,763 | ) |  | 793 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 22,775 |  |  | 23,717 |  |  | (942 | ) |  | (4.0 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (12,691 | ) |  | (20,747 | ) |  | (8,056 | ) |  | (38.8 | )%
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | (2,394 | ) |  | (2,394 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Operating income |  | 10,084 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 9,508 |  |  | 1,650.7 | %
Interest expense |  | (1,172 | ) |  | (2,104 | ) |  | (932 | ) |  | (44.3 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (84 | ) |  | (84 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 8,912 |  |  | $ | (1,612 | ) |  | $ | 10,524 |  |  | (652.9 | )%

Residents fees and services. Residents fees and services are the revenues earned at our managed senior living communities. We recognize these revenues as services are provided and related fees are accrued. Residents fees and services decreased primarily due to a decline in occupancy for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2016, partially offset by an increase in average monthly rates during these periods.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of management fees, real estate taxes, utility expense, insurance, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these communities. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to increased salaries and benefit costs associated with increased staffing required as a result of the hurricanes that occurred in the southeastern United States and Texas in the third quarter of 2017, as well as increased real estate taxes at certain of these communities.
Net operating income. NOI decreased due to the increases in property operating expenses, as well as the decrease in residents fees and services described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our managed senior living communities segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization expense related to in place resident agreements assumed upon the acquisition of a community. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a result of certain of our in place resident agreements becoming fully amortized since July 1, 2016, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense due to our purchase of improvements since July 1, 2016.
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Impairment of assets. Impairment of assets charges recorded in 2016 relate to the reduction of the carrying value of a senior living community that we sold in December 2016 to its estimated fair value less cost to sell.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of $97,255 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debts since July 1, 2016 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.0%, as well as regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of mortgage debts during the third quarter of 2016.
Managed senior living communities, comparable properties (managed senior living communities owned and managed by the same operator continuously since July 1, 2016 excluding communities classified as held for sale, if any):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Residents fees and services |  | $ | 92,790 |  |  | $ | 92,742 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (70,879 | ) |  | (69,961 | ) |  | 918 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 21,911 |  |  | 22,781 |  |  | (870 | ) |  | (3.8 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (11,040 | ) |  | (16,965 | ) |  | (5,925 | ) |  | (34.9 | )%
Operating income |  | 10,871 |  |  | 5,816 |  |  | 5,055 |  |  | 86.9 | %
Interest expense |  | (697 | ) |  | (1,624 | ) |  | (927 | ) |  | (57.1 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (84 | ) |  | (84 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income |  | $ | 10,174 |  |  | $ | 4,108 |  |  | $ | 6,066 |  |  | 147.7 | %

Residents fees and services. Residents fees and services are the revenues earned at our managed senior living communities. We recognize these revenues as services are provided and related fees are accrued. Residents fees and services increased modestly year over year on a comparable property basis primarily due to an increase in average monthly rates, partially offset by a decline in occupancy.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of management fees, real estate taxes, utility expense, insurance, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these communities. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to increased salaries and benefit costs associated with increased staffing required as a result of the hurricanes that occurred in the southeastern United States and Texas in the third quarter of 2017, as well as increased real estate taxes at certain of these communities.
Net operating income. The decrease in NOI reflects the net changes in residents fees and services and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our managed senior living communities segment, comparable properties, is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization expense related to in place resident agreements assumed upon the acquisition of a community. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a result of certain of our in place resident agreements becoming fully amortized since July 1, 2016, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense due to our purchase of improvements since July 1, 2016.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of $97,255 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debts since July 1, 2016 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.0%, as well as regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of mortgage debts during the third quarter of 2016.
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MOBs:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and for the Three Months |  | As of and for the Three Months
|  | Ended September 30, |  | Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Total properties |  | 121 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 118 |
Total buildings |  | 147 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 144 |
Total square feet (2) |  | 11,611 |  |  | 11,401 |  |  | 11,340 |  |  | 11,335 |
Occupancy (3) |  | 95.8 | % |  | 95.9 | % |  | 95.7 | % |  | 96.4 | %

(1) | Consists of MOBs we have owned continuously since July 1, 2016, includes our MOB (two buildings) that is owned in a joint venture arrangement and excludes properties classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | Prior periods exclude space re-measurements made subsequent to those periods.

(3) | MOB occupancy includes (i) space being fitted out for occupancy and (ii) space which is leased but is not occupied or is being offered for sublease by tenants.

MOBs, all properties:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 96,116 |  |  | $ | 94,404 |  |  | $ | 1,712 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (29,158 | ) |  | (28,537 | ) |  | 621 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 66,958 |  |  | 65,867 |  |  | 1,091 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (32,351 | ) |  | (30,922 | ) |  | 1,429 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Operating income |  | 34,607 |  |  | 34,952 |  |  | (345 | ) |  | (1.0 | )%
Interest expense |  | (6,172 | ) |  | (5,599 | ) |  | 573 |  |  | 10.2 | %
Net income |  | 28,435 |  |  | 29,353 |  |  | (918 | ) |  | (3.1 | )%
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,379 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 27,056 |  |  | $ | 29,353 |  |  | $ | (2,297 | ) |  | (7.8 | )%

Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to rents from the MOBs we acquired since July 1, 2016, as well as certain changes at our comparable MOB properties discussed below. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $2,733 and $3,290 and net amortization of approximately $1,297 and $1,181 of above and below market lease adjustments for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of real estate taxes, utility expense, property management fees, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these properties. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to our acquisitions since July 1, 2016, as well as certain changes at our comparable MOB properties discussed below.
Net operating income. NOI increased due to the increased rental income described above, partially offset by the increases in property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our MOB segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
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Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased primarily due to acquisitions as well as increases in the amortization of leasing costs, depreciation expense on fixed assets and amortization of acquired in place real estate leases that we amortize over the respective lease terms.
Impairment of assets. We recorded a reversal of impairment charges previously recorded of $7 in the third quarter of 2016 to adjust the carrying value of four MOBs that we sold in the third quarter of 2016 to their sales prices less costs to sell.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts secured by certain of these properties. The increase in interest expense is the result of our obtaining, in July 2016, an aggregate $620,000 secured debt financing with a weighted average fixed annual interest rate of 3.5%, partially offset by our prepayment of $19,386 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debt since July 1, 2016 with an annual interest rate of 6.1%, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these properties.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income attributable to a sovereign investor that owns 45% of one of our MOBs (two buildings) through the joint venture agreement we entered in March 2017.
MOBs, comparable properties (MOBs we have owned continuously since July 1, 2016, includes our MOB (two buildings) that is owned in a joint venture arrangement and excludes properties classified as held for sale, if any):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 94,526 |  |  | 94,306 |  |  | $ | 220 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (28,574 | ) |  | (28,379 | ) |  | 195 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 65,952 |  |  | 65,927 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 0.0 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (31,567 | ) |  | (30,922 | ) |  | 645 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Operating income |  | 34,385 |  |  | 35,005 |  |  | (620 | ) |  | (1.8 | )%
Interest expense |  | (6,171 | ) |  | (5,599 | ) |  | 572 |  |  | 10.2 | %
Net income |  | 28,214 |  |  | 29,406 |  |  | (1,192 | ) |  | (4.1 | )%
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,379 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 26,835 |  |  | $ | 29,406 |  |  | $ | (2,571 | ) |  | (8.7 | )%

Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to an increase in income from reimbursable expenses at certain of these properties. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $2,632 and $3,304 and net amortization of approximately $1,301 and $1,181 of above and below market lease adjustments for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of real estate taxes, utility expense, property management fees, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these properties. Property operating expenses increased primarily as the result of an increase in utility expense at certain of these properties and increases in other direct costs of operating these properties.
Net operating income. NOI reflects the net changes in rental income and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our MOB segment for comparable properties is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased primarily due to an increase in the amortization of leasing costs and depreciation expense on fixed assets acquired since July 1, 2016, partially offset by a reduction in amortization of acquired in place real estate leases that we amortize over the respective lease terms.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts secured by certain of these properties. The increase in interest expense is the result of our obtaining, in July 2016, an aggregate $620,000 secured debt financing with a weighted average fixed
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annual interest rate of 3.5%, partially offset by our prepayment of $19,386 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debt since July 1, 2016 with an annual interest rate of 6.1%, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these properties.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income attributable to a sovereign investor that owns 45% of one of our MOBs (two buildings) through the joint venture agreement we entered in March 2017.
All other operations(1):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 4,570 |  |  | $ | 4,579 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | (0.2 | )%
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (948 | ) |  | (948 | ) |  | — |  |  | — | %
General and administrative |  | (19,883 | ) |  | (12,107 | ) |  | 7,776 |  |  | 64.2 | %
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | (824 | ) |  | (824 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Total expenses |  | (20,831 | ) |  | (13,879 | ) |  | 6,952 |  |  | 50.1 | %
Operating loss |  | (16,261 | ) |  | (9,300 | ) |  | 6,961 |  |  | 74.8 | %
Dividend income |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Interest and other income |  | 128 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 43.8 | %
Interest expense |  | (32,106 | ) |  | (29,507 | ) |  | 2,599 |  |  | 8.8 | %
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (274 | ) |  | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Loss before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | (47,854 | ) |  | (38,059 | ) |  | 9,795 |  |  | 25.7 | %
Income tax expense |  | (109 | ) |  | (119 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (8.4 | )%
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | 31 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 138.5 | %
Net loss |  | $ | (47,932 | ) |  | $ | (38,165 | ) |  | $ | 9,767 |  |  | 25.6 | %

(1) | All other operations includes all of our other operations, including certain properties that offer wellness, fitness and spa services to members, which segment we do not consider to be sufficiently material to constitute a separate reporting segment, and any operating expenses that are not attributable to a specific reporting segment.

Rental income. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent of approximately $138 and $137 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rental income also includes net amortization of approximately $55 of acquired real estate leases and obligations for each of the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense remained consistent as we had no acquisitions or capital expenditures in this segment since July 1, 2016. We depreciate our long lived wellness center assets on a straight line basis.
General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense consists of fees paid to RMR LLC under our business management agreements, legal and accounting fees, fees and expenses of our Trustees, equity compensation expense and other costs relating to our status as a publicly owned company. General and administrative expense increased primarily due to an increase in our business management fees of $8,136, including $8,022 of estimated business management incentive fees that we recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2017 that may become payable in 2018 due to our outperformance of the SNL U.S. REIT Healthcare Index during the applicable measurement period. This increase was partially offset by decreases in equity compensation expense and legal fees incurred during the three months ended September 30, 2017.
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs. Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs include legal and diligence costs incurred in connection with our acquisition, disposition and operations transition activities that we expensed under GAAP. We had no acquisitions, dispositions or operations transitions that required costs to be expensed under GAAP during the third quarter of 2017.
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Dividend income. Dividend income consists of dividends received from our investment in RMR Inc.
Interest and other income. The increase in interest and other income is primarily due to increased investable cash on hand.
Interest expense. Interest expense increased primarily due to increased borrowings under our revolving credit facility, as well as an increase in LIBOR rates, resulting in an increase in interest expense on our revolving credit facility and term loans.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recorded loss on early extinguishment of debt in August 2017 in connection with the amendments to the agreements governing our revolving credit facility and our $200,000 term loan.
Income tax expense. Income tax expense primarily reflects state income taxes payable in certain jurisdictions.
Equity in earnings of an investee. Equity in earnings of an investee represents our proportionate share of earnings from AIC.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 (dollars in thousands, except average monthly rate):
Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to changes or comparisons of results, income or expenses refer to comparisons of the results for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 to the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
Triple net leased senior living communities:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and for the Nine Months |  | As of and for the Nine Months
|  | Ended September 30, |  | Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Total properties |  | 236 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 227 |
# of units |  | 26,220 |  |  | 26,094 |  |  | 25,549 |  |  | 25,549 |
Tenant operating data (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy |  | 84.3 | % |  | 85.3 | % |  | 84.3 | % |  | 85.3 | %
Rent coverage |  | 1.26 | x |  | 1.33 | x |  | 1.26 | x |  | 1.33 | x

(1) | Consists of triple net leased senior living communities we have owned continuously since January 1, 2016 and excludes communities held for sale, if any.

(2) | All tenant operating data presented are based upon the operating results provided by our tenants for the 12 months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 or the most recent prior period for which tenant operating results are made available to us. Rent coverage is calculated as operating cash flows from our triple net lease tenants’ operations of our properties, before subordinated charges, if any, divided by triple net lease minimum rents payable to us. We have not independently verified tenant operating data. Excludes data for historical periods prior to our ownership of certain properties, as well as for properties sold during the periods presented.

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Triple net leased senior living communities, all properties:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 202,340 |  |  | $ | 198,269 |  |  | $ | 4,071 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Property operating expenses |  | — |  |  | (833 | ) |  | (833 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 202,340 |  |  | 197,436 |  |  | 4,904 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (61,434 | ) |  | (58,401 | ) |  | 3,033 |  |  | 5.2 | %
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | (6,583 | ) |  | (6,583 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Operating income |  | 140,906 |  |  | 132,452 |  |  | 8,454 |  |  | 6.4 | %
Interest expense |  | (8,205 | ) |  | (18,892 | ) |  | (10,687 | ) |  | (56.6 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (7,294 | ) |  | — |  |  | 7,294 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Gain on sale of properties |  | — |  |  | 4,061 |  |  | (4,061 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income |  | $ | 125,407 |  |  | $ | 117,621 |  |  | $ | 7,786 |  |  | 6.6 | %

Except as noted below under “Rental income,” we have not included a discussion and analysis of the results of our comparable properties data for the triple net leased senior living communities segment as we believe that such a comparison is generally consistent with the comparison of results for all our triple net leased senior living communities from quarter to quarter and a separate, comparable properties comparison is not meaningful.
Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to rents from triple net leased senior living communities we acquired since January 1, 2016, and also due to increased rents resulting from our purchase of improvements since January 1, 2016. These increases were partially offset by reduced rental income resulting from our sales of two senior living communities since January 1, 2016. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $2,304 and $3,184 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rental income increased year over year on a comparable property basis by $2,180, primarily as a result of our purchase of improvements at certain of these communities that we have owned continuously since January 1, 2016 and the resulting increased rent, pursuant to the terms of the applicable leases.
Property operating expenses. In the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we recorded $833 of property operating expenses related to bad debt reserves associated with lease defaults at two triple net leased senior living communities we acquired in 2015 which were previously leased to third party private operators. In 2016, we terminated these leases and entered management agreements with Five Star to manage the communities for our account under TRS structures.
Net operating income. We typically incur minimal property operating expenses at these communities, as the majority of those expenses are paid by our tenants. NOI increased due to the increase in rental income and decrease in property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our triple net leased senior living communities segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased primarily as a result of our acquisitions and our purchase of improvements since January 1, 2016.
Impairment of assets. Impairment of assets charges recorded in 2016 relate to writing off acquired lease intangible assets associated with the two communities where the tenants defaulted on their leases as discussed above, as well as the reduction of the carrying value of a SNF that we sold during the third quarter of 2016 to its sale price less cost to sell.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts and capital leases secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of $320,379 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debts since January 1, 2016 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.7%, as well as regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of a mortgage debt in April 2017.
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Gain on sale of properties. Gain on sale of properties is the result of our sale of one SNF in June 2016.
Managed senior living communities:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and for the Nine Months |  | As of and for the Nine Months
|  | Ended September 30, |  | Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Total properties |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 60 |
# of units |  | 8,807 |  |  | 8,797 |  |  | 8,104 |  |  | 8,104 |
Occupancy |  | 85.8 | % |  | 87.2 | % |  | 86.1 | % |  | 87.2 | %
Average monthly rate (2) |  | $ | 4,287 |  |  | $ | 4,251 |  |  | $ | 4,316 |  |  | $ | 4,258 |

(1) | Consists of managed senior living communities owned and managed by the same operator continuously since January 1, 2016 and excludes communities classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | Average monthly rate is calculated by taking the average daily rate, which is defined as total residents fees and services divided by occupied units during the period, and multiplying it by 30 days.

Managed senior living communities, all properties:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Residents fees and services |  | $ | 294,816 |  |  | $ | 292,803 |  |  | $ | 2,013 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (224,585 | ) |  | (218,582 | ) |  | 6,003 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 70,231 |  |  | 74,221 |  |  | (3,990 | ) |  | (5.4 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (49,295 | ) |  | (60,905 | ) |  | (11,610 | ) |  | (19.1 | )%
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | (2,394 | ) |  | (2,394 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Operating income |  | 20,936 |  |  | 10,922 |  |  | 10,014 |  |  | 91.7 | %
Interest expense |  | (3,523 | ) |  | (7,332 | ) |  | (3,809 | ) |  | (52.0 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (90 | ) |  | (90 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income |  | $ | 17,413 |  |  | $ | 3,500 |  |  | $ | 13,913 |  |  | 397.5 | %

Residents fees and services. Residents fees and services are the revenues earned at our managed senior living communities. We recognize these revenues as services are provided and related fees are accrued. Residents fees and services increased primarily due to our acquisitions and the transfer of certain senior living communities we own from triple net leased senior living communities to managed senior living communities since January 1, 2016, as well as an increase in average monthly rates, partially offset by a decline in occupancy.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of management fees, real estate taxes, utility expense, insurance, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these communities. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to our acquisitions and the transfer of certain senior living communities we own from triple net leased senior living communities to managed senior living communities since January 1, 2016, increased salaries and benefit costs associated with increased staffing required as a result of the hurricanes that occurred in the southeastern United States and Texas in the third quarter of 2017, increased real estate taxes at certain of these communities and increased management fees as a result of the modifications made to our management and pooling arrangements with Five Star that took effect on July 1, 2016.
Net operating income. NOI decreased due to the increases in property operating expenses, partially offset by the increase in residents fees and services described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our managed senior living communities
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segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization expense related to in place resident agreements assumed upon the acquisition of a community. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a result of certain of our in place resident agreements becoming fully amortized since January 1, 2016, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense due to acquisitions and our purchase of improvements since January 1, 2016.
Impairment of assets. Impairment of assets charges recorded in 2016 relate to the reduction of the carrying value of a senior living community that we sold in December 2016 to its estimated fair value less cost to sell.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of $103,370 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debts since January 1, 2016 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.0%, as well as regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of mortgage debts during 2016.
Managed senior living communities, comparable properties (managed senior living communities owned and managed by the same operator continuously since January 1, 2016 excluding communities classified as held for sale, if any):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Residents fees and services |  | $ | 274,186 |  |  | $ | 274,808 |  |  | $ | (622 | ) |  | (0.2 | )%
Property operating expenses |  | (207,152 | ) |  | (204,183 | ) |  | 2,969 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 67,034 |  |  | 70,625 |  |  | (3,591 | ) |  | (5.1 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (40,476 | ) |  | (48,851 | ) |  | (8,375 | ) |  | (17.1 | )%
Operating income |  | 26,558 |  |  | 21,774 |  |  | 4,784 |  |  | 22.0 | %
Interest expense |  | (1,677 | ) |  | (5,624 | ) |  | (3,947 | ) |  | (70.2 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (90 | ) |  | (90 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income |  | $ | 24,881 |  |  | $ | 16,060 |  |  | $ | 8,821 |  |  | 54.9 | %

Residents fees and services. Residents fees and services are the revenues earned at our managed senior living communities. We recognize these revenues as services are provided and related fees are accrued. Residents fees and services decreased year over year on a comparable property basis primarily due to a decline in occupancy, partially offset by an increase in average monthly rates.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of management fees, real estate taxes, utility expense, insurance, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these communities. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to increased salaries and benefit costs associated with increased staffing required as a result of the hurricanes that occurred in the southeastern United States and Texas in the third quarter of 2017, as well as increases in real estate taxes, utility expense, insurance expense and management fees as a result of the modifications made to our management and pooling arrangements with Five Star that took effect on July 1, 2016.
Net operating income. The decrease in NOI reflects the net changes in residents fees and services and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our managed senior living communities segment, comparable properties, is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization expense related to in place resident agreements assumed upon the acquisition of a
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community. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a result of certain of our in place resident agreements becoming fully amortized since January 1, 2016, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense due to our purchase of improvements since January 1, 2016.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of $103,370 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debts since January 1, 2016 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.0%, as well as regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of mortgage debts during 2016.
MOBs:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and for the Nine Months |  | As of and for the Nine Months
|  | Ended September 30, |  | Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Total properties |  | 121 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 116 |
Total buildings |  | 147 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 140 |
Total square feet (2) |  | 11,611 |  |  | 11,401 |  |  | 11,046 |  |  | 11,041 |
Occupancy (3) |  | 95.8 | % |  | 95.9 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 96.3 | %

(1) | Consists of MOBs we have owned continuously since January 1, 2016, includes our MOB (two buildings) that is owned in a joint venture arrangement and excludes properties classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | Prior periods exclude space re-measurements made subsequent to those periods.

(3) | MOB occupancy includes (i) space being fitted out for occupancy and (ii) space which is leased but is not occupied or is being offered for sublease by tenants.

MOBs, all properties:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 285,413 |  |  | $ | 278,964 |  |  | $ | 6,449 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (83,980 | ) |  | (79,361 | ) |  | 4,619 |  |  | 5.8 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 201,433 |  |  | 199,603 |  |  | 1,830 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (95,890 | ) |  | (92,788 | ) |  | 3,102 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | (7,953 | ) |  | (7,953 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Operating income |  | 105,543 |  |  | 98,862 |  |  | 6,681 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Interest expense |  | (18,742 | ) |  | (7,398 | ) |  | 11,344 |  |  | 153.3 | %
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (59 | ) |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income |  | 86,742 |  |  | 91,464 |  |  | (4,722 | ) |  | (5.2 | )%
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (2,865 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,865 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 83,877 |  |  | $ | 91,464 |  |  | $ | (7,587 | ) |  | (8.3 | )%

Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to rents from the MOBs we acquired since January 1, 2016, as well as certain changes at our comparable MOB properties discussed below. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $7,769 and $10,002 and net amortization of approximately $3,797 and $3,629 of above and below market lease adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
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Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of real estate taxes, utility expense, property management fees, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these properties. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to our acquisitions since January 1, 2016, as well as certain changes at our comparable MOB properties discussed below.
Net operating income. NOI increased because of the increases in rental income, partially offset by the increased property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our MOB segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased primarily due to an increase in the amortization of leasing costs and depreciation expense on fixed assets and an increase in amortization of acquired in place real estate leases that we amortize over the respective lease terms.
Impairment of assets. Impairment of assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 relates to reducing the carrying
value of five MOBs (five buildings) and one land parcel to their estimated sales prices less costs to sell or estimated fair values
less costs to sell.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts secured by certain of these properties. The increase in interest expense is the result of our obtaining, in July 2016, an aggregate $620,000 secured debt financing with a weighted average fixed annual interest rate of 3.5%, partially offset by our prepayment of $37,386 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debt since January 1, 2016 with an annual interest rate of 5.4%, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these properties.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a net loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of two mortgage debts during the second quarter of 2017.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income attributable to a sovereign investor that owns 45% of one of our MOBs (two buildings) through the joint venture agreement we entered in March 2017.
MOBs, comparable properties (MOBs we have owned continuously since January 1, 2016, includes our MOB (two buildings) that is owned in a joint venture arrangement and excludes properties classified as held for sale, if any):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 273,516 |  |  | 271,623 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (81,268 | ) |  | (77,792 | ) |  | 3,476 |  |  | 4.5 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 192,248 |  |  | 193,831 |  |  | (1,583 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (92,587 | ) |  | (90,891 | ) |  | 1,696 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Operating income |  | 99,661 |  |  | 102,940 |  |  | (3,279 | ) |  | (3.2 | )%
Interest expense |  | (18,742 | ) |  | (7,397 | ) |  | 11,345 |  |  | 153.4 | %
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (59 | ) |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income |  | 80,860 |  |  | 95,543 |  |  | (14,683 | ) |  | (15.4 | )%
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (2,865 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,865 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 77,995 |  |  | $ | 95,543 |  |  | $ | (17,548 | ) |  | (18.4 | )%

Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to an increase in tax escalation income and other reimbursable expenses and increased rents from leasing activity at certain of these properties. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $6,788 and $9,637 and net amortization of approximately $3,689 and $3,303 of above and below market lease adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
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Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of real estate taxes, utility expense, property management fees, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these properties. Property operating expenses increased primarily as the result of increases in real estate taxes at certain of these properties and other direct costs of operating these properties.
Net operating income. NOI reflects the net changes in rental income and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our MOB segment for comparable properties is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased due to an increase in the amortization of leasing costs and depreciation expense on fixed assets acquired since January 1, 2016, partially offset by a reduction in amortization of acquired in place real estate leases that we amortize over the respective lease terms.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage debts secured by certain of these properties. The increase in interest expense is the result of our obtaining, in July 2016, an aggregate $620,000 secured debt financing with a weighted average fixed annual interest rate of 3.5%, partially offset by our prepayment of $37,386 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debt since January 1, 2016 with an annual interest rate of 5.4%, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage debts which secure these properties.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a net loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of mortgage debts during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income attributable to a sovereign investor that owns 45% of one of our MOBs (two buildings) through the joint venture agreement we entered in March 2017.
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All other operations(1):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 13,684 |  |  | $ | 13,689 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | (0.0 | )%
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (2,844 | ) |  | (2,844 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
General and administrative |  | (57,889 | ) |  | (34,931 | ) |  | 22,958 |  |  | 65.7 | %
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | (292 | ) |  | (1,443 | ) |  | (1,151 | ) |  | (79.8 | )%
Impairment of assets |  | (5,082 | ) |  | — |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total expenses |  | (66,107 | ) |  | (39,218 | ) |  | 26,889 |  |  | 68.6 | %
Operating loss |  | (52,423 | ) |  | (25,529 | ) |  | 26,894 |  |  | 105.3 | %
Dividend income |  | 1,978 |  |  | 1,449 |  |  | 529 |  |  | 36.5 | %
Interest and other income |  | 323 |  |  | 330 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (2.1 | )%
Interest expense |  | (93,924 | ) |  | (90,215 | ) |  | 3,709 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (274 | ) |  | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Loss before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | (144,320 | ) |  | (113,965 | ) |  | 30,355 |  |  | 26.6 | %
Income tax expense |  | (300 | ) |  | (318 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | (5.7 | )%
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | 533 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 426 |  |  | 398.1 | %
Net loss |  | $ | (144,087 | ) |  | $ | (114,176 | ) |  | $ | 29,911 |  |  | 26.2 | %

(1) | All other operations includes all of our other operations, including certain properties that offer wellness, fitness and spa services to members, which segment we do not consider to be sufficiently material to constitute a separate reporting segment, and any operating expenses that are not attributable to a specific reporting segment.

Rental income. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent of approximately $412 for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rental income also includes net amortization of approximately $166 of acquired real estate leases and obligations for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense remained consistent as we had no acquisitions or capital expenditures in this segment since January 1, 2016. We depreciate our long lived wellness center assets on a straight line basis.
General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense consists of fees paid to RMR LLC under our business management agreements, legal and accounting fees, fees and expenses of our Trustees, equity compensation expense and other costs relating to our status as a publicly owned company. General and administrative expense increased primarily due to an increase in our business management fees of $23,757, including $22,048 of estimated business management incentive fees that we recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 that may become payable in 2018 due to our outperformance of the SNL U.S. REIT Healthcare Index during the applicable measurement period.
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs. Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs include legal and diligence costs incurred in connection with our acquisition, disposition and operations transition activities that we expensed under GAAP.
Impairment of assets: During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded a $5,082 loss on impairment to reduce the carrying value of our investment in Five Star shares to its estimated fair value due to the market value of this investment being significantly below our carrying value for an extended period.
Dividend income. Dividend income consists of dividends received from our investment in RMR Inc.
Interest and other income. The decrease in interest and other income is primarily due to decreased investable cash on hand.
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Interest expense. Interest expense increased primarily due to our issuance of $250,000 of 6.25% senior unsecured notes due 2046 in February 2016, as well as an increase in LIBOR rates, resulting in an increase in interest expense on our revolving credit facility and term loans, partially offset by decreased borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recorded loss on early extinguishment of debt in August 2017 in connection with the amendments to the agreements governing our revolving credit facility and our $200,000 term loan.
Income tax expense. Income tax expense primarily reflects state income taxes payable in certain jurisdictions.
Equity in earnings of an investee. Equity in earnings of an investee represents our proportionate share of earnings from AIC.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
We provide below calculations of our funds from operations, or FFO, normalized funds from operations, or Normalized FFO, and NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. These measures should be considered in conjunction with net income, net income attributable to common shareholders and operating income as presented in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. These measures do not represent cash generated by operating activities in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered alternatives to net income, net income attributable to common shareholders or operating income as indicators of our operating performance or as measures of our liquidity. Other REITs and real estate companies may calculate FFO, Normalized FFO or NOI differently than we do.
Funds From Operations and Normalized Funds From Operations
We calculate FFO and Normalized FFO as shown below. FFO is calculated on the basis defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, which is net income attributable to common shareholders, calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding any gain or loss on sale of properties and impairment of real estate assets, plus real estate depreciation and amortization and the difference between net income attributable to common shareholders and FFO attributable to noncontrolling interest, as well as certain other adjustments currently not applicable to us. Our calculation of Normalized FFO differs from NAREIT’s definition of FFO because we include business management incentive fees, if any, only in the fourth quarter versus the quarter when they are recognized as expense in accordance with GAAP due to their quarterly volatility not necessarily being indicative of our core operating performance and the uncertainty as to whether any such business management incentive fees will be payable when all contingencies for determining such fees are known at the end of the calendar year, and we exclude acquisition and certain other transaction related costs expensed under GAAP such as legal and professional fees associated with our acquisition and disposition activities, gains and losses on early extinguishment of debt, if any, and Normalized FFO from noncontrolling interest, net of FFO, if any. We consider FFO and Normalized FFO to be appropriate supplemental measures of operating performance for a REIT, along with net income, net income attributable to common shareholders and operating income. We believe that FFO and Normalized FFO provide useful information to investors, because by excluding the effects of certain historical amounts, such as depreciation and amortization expense, FFO and Normalized FFO may facilitate a comparison of our operating performance between periods and with other REITs. FFO and Normalized FFO are among the factors considered by our Board of Trustees when determining the amount of distributions to our shareholders. Other factors include, but are not limited to, requirements to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, limitations in our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our public debt covenants, the availability to us of debt and equity capital, our expectation of our future capital requirements and operating performance and our expected needs and availability of cash to pay our obligations.
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Our calculations of FFO and Normalized FFO for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 and reconciliations of net income attributable to common shareholders, the most directly comparable financial measure under GAAP reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements, to FFO and Normalized FFO appear in the following table. This table also provides a comparison of distributions to shareholders, FFO, Normalized FFO and net income attributable to common shareholders per share for these periods.

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 34,414 |  |  | $ | 27,903 |  |  | $ | 82,610 |  |  | $ | 98,409 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | 66,619 |  |  | 72,344 |  |  | 209,463 |  |  | 214,938 |
Noncontrolling interest's share of net FFO adjustments |  | (5,305 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11,066 | ) |  | — |
Gain on sale of properties |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,061 | )
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | 4,578 |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 16,930 |
FFO |  | 95,728 |  |  | 104,825 |  |  | 286,089 |  |  | 326,216 |
Estimated business management incentive fees (1) |  | 8,022 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,048 |  |  | — |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | 824 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 1,443 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | 274 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 7,627 |  |  | 90 |
Normalized FFO |  | $ | 104,024 |  |  | $ | 105,733 |  |  | $ | 316,056 |  |  | $ | 327,749 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (basic) |  | 237,421 |  |  | 237,347 |  |  | 237,404 |  |  | 237,329 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (diluted) |  | 237,460 |  |  | 237,396 |  |  | 237,445 |  |  | 237,369 |
Per common share data (basic and diluted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |
FFO |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.37 |
Normalized FFO |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 1.38 |
Distributions declared per common share |  | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |

(1) | Incentive fees under our business management agreement are payable after the end of each calendar year, are calculated based on common share total return, as defined, and are included in general and administrative expense in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. In calculating net income attributable to common shareholders in accordance with GAAP, we recognize estimated business management incentive fee expense, if any, in the first, second and third quarters. Although we recognize this expense, if any, in the first, second and third quarters for purposes of calculating net income attributable to common shareholders, we do not include these amounts in the calculation of Normalized FFO until the fourth quarter, when the amount of the business management incentive fee expense for the calendar year, if any, is determined.

Property Net Operating Income (NOI)
We calculate NOI as shown below. The calculation of NOI excludes certain components of net income in order to provide results that are more closely related to our property level results of operations. We define NOI as income from our real estate less our property operating expenses. NOI excludes amortization of capitalized tenant improvement costs and leasing commissions that we record as depreciation and amortization. We consider NOI to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income because it may help both investors and management to understand the operations of our properties. We use NOI internally to evaluate individual and company wide property level performance, and we believe that NOI provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it reflects only those income and expense items that are generated and incurred at the property level and may facilitate comparisons of our operating performance between periods and with other REITs.
The calculation of NOI by reportable segment is included above in this Item 2. The following table includes the reconciliation of net income to NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
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|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Reconciliation of Net Income to NOI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 35,793 |  |  | $ | 27,903 |  |  | $ | 85,475 |  |  | $ | 98,409 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,061 | )
Income before gain on sale of properties |  | 35,793 |  |  | 27,903 |  |  | 85,475 |  |  | 94,348 |
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | (31 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (533 | ) |  | (107 | )
Income tax expense |  | 109 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 318 |
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 35,871 |  |  | 28,009 |  |  | 85,242 |  |  | 94,559 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | 274 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 7,627 |  |  | 90 |
Interest expense |  | 40,105 |  |  | 43,438 |  |  | 124,394 |  |  | 123,837 |
Interest and other income |  | (128 | ) |  | (89 | ) |  | (323 | ) |  | (330 | )
Dividend income |  | (659 | ) |  | (659 | ) |  | (1,978 | ) |  | (1,449 | )
Operating income |  | 75,463 |  |  | 70,783 |  |  | 214,962 |  |  | 216,707 |
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | 4,578 |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 16,930 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | 824 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 1,443 |
General and administrative expense |  | 19,883 |  |  | 12,107 |  |  | 57,889 |  |  | 34,931 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | 66,619 |  |  | 72,344 |  |  | 209,463 |  |  | 214,938 |
Total NOI |  | $ | 161,965 |  |  | $ | 160,636 |  |  | $ | 487,688 |  |  | $ | 484,949 |
Triple net leased communities NOI |  | $ | 67,662 |  |  | $ | 66,473 |  |  | $ | 202,340 |  |  | $ | 197,436 |
Managed communities NOI |  | 22,775 |  |  | 23,717 |  |  | 70,231 |  |  | 74,221 |
MOB NOI |  | 66,958 |  |  | 65,867 |  |  | 201,433 |  |  | 199,603 |
All other operations NOI |  | 4,570 |  |  | 4,579 |  |  | 13,684 |  |  | 13,689 |
Total NOI |  | $ | 161,965 |  |  | $ | 160,636 |  |  | $ | 487,688 |  |  | $ | 484,949 |

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our principal sources of funds to meet operating and capital expenses and debt service obligations and to pay distributions on our common shares are the operating cash flows we generate as rental income from our leased properties, residents fees and services revenues from our managed communities and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We believe that these sources will be sufficient to meet our operating and capital expenses and debt service obligations and pay distributions on our common shares for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future thereafter. Our future cash flows from operating activities will depend primarily upon:

• | our ability to maintain or increase the occupancy of, and the rental rates at, our properties;

• | our ability to control operating expenses at our properties;

• | our manager's ability to operate our managed senior living communities so as to maintain or increase our returns; and

• | our ability to purchase additional properties which produce cash flows in excess of our cost of acquisition capital and the related property operating expenses.

Our Operating Liquidity and Resources
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We generally receive minimum rents monthly or quarterly from our tenants, we receive percentage rents from our senior living community tenants monthly, quarterly or annually and we receive residents fees and services revenues, net of expenses, from our managed senior living communities monthly. Our changes in cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016 were as follows: (1) cash provided by operating activities decreased to $324.4 million in 2017 from $342.4 million in 2016; (2) cash used for investing activities decreased to $123.9 million in 2017 from $231.8 million in 2016; and (3) cash used for financing activities increased to $203.3 million in 2017 from $107.5 million in 2016.
The decrease in cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the prior year was primarily a result of an increase in restricted cash balances associated with our joint venture arrangement as of September 30, 2017 which was established in 2017, as well as a decrease in cash generated from operating income in 2017. Cash used for investing activities decreased in 2017 primarily due to higher acquisition activity in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, partially offset by proceeds from the sale of properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and increased funding for real estate improvements during the 2017 period. The increase in cash used for financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the prior year was due primarily to the repayment of certain mortgage debts in 2017, partially offset by the proceeds from our 2016 issuance of senior unsecured notes and secured debt, proceeds from the joint venture arrangement entered in 2017 and higher net borrowings under our revolving credit facility in 2017 compared to net repayments of borrowings under our revolving credit facility in the prior year.
Our Investment and Financing Liquidity and Resources
As of September 30, 2017, we had $28.9 million of cash and cash equivalents and $529.0 million available to borrow under our revolving credit facility. We typically use cash balances, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, net proceeds from offerings of debt or equity securities and the cash flows from our operations to fund our operations, debt repayments, distributions, property acquisitions, capital expenditures and other general business purposes.
In order to fund acquisitions and to meet cash needs that may result from timing differences between our receipt of rents and our desire or need to make distributions or pay operating or capital expenses, we maintain a $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility. In August 2017, we amended the agreement governing our revolving credit facility. As a result of the amendment, the interest rate payable on borrowings under the facility was reduced from LIBOR plus a premium of 130 basis points per annum to LIBOR plus a premium of 120 basis points per annum, and the facility fee was reduced from 30 basis points per annum to 25 basis points per annum on the total amount of lending commitments under the facility. The interest rate premium and facility fee are each subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. Also as a result of the amendment, the stated maturity date of the facility was extended from January 15, 2018 to January 15, 2022, and subject to the payment of an extension fee and meeting other conditions, we have an option to extend the maturity date of this facility for an additional year. The facility also includes a feature pursuant to which in certain circumstances maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $2.0 billion. We can borrow, repay and re-borrow funds available under our revolving credit facility until maturity, and no principal repayment is due until maturity. As of September 30, 2017, the annual interest rate required on borrowings under our revolving credit facility was 2.4%. As of September 30, 2017 and November 8, 2017, we had $471.0 million and $485.0 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility, respectively.
When significant amounts are outstanding under our revolving credit facility, or as the maturities of our indebtedness approach, we intend to explore refinancing alternatives. Such alternatives may include incurring additional debt, selling certain properties and issuing new equity securities. In addition, we may also seek to participate in joint ventures or other arrangements that may provide us additional sources of financing. We currently have an effective shelf registration statement that allows us to issue public securities on an expedited basis, but it does not assure that there will be buyers for such securities. We may also assume mortgage debts in connection with our acquisitions of properties or place new mortgages on properties we own.
We have a $350.0 million unsecured term loan that matures on January 15, 2020. This term loan includes a feature under which maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $700.0 million in certain circumstances. This term loan requires interest to be paid at the rate of LIBOR plus a premium (currently 140 basis points per annum) that is subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. As of September 30, 2017, the annual interest rate payable on amounts outstanding under this term loan was 2.6%.
We also have a $200.0 million unsecured term loan that matures on September 28, 2022. This term loan includes a feature under which maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $400.0 million in certain circumstances. In August 2017, we amended the agreement governing this term loan. As a result of the amendment, the interest rate payable on borrowings under the facility was reduced from LIBOR plus a premium of 180 basis points per annum to LIBOR plus a premium of 135 basis points per annum,
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subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. As of September 30, 2017, the annual interest rate payable on amounts outstanding under this term loan was 2.6%.
In March 2017, we entered a joint venture with a sovereign investor for one of our MOBs (two buildings) located in Boston, Massachusetts. The investor contributed approximately $260.9 million for a 45% equity interest in the joint venture, and we retained the remaining 55% equity interest in the joint venture. Net proceeds that we received from this transaction were approximately $255.8 million, after transaction costs. We used the proceeds from this transaction to repay a portion of the amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility.
In April 2017, we prepaid a mortgage note secured by 17 of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $277.8 million plus a premium of $5.4 million plus accrued interest, a maturity date in September 2019 and an annual interest rate of 6.71%. In May 2017, we prepaid, at par plus accrued interest, a mortgage note secured by one of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $10.6 million, a maturity date in August 2017 and an annual interest rate of 6.15%. In June 2017, we prepaid, at par plus accrued interest, a mortgage note secured by one of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $8.8 million, a maturity date in August 2037 and an annual interest rate of 5.95%. We funded these prepayments with cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
In January 2017, we acquired one MOB (one building) located in Kansas with approximately 117,000 square feet for approximately $15.1 million, excluding closing costs. In July 2017, we acquired one MOB (one building) located in Maryland with approximately 59,000 square feet for a purchase price of approximately $16.2 million, excluding closing costs. We funded these acquisitions with cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
In October 2017, we acquired two MOBs (two buildings) located in Minnesota and North Carolina with a total of approximately 255,000 square feet for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $38.7 million, excluding closing costs. We funded these acquisitions with cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
In August and October 2017, we entered agreements to acquire two MOBs (two buildings) located in California and Kansas with a total of approximately 302,000 square feet for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $71.1 million, excluding closing costs. We expect to fund these acquisitions with cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. These acquisitions are subject to conditions; accordingly, these acquisitions may not occur, may be delayed or the terms may change.
In November 2017, we entered a transaction agreement with Five Star pursuant to which we agreed to acquire six senior living communities from Five Star. The aggregate purchase price for these six senior living communities is approximately $104.0 million, including our assumption of approximately $33.7 million of mortgage debt securing certain of these senior living communities with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.2% and excluding closing costs. We expect to fund these acquisitions with the assumption of mortgage debt described in the prior sentence, cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. These acquisitions are subject to conditions; accordingly, we may not acquire these senior living communities, these acquisitions may be delayed or the terms may change. See Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we invested $14.7 million and $41.2 million in revenue producing capital improvements at certain of our triple net leased senior living communities, and, as a result, annual rent payable to us increased or will increase by approximately $1.2 million and $3.3 million, respectively, pursuant to the terms of the applicable leases. We used cash on hand to fund these purchases.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, amounts capitalized for leasing costs and building improvements at our MOBs and capital expenditures at our managed senior living communities were as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
MOB tenant improvements (1) |  | $ | 1,951 |  |  | $ | 2,652 |  |  | $ | 5,791 |  |  | $ | 4,784 |
MOB leasing costs (2) |  | 2,826 |  |  | 1,220 |  |  | 6,024 |  |  | 3,042 |
MOB building improvements (3) |  | 4,444 |  |  | 3,816 |  |  | 9,704 |  |  | 10,552 |
Managed senior living communities capital improvements |  | 2,739 |  |  | 4,542 |  |  | 9,675 |  |  | 10,790 |
Development, redevelopment and other activities (4) |  | 4,590 |  |  | 7,362 |  |  | 21,612 |  |  | 24,668 |
Total capital expenditures |  | $ | 16,550 |  |  | $ | 19,592 |  |  | $ | 52,806 |  |  | $ | 53,836 |

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(1) | MOB tenant improvements generally include capital expenditures to improve tenants’ space or amounts paid directly to tenants to improve their space.

(2) | MOB leasing costs generally include leasing related costs, such as brokerage commissions and tenant inducements.

(3) | MOB building improvements generally include capital expenditures to replace obsolete building components and capital expenditures that extend the useful life of existing assets.

(4) | Development, redevelopment and other activities generally include (i) capital expenditures that are identified at the time of acquisition of a property and incurred within a short period thereafter and (ii) capital expenditure projects that reposition a property or result in new sources of revenues.

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, commitments made for expenditures in connection with leasing space in our MOBs, such as tenant improvements and leasing costs, were as follows (dollars and square feet in thousands, except per square foot amounts):

|  | New Leases |  | Renewals |  | Total
Square feet leased during the quarter |  | 50 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 402 |
Total leasing costs and concession commitments (1) |  | $ | 2,928 |  |  | $ | 4,030 |  |  | $ | 6,958 |
Total leasing costs and concession commitments per square foot (1) |  | $ | 58.04 |  |  | $ | 11.45 |  |  | $ | 17.29 |
Weighted average lease term (years) (2) |  | 9.7 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 7.2 |
Total leasing costs and concession commitments per square foot per year (1) |  | $ | 6.01 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 2.40 |

(1) | Includes commitments made for leasing expenditures and concessions, such as tenant improvements, leasing commissions, tenant reimbursements and free rent.

(2) | Weighted based on annualized rental income pursuant to existing leases as of September 30, 2017, including straight line rent adjustments and estimated recurring expense reimbursements and excluding lease value amortization.

We funded or expect to fund the foregoing capital commitments at our MOBs using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
As of September 30, 2017, we have estimated unspent leasing related obligations at our triple net leased senior living communities and our MOBs of approximately $21.6 million.
On February 21, 2017, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92.6 million, that was declared on January 13, 2017 and was payable to shareholders of record on January 23, 2017. On May 18, 2017, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92.6 million, that was declared on April 11, 2017 and was payable to shareholders of record on April 21, 2017. On August 17, 2017, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92.6 million, that was declared on July 12, 2017 and was payable to shareholders of record on July 24, 2017. We funded these distributions using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
On October 12, 2017, we declared a regular quarterly distribution payable to common shareholders of record on October 23, 2017 of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92.7 million. We expect to pay this distribution on or about November 16, 2017 using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
We believe we will have access to various types of financings, including debt or equity offerings, to fund our future acquisitions and to pay our debts and other obligations as they become due. Our ability to complete, and the costs associated with, future debt transactions depends primarily upon credit market conditions and our then creditworthiness. We have no control over market conditions. Our credit ratings depend upon evaluations by credit rating agencies of our business practices and plans, including our ability to maintain our earnings, to stagger our debt maturities and to balance our use of debt and equity capital so that our financial performance and leverage ratios afford us flexibility to withstand any reasonably anticipated adverse changes. Similarly, our ability to raise equity capital in the future will depend primarily upon equity capital market conditions and our ability to conduct our business to maintain and grow our operating cash flows. We intend to conduct our business activities in a manner which will afford us reasonable access to capital for investment and financing activities, but we cannot be sure that we will be able to successfully carry out that intention.
Our strategy related to property acquisitions and dispositions is materially unchanged from that disclosed in our Annual Report. We continue to explore and evaluate for possible acquisition additional properties primarily for income and secondarily for appreciation potential; however, we cannot be sure that we will reach any agreement to acquire such properties, or that if we do
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reach any such agreement, that we will complete any acquisitions. Generally, we identify properties for sale based on changes in market conditions in the area where the property is located, our expectations regarding the property's future financial performance, our expectation regarding lease renewals, our plans with regard to particular properties or alternative opportunities we may wish to pursue. Our plans for particular properties and other strategic considerations may cause us to change our acquisition and disposition strategies, and we may do so at any time and without shareholder approval.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of September 30, 2017, we had no off balance sheet arrangements that have had or that we expect would be reasonably likely to have a material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Debt Covenants
Our principal debt obligations at September 30, 2017 were: (1) outstanding borrowings under our $1.0 billion revolving credit facility; (2) six public issuances of senior unsecured notes, including: (a) $400.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 3.25% due 2019, (b) $200.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.75% due 2020, (c) $300.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.75% due 2021, (d) $250.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 4.75% due 2024, (e) $350.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 5.625% due 2042 and (f) $250.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.25% due 2046; (3) our $350.0 million principal amount term loan due 2020; (4) our $200.0 million principal amount term loan due 2022; and (5) $806.4 million aggregate principal amount of mortgage notes secured by 24 of our properties (25 buildings) with maturity dates between 2018 and 2043. We also have two properties encumbered by capital leases with lease obligations totaling $10.9 million at September 30, 2017; the capital leases expire in 2026. We had $471.0 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2017. Our senior unsecured notes are governed by our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements. Our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements provide for acceleration of payment of all amounts outstanding upon the occurrence and continuation of certain events of default, such as, in the case of our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements, a change of control of us, as defined, which includes RMR LLC ceasing to act as our business and property manager. Our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements and our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements also contain a number of covenants which restrict our ability to incur debts, including debts secured by mortgages on our properties, in excess of calculated amounts and require us to maintain various financial ratios, and our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements contains covenants which restrict our ability to make distributions to our shareholders in certain circumstances. As of September 30, 2017, we believe we were in compliance with all of the covenants under our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements, our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our other debt obligations.
Neither our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements, nor our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements, contain provisions for acceleration which could be triggered by our debt ratings. However, under our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements, our senior unsecured debt ratings are used to determine the fees and interest rates we pay. Accordingly, if our debt ratings are downgraded, our interest expense and related costs under our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements would increase.
Our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements contain cross default provisions to any other debts of more than $20.0 million ($50.0 million or more in the case of our senior unsecured notes indenture and supplement entered in February 2016). Similarly, our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements have cross default provisions to other indebtedness that is recourse of $25.0 million or more and indebtedness that is non-recourse of $75.0 million or more.
The loan agreements governing the aggregate $620.0 million secured debt financing we obtained in July 2016 contain customary covenants and provide for acceleration of payment of all amounts due thereunder upon the occurrence and continuation of certain events of default.
Related Person Transactions
We have relationships and historical and continuing transactions with RMR LLC, RMR Inc., Five Star, AIC and others related to them. For example: we have no employees and the personnel and various services we require to operate our business are provided to us by RMR LLC pursuant to our management agreements with RMR LLC; RMR Inc. is the managing member of RMR LLC; ABP Trust, which is owned by our Managing Trustees, is the controlling shareholder of RMR Inc.; and we own shares of class A common stock of RMR Inc. We also have relationships and historical and continuing transactions with other companies to which RMR LLC provides management services and which may have trustees, directors and officers who are also trustees, directors or officers of us, RMR LLC or RMR Inc., including: Five Star, which is our former subsidiary and largest tenant and the
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manager of our managed senior living communities and of which we own 8.5% of its outstanding common stock and our Managing Trustees beneficially own, directly and indirectly, 36.7% of its outstanding common stock; and AIC, of which we, ABP Trust, Five Star and four other companies to which RMR LLC provides management services each own 14.3% and which arranges and reinsures in part a combined property insurance program for us and its six other shareholders.
For further information about these and other such relationships and related person transactions, see Notes 10, 11 and 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our Annual Report, our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. In addition, see the section captioned “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report for a description of risks that may arise as a result of these and other related person transactions and relationships. Our filings with the SEC and copies of certain of our agreements with these related persons, including our business and property management agreements with RMR LLC, our various agreements with Five Star and our shareholders agreement with AIC and its six other shareholders, are available as exhibits to our filings with the SEC and accessible at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. We may engage in additional transactions with related persons, including businesses to which RMR LLC or its affiliates provide management services.
Impact of Government Reimbursement
For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, approximately 97% of our NOI was generated from properties where a majority of the revenues are derived from our tenants’ and residents’ private resources, and the remaining 3% of our NOI was generated from properties where a majority of the revenues are derived from Medicare and Medicaid payments. Nonetheless, we own, and our tenants and manager operate, facilities in many states that participate in federal and state healthcare payment programs, including the federal Medicare and state Medicaid programs and other federal and state healthcare payment programs. Also, some of our MOB tenants participate in federal Medicare and state Medicaid programs and other government healthcare payment programs.
On September 13, 2017, members of the U.S. Congress introduced the Graham-Cassidy-Heller-Johnson bill, or GCHJ, with the announced intention to repeal and replace major provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or the ACA. Although it is unclear whether GCHJ will ultimately become law, attempts to repeal or to repeal and replace the ACA will likely continue. In addition, on October 12, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order directing federal agencies to reduce limits on association health plans and temporary insurance plans, allowing more widespread offerings of plans that do not adhere to all of the ACA’s mandates, and to permit workers to use funds from tax advantaged accounts to pay for their own coverage. On the same day, the Trump Administration also announced that it would stop paying what are known as cost sharing reduction subsidies to issuers of qualified health plans under the ACA. It is unclear what the result of any of these legislative, executive and regulatory reform efforts may be or the effect they may have on us or the tenants and managers of our properties.
On September 20, 2017, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, through its Innovation Center, issued a request for information seeking reactions from stakeholders regarding new approaches to promote patient centered care and test market driven reforms intended to empower Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries as consumers, provide price transparency, increase choices and competition to improve quality, reduce cost and improve outcomes. In particular, CMS indicated that the Innovation Center is interested in testing models in eight focus areas, including increased participation in advanced alternative payment models; consumer directed care and market based innovation models; state based and local innovation, including Medicaid focused models; and program integrity models. CMS is accepting responses to its information request through November 20, 2017.
On August 24, 2017, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, or OIG, issued an early alert regarding preliminary results of its ongoing review of potential abuse or neglect of Medicare beneficiaries in SNFs. As a result of the review, which is part of the ongoing efforts of the OIG to detect and combat elder abuse, the OIG concluded that CMS has inadequate procedures to ensure that incidents of potential abuse or neglect of beneficiaries residing in SNFs are identified and reported. The OIG provided suggestions for immediate actions that CMS can take to ensure better protection of beneficiaries. It is unclear what policy changes or oversight efforts CMS will undertake as a result of this early alert.
Because of shifting policy priorities, the current and projected federal budget deficit, other federal spending priorities and challenging fiscal conditions in some states, there have been numerous recent legislative and regulatory actions or proposed actions with respect to federal Medicare rates, state Medicaid rates and federal payments to states for Medicaid programs. We cannot currently predict the type and magnitude of the potential Medicare and Medicaid policy changes, rate changes or other changes that may be implemented, but we believe that some of these changes will cause these government funded healthcare programs to fail to provide rates that match our and our tenants’ increasing expenses and that such changes may be material and adverse to our future financial results.
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For more information regarding the government healthcare funding and regulation of our business, please see the section captioned “Business-Government Regulation and Reimbursement” in our Annual Report and the section captioned “Impact of Government Reimbursement” in our Annual Report and in Part I, Item 2 of our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and June 30, 2017.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are exposed to risks associated with market changes in interest rates. We manage our exposure to this market risk by monitoring available financing alternatives. Our strategy to manage exposure to changes in interest rates has not materially changed since December 31, 2016. Other than as described below, we do not currently foresee any significant changes in our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates or in how we manage this exposure in the near future.
Fixed Rate Debt
At September 30, 2017, our outstanding fixed rate debt included the following (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Annual |  | Annual |  |  |  |
|  | Principal |  | Interest |  | Interest |  |  |  | Interest
Debt |  | Balance (1) |  | Rate (1) |  | Expense |  | Maturity |  | Payments Due
Senior unsecured notes |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | 3.25 | % |  | $ | 13,000 |  |  | 2019 |  | Semi-Annually
Senior unsecured notes |  | 350,000 |  |  | 5.63 | % |  | 19,705 |  |  | 2042 |  | Quarterly
Senior unsecured notes |  | 300,000 |  |  | 6.75 | % |  | 20,250 |  |  | 2021 |  | Semi-Annually
Senior unsecured notes |  | 250,000 |  |  | 4.75 | % |  | 11,875 |  |  | 2024 |  | Semi-Annually
Senior unsecured notes |  | 250,000 |  |  | 6.25 | % |  | 15,625 |  |  | 2046 |  | Quarterly
Senior unsecured notes |  | 200,000 |  |  | 6.75 | % |  | 13,500 |  |  | 2020 |  | Semi-Annually
Mortgage notes (2) |  | 620,000 |  |  | 3.53 | % |  | 21,886 |  |  | 2026 |  | Monthly
Mortgage notes |  | 68,307 |  |  | 4.47 | % |  | 3,053 |  |  | 2018 |  | Monthly
Mortgage notes |  | 43,788 |  |  | 3.79 | % |  | 1,660 |  |  | 2019 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 13,884 |  |  | 6.28 | % |  | 872 |  |  | 2022 |  | Monthly
Mortgage notes |  | 12,609 |  |  | 6.31 | % |  | 796 |  |  | 2018 |  | Monthly
Mortgage notes |  | 11,911 |  |  | 6.24 | % |  | 743 |  |  | 2018 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 11,444 |  |  | 4.85 | % |  | 555 |  |  | 2022 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 8,476 |  |  | 6.73 | % |  | 570 |  |  | 2018 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 6,465 |  |  | 4.69 | % |  | 303 |  |  | 2019 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 4,361 |  |  | 4.38 | % |  | 191 |  |  | 2043 |  | Monthly
Mortgage notes |  | 2,738 |  |  | 7.49 | % |  | 205 |  |  | 2022 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 2,435 |  |  | 6.25 | % |  | 152 |  |  | 2033 |  | Monthly
|  | $ | 2,556,418 |  |  |  |  | $ | 124,941 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The principal balances and interest rates are the amounts stated in the applicable contracts. In accordance with GAAP, our carrying values and recorded interest expense may differ from these amounts because of market conditions at the time we assumed these debts. This table does not include obligations under capital leases.

(2) | The property encumbered by these mortgages is subject to a joint venture arrangement. No principal payments are due on these mortgages until maturity.

No principal repayments are due under our unsecured notes until maturity. Our mortgage debts generally require principal and interest payments through maturity pursuant to amortization schedules. Because these debts require interest to be paid at a fixed rate, changes in market interest rates during the term of these debts will not affect our interest obligations.
If these debts were refinanced at interest rates which are 100 basis points higher or lower than shown above, our annual interest cost would increase or decrease by approximately $25.6 million.
Changes in market interest rates also would affect the fair value of our fixed rate debt obligations; increases in market interest rates decrease the fair value of our fixed rate debt, while decreases in market interest rates increase the fair value of our fixed rate debt. Based on the balances outstanding at September 30, 2017, and discounted cash flows analyses through the respective maturity
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dates, and assuming no other changes in factors that may affect the fair value of our fixed rate debt obligations, a hypothetical immediate 100 basis point change in interest rates would change the fair value of those obligations by approximately $48.8 million.
Our senior unsecured notes and certain of our mortgages contain provisions that allow us to make repayments earlier than the stated maturity date. In some cases, we are not allowed to make early repayment prior to a cutoff date and we are generally allowed to make prepayments only at a premium equal to a make whole amount, as defined, which is generally designed to preserve a stated yield to the noteholder. In the past, we have repurchased and retired some of our outstanding debts and we may do so again in the future. These prepayment rights and our ability to repurchase and retire outstanding debt may afford us opportunities to mitigate the risk of refinancing our debts at maturity at higher rates by refinancing prior to maturity.
Floating Rate Debt
At September 30, 2017, our floating rate debt obligations consisted of our $1.0 billion revolving credit facility under which we had $471.0 million outstanding, our $350.0 million term loan and our $200.0 million term loan. In August 2017, we amended the agreement governing our revolving credit facility. As a result of the amendment, among other things, the stated maturity date of the facility was extended from January 15, 2018 to January 15, 2022, and subject to the payment of an extension fee and meeting other conditions, we have an option to extend the maturity date of the facility for an additional year. No principal repayments are required under our revolving credit facility prior to maturity, and we can borrow, repay and re-borrow funds available, subject to conditions, at any time without penalty. Our $350.0 million term loan matures on January 15, 2020, and our $200.0 million term loan matures on September 28, 2022. Our $350.0 million term loan and our $200.0 million term loan are prepayable without penalty at any time.
Borrowings under our revolving credit facility and term loans are in U.S. dollars and interest is required to be paid at the rate of LIBOR plus premiums that are subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. Accordingly, we are exposed to interest rate risk for changes in U.S. dollar based short term rates, specifically LIBOR. In addition, upon renewal or refinancing of our revolving credit facility or our term loans, we are vulnerable to increases in interest rate premiums due to market conditions or our perceived credit characteristics. Generally, a change in interest rates would not affect the value of our floating rate debt but would affect our operating results.
The following table presents the impact a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would have on our annual floating rate interest expense as of September 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands except per share amounts):

|  | Impact of Changes in Interest Rates
|  |  |  | Outstanding |  | Total Interest |  | Annual Earnings
|  | Interest Rate (1) |  | Floating Rate Debt |  | Expense Per Year |  | per Share Impact (2)
At September 30, 2017 |  | 2.51 | % |  | $ | 1,021,000 |  |  | $ | 25,627 |  |  | $ | (0.11 | )
100 basis point increase |  | 3.51 | % |  | $ | 1,021,000 |  |  | $ | 35,837 |  |  | $ | (0.15 | )

(1) | Weighted based on the respective interest rates and outstanding borrowings under our credit facility and term loans as of September 30, 2017.

(2) | Based on weighted average number of shares outstanding (diluted) for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

The following table presents the impact a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would have on our annual floating rate interest expense as of September 30, 2017 if we were fully drawn on our revolving credit facility and our term loan remained outstanding (dollars in thousands except per share amounts):

|  | Impact of Changes in Interest Rates
|  |  |  | Outstanding |  | Total Interest |  | Annual Earnings
|  | Interest Rate (1) |  | Floating Rate Debt |  | Expense Per Year |  | per Share Impact (2)
At September 30, 2017 |  | 2.47 | % |  | $ | 1,550,000 |  |  | $ | 38,285 |  |  | $ | (0.16 | )
100 basis point increase |  | 3.47 | % |  | $ | 1,550,000 |  |  | $ | 53,785 |  |  | $ | (0.23 | )

(1) | Weighted based on the respective interest rates and outstanding borrowings under our credit facility (assuming fully drawn) and term loans as of September 30, 2017.

(2) | Based on weighted average number of shares outstanding (diluted) for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

The foregoing tables show the impact of an immediate increase in floating interest rates. If interest rates were to change gradually over time, the impact would be spread over time. Our exposure to fluctuations in floating interest rates will increase or
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decrease in the future with increases or decreases in the outstanding amount of our borrowings under our revolving credit facility or other floating rate debt.
Although we have no present plans to do so, we may in the future enter into hedge arrangements to mitigate our exposure to changes in interest rates.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, our management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Managing Trustees, our President and Chief Operating Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Based upon that evaluation, our Managing Trustees, our President and Chief Operating Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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WARNING CONCERNING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
THIS QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q CONTAINS STATEMENTS THAT CONSTITUTE FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995 AND OTHER SECURITIES LAWS. ALSO, WHENEVER WE USE WORDS SUCH AS “BELIEVE”, “EXPECT”, “ANTICIPATE”, “INTEND”, “PLAN”, “ESTIMATE”, “WILL”, “MAY” AND NEGATIVES OR DERIVATIVES OF THESE OR SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS, WE ARE MAKING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS. THESE FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS ARE BASED UPON OUR PRESENT INTENT, BELIEFS OR EXPECTATIONS, BUT FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS ARE NOT GUARANTEED TO OCCUR AND MAY NOT OCCUR. FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS IN THIS REPORT RELATE TO VARIOUS ASPECTS OF OUR BUSINESS, INCLUDING:

• | OUR POLICIES AND PLANS REGARDING INVESTMENTS, FINANCINGS AND DISPOSITIONS,

• | OUR ABILITY TO RETAIN OUR EXISTING TENANTS, ATTRACT NEW TENANTS AND MAINTAIN OR INCREASE CURRENT RENTAL RATES,

• | THE CREDIT QUALITIES OF OUR TENANTS,

• | OUR ABILITY TO COMPETE FOR ACQUISITIONS AND TENANCIES EFFECTIVELY,

• | OUR ACQUISITIONS AND SALES OF PROPERTIES,

• | THE ABILITY OF THE MANAGER OF OUR MANAGED SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES TO MAINTAIN AND INCREASE OCCUPANCY, REVENUES AND OPERATING INCOME AT THOSE COMMUNITIES,

• | OUR ABILITY TO PAY DISTRIBUTIONS TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS AND THE AMOUNT OF SUCH DISTRIBUTIONS,

• | OUR ABILITY TO RAISE DEBT OR EQUITY CAPITAL,

• | THE FUTURE AVAILABILITY OF BORROWINGS UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY,

• | OUR ABILITY TO PAY INTEREST ON AND PRINCIPAL OF OUR DEBT,

• | OUR ABILITY TO APPROPRIATELY BALANCE OUR USE OF DEBT AND EQUITY CAPITAL,

• | OUR CREDIT RATINGS,

• | OUR EXPECTATION THAT WE BENEFIT FROM OUR OWNERSHIP OF RMR INC.,

• | OUR EXPECTATION THAT WE BENEFIT FROM OUR OWNERSHIP OF AIC AND FROM OUR PARTICIPATION IN INSURANCE PROGRAMS ARRANGED BY AIC,

• | OUR QUALIFICATION FOR TAXATION AS A REIT,

• | OUR BELIEF THAT THE AGING U.S. POPULATION AND INCREASING LIFE SPANS OF SENIORS WILL INCREASE THE DEMAND FOR SENIOR LIVING SERVICES,

• | OUR BELIEF THAT FIVE STAR, OUR FORMER SUBSIDIARY AND LARGEST TENANT AND THE MANAGER OF OUR MANAGED SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES, HAS ADEQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY AND THE ABILITY TO MEET ITS OBLIGATIONS TO US AND TO MANAGE OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES SUCCESSFULLY, AND

• | OTHER MATTERS.

OUR ACTUAL RESULTS MAY DIFFER MATERIALLY FROM THOSE CONTAINED IN OR IMPLIED BY OUR FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS AS A RESULT OF VARIOUS FACTORS. FACTORS THAT COULD HAVE A MATERIAL ADVERSE EFFECT ON OUR FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS AND UPON OUR BUSINESS, RESULTS OF OPERATIONS, FINANCIAL CONDITION, FFO, NORMALIZED FFO, NOI, CASH FLOWS, LIQUIDITY AND PROSPECTS INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO:
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• | THE IMPACT OF CONDITIONS AND CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY AND THE CAPITAL MARKETS ON US AND OUR TENANTS AND MANAGERS,

• | THE IMPACT OF THE ACA, INCLUDING CURRENT PROPOSALS TO REPEAL OR TO REPEAL AND REPLACE THE ACA, AND OTHER EXISTING OR PROPOSED LEGISLATION OR REGULATIONS ON US, ON OUR TENANTS AND MANAGERS AND ON THEIR ABILITY TO PAY OUR RENTS AND RETURNS,

• | ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST WITH OUR RELATED PARTIES, INCLUDING OUR MANAGING TRUSTEES, FIVE STAR, RMR LLC, RMR INC., AIC AND OTHERS AFFILIATED WITH THEM,

• | COMPLIANCE WITH, AND CHANGES TO, FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS, ACCOUNTING RULES, TAX LAWS AND SIMILAR MATTERS,

• | LIMITATIONS IMPOSED ON OUR BUSINESS AND OUR ABILITY TO SATISFY COMPLEX RULES IN ORDER FOR US TO QUALIFY FOR TAXATION AS A REIT FOR U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX PURPOSES,

• | COMPETITION WITHIN THE HEALTHCARE AND REAL ESTATE INDUSTRIES, AND

• | ACTS OF TERRORISM, OUTBREAKS OF SO CALLED PANDEMICS OR OTHER MANMADE OR NATURAL DISASTERS BEYOND OUR CONTROL.

FOR EXAMPLE:

• | FIVE STAR IS OUR LARGEST TENANT AND THE MANAGER OF OUR MANAGED SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES AND IT MAY EXPERIENCE FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES AS A RESULT OF A NUMBER OF FACTORS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO:

• | CHANGES IN MEDICARE OR MEDICAID POLICIES, INCLUDING THOSE THAT MAY RESULT FROM THE ACA, INCLUDING CURRENT PROPOSALS TO REPEAL OR TO REPEAL AND REPLACE THE ACA, AND OTHER EXISTING OR PROPOSED LEGISLATION OR REGULATIONS, WHICH COULD RESULT IN REDUCED MEDICARE OR MEDICAID RATES OR A FAILURE OF SUCH RATES TO COVER FIVE STAR’S COSTS OR LIMIT THE SCOPE OR FUNDING OF EITHER OR BOTH PROGRAMS,

• | THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY AND THE CAPITAL MARKETS ON FIVE STAR AND ITS RESIDENTS AND OTHER CUSTOMERS,

• | COMPETITION WITHIN THE SENIOR LIVING SERVICES BUSINESS,

• | INCREASES IN INSURANCE AND TORT LIABILITY COSTS,

• | INCREASES IN COMPLIANCE COSTS, AND

• | INCREASES IN FIVE STAR'S LABOR COSTS OR IN COSTS FIVE STAR PAYS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES.

• | IF FIVE STAR’S OPERATIONS CONTINUE TO BE UNPROFITABLE, IT MAY DEFAULT ON ITS RENT OBLIGATIONS TO US,

• | IF FIVE STAR FAILS TO PROVIDE QUALITY SERVICES AT SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES THAT WE OWN, OUR INCOME FROM THESE COMMUNITIES MAY BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED,

• | IN RESPONSE TO COMPETITIVE PRESSURES RESULTING FROM RECENT AND EXPECTED NEW SUPPLY OF SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES, WE HAVE BEEN INVESTING IN IMPROVEMENTS TO OUR EXISTING SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES. OUR COMMUNITIES MAY FAIL TO BE COMPETITIVE AND THEY MAY FAIL TO ATTRACT RESIDENTS, DESPITE OUR CAPITAL INVESTMENTS,

• | OUR OTHER TENANTS MAY EXPERIENCE LOSSES AND DEFAULT ON THEIR RENT OBLIGATIONS TO US,

• | SOME OF OUR TENANTS MAY NOT RENEW EXPIRING LEASES, AND WE MAY BE UNABLE TO OBTAIN NEW TENANTS TO MAINTAIN OR INCREASE THE HISTORICAL OCCUPANCY RATES OF, OR RENTS FROM, OUR PROPERTIES,

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• | OUR ABILITY TO MAKE FUTURE DISTRIBUTIONS TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS AND TO MAKE PAYMENTS OF PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST ON OUR INDEBTEDNESS DEPENDS UPON A NUMBER OF FACTORS, INCLUDING OUR FUTURE EARNINGS, THE CAPITAL COSTS WE INCUR TO LEASE AND OPERATE OUR PROPERTIES AND OUR WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS. WE MAY BE UNABLE TO PAY OUR DEBT OBLIGATIONS OR TO MAINTAIN OUR CURRENT RATE OF DISTRIBUTIONS ON OUR COMMON SHARES AND FUTURE DISTRIBUTIONS MAY BE REDUCED OR ELIMINATED,

• | OUR ABILITY TO GROW OUR BUSINESS AND INCREASE OUR DISTRIBUTIONS DEPENDS IN LARGE PART UPON OUR ABILITY TO BUY PROPERTIES AND ARRANGE FOR THEIR PROFITABLE OPERATION OR LEASE THEM FOR RENTS, LESS THEIR PROPERTY OPERATING EXPENSES, THAT EXCEED OUR CAPITAL COSTS. WE MAY BE UNABLE TO IDENTIFY PROPERTIES THAT WE WANT TO ACQUIRE OR TO NEGOTIATE ACCEPTABLE PURCHASE PRICES, ACQUISITION FINANCING, MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS OR LEASE TERMS FOR NEW PROPERTIES,

• | RENTS THAT WE CAN CHARGE AT OUR PROPERTIES MAY DECLINE BECAUSE OF CHANGING MARKET CONDITIONS OR OTHERWISE,

• | CONTINGENCIES IN OUR ACQUISITION AND SALE AGREEMENTS MAY NOT BE SATISFIED AND OUR PENDING ACQUISITIONS AND SALES AND ANY RELATED LEASES OR MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS WE MAY EXPECT TO ENTER INTO MAY NOT OCCUR, MAY BE DELAYED OR THE TERMS OF SUCH TRANSACTIONS OR ARRANGEMENTS MAY CHANGE,

• | WE HAVE ENTERED AN AGREEMENT TO ACQUIRE SIX SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES FROM FIVE STAR FOR APPROXIMATELY $104.0 MILLION, INCLUDING OUR ASSUMPTION OF APPROXIMATELY $33.7 MILLION OF MORTGAGE DEBT AND EXCLUDING CLOSING COSTS, AND WE EXPECT TO ENTER MANAGEMENT AND POOLING ARRANGEMENTS WITH FIVE STAR FOR FIVE STAR TO MANAGE THESE SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES FOR US. THESE ACQUISITIONS ARE SUBJECT TO CONDITIONS. THESE CONDITIONS MAY NOT BE MET AND THESE ACQUISITIONS AND RELATED MANAGEMENT AND POOLING ARRANGEMENTS MAY NOT OCCUR, MAY BE DELAYED BEYOND THE FIRST QUARTER OF 2018 OR THEIR TERMS MAY CHANGE,

• | WE EXPECT TO ENTER INTO ADDITIONAL LEASE OR MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS WITH FIVE STAR FOR ADDITIONAL SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES THAT WE OWN OR MAY ACQUIRE IN THE FUTURE. HOWEVER, WE CANNOT BE SURE THAT WE WILL ENTER INTO ANY ADDITIONAL LEASES, MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS OR OTHER TRANSACTIONS WITH FIVE STAR,

• | CONTINUED AVAILABILITY OF BORROWINGS UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY IS SUBJECT TO OUR SATISFYING CERTAIN FINANCIAL COVENANTS AND OTHER CREDIT FACILITY CONDITIONS THAT WE MAY BE UNABLE TO SATISFY,

• | ACTUAL COSTS UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY OR OTHER FLOATING RATE CREDIT FACILITIES WILL BE HIGHER THAN LIBOR PLUS A PREMIUM BECAUSE OF FEES AND EXPENSES ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH FACILITIES,

• | THE MAXIMUM BORROWING AVAILABILITY UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY AND TERM LOANS MAY BE INCREASED TO UP TO $3.1 BILLION ON A COMBINED BASIS IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. HOWEVER, INCREASING THE MAXIMUM BORROWING AVAILABILITY UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY AND TERM LOANS IS SUBJECT TO OUR OBTAINING ADDITIONAL COMMITMENTS FROM LENDERS, WHICH MAY NOT OCCUR,

• | WE HAVE THE OPTION TO EXTEND THE MATURITY DATE OF OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY UPON PAYMENT OF A FEE AND MEETING OTHER CONDITIONS; HOWEVER, THE APPLICABLE CONDITIONS MAY NOT BE MET,

• | THE PREMIUMS USED TO DETERMINE THE INTEREST RATE PAYABLE ON OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY AND TERM LOANS AND THE FACILITY FEE PAYABLE ON OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY ARE BASED ON OUR CREDIT RATINGS. FUTURE CHANGES IN OUR CREDIT RATINGS MAY CAUSE THE INTEREST AND FEES WE PAY TO INCREASE,

• | WE MAY BE UNABLE TO REPAY OUR DEBT OBLIGATIONS WHEN THEY BECOME DUE,

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• | FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2017, APPROXIMATELY 97% OF OUR NOI WAS GENERATED FROM PROPERTIES WHERE A MAJORITY OF THE REVENUES ARE DERIVED FROM OUR TENANTS’ AND RESIDENTS’ PRIVATE RESOURCES. THIS MAY IMPLY THAT WE WILL MAINTAIN OR INCREASE THE PERCENTAGE OF OUR NOI GENERATED FROM PRIVATE RESOURCES AT OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES. HOWEVER, OUR RESIDENTS AND PATIENTS MAY BECOME UNABLE TO FUND OUR CHARGES WITH PRIVATE RESOURCES AND WE MAY BE REQUIRED OR MAY ELECT FOR BUSINESS REASONS TO ACCEPT OR PURSUE REVENUES FROM GOVERNMENT SOURCES, WHICH COULD RESULT IN AN INCREASED PART OF OUR NOI AND REVENUE BEING GENERATED FROM GOVERNMENT PAYMENTS AND OUR BECOMING MORE DEPENDENT ON GOVERNMENT PAYMENTS,

• | CIRCUMSTANCES THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE ABILITY OF SENIORS OR THEIR FAMILIES TO PAY FOR OUR TENANTS' AND MANAGER'S SERVICES, SUCH AS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS, WEAK HOUSING MARKET CONDITIONS, HIGHER LEVELS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG OUR RESIDENTS' FAMILY MEMBERS, LOWER LEVELS OF CONSUMER CONFIDENCE, STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY AND/OR CHANGES IN DEMOGRAPHICS GENERALLY COULD AFFECT THE PROFITABILITY OF OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES,

• | AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2017, WE HAD ESTIMATED UNSPENT LEASING RELATED OBLIGATIONS OF $21.6 MILLION. IT IS DIFFICULT TO ACCURATELY ESTIMATE TENANT SPACE PREPARATION COSTS. OUR UNSPENT LEASING RELATED OBLIGATIONS MAY COST MORE OR LESS AND MAY TAKE LONGER TO COMPLETE THAN WE CURRENTLY EXPECT, AND WE MAY INCUR INCREASING AMOUNTS FOR THESE AND SIMILAR PURPOSES IN THE FUTURE,

• | WE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO SELL PROPERTIES THAT WE DETERMINE TO OFFER FOR SALE ON TERMS ACCEPTABLE TO US OR OTHERWISE,

• | WE BELIEVE THAT OUR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OUR RELATED PARTIES, INCLUDING FIVE STAR, RMR LLC, RMR INC., ABP TRUST, AIC AND OTHERS AFFILIATED WITH THEM MAY BENEFIT US AND PROVIDE US WITH COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES IN OPERATING AND GROWING OUR BUSINESS. HOWEVER, THE ADVANTAGES WE BELIEVE WE MAY REALIZE FROM THESE RELATIONSHIPS MAY NOT MATERIALIZE,

• | RMR INC. MAY REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF ITS DISTRIBUTIONS TO ITS SHAREHOLDERS, INCLUDING US,

• | OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES ARE SUBJECT TO EXTENSIVE GOVERNMENT REGULATION, LICENSURE AND OVERSIGHT. WE SOMETIMES EXPERIENCE DEFICIENCIES IN THE OPERATION OF OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES AND SOME OF OUR COMMUNITIES MAY BE PROHIBITED FROM ADMITTING NEW RESIDENTS OR OUR LICENSE TO CONTINUE OPERATIONS AT A COMMUNITY MAY BE REVOKED. ALSO, OPERATING DEFICIENCIES OR A LICENSE REVOCATION AT ONE OR MORE OF OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES MAY HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT ON OUR ABILITY TO OBTAIN LICENSES FOR, OR ATTRACT RESIDENTS TO, OUR OTHER COMMUNITIES, AND

• | THE BUSINESS AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS BETWEEN US AND RMR LLC HAVE CONTINUING 20 YEAR TERMS. HOWEVER, THOSE AGREEMENTS PERMIT EARLY TERMINATION IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. ACCORDINGLY, WE CANNOT BE SURE THAT THESE AGREEMENTS WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT FOR CONTINUING 20 YEAR TERMS.

CURRENTLY UNEXPECTED RESULTS COULD OCCUR DUE TO MANY DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES, SOME OF WHICH ARE BEYOND OUR CONTROL, SUCH AS NEW LEGISLATION OR REGULATIONS AFFECTING OUR BUSINESS OR THE BUSINESSES OF OUR TENANTS OR MANAGERS, CHANGES IN OUR TENANTS’ OR MANAGERS’ REVENUES OR COSTS, CHANGES IN OUR TENANTS’ OR MANAGERS’ FINANCIAL CONDITIONS, DEFICIENCIES IN OPERATIONS BY A TENANT OR MANAGER OF ONE OR MORE OF OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES, CHANGED MEDICARE OR MEDICAID RATES, ACTS OF TERRORISM, NATURAL DISASTERS OR CHANGES IN CAPITAL MARKETS OR THE ECONOMY GENERALLY.
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED ELSEWHERE IN THIS QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q AND IN OUR ANNUAL REPORT OR IN OUR OTHER FILINGS WITH THE SEC INCLUDING UNDER THE CAPTION “RISK FACTORS”, OR INCORPORATED HEREIN OR THEREIN, IDENTIFIES OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT COULD CAUSE DIFFERENCES FROM OUR FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS. OUR FILINGS WITH THE SEC ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SEC’S WEBSITE AT WWW.SEC.GOV.
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YOU SHOULD NOT PLACE UNDUE RELIANCE UPON OUR FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS.
EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY LAW, WE DO NOT INTEND TO UPDATE OR CHANGE ANY FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS AS A RESULT OF NEW INFORMATION, FUTURE EVENTS OR OTHERWISE.
STATEMENT CONCERNING LIMITED LIABILITY
THE AMENDED AND RESTATED DECLARATION OF TRUST ESTABLISHING SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST, DATED SEPTEMBER 20, 1999, AS AMENDED AND SUPPLEMENTED, AS FILED WITH THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF ASSESSMENTS AND TAXATION OF MARYLAND, PROVIDES THAT NO TRUSTEE, OFFICER, SHAREHOLDER, EMPLOYEE OR AGENT OF SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST SHALL BE HELD TO ANY PERSONAL LIABILITY, JOINTLY OR SEVERALLY, FOR ANY OBLIGATION OF, OR CLAIM AGAINST, SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST. ALL PERSONS DEALING WITH SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST IN ANY WAY SHALL LOOK ONLY TO THE ASSETS OF SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST FOR THE PAYMENT OF ANY SUM OR THE PERFORMANCE OF ANY OBLIGATION.
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PART II. Other Information
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes to risk factors from those we previously disclosed in our Annual Report.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Issuer purchases of equity securities. The following table provides information about our purchases of our equity
securities during the quarter ended September 30, 2017:

Calendar Month |  | Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
September 2017 |  | 16,654 |  |  | $ | 19.85 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total |  | 16,654 |  |  | $ | 19.85 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1) These common share withholdings and purchases were made to satisfy tax withholding and payment obligations of certain RMR LLC employees in connection with the vesting of awards of our common shares. We withheld and purchased these shares at their fair market value based upon the trading price of our common shares at the close of trading on the Nasdaq on the purchase date.
Item 5. Other Information.
On November 8, 2017, we entered a transaction agreement with Five Star pursuant to which we agreed to acquire six senior living communities from Five Star. We will enter management and pooling agreements with Five Star as we acquire these communities for Five Star to manage these senior living communities for us. The aggregate purchase price for these six senior living communities is approximately $104.0 million, including our assumption of approximately $33.7 million of mortgage debt securing certain of these senior living communities and excluding closing costs. The transaction agreement includes certain conditions to our acquisitions of these senior living communities, including receipt of any applicable lender and regulatory approvals. We expect to complete these acquisitions as third party approvals are received between now and the end of the first quarter of 2018; however, the conditions to our acquisitions of these senior living communities may not be met and some or all of these acquisitions and related management and pooling arrangements may not occur, may be delayed or the terms may change.
The management agreements we and Five Star will enter in connection with our acquisitions of these senior living communities will be combined pursuant to two new pooling agreements to be entered between us and Five Star. The first new pooling agreement will combine the management agreements for five of these senior living communities. Pursuant to the terms of the management and pooling agreements to be entered for these five senior living communities, we will pay Five Star a management fee equal to 5% of the gross revenues realized at these communities plus reimbursement for Five Star’s direct costs and expenses related to its operation of these communities, as well as an annual incentive fee equal to 20% of the annual NOI of these communities remaining after we realize an annual minimum return equal to 7% of our invested capital for these senior living communities. The second new pooling agreement will include one management agreement for a senior living community that is subject to an ongoing construction, expansion and development project. The terms of the management and pooling agreements to be entered for this senior living community will be substantially the same as the terms of the management and pooling agreements for the other five senior living communities, except that our annual minimum return on invested capital related to the ongoing construction, expansion and development project at this community will be an amount equal to the interest rate then applicable to borrowings under our revolving credit facility plus 2% per annum. This amount of minimum return will apply until the earlier of 12 months after a certificate of occupancy is issued with respect to the project and the third anniversary of our acquisition of this community; thereafter, the amount of annual minimum return on invested capital related to this project will be 7% of our invested capital. Also pursuant to the terms of the management and pooling agreements to be entered for these six senior living communities, we will pay Five Star a fee for its management of capital expenditure projects at these senior living communities equal to 3% of amounts funded by us. The terms of these management and pooling agreements will expire in 2041 and will be subject to automatic renewals, unless earlier terminated or timely notices of nonrenewal are delivered.
Also on November 8, 2017, we entered an amendment to our preexisting pooling agreements with Five Star, among other things, to provide that, with respect to our right to terminate all of the management agreements covered by a preexisting pooling
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agreement if we do not receive our annual minimum return under such agreement in each of three consecutive years, the commencement year for the measurement period for determining whether the specified annual minimum return under the applicable pooling agreement has been achieved will be 2017.
The foregoing descriptions of the transaction agreement and the amendment to our preexisting pooling agreements with Five Star are not complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of those documents and all exhibits and schedules thereto, copies of which are filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as Exhibits 10.2 and 10.3.
We have relationships and historical and continuing transactions with Five Star. For information regarding these relationships and transactions, see Notes 10, 11 and 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our Annual Report, our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and our other filings with the SEC. In addition, see the section captioned “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report for a description of risks that may arise as a result of these and other related person transactions and relationships. Our filings with the SEC and copies of certain of our agreements with these related persons, including our various agreements with Five Star, are available as exhibits to our filings with the SEC and accessible at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov.
Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Composite Copy of Articles of Amendment and Restatement, dated September 20, 1999, as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.)
3.2 |  | Articles Supplementary, dated May 11, 2000. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2000, File No. 001-15319.)
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary, dated April 17, 2014. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 17, 2014.)
3.4 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, adopted September 7, 2016. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 7, 2016.)
4.1 |  | Form of Common Share Certificate. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014.)
4.2 |  | Indenture, dated as of December 20, 2001, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3, File No. 333-76588.)
4.3 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 4, dated as of April 9, 2010, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 6.75% Senior Notes due 2020, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010, File No. 001-15319.)
4.4 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 6, dated as of December 8, 2011, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 6.75% Senior Notes due 2021, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, File No. 001-15319.)
4.5 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 7, dated as of July 20, 2012, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 5.625% Senior Notes due 2042, including form thereof (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A dated July 20, 2012, File No. 001-15319.)
4.6 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 8, dated as of April 28, 2014, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 3.25% Senior Notes due 2019, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014.)
4.7 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 9, dated as of April 28, 2014, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 4.75% Senior Notes due 2024, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014.)
4.8 |  | Indenture, dated as of February 18, 2016, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 18, 2016.)
4.9 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 18, 2016, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 6.25% Senior Notes due 2046, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 18, 2016.)
4.10 |  | Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement, dated as of June 5, 2015, among the Company, ABP Trust (f/k/a Reit Management & Research Trust), Barry M. Portnoy and Adam D. Portnoy. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 5, 2015.)

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10.1 |  | Third Amendment to $350 Million Term Loan Agreement, dated as of September 20, 2017, among the Company, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and each of the other financial institutions party thereto. (Filed herewith.)
10.2 |  | Transaction Agreement, dated as of November 8, 2017, between the Company and Five Star Senior Living Inc. (Filed herewith.)
10.3 |  | First Amendment to Pooling Agreements Nos. 1 through 11, dated as of November 8, 2017, by and among FVE Managers, Inc. and the other parties listed on the signature pages thereto. (Filed herewith.)
12.1 |  | Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges. (Filed herewith.)
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification. (Filed herewith.)
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification. (Filed herewith.)
31.3 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification. (Filed herewith.)
31.4 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification. (Filed herewith.)
32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certification. (Furnished herewith.)
101.1 |  | The following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (iv) related notes to these financial statements, tagged as blocks of text and in detail. (Filed herewith.)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
| By: | /s/ David J. Hegarty
|  | David J. Hegarty
|  | President and Chief Operating Officer
Dated: November 9, 2017 |
| By: | /s/ Richard W. Siedel, Jr.
|  | Richard W. Siedel, Jr.
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
|  | (principal financial and accounting officer)
Dated: November 9, 2017 |

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