10-Q 1 snh_063018x10qxdocument.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number 1-15319
SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Maryland |  | 04-3445278
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

Two Newton Place, 255 Washington Street, Suite 300, Newton, MA 02458-1634
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
617-796-8350
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ |  | Accelerated filer ☐
Non—accelerated filer ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company ☐
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  |
Emerging growth company ☐ |  |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Number of registrant’s common shares outstanding as of August 6, 2018: 237,643,781

Table of Contents
SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
FORM 10-Q
June 30, 2018
INDEX

|  | Page
PART I | Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets — June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income — Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 3
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 19
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 45
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 48
| Warning Concerning Forward Looking Statements | 49
| Statement Concerning Limited Liability | 53
PART II | Other Information | 54
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 54
Item 6. | Exhibits | 54
| Signatures | 56

References in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the Company, we, us or our include Senior Housing Properties Trust and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise expressly stated or the context indicates otherwise.

Table of Contents
PART I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements.
SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(amounts in thousands, except share data)
(unaudited)

|  | June 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate properties: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 847,028 |  |  | $ | 824,879 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 7,140,704 |  |  | 6,999,884 |
|  | 7,987,732 |  |  | 7,824,763 |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (1,555,754 | ) |  | (1,454,477 | )
|  | 6,431,978 |  |  | 6,370,286 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 30,657 |  |  | 31,238 |
Restricted cash |  | 108,704 |  |  | 16,083 |
Acquired real estate leases and other intangible assets, net |  | 472,272 |  |  | 472,265 |
Other assets, net |  | 392,025 |  |  | 404,147 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,435,636 |  |  | $ | 7,294,019 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured revolving credit facility |  | $ | 64,000 |  |  | $ | 596,000 |
Unsecured term loans, net |  | 547,873 |  |  | 547,460 |
Senior unsecured notes, net |  | 2,214,856 |  |  | 1,725,662 |
Secured debt and capital leases, net |  | 843,623 |  |  | 805,404 |
Accrued interest |  | 26,015 |  |  | 17,987 |
Assumed real estate lease obligations, net |  | 91,080 |  |  | 96,018 |
Other liabilities |  | 204,616 |  |  | 228,300 |
Total liabilities |  | 3,992,063 |  |  | 4,016,831 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |
Common shares of beneficial interest, $.01 par value: 300,000,000 shares authorized, 237,643,781 and 237,630,409 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively |  | 2,376 |  |  | 2,376 |
Additional paid in capital |  | 4,609,522 |  |  | 4,609,316 |
Cumulative net income |  | 2,213,533 |  |  | 1,766,495 |
Cumulative other comprehensive income |  | (281 | ) |  | 87,231 |
Cumulative distributions |  | (3,545,818 | ) |  | (3,360,468 | )
Total equity attributable to common shareholders |  | 3,279,332 |  |  | 3,104,950 |
Noncontrolling interest: |  |  |  |
Total equity attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 164,241 |  |  | 172,238 |
Total equity |  | 3,443,573 |  |  | 3,277,188 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,435,636 |  |  | $ | 7,294,019 |

See accompanying notes.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(amounts in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 174,585 |  |  | $ | 166,647 |  |  | $ | 348,313 |  |  | $ | 333,090 |
Residents fees and services |  | 102,663 |  |  | 98,366 |  |  | 204,750 |  |  | 196,484 |
Total revenues |  | 277,248 |  |  | 265,013 |  |  | 553,063 |  |  | 529,574 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | 110,092 |  |  | 102,795 |  |  | 218,235 |  |  | 203,851 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 72,300 |  |  | 69,669 |  |  | 142,639 |  |  | 142,844 |
General and administrative |  | 29,078 |  |  | 22,922 |  |  | 54,196 |  |  | 38,005 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | 292 |
Impairment of assets |  | 548 |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 5,082 |
Total expenses |  | 212,095 |  |  | 200,468 |  |  | 415,715 |  |  | 390,074 |
Operating income |  | 65,153 |  |  | 64,545 |  |  | 137,348 |  |  | 139,500 |
Dividend income |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 1,318 |  |  | 1,319 |
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net |  | 23,265 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,506 |  |  | — |
Interest and other income |  | 60 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 195 |
Interest expense |  | (44,813 | ) |  | (40,800 | ) |  | (88,365 | ) |  | (84,289 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (7,353 | ) |  | (130 | ) |  | (7,353 | )
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 44,324 |  |  | 17,127 |  |  | 100,791 |  |  | 49,372 |
Income tax expense |  | (105 | ) |  | (99 | ) |  | (365 | ) |  | (191 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | 7 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 502 |
Income before gain on sale of properties |  | 44,226 |  |  | 17,402 |  |  | 100,477 |  |  | 49,683 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | 80,762 |  |  | — |  |  | 261,916 |  |  | — |
Net income |  | 124,988 |  |  | 17,402 |  |  | 362,393 |  |  | 49,683 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,401 | ) |  | (1,360 | ) |  | (2,784 | ) |  | (1,486 | )
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 123,587 |  |  | $ | 16,042 |  |  | $ | 359,609 |  |  | $ | 48,197 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments in available for sale securities |  | — |  |  | (4,995 | ) |  | — |  |  | 19,050 |
Amounts reclassified from cumulative other comprehensive income to net income |  | — |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,082 |
Equity in unrealized (loss) gain of an investee |  | 10 |  |  | 58 |  |  | (83 | ) |  | 180 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | 10 |  |  | 145 |  |  | (83 | ) |  | 24,312 |
Comprehensive income |  | 124,998 |  |  | 17,547 |  |  | 362,310 |  |  | 73,995 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,401 | ) |  | (1,360 | ) |  | (2,784 | ) |  | (1,486 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 123,597 |  |  | $ | 16,187 |  |  | $ | 359,526 |  |  | $ | 72,509 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (basic) |  | 237,487 |  |  | 237,399 |  |  | 237,483 |  |  | 237,395 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (diluted) |  | 237,529 |  |  | 237,445 |  |  | 237,506 |  |  | 237,433 |
Per common share amounts (basic and diluted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 1.51 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |

See accompanying notes.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 362,393 |  |  | $ | 49,683 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 142,639 |  |  | 142,844 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums |  | 2,953 |  |  | 2,803 |
Straight line rental income |  | (6,023 | ) |  | (6,865 | )
Amortization of acquired real estate leases and other intangible assets |  | (2,797 | ) |  | (2,610 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | 130 |  |  | 7,353 |
Impairment of assets |  | 548 |  |  | 5,082 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | (261,916 | ) |  | — |
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net |  | (50,506 | ) |  | — |
Other non-cash adjustments |  | (1,886 | ) |  | (1,887 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | (51 | ) |  | (502 | )
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | 4,742 |  |  | 7,094 |
Accrued interest |  | 8,028 |  |  | (985 | )
Other liabilities |  | (19,130 | ) |  | 9,487 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 179,124 |  |  | 211,497 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate acquisitions and deposits |  | (129,493 | ) |  | (15,146 | )
Real estate improvements |  | (41,061 | ) |  | (57,067 | )
Proceeds from sale of properties |  | 332,389 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | 161,835 |  |  | (72,213 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of senior unsecured notes, net |  | 491,560 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from borrowings on revolving credit facility |  | 429,000 |  |  | 501,000 |
Repayments of borrowings on revolving credit facility |  | (961,000 | ) |  | (394,000 | )
Repayment of other debt |  | (7,832 | ) |  | (302,476 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt settled in cash |  | (130 | ) |  | (5,485 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (4,296 | ) |  | — |
Repurchase of common shares |  | (90 | ) |  | (11 | )
Proceeds from noncontrolling interest, net |  | — |  |  | 255,813 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest |  | (10,781 | ) |  | (3,483 | )
Distributions to shareholders |  | (185,350 | ) |  | (185,284 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (248,919 | ) |  | (133,926 | )
Increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 92,040 |  |  | 5,358 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  | 47,321 |  |  | 35,578 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 139,361 |  |  | $ | 40,936 |

See accompanying notes.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)
(amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Supplemental cash flows information: |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 77,385 |  |  | $ | 82,470 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 439 |  |  | $ | 441 |
Non-cash investing activities: |  |  |  |
Acquisitions funded by assumed debt |  | $ | (44,386 | ) |  | $ | — |
Non-cash financing activities: |  |  |  |
Assumption of mortgage notes payable |  | $ | 44,386 |  |  | $ | — |

Supplemental disclosure of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash:
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets to the amount shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:

|  | As of June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 30,657 |  |  | $ | 27,160 |
Restricted cash |  | 108,704 |  |  | 13,776 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statements of cash flows |  | $ | 139,361 |  |  | $ | 40,936 |

See accompanying notes.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
Note 1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of Senior Housing Properties Trust and its subsidiaries, or we, us, or our, are unaudited. Certain information and disclosures required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, for complete financial statements have been condensed or omitted. We believe the disclosures made are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. However, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, or our Annual Report.
In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair statement of results for the interim period have been included. All intercompany transactions and balances with or among our consolidated subsidiaries have been eliminated. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates in our condensed consolidated financial statements include purchase price allocations, useful lives of fixed assets and impairment of real estate and intangible assets.
In March 2017, we entered a joint venture with a sovereign investor for one of our properties leased to medical providers, medical related business, clinics and biotech laboratory tenants, or MOBs (two buildings), located in Boston, Massachusetts. We have determined that this joint venture is a variable interest entity, or VIE, as defined under the Consolidation Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification. We concluded that we must consolidate this VIE because we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and we have the obligation to absorb losses of, and the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could be significant to the VIE, and therefore are the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The assets of this VIE were $1,080,268 and $1,102,986 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and consist primarily of the net real estate owned by the joint venture. The liabilities of this VIE were $716,127 and $720,678 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and consist primarily of the debt securing the property. The sovereign investor's interest in this consolidated entity is reflected as noncontrolling interest in our condensed consolidated financial statements. See Note 6 for further information about this joint venture.
Note 2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
On January 1, 2018, we adopted FASB Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09 (and related clarifying guidance issued by the FASB), Revenue From Contracts With Customers, which outlines a comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. ASU No. 2014-09 states that “an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” While ASU No. 2014-09 specifically references contracts with customers, it may apply to certain other transactions such as the sale of real estate or equipment. A substantial portion of our total revenues, including residents fees and services which relate to contracts with residents for housing services at properties leased to our taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, consists of rental income from leasing arrangements, which is specifically excluded from ASU No. 2014-09. Our contracts with residents that are within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09 are generally short term in nature. We have adopted ASU No. 2014-09 using the modified retrospective approach. The adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 did not have a material impact on the amount or timing of our revenue recognition in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
On January 1, 2018, we adopted FASB ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which changes how entities measure certain equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities measured under the fair value option that are attributable to their own credit. The implementation of ASU No. 2016-01 resulted in the reclassification of historical changes in the fair value of our available for sale equity securities of $86,572 from cumulative other comprehensive income to cumulative net income. We also reclassified $841 from cumulative other comprehensive income to cumulative net income for our share of cumulative other comprehensive income of our equity method investee. Effective January 1, 2018, changes in the fair value of our equity securities are recorded through earnings in accordance with ASU No. 2016-01.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
On January 1, 2018, we adopted FASB ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which requires companies to show the changes in the total of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. ASU No. 2016-18 also requires a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captions in the balance sheet. As a result, amounts included in restricted cash in our condensed consolidated balance sheets are presented with cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows to the related captions in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Restricted cash totaled $108,704 and $13,776 as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The implementation of ASU No. 2016-18 resulted in a $9,947 decrease to net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-18 did not change our balance sheet presentation.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e., lessees and lessors). ASU No. 2016-02 requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the lessee. This classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right of use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. The new standard requires lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the potential impact the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 will have in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires that entities use a new forward looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowance for credit losses. The measurement of expected credit losses is based upon historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently assessing the potential impact the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 will have in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We currently expect to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective approach.
In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-7, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which aligns the measurement and classification guidance for share-based payments to nonemployees with the guidance for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. ASU No. 2018-7 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently assessing the potential impact the adoption of ASU No. 2018-7 will have in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Note 3. Real Estate Properties
At June 30, 2018, we owned 443 properties (469 buildings) located in 42 states and Washington, D.C.
Acquisitions:
We have accounted for our 2018 acquisitions as acquisitions of assets unless otherwise noted. We funded our 2018 acquisitions using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility, unless otherwise noted.
MOBs:
In January 2018, we acquired three MOBs (three buildings) located in Kansas, Missouri and California with a total of approximately 400,000 square feet for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $91,698, including closing costs of $544.
In March 2018, we acquired one MOB (one building) located in Virginia with approximately 135,000 square feet for a purchase price of approximately $23,275, including our assumption of a $11,050 mortgage note and closing costs of $525.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
The table below represents the purchase price allocations (including net closing adjustments) of the MOB acquisitions that closed during the six months ended June 30, 2018, as described above:

Date |  | Location |  | Number of Properties |  | Number of Buildings |  | Square Feet (000’s) |  | Cash Paid Plus Assumed Debt (1) |  | Land |  | Building and Improvements |  | Acquired Real Estate Leases (2) |  | Assumed Debt
January 2018 |  | 3 States |  | 3 |  | 3 |  | 400 |  |  | $ | 91,698 |  |  | $ | 16,873 |  |  | $ | 54,605 |  |  | $ | 20,220 |  |  | $ | — |
March 2018 |  | Virginia |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 135 |  |  | 23,275 |  |  | 2,863 |  |  | 11,105 |  |  | 9,307 |  |  | 11,050 |
|  |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 535 |  |  | $ | 114,973 |  |  | $ | 19,736 |  |  | $ | 65,710 |  |  | $ | 29,527 |  |  | $ | 11,050 |

(1) | Cash paid plus assumed debt, if any, includes closing costs.

(2) | The weighted average amortization period for acquired real estate leases as of the acquisition dates was 5.8 years.

Senior Living Community Acquisitions:
In November 2017, we entered a transaction agreement with Five Star Senior Living Inc., or Five Star, pursuant to which we agreed to acquire six senior living communities from Five Star. In December 2017, we acquired two of these senior living communities located in Alabama and Indiana with a combined 229 living units for $39,457, including closing costs of $307. In January 2018, we acquired one of these senior living communities located in Tennessee with 88 living units for $19,868, including closing costs of $201. In February 2018, we acquired one of these senior living communities located in Arizona with 127 living units for $22,622, including our assumption of approximately $16,748 of mortgage debt principal and closing costs of $372. In June 2018, we acquired the remaining two of these senior living communities located in Tennessee with a combined 151 living units for $23,860, including our assumption of approximately $16,588 of mortgage debt principal and closing costs of $560. In connection with our acquisitions of these senior living communities, we entered management and pooling agreements with Five Star for Five Star to manage these senior living communities for us.
The table below represents the purchase price allocations (including net closing adjustments) of the senior living community acquisitions that closed during the six months ended June 30, 2018, as described above:

Date |  | Location |  | Leased/Managed |  | Number of Properties |  | Units |  | Cash Paid Plus Assumed Debt (1) |  | Land |  | Building and Improvements |  | FF&E |  | Acquired Real Estate Intangible Assets |  | Assumed Debt |  | Premium on Assumed Debt
January 2018 |  | Tennessee |  | Managed |  | 1 |  | 88 |  |  | $ | 19,868 |  |  | $ | 580 |  |  | $ | 14,884 |  |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 3,195 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
February 2018 |  | Arizona |  | Managed |  | 1 |  | 127 |  |  | 22,622 |  |  | 2,017 |  |  | 17,123 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 4,451 |  |  | 16,748 |  |  | (1,359 | )
June 2018 |  | Tennessee |  | Managed |  | 2 |  | 151 |  |  | 23,860 |  |  | 965 |  |  | 17,910 |  |  | 1,628 |  |  | 3,843 |  |  | 16,588 |  |  | (486 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 366 |  |  | $ | 66,350 |  |  | $ | 3,562 |  |  | $ | 49,917 |  |  | $ | 3,227 |  |  | $ | 11,489 |  |  | $ | 33,336 |  |  | $ | (1,845 | )

(1) | Cash paid plus assumed debt, if any, includes closing costs.

Impairment:
We periodically evaluate our assets for impairments. Impairment indicators may include declining tenant or resident occupancy, weak or declining profitability from the property, decreasing tenant cash flows or liquidity, our decision to dispose of an asset before the end of its estimated useful life, and legislative, market or industry changes that could permanently reduce the value of an asset. If indicators of impairment are present, we evaluate the carrying value of the affected asset by comparing it to the expected future undiscounted net cash flows to be generated from that asset. If the sum of these expected future net cash flows is less than the carrying value, we reduce the net carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value.
During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded an impairment charge of $548 to write off an acquired lease intangible asset associated with a lease default at one of our triple net leased senior living communities, which was leased to a third party private operator. In June 2018, we reached an agreement with this tenant and its guarantor to settle past due
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
amounts, terminate the lease and transfer operations, and, in connection with this agreement, we received $2,150. We entered a management agreement with Five Star to operate this community for our account under a TRS structure.
We did not record any impairment charges for our real estate properties during the six months ended June 30, 2017. See Note 5 for further information regarding other than temporary impairment losses recorded in 2017 relating to our investments in equity securities.
Dispositions:
In March 2018, we sold two senior living communities that were leased to Sunrise Senior Living LLC, or Sunrise, for an aggregate sales price of $217,000, excluding closing costs, resulting in a gain of $181,154. In May 2018, we sold one senior living community leased to Sunrise for a sales price of $96,000, excluding closing costs, resulting in a gain of $78,856. We recognized rental income of $728 and $3,505 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, related to these three senior living communities. We currently have $94,348 of proceeds from the sale of a senior living community in May 2018 that are being held in trust for our benefit to fund future acquisitions by us. These proceeds from the sale are classified as restricted cash in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
In June 2018, we sold one skilled nursing facility, or SNF, a type of senior living community, that was leased to Five Star and one senior living community that was leased to a private operator, where the tenant exercised its purchase option, for a combined sales price of approximately $21,865, excluding closing costs, resulting in a net gain of $1,906. Pursuant to the terms of our lease with Five Star, our annual rental income decreased by $650 from the sale of the SNF that was previously leased to Five Star. We recognized rental income of $331 and $664 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, related to the senior living community that was leased to a private operator.
Note 4. Indebtedness
Our principal debt obligations at June 30, 2018 were: (1) outstanding borrowings under our $1,000,000 unsecured revolving credit facility; (2) seven public issuances of senior unsecured notes, including: (a) $400,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 3.25% due 2019, (b) $200,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.75% due 2020, (c) $300,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.75% due 2021, (d) $250,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 4.75% due 2024, (e) $500,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 4.75% due 2028, (f) $350,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 5.625% due 2042 and (g) $250,000 principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.25% due 2046; (3) our $350,000 principal amount unsecured term loan due 2020; (4) our $200,000 principal amount unsecured term loan due 2022; and (5) $833,594 aggregate principal amount of mortgages (excluding premiums, discounts and net debt issuance costs) secured by 26 of our properties (27 buildings) with maturity dates between 2018 and 2043. The 26 mortgaged properties (27 buildings) had a carrying value (before accumulated depreciation) of $1,266,093 at June 30, 2018. We also had two properties subject to capital leases with lease obligations totaling $10,270 at June 30, 2018; these two properties had a carrying value (before accumulated depreciation) of $36,248 at June 30, 2018, and the capital leases expire in 2026.
In February 2018, we issued $500,000 of 4.75% senior unsecured notes due 2028, raising net proceeds of approximately $487,264 after underwriting discounts and expenses. We used the net proceeds of this offering to reduce amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility.
In January 2018, we prepaid, at par plus accrued interest, a mortgage note secured by one of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $4,338, a maturity date in September 2043 and an annual interest rate of 4.38%. In July 2018, we prepaid, at par plus accrued interest, mortgage notes secured by 12 of our properties with an aggregate outstanding principal balance of approximately $90,602, maturity dates in October 2018 and a weighted average annual interest rate of 5.0%. In July 2018, we gave notice of our intention to prepay, at par plus accrued interest, a mortgage note secured by one of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $6,360, a maturity date in January 2019 and an annual interest rate of 4.69%. We expect to make this prepayment in September 2018.
We have a $1,000,000 revolving credit facility that is available for general business purposes, including acquisitions. The maturity date of our revolving credit facility is January 15, 2022, and, subject to the payment of an extension fee and meeting other conditions, we have the option to extend the maturity date of the facility for an additional year. Our revolving credit facility provides that we can borrow, repay and re-borrow funds available under our revolving credit facility until maturity, and no principal repayment is due until maturity. Our revolving credit facility requires annual interest to be paid on borrowings at
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
the rate of LIBOR plus a premium of 120 basis points, plus a facility fee of 25 basis points per annum on the total amount of lending commitments under the facility. The interest rate premium and facility fee are each subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. As of June 30, 2018, the annual interest rate payable on borrowings under our revolving credit facility was 3.2%. The weighted average annual interest rates for borrowings under our revolving credit facility were 3.0% and 2.3% for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 2.7% and 2.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of June 30, 2018, we had $64,000 outstanding and $936,000 available for borrowing, and as of August 6, 2018, we had $125,000 outstanding and $875,000 available for borrowing under our revolving credit facility. We incurred interest expense and other associated costs related to our revolving credit facility of $1,504 and $3,129 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $5,581 and $5,959 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The facility also includes a feature pursuant to which in certain circumstances maximum borrowings under the facility may be increased to up to $2,000,000.
Our $350,000 term loan matures in January 2020, and is prepayable without penalty at any time. This term loan requires annual interest to be paid at the rate of LIBOR plus a premium of 140 basis points, subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. At June 30, 2018, the annual interest rate payable on amounts outstanding under this term loan was 3.4%. The weighted average annual interest rate for amounts outstanding under this term loan was 3.4% and 2.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 3.2% and 2.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We incurred interest expense and other associated costs related to this term loan of $3,077 and $2,268 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $5,843 and $4,311 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This term loan includes an accordion feature under which maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $700,000 in certain circumstances.
Our $200,000 term loan matures in September 2022, and is prepayable without penalty at any time. This term loan requires annual interest to be paid at the rate of LIBOR plus a premium of 135 basis points, subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. At June 30, 2018, the annual interest rate payable on amounts outstanding under this term loan was 3.4%. The weighted average annual interest rate for amounts outstanding under this term loan was 3.3% and 2.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 3.2% and 2.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We incurred interest expense and other associated costs related to this term loan of $1,738 and $1,488 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $3,302 and $2,847 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This term loan includes an accordion feature under which maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $400,000 in certain circumstances.
Our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements provide for acceleration of payment of all amounts due thereunder upon the occurrence and continuation of certain events of default, such as, in the case of our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements, a change of control of us, as defined, which includes The RMR Group LLC, or RMR LLC, ceasing to act as our business and property manager. Our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements also contain a number of covenants, including covenants that restrict our ability to incur debts, and generally require us to maintain certain financial ratios, and our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements restrict our ability to make distributions under certain circumstances. We believe we were in compliance with the terms and conditions of the respective covenants under our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements at June 30, 2018.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
Note 5. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
The table below presents certain of our assets measured at fair value at June 30, 2018, categorized by the level of inputs as defined in the fair value hierarchy under GAAP, used in the valuation of each asset:

|  |  |  | Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
|  |  |  | Quoted Prices in |  |  |  | Significant
|  |  |  | Active Markets for |  | Significant Other |  | Unobservable
|  |  |  | Identical Assets |  | Observable Inputs |  | Inputs
Description |  | Total |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Recurring Fair Value Measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in RMR Inc. (1) |  | $ | 206,905 |  |  | $ | 206,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Investment in Five Star (2) |  | $ | 6,353 |  |  | $ | 6,353 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1) | Our 2,637,408 shares of class A common stock of The RMR Group Inc., or RMR Inc., which are included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, are reported at fair value which is based on quoted market prices (Level 1 inputs). Our historical cost basis for these shares is $69,826 as of June 30, 2018. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded an unrealized gain of $22,418 and $50,506, respectively, to adjust the carrying value of our investment in RMR Inc. class A common shares to their fair value.

(2) | Our 4,235,000 common shares of Five Star, which are included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, are reported at fair value which is based on quoted market prices (Level 1 inputs). Our historical cost basis and fair value for these shares is $6,353 as of June 30, 2018. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded an unrealized gain of $847 and $0, respectively, to adjust the carrying value of our investment in Five Star common shares to their fair value. During each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we recorded a loss on impairment of $5,082 to reduce the carrying value of our Five Star investment to its estimated fair value in accordance with applicable GAAP standards at that time.

In addition to the assets described in the table above, our financial instruments at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 included cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, other assets, our revolving credit facility, term loans, senior unsecured notes, secured debt and capital leases and other unsecured obligations and liabilities. The fair values of these financial instruments approximated their carrying values in our condensed consolidated financial statements as of such dates, except as follows:

|  | As of June 30, 2018 |  | As of December 31, 2017
Description |  | Carrying Amount (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value
Senior unsecured notes |  | $ | 2,214,856 |  |  | $ | 2,268,429 |  |  | $ | 1,725,662 |  |  | $ | 1,810,882 |
Secured debts(2) |  | 833,353 |  |  | 798,986 |  |  | 794,710 |  |  | 783,353 |
|  | $ | 3,048,209 |  |  | $ | 3,067,415 |  |  | $ | 2,520,372 |  |  | $ | 2,594,235 |

(1) | Includes unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts.

(2) | We assumed certain of these secured debts in connection with our acquisitions of certain properties. We recorded the assumed secured debts at estimated fair value on the date of assumption and we are amortizing the fair value adjustments, if any, to interest expense over their respective terms to adjust interest expense to the estimated market interest rates as of the date of assumption.

We estimated the fair value of our two issuances of senior unsecured notes due 2042 and 2046 based on the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, (a Level 1 input) as of June 30, 2018. We estimated the fair values of our five issuances of senior unsecured notes due 2019, 2020, 2021, 2024 and 2028 using an average of the bid and ask price on or about June 30, 2018 (Level 2 inputs as defined in the fair value hierarchy under GAAP). We estimated the fair values of our secured debts by using discounted cash flows analyses and currently prevailing market terms as of the measurement date (Level 3 inputs as defined
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
in the fair value hierarchy under GAAP). Because Level 3 inputs are unobservable, our estimated fair value may differ materially from the actual fair value.
Note 6. Noncontrolling Interest
In March 2017, we entered a joint venture with a sovereign investor for one of our MOBs (two buildings) located in Boston, Massachusetts. The investor contributed approximately $261,009 for a 45% equity interest in the joint venture, and we retained the remaining 55% equity interest in the joint venture. Net proceeds from this transaction were approximately $255,931, after transaction costs. We continue to effectively control this property and therefore continue to account for this property on a consolidated basis in our condensed consolidated financial statements under the VIE model.
We recognized a noncontrolling interest in our condensed consolidated balance sheets of approximately $181,859 as of completion of the transaction, which was equal to 45% of the aggregate carrying value of the total equity of the property immediately prior to the transaction. The difference between the net proceeds received from this transaction and the noncontrolling interest recognized, which was approximately $74,072, was reflected as an increase in additional paid in capital in our condensed consolidated balance sheets upon the closing of the transaction. The portion of the joint venture's net income and comprehensive income not attributable to us, or $1,401 and $1,360 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $2,784 and $1,486 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, is reported as noncontrolling interest in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. We made aggregate cash distributions to our joint venture partner of $5,113 and $3,483 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $10,781 and $3,483 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which are reflected as a decrease in total equity attributable to noncontrolling interest in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2018, this joint venture held real estate assets with an aggregate net book value of $754,732, subject to mortgage notes of $620,000.
In assessing whether we have a controlling interest in this joint venture arrangement and are required to consolidate the accounts of the joint venture entity, we considered the members' rights to residual gains and obligation to absorb losses, which activities most significantly impact the economic performance of the entity and which member has the power to direct those activities.
Note 7. Shareholders’ Equity
Share Based Compensation:
On January 1, 2018, we purchased 4,628 of our common shares, valued at $19.15 per share, the closing price of our common shares on Nasdaq on December 29, 2017, from a former employee of RMR LLC in satisfaction of tax withholding and payment obligations in connection with the vesting of awards of our common shares.
On March 29, 2018, in accordance with our Trustee compensation arrangements, and in connection with the election of one of our Managing Trustees, we granted 3,000 of our common shares, valued at $15.66 per share, the closing price of our common shares on Nasdaq on that day, to the Managing Trustee who was elected as a Managing Trustee on that day.
On May 22, 2018, in accordance with our Trustee compensation arrangements, we granted 3,000 of our common shares, valued at $16.56 per share, the closing price of our common shares on Nasdaq on that day, to each of our five Trustees as part of their annual compensation.
Distributions:
On February 22, 2018, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92,674, that was declared on January 19, 2018 and was payable to shareholders of record on January 29, 2018. On May 17, 2018, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92,676, that was declared on April 19, 2018 and was payable to shareholders of record on April 30, 2018. On July 19, 2018, we declared a regular quarterly distribution payable to common shareholders of record on July 30, 2018, of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92,681. We expect to pay this distribution on or about August 16, 2018.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
Note 8. Segment Reporting
As of June 30, 2018, we have four operating segments, of which three are separate reporting segments. We aggregate the reporting units in each of our MOBs, our triple net leased senior living communities and our managed senior living communities into three reporting segments, based on their similar operating and economic characteristics. The first reporting segment includes MOBs where the tenants pay us rent. The second reporting segment includes triple net leased senior living communities that provide short term and long term residential care and other services for residents and with respect to which we receive rents from the operators. The third reporting segment includes managed senior living communities that provide short term and long term residential care and other services for residents where we pay fees to the operator to manage the communities for our account. The fourth segment includes all of our other operations, including certain properties that offer wellness, fitness and spa services to members and with respect to which we receive rents from operators, which we do not consider to be sufficiently material to constitute a separate reporting segment.

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
|  | MOBs |  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 103,854 |  |  | $ | 66,113 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,618 |  |  | $ | 174,585 |
Residents fees and services |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102,663 |  |  | — |  |  | 102,663 |
Total revenues |  | 103,854 |  |  | 66,113 |  |  | 102,663 |  |  | 4,618 |  |  | 277,248 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | 31,183 |  |  | — |  |  | 78,909 |  |  | — |  |  | 110,092 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 36,326 |  |  | 20,186 |  |  | 14,841 |  |  | 947 |  |  | 72,300 |
General and administrative |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,078 |  |  | 29,078 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | 77 |
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | 548 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 548 |
Total expenses |  | 67,509 |  |  | 20,734 |  |  | 93,750 |  |  | 30,102 |  |  | 212,095 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 36,345 |  |  | 45,379 |  |  | 8,913 |  |  | (25,484 | ) |  | 65,153 |
Dividend income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,265 |  |  | 23,265 |
Interest and other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | 60 |
Interest expense |  | (6,113 | ) |  | (565 | ) |  | (1,256 | ) |  | (36,879 | ) |  | (44,813 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 30,232 |  |  | 44,814 |  |  | 7,657 |  |  | (38,379 | ) |  | 44,324 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (105 | ) |  | (105 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Income (loss) before gain on sale of properties |  | 30,232 |  |  | 44,814 |  |  | 7,657 |  |  | (38,477 | ) |  | 44,226 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | — |  |  | 80,762 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,762 |
Net income (loss) |  | 30,232 |  |  | 125,576 |  |  | 7,657 |  |  | (38,477 | ) |  | 124,988 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,401 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,401 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 28,831 |  |  | $ | 125,576 |  |  | $ | 7,657 |  |  | $ | (38,477 | ) |  | $ | 123,587 |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
|  | MOBs |  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 205,005 |  |  | $ | 134,088 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,220 |  |  | $ | 348,313 |
Residents fees and services |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 204,750 |  |  | — |  |  | 204,750 |
Total revenues |  | 205,005 |  |  | 134,088 |  |  | 204,750 |  |  | 9,220 |  |  | 553,063 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | 62,121 |  |  | — |  |  | 156,114 |  |  | — |  |  | 218,235 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 70,711 |  |  | 40,381 |  |  | 29,652 |  |  | 1,895 |  |  | 142,639 |
General and administrative |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54,196 |  |  | 54,196 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | 97 |
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | 548 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 548 |
Total expenses |  | 132,832 |  |  | 40,929 |  |  | 185,766 |  |  | 56,188 |  |  | 415,715 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 72,173 |  |  | 93,159 |  |  | 18,984 |  |  | (46,968 | ) |  | 137,348 |
Dividend income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,318 |  |  | 1,318 |
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,506 |  |  | 50,506 |
Interest and other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | 114 |
Interest expense |  | (12,022 | ) |  | (1,136 | ) |  | (2,583 | ) |  | (72,624 | ) |  | (88,365 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (130 | ) |  | — |  |  | (130 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 60,151 |  |  | 92,023 |  |  | 16,271 |  |  | (67,654 | ) |  | 100,791 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (365 | ) |  | (365 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 51 |
Income (loss) before gain on sale of properties |  | 60,151 |  |  | 92,023 |  |  | 16,271 |  |  | (67,968 | ) |  | 100,477 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | — |  |  | 261,916 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 261,916 |
Net income (loss) |  | 60,151 |  |  | 353,939 |  |  | 16,271 |  |  | (67,968 | ) |  | 362,393 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (2,784 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,784 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 57,367 |  |  | $ | 353,939 |  |  | $ | 16,271 |  |  | $ | (67,968 | ) |  | $ | 359,609 |

|  | As of June 30, 2018
|  | MOBs |  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Total assets |  | $ | 3,425,719 |  |  | $ | 2,138,399 |  |  | $ | 1,340,992 |  |  | $ | 530,526 |  |  | $ | 7,435,636 |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
|  | MOBs |  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 94,651 |  |  | $ | 67,426 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,570 |  |  | $ | 166,647 |
Residents fees and services |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,366 |  |  | — |  |  | 98,366 |
Total revenues |  | 94,651 |  |  | 67,426 |  |  | 98,366 |  |  | 4,570 |  |  | 265,013 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | 27,646 |  |  | — |  |  | 75,149 |  |  | — |  |  | 102,795 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 31,861 |  |  | 20,470 |  |  | 16,390 |  |  | 948 |  |  | 69,669 |
General and administrative |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,922 |  |  | 22,922 |
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 5,082 |
Total expenses |  | 59,507 |  |  | 20,470 |  |  | 91,539 |  |  | 28,952 |  |  | 200,468 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 35,144 |  |  | 46,956 |  |  | 6,827 |  |  | (24,382 | ) |  | 64,545 |
Dividend income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |
Interest and other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | 76 |
Interest expense |  | (6,250 | ) |  | (2,211 | ) |  | (1,176 | ) |  | (31,163 | ) |  | (40,800 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (59 | ) |  | (7,294 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,353 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 28,835 |  |  | 37,451 |  |  | 5,651 |  |  | (54,810 | ) |  | 17,127 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (99 | ) |  | (99 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |  |  | 374 |
Net income (loss) |  | 28,835 |  |  | 37,451 |  |  | 5,651 |  |  | (54,535 | ) |  | 17,402 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,360 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,360 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 27,475 |  |  | $ | 37,451 |  |  | $ | 5,651 |  |  | $ | (54,535 | ) |  | $ | 16,042 |

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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
|  | MOBs |  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 189,297 |  |  | $ | 134,678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,115 |  |  | $ | 333,090 |
Residents fees and services |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196,484 |  |  | — |  |  | 196,484 |
Total revenues |  | 189,297 |  |  | 134,678 |  |  | 196,484 |  |  | 9,115 |  |  | 529,574 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  | 54,823 |  |  | — |  |  | 149,028 |  |  | — |  |  | 203,851 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 63,539 |  |  | 40,804 |  |  | 36,605 |  |  | 1,896 |  |  | 142,844 |
General and administrative |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,005 |  |  | 38,005 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 292 |  |  | 292 |
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 5,082 |
Total expenses |  | 118,362 |  |  | 40,804 |  |  | 185,633 |  |  | 45,275 |  |  | 390,074 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 70,935 |  |  | 93,874 |  |  | 10,851 |  |  | (36,160 | ) |  | 139,500 |
Dividend income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | 1,319 |
Interest and other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 195 |  |  | 195 |
Interest expense |  | (12,570 | ) |  | (7,550 | ) |  | (2,352 | ) |  | (61,817 | ) |  | (84,289 | )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (59 | ) |  | (7,294 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,353 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 58,306 |  |  | 79,030 |  |  | 8,499 |  |  | (96,463 | ) |  | 49,372 |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (191 | ) |  | (191 | )
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 502 |  |  | 502 |
Net income (loss) |  | 58,306 |  |  | 79,030 |  |  | 8,499 |  |  | (96,152 | ) |  | 49,683 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,486 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,486 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 56,820 |  |  | $ | 79,030 |  |  | $ | 8,499 |  |  | $ | (96,152 | ) |  | $ | 48,197 |

| As of December 31, 2017
| MOBs |  | Triple Net Leased Senior Living Communities |  | Managed Senior Living Communities |  | All Other Operations |  | Consolidated
Total assets | $ | 3,367,485 |  |  | $ | 2,251,756 |  |  | $ | 1,273,757 |  |  | $ | 401,021 |  |  | $ | 7,294,019 |

Note 9. Leases and Management Agreements with Five Star
Our Senior Living Communities Leased by Five Star. We are Five Star’s largest landlord and Five Star is our largest tenant. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, we leased 184 and 185 senior living communities to Five Star, respectively. We lease senior living communities to Five Star pursuant to five leases. We recognized total rental income payable by Five Star of $51,692 and $51,123 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $103,450 and $102,108 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These amounts exclude percentage rent payments we received from Five Star of $1,289 and $1,392 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $2,664 and $2,837 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We determine actual percentage rent due under our Five Star leases annually and recognize any resulting amount as rental income at year end when all contingencies are met. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had rents receivable from Five Star of $17,198 and $18,539, respectively, which amounts are included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Rental income from Five Star represented 18.6% and 18.7% of
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
our total revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, and the properties Five Star leases from us represented 26.9% of our real estate investments, at cost, as of June 30, 2018.
Pursuant to the terms of our leases with Five Star, for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we funded $8,529 and $19,308, respectively, of improvements to communities leased to Five Star. As a result, the annual minimum rent payable to us by Five Star increased by approximately $680 and $1,547 as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Our Senior Living Communities Managed by Five Star. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, Five Star managed 75 and 68 senior living communities for our account, respectively. We lease our senior living communities that are managed by Five Star and include assisted living units or SNF units to our TRSs and Five Star manages these communities pursuant to long term management agreements. See Note 3 above for certain senior living communities we acquired since December 2017 and which are managed by Five Star for our account. In addition, in June 2018, Five Star began managing for our account a senior living community we own located in California with 98 living units after the previous tenant defaulted on its lease with us pursuant to a management agreement and our existing Pooling Agreement No. 12 with Five Star, which we and Five Star amended and restated to include that senior living community. Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement for this senior living community and our Amended and Restated Pooling Agreement No. 12 with Five Star, we will pay Five Star a management fee equal to 5% of the gross revenues realized at this community plus reimbursement for Five Star’s direct costs and expenses related to its operation of this community, as well as an annual incentive fee equal to 20% of the annual net operating income, or NOI, of the community remaining after we realize an annual minimum return of $1,000 plus 7% of our invested capital for this community in excess of $500 made after the date Five Star began managing this community, and that our annual minimum return for this community will not be used in determining whether or not there is a priority return shortfall, as defined, under the pooling agreement until 2019. We incurred management fees payable to Five Star of $3,533 and $3,554 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $7,027 and $7,117 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These amounts are included in property operating expenses or have been capitalized, as appropriate, in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Five Star also provides certain other services directly to residents at some of the senior living communities it manages for us, such as rehabilitation services. At senior living communities Five Star manages for us where Five Star provides rehabilitation services on an outpatient basis, the residents, third party payers or government programs pay Five Star for those rehabilitation services. At senior living communities Five Star manages for us where Five Star provides both inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation services, we generally pay Five Star for these services and charges for these services are included in amounts charged to residents, third party payers or government programs. We incurred fees payable to Five Star of $1,660 and $1,886 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $3,359 and $3,868 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, for rehabilitation services Five Star provided at senior living communities it manages for us; we include these amounts in property operating expenses in our condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
Note 10. Business and Property Management Agreements with RMR LLC
We have no employees. The personnel and various services we require to operate our business are provided to us by RMR LLC. We have two agreements with RMR LLC to provide management services to us: (1) a business management agreement, which relates to our business generally; and (2) a property management agreement, which relates to the property level operations of our MOBs. We also have a subsidiary level management agreement with RMR LLC related to one of our MOBs located in Boston, Massachusetts, which we entered in connection with the joint venture arrangement for that MOB. Under that agreement, our subsidiary pays RMR LLC certain business management fees directly, which fees are credited against the business management fees payable by us to RMR LLC.
Pursuant to our business management agreement with RMR LLC, we recognized net business management fees of $26,489 and $20,431 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $49,813 and $33,212 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The net business management fees we recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 include $725 and $1,450, respectively, of management fees related to our subsidiary level management agreement with RMR LLC entered in connection with our joint venture arrangement and $17,610 and $31,957, respectively, of estimated 2018 incentive fees based on our common share total return, as defined in our business management agreement, as of June 30, 2018. Although we recognized estimated incentive fees in accordance with GAAP, the actual amount of incentive fees for 2018, if any, will be based on our common share total return, as defined in our business management agreement, for the three year period ending December 31, 2018, and will be payable in 2019. The net business management fees for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, included $725 and $787, respectively, of management fees related to our subsidiary level
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
management agreement with RMR LLC and $10,760 and $14,026, respectively, of estimated 2017 incentive fees based on our common share total return, as defined in our business management agreement, as of June 30, 2017. In January 2018, we paid RMR LLC an incentive fee of $55,740 for 2017. These amounts are included in general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Pursuant to our property management agreement with RMR LLC, we recognized aggregate net property management and construction supervision fees of $2,984 and $2,708 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $5,805 and $4,888 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These amounts are included in property operating expenses or have been capitalized, as appropriate, in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
We are generally responsible for all of our operating expenses, including certain expenses incurred by RMR LLC on our behalf. Our property level operating expenses, including certain payroll and related costs incurred by RMR LLC, are generally incorporated into rents charged to our tenants. We reimbursed RMR LLC $3,172 and $2,383 for property management related expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $5,951 and $4,763 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which amounts are included in property operating expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. In addition, we are responsible for our share of RMR LLC's costs for providing our internal audit function. The amounts recognized as expense for internal audit costs were $69 and $67 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $138 and $134 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which amounts are included in general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Note 11. Related Person Transactions
We have relationships and historical and continuing transactions with Five Star, RMR LLC, RMR Inc., Affiliates Insurance Company, or AIC, and others related to them, including other companies to which RMR LLC provides management services and which have trustees, directors and officers who are also our Trustees or officers.
Five Star. We are currently one of Five Star’s largest stockholders. As of June 30, 2018, we owned 4,235,000 of Five Star’s common shares, or approximately 8.4% of Five Star’s outstanding common shares. Five Star is our largest tenant and the manager of our managed senior living communities. RMR LLC provides management services to both us and Five Star. As of June 30, 2018, a subsidiary of ABP Trust, the controlling shareholder of RMR Inc., owned 35.6% of Five Star's outstanding common shares. Adam D. Portnoy, one of our Managing Trustees, is the sole trustee of ABP Trust and a managing director of Five Star. See Note 9 for further information regarding our relationships, agreements and transactions with Five Star and Note 5 for further information regarding our investment in Five Star.
Our Manager, RMR LLC. We have two agreements with RMR LLC to provide management services to us. See Note 10 for further information regarding our management agreements with RMR LLC.
RMR Inc. RMR LLC is a majority owned subsidiary of RMR Inc. and RMR Inc. is the managing member of RMR LLC. Adam D. Portnoy, one of our Managing Trustees, is the sole trustee, an officer and the controlling shareholder of ABP Trust, which is the controlling shareholder of RMR Inc., a managing director, president and chief executive officer of RMR Inc., and an officer of RMR LLC. Jennifer B. Clark, our other Managing Trustee, also serves as a managing director and as executive vice president, general counsel and secretary of RMR Inc. and an officer of ABP Trust and RMR LLC. Other officers of RMR LLC also serve as our officers. As of June 30, 2018, we owned 2,637,408 shares of class A common stock of RMR Inc. See Note 5 for further information regarding our investment in RMR Inc.
AIC. We, ABP Trust, Five Star and four other companies to which RMR LLC provides management services currently own AIC in equal amounts. We and the other AIC shareholders participate in a combined property insurance program arranged and reinsured in part by AIC; we also have a one year standalone insurance policy that provides coverage for our MOB (two buildings) located in Boston, Massachusetts that is owned in our joint venture arrangement, which we obtained as a part of this insurance program. We (including our consolidated joint venture) currently expect to pay, as of June 30, 2018, aggregate annual premiums, including taxes and fees, of approximately $4,613 in connection with this insurance program for the policy year ending June 30, 2019, which amount may be adjusted from time to time as we acquire and dispose of properties that are included in this insurance program.
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SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise stated)
As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our investment in AIC had a carrying value of $8,153 and $8,185, respectively. These amounts are included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We recognized income related to our investment in AIC, which is presented as equity in earnings of an investee in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Our other comprehensive income includes our proportionate part of unrealized gains on securities that are owned by AIC related to our investment in AIC.
For further information about these and other such relationships and certain other related person transactions, refer to our Annual Report.
Note 12. Income Taxes
We have elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and as such, are generally not subject to federal and most state income taxation on our operating income provided we distribute our taxable income to our shareholders and meet certain organization and operating requirements. We do, however, lease certain managed senior living communities to our wholly owned TRSs that, unlike most of our subsidiaries, file a separate consolidated federal corporate income tax return and are subject to federal and state income taxes. Our consolidated income tax provision includes the income tax provision related to the operations of our TRSs and certain state income taxes we incur despite our taxation as a REIT. During the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we recognized income tax expense of $105 and $99, respectively, and during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we recognized income tax expense of $365 and $191, respectively.
Note 13. Weighted Average Common Shares
The following table provides a reconciliation of the weighted average number of common shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Weighted average common shares for basic earnings per share |  | 237,487 |  |  | 237,399 |  |  | 237,483 |  |  | 237,395 |
Effect of dilutive securities: unvested share awards |  | 42 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 38 |
Weighted average common shares for diluted earnings per share |  | 237,529 |  |  | 237,445 |  |  | 237,506 |  |  | 237,433 |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our Annual Report.
We are a REIT organized under Maryland law. At June 30, 2018, we owned 443 properties (469 buildings) located in 42 states and Washington, D.C. At June 30, 2018, the undepreciated carrying value of our properties, which represents the gross book value of our real estate assets before depreciation and purchase price allocations, less impairment write downs, was $8.7 billion. For the three months ended June 30, 2018, 97% of our NOI came from properties where a majority of the revenues are derived from our tenants' and residents’ private resources.
PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW
The following tables present an overview of our portfolio (dollars in thousands, except investment per unit or square foot data):

(As of June 30, 2018) |  | Number of Properties |  | Number of Units or Square Feet |  |  |  | Carrying Value of Investment(1) |  | % of Total Investment |  | Investment per Unit or Square Foot(2) |  | Q2 2018 Revenues (3) |  | % of Q2 2018 Revenues |  | Q2 2018 NOI (3)(4) |  | % of Q2 2018 NOI
Facility Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Independent living (5) |  | 68 |  |  | 15,231 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,350,649 |  |  | 27.1 | % |  | $ | 154,333 |  |  | $ | 89,253 |  |  | 32.5 | % |  | $ | 44,209 |  |  | 26.7 | %
Assisted living (5) |  | 198 |  |  | 14,564 |  |  |  |  | 2,149,968 |  |  | 24.8 | % |  | $ | 147,622 |  |  | 73,539 |  |  | 26.6 | % |  | 39,674 |  |  | 24.0 | %
Skilled nursing facilities (5) |  | 38 |  |  | 4,033 |  |  |  |  | 184,520 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | $ | 45,753 |  |  | 4,240 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 4,240 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Subtotal senior living communities |  | 304 |  |  | 33,828 |  |  |  |  | 4,685,137 |  |  | 54.0 | % |  | $ | 138,499 |  |  | 167,032 |  |  | 60.6 | % |  | 88,123 |  |  | 53.3 | %
MOBs (6) |  | 129 |  |  | 12,599,579 |  |  | sq. ft. |  | 3,797,362 |  |  | 43.9 | % |  | $ | 301 |  |  | 103,854 |  |  | 37.7 | % |  | 72,671 |  |  | 43.9 | %
Wellness centers |  | 10 |  |  | 812,000 |  |  | sq. ft. |  | 178,110 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | $ | 219 |  |  | 4,618 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 4,618 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Total |  | 443 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,660,609 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 275,504 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 165,412 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Tenant / Operator / Managed Properties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Five Star |  | 184 |  |  | 20,035 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,339,324 |  |  | 26.9 | % |  | $ | 116,762 |  |  | $ | 51,630 |  |  | 18.7 | % |  | $ | 51,630 |  |  | 31.2 | %
Brookdale |  | 18 |  |  | 940 |  |  |  |  | 69,669 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | $ | 74,116 |  |  | 2,026 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 2,026 |  |  | 1.2 | %
11 private senior living companies (combined) |  | 27 |  |  | 3,343 |  |  |  |  | 536,289 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | $ | 160,421 |  |  | 10,713 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 10,713 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Subtotal triple net leased senior living communities |  | 229 |  |  | 24,318 |  |  |  |  | 2,945,282 |  |  | 33.9 | % |  | $ | 121,115 |  |  | 64,369 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | 64,369 |  |  | 38.9 | %
Managed senior living communities (7) |  | 75 |  |  | 9,510 |  |  |  |  | 1,739,855 |  |  | 20.1 | % |  | $ | 182,950 |  |  | 102,663 |  |  | 37.3 | % |  | 23,754 |  |  | 14.4 | %
Subtotal senior living communities |  | 304 |  |  | 33,828 |  |  |  |  | 4,685,137 |  |  | 54.0 | % |  | $ | 138,499 |  |  | 167,032 |  |  | 60.6 | % |  | 88,123 |  |  | 53.3 | %
MOBs (6) |  | 129 |  |  | 12,599,579 |  |  | sq. ft. |  | 3,797,362 |  |  | 43.9 | % |  | $ | 301 |  |  | 103,854 |  |  | 37.7 | % |  | 72,671 |  |  | 43.9 | %
Wellness centers |  | 10 |  |  | 812,000 |  |  | sq. ft. |  | 178,110 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | $ | 219 |  |  | 4,618 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 4,618 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Total |  | 443 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,660,609 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  | $ | 275,504 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 165,412 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Tenant / Managed Property Operating Statistics(8)

|  | Rent Coverage |  | Occupancy
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Five Star |  | 1.12 | x |  | 1.17 | x |  | 81.7 | % |  | 83.3 | %
Brookdale |  | 2.23 | x |  | 2.53 | x |  | 84.4 | % |  | 83.9 | %
11 private senior living companies (combined) |  | 1.27 | x |  | 1.28 | x |  | 85.8 | % |  | 88.8 | %
Subtotal triple net leased senior living communities |  | 1.18 | x |  | 1.24 | x |  | 82.4 | % |  | 84.1 | %
Managed senior living communities (7) |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | 85.8 | % |  | 86.6 | %
Subtotal senior living communities |  | 1.18 | x |  | 1.24 | x |  | 83.3 | % |  | 84.8 | %
MOBs (6) |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | 95.7 | % |  | 96.5 | %
Wellness centers |  | 1.88 | x |  | 1.85 | x |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total |  | 1.22 | x |  | 1.28 | x |  |  |  |  |

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(1) | Represents the gross book value of real estate assets before depreciation and purchase price allocations, less impairment write downs, if any.

(2) | Represents carrying value of investment divided by number of living units or rentable square feet, as applicable, at June 30, 2018.

(3) | Excludes $1,744 of revenues and NOI for properties sold or for which there was a transfer of operations during the three months ended June 30, 2018.

(4) | NOI is defined and calculated by reportable segment. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.

(5) | Senior living communities are categorized by the type of living units which constitute a majority of the living units at the community.

(6) | These 129 MOB properties are comprised of 155 buildings. Our MOB leases include some triple net leases where, in addition to paying fixed rents, the tenants assume the obligation to operate and maintain the properties at their expense, and some net and modified gross leases where we are responsible for the operation and maintenance of the properties and we charge tenants for some or all of the property operating costs. A small percentage of our MOB leases are "full-service" leases where we receive fixed rent from our tenants and no reimbursement for our property operating costs.

(7) | These senior living communities are managed by Five Star. The occupancy for the 12 month period ended, or, if shorter, from the date of acquisitions through, June 30, 2018 was 85.9%.

(8) | Operating data for MOBs are presented as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 and include (i) space being fitted out for occupancy and (ii) space which is leased but is not occupied or is being offered for sublease by tenants; operating data for other properties, tenants and managers are presented based upon the operating results provided by our tenants and managers for the 12 months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, or the most recent prior period for which tenant operating results are made available to us. Rent coverage is calculated as operating cash flows from our tenants’ facility operations of our properties, before subordinated charges, if any, divided by rents payable to us. We have not independently verified tenant operating data. Excludes data for periods prior to our ownership of certain properties, as well as data for properties sold or classified as held for sale during the periods presented.

Portfolio Lease Expiration Schedules
The following tables set forth information regarding our lease expirations as of June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Annualized Rental Income(1)(2) |  | Percent of Total Annualized Rental Income Expiring |  | Cumulative Percentage of Annualized Rental Income Expiring
Year |  | Triple Net Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | Wellness Centers |  | Total |  |
2018 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,412 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,412 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | 2.1 | %
2019 |  | 590 |  |  | 46,322 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,912 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 8.9 | %
2020 |  | — |  |  | 34,241 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,241 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 13.9 | %
2021 |  | 1,424 |  |  | 26,408 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,832 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 18.0 | %
2022 |  | — |  |  | 30,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,775 |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | 22.5 | %
2023 |  | 14,037 |  |  | 23,429 |  |  | 7,700 |  |  | 45,166 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 29.1 | %
2024 |  | 64,591 |  |  | 44,326 |  |  |  |  | 108,917 |  |  | 15.9 | % |  | 45.0 | %
2025 |  | — |  |  | 16,951 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,951 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 47.5 | %
2026 |  | 68,626 |  |  | 20,201 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,827 |  |  | 13.0 | % |  | 60.5 | %
2027 and thereafter |  | 115,936 |  |  | 144,397 |  |  | 10,550 |  |  | 270,883 |  |  | 39.5 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total |  | $ | 265,204 |  |  | $ | 401,462 |  |  | $ | 18,250 |  |  | $ | 684,916 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |

Average remaining lease term for our triple net leased senior living communities, MOBs and wellness center properties (weighted by annualized rental income): 7.5 years.
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(1) | Annualized rental income is based on rents pursuant to existing leases as of June 30, 2018, including estimated percentage rents, straight line rent adjustments, estimated recurring expense reimbursements for certain net and modified gross leases and excluding lease value amortization at certain of our MOBs and wellness centers. Rental income amounts also include 100% of rental income as reported under GAAP from a property owned by a joint venture in which we own a 55% equity interest.

(2) | Excludes rent received from our managed senior living communities leased to our TRSs. If the NOI from our TRSs (three months ended June 30, 2018, annualized) were included in the foregoing table, the percent of total annualized rental income expiring in each of the following years would be: 2018 — 1.8%; 2019 — 6.0%; 2020 — 4.4%; 2021 — 3.6%; 2022 — 3.9%; 2023 — 5.8%; 2024 — 14.0%; 2025 — 2.2%; 2026 — 11.4%; and thereafter — 46.9%. In addition, if our leases to our TRSs using the terms of the management agreements for these communities were included in the foregoing table, the average remaining lease term for all properties (weighted by annualized rental income) would be 8.4 years.

|  | Number of Tenants (1) |  | Percent of Total Number of Tenancies Expiring (1) |  | Cumulative Percentage of Number of Tenancies Expiring (1)
Year |  | Triple Net Senior Living Communities |  | MOBs |  | Wellness Centers |  | Total |  |
2018 |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | 11.9 | %
2019 |  | 1 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | 26.6 | %
2020 |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | 14.4 | % |  | 41.0 | %
2021 |  | 1 |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  | 53.7 | %
2022 |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  | 66.4 | %
2023 |  | 4 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | 75.1 | %
2024 |  | 3 |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | 6.9 | % |  | 82.0 | %
2025 |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 86.9 | %
2026 |  | 1 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 90.4 | %
2027 and thereafter |  | 12 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 9.6 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total |  | 22 |  |  | 688 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 714 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |

(1) | Excludes our managed senior living communities leased to our TRSs.

|  | Living Units(1) |  | Square Feet (2)
Year |  | Triple Net Senior Living Communities |  | Percent of Total Living Units Expiring |  | Cumulative Percentage of Total Living Units Expiring |  | MOBs (Square Feet) |  | Wellness Centers (Square Feet) |  | Total Square Feet |  | Percent of Total Square Feet Expiring |  | Cumulative Percent of Total Square Feet Expiring
2018 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 525,618 |  |  | — |  |  | 525,618 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 4.1 | %
2019 |  | 175 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 1,478,280 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,478,280 |  |  | 11.5 | % |  | 15.6 | %
2020 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 1,435,715 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,435,715 |  |  | 11.2 | % |  | 26.8 | %
2021 |  | 361 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 831,717 |  |  | — |  |  | 831,717 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 33.3 | %
2022 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 1,102,802 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,102,802 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 41.9 | %
2023 |  | 697 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 1,116,138 |  |  | 354,000 |  |  | 1,470,138 |  |  | 11.4 | % |  | 53.3 | %
2024 |  | 6,179 |  |  | 25.4 | % |  | 30.5 | % |  | 1,700,605 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,700,605 |  |  | 13.2 | % |  | 66.5 | %
2025 |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 30.5 | % |  | 662,200 |  |  | — |  |  | 662,200 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | 71.6 | %
2026 |  | 6,857 |  |  | 28.2 | % |  | 58.7 | % |  | 664,207 |  |  | — |  |  | 664,207 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 76.8 | %
2027 and thereafter |  | 10,049 |  |  | 41.3 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 2,541,425 |  |  | 458,000 |  |  | 2,999,425 |  |  | 23.2 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total |  | 24,318 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  | 12,058,707 |  |  | 812,000 |  |  | 12,870,707 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |

(1) | Excludes 9,510 living units from our managed senior living communities leased to our TRSs. If the number of living units included in our TRS leases using the terms of the management agreements for these communities were included in the foregoing table, the percent of total living units expiring in each of the following years would be: 2018 — 0.0%; 2019 —

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0.5%; 2020 — 0.0%; 2021 — 1.1%; 2022 — 0.0%; 2023 — 2.1%; 2024 — 18.4%; 2025 — 0.0%; 2026 — 20.4%; and thereafter — 57.5%.

(2) | Includes 100% of square feet from a property owned by a joint venture in which we own a 55% equity interest.

During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we entered MOB lease renewals for 87,715 leasable square feet and new leases for 106,340 leasable square feet. The weighted average annual rental rate for leases entered during the quarter was $29.94 per square foot, and these rental rates were, on a weighted average basis, 0.9% below previous rents charged for the same space. Weighted average lease terms for leases entered during the second quarter of 2018 were 5.5 years. Commitments for tenant improvements, leasing commission costs and concessions for leases we entered during the second quarter of 2018 totaled $4.6 million, or $23.57 per square foot on average (approximately $4.54 per square foot per year of the lease term).
GENERAL INDUSTRY TRENDS
Our MOBs have been impacted by at least two major industry trends for the past 10 years which are continuing at this time and that have impacted our investment activities.
First, medical practices are being consolidated into hospital systems. This has caused the number of free standing medical practices to decline. At the same time, the number of multi-practice medical office buildings that are anchor leased by hospital systems which employ doctors has increased. We believe hospital systems will continue the trend of providing an increasing amount of services in off campus MOBs away from main hospital campuses in order to reduce costs and serve as many patients as possible.
Second, various advances in medical science have caused a large investment in new bio-medical research companies that require office, lab and medical products manufacturing space. We believe that about half of our total investments in MOBs may be considered biotech and life science properties.
We believe that the primary market for senior living services is individuals age 75 and older, and, according to U.S. Census data, that group is projected to be among the fastest growing age cohort in the United States over the next 20 years. Also, as a result of medical advances, seniors are living longer. Due to these demographic trends, we expect the demand for senior living services to increase for the foreseeable future. Despite this trend, future economic downturns, softness in the U.S. housing market, higher levels of unemployment among our potential residents’ family members, lower levels of consumer confidence, stock market volatility, technology and/or changes in demographics could adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford the resident fees or entrance fees at our senior living communities.
The medical advances which are increasing average life spans are also causing some seniors to defer relocating to senior living communities, but we do not believe this factor is sufficient to offset the long term positive demographic trends causing increased demand for senior living communities for the foreseeable future.
In recent years, a significant number of new senior living communities have been developed and continue to be developed. Although there are indications that the rate of newly started developments has recently slowed, the increased supply of senior living communities resulting from recent development activity has increased competitive pressures on our tenants and manager, particularly in certain geographic markets where we own senior living communities, and we expect these competitive challenges to continue for at least the next few years. These competitive challenges may prevent our tenants and manager from maintaining or improving occupancy and rates at our senior living communities, which may increase the risk of default under our leases, reduce the rents and returns we may receive and earn from our leased and managed senior living communities and adversely affect the profitability of our senior living communities, and may cause the value of our properties to decline. In response to these competitive pressures, we have invested capital in our existing senior living communities and expect to continue to do so in order that our communities may remain competitive with newer communities.
The senior living industry is subject to extensive and frequently changing federal, state and local laws and regulations. For further information regarding these laws and regulations, and possible legislative and regulatory changes, see "Impact of Government Reimbursement" elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as in our Annual Report.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (dollars and square feet in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
We have four operating segments, of which three are separate reporting segments. We aggregate our MOBs, triple net leased senior living communities and our managed senior living communities into three reporting segments, based on their similar operating and economic characteristics. The first reporting segment includes MOBs where the tenants pay us rent for space in medical offices, life science laboratories and other medical related facilities. The second reporting segment includes triple net leased senior living communities that provide short term and long term residential care and other services for residents and from which we receive rents from the operators. The third reporting segment includes managed senior living communities that provide short term and long term residential care and other services for residents where we pay fees to the operator to manage the communities for our account. The fourth segment includes all of our other operations, including certain properties that offer wellness, fitness and spa services to members and with respect to which we receive rents from operators, which we do not consider to be sufficiently material to constitute a separate reporting segment.
The following table summarizes the results of operations of each of our segments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MOBs |  | $ | 103,854 |  |  | $ | 94,651 |  |  | $ | 205,005 |  |  | $ | 189,297 |
Triple net leased senior living communities |  | 66,113 |  |  | 67,426 |  |  | 134,088 |  |  | 134,678 |
Managed senior living communities |  | 102,663 |  |  | 98,366 |  |  | 204,750 |  |  | 196,484 |
All other operations |  | 4,618 |  |  | 4,570 |  |  | 9,220 |  |  | 9,115 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 277,248 |  |  | $ | 265,013 |  |  | $ | 553,063 |  |  | $ | 529,574 |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MOBs |  | $ | 28,831 |  |  | $ | 27,475 |  |  | $ | 57,367 |  |  | $ | 56,820 |
Triple net leased senior living communities |  | 125,576 |  |  | 37,451 |  |  | 353,939 |  |  | 79,030 |
Managed senior living communities |  | 7,657 |  |  | 5,651 |  |  | 16,271 |  |  | 8,499 |
All other operations |  | (38,477 | ) |  | (54,535 | ) |  | (67,968 | ) |  | (96,152 | )
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 123,587 |  |  | $ | 16,042 |  |  | $ | 359,609 |  |  | $ | 48,197 |

The following section analyzes and discusses the results of operations of each of our segments for the periods presented.
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands, except average monthly rate):
Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to changes or comparisons of results, income or expenses refer to comparisons of the results for the three months ended June 30, 2018 to the three months ended June 30, 2017.
MOBs:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and For the Three Months |  | As of and For the Three Months
|  | Ended June 30, |  | Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total properties |  | 129 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 120 |
Total buildings |  | 155 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 146 |
Total square feet (2) |  | 12,600 |  |  | 11,552 |  |  | 11,551 |  |  | 11,552 |
Occupancy (3) |  | 95.7 | % |  | 96.5 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 96.5 | %

(1) | Consists of MOBs we have owned continuously since April 1, 2017; includes our MOB (two buildings) that is owned in a joint venture arrangement; excludes properties classified as held for sale, if any.

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(2) | Prior periods exclude space re-measurements made subsequent to those periods.

(3) | MOB occupancy includes (i) space being fitted out for occupancy and (ii) space which is leased but is not occupied or is being offered for sublease by tenants.

MOBs, all properties:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 103,854 |  |  | $ | 94,651 |  |  | $ | 9,203 |  |  | 9.7 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (31,183 | ) |  | (27,646 | ) |  | 3,537 |  |  | 12.8 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 72,671 |  |  | 67,005 |  |  | 5,666 |  |  | 8.5 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (36,326 | ) |  | (31,861 | ) |  | 4,465 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Operating income |  | 36,345 |  |  | 35,144 |  |  | 1,201 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Interest expense |  | (6,113 | ) |  | (6,250 | ) |  | (137 | ) |  | (2.2 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (59 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income |  | 30,232 |  |  | 28,835 |  |  | 1,397 |  |  | 4.8 | %
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,401 | ) |  | (1,360 | ) |  | 41 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 28,831 |  |  | $ | 27,475 |  |  | $ | 1,356 |  |  | 4.9 | %

Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to rents from MOBs we acquired since April 1, 2017, as well as certain changes at our comparable MOB properties discussed below. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $2,338 and $2,520 and net amortization of approximately $1,361 and $1,265 of above and below market lease adjustments for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of real estate taxes, utility expenses, property management fees, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these properties. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to our acquisitions since April 1, 2017, as well as certain changes at our comparable MOB properties discussed below.
Net operating income. NOI reflects the net changes in rental income and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our MOB segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased primarily due to our acquisitions since April 1, 2017, an increase in the amortization of leasing costs and depreciation expense on fixed assets and an increase in amortization of acquired in place real estate leases that we amortize over the respective lease terms.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these properties. The decrease in interest expense is the result of our prepayment of $27,789 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage notes since April 1, 2017 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.3%, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these properties, partially offset by our assumption of a $11,050 mortgage note in connection with our acquisition of a MOB in March 2018.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of two mortgage debts during the second quarter of 2017.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income attributable to a sovereign investor that owns 45% of one of our MOBs (two buildings) through the joint venture agreement we entered in March 2017.
MOBs, comparable properties (MOBs we have owned continuously since April 1, 2017; includes our MOB (two buildings) that is owned in a joint venture arrangement; excludes properties classified as held for sale, if any):
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|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 96,312 |  |  | $ | 94,652 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (28,465 | ) |  | (27,645 | ) |  | 820 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 67,847 |  |  | 67,007 |  |  | 840 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (31,909 | ) |  | (31,861 | ) |  | 48 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Operating income |  | 35,938 |  |  | 35,146 |  |  | 792 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Interest expense |  | (5,993 | ) |  | (6,250 | ) |  | (257 | ) |  | (4.1 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (59 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income |  | 29,945 |  |  | 28,837 |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (1,401 | ) |  | (1,360 | ) |  | 41 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 28,544 |  |  | $ | 27,477 |  |  | $ | 1,067 |  |  | 3.9 | %

Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to an increase in tax escalation income and other reimbursable expenses at certain of these properties, partially offset by reduced occupancy. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $2,040 and $2,522 and net amortization of approximately $1,424 and $1,264 of above and below market lease adjustments for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of real estate taxes, utility expenses, property management fees, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these properties. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to increases in real estate taxes and other direct costs of operating these properties.
Net operating income. NOI reflects the net changes in rental income and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our MOB segment for comparable properties is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization of leasing costs and acquired in place real estate leases that we amortize over the respective lease terms.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these properties. The decrease in interest expense is the result of our prepayment of $27,789 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage notes since April 1, 2017 with an annual interest rate of 6.3%, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these properties.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of two mortgage debts during the second quarter of 2017.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income attributable to a sovereign investor that owns 45% of one of our MOBs (two buildings) through the joint venture agreement we entered in March 2017.
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Triple net leased senior living communities:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and For the Three Months |  | As of and For the Three Months
|  | Ended June 30, |  | Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total properties |  | 229 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 229 |
# of units |  | 24,318 |  |  | 26,220 |  |  | 24,318 |  |  | 24,318 |
Tenant operating data (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy |  | 82.4 | % |  | 84.1 | % |  | 82.4 | % |  | 84.1 | %
Rent coverage |  | 1.18 | x |  | 1.24 | x |  | 1.18 | x |  | 1.24 | x

(1) | Consists of triple net leased senior living communities we have owned continuously since April 1, 2017; excludes communities classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | All tenant operating data presented are based upon the operating results provided by our tenants for the 12 months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 or the most recent prior period for which tenant operating results are available to us. Rent coverage is calculated as operating cash flows from our triple net lease tenants’ operations of our properties, before subordinated charges, if any, divided by triple net lease minimum rents payable to us. We have not independently verified tenant operating data. Excludes data for historical periods prior to our ownership of certain properties, as well as data for properties sold or classified as held for sale during the periods presented.

Triple net leased senior living communities, all properties:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental Income |  | $ | 66,113 |  |  | $ | 67,426 |  |  | $ | (1,313 | ) |  | (1.9 | )%
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 66,113 |  |  | 67,426 |  |  | (1,313 | ) |  | (1.9 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (20,186 | ) |  | (20,470 | ) |  | (284 | ) |  | (1.4 | )%
Impairment of assets |  | (548 | ) |  | — |  |  | 548 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Operating income |  | 45,379 |  |  | 46,956 |  |  | (1,577 | ) |  | (3.4 | )%
Interest expense |  | (565 | ) |  | (2,211 | ) |  | (1,646 | ) |  | (74.4 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (7,294 | ) |  | (7,294 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Gain on sale of properties |  | 80,762 |  |  | — |  |  | 80,762 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income |  | $ | 125,576 |  |  | $ | 37,451 |  |  | $ | 88,125 |  |  | 235.3 | %

Except as noted below under “Rental income,” we have not included a discussion and analysis of the results of our comparable properties data for the triple net leased senior living communities segment as we believe that such a comparison is generally consistent with the comparison of results for all our triple net leased senior living communities from quarter to quarter and a separate, comparable properties comparison is not meaningful.
Rental income. Rental income decreased primarily due to reduced rental income resulting from the sale of six senior living communities and the transfer of one senior living community to our managed communities segment since April 1, 2017, partially offset by increased rents resulting from our purchase of improvements since April 1, 2017. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $555 and $778 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Rental income increased year over year on a comparable property basis by $1,014, primarily as a result of our purchase of improvements at certain of these communities that we have owned continuously since April 1, 2017 and the resulting increased rent, pursuant to the terms of the applicable leases.
Net operating income. We typically incur minimal property operating expenses at these communities, as the majority of those expenses are paid by our tenants. NOI decreased due to the decrease in rental income described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our triple net leased senior living communities segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of
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NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased primarily as a result of the sale of six senior living communities since April 1, 2017, partially offset by our purchase of improvements since April 1, 2017.
Impairment of assets. We recorded an impairment charge of $548 to write off an acquired lease intangible asset associated with a lease default at one of our senior living communities, which was leased to a third party private operator and was transferred to one of our TRSs in June 2018. The impairment charge represents the unrecoverable acquired in place lease intangible asset after deducting settlement proceeds.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of $277,837 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage notes in April 2017 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.7%, as well as regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of mortgage debts during the second quarter of 2017.
Gain on sale of properties. Gain on sale of properties is the result of our sale of three senior living communities during the second quarter of 2018.
Managed senior living communities:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and For the Three Months |  | As of and For the Three Months
|  | Ended June 30, |  | Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total properties |  | 75 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |
# of units |  | 9,510 |  |  | 8,806 |  |  | 8,817 |  |  | 8,817 |
Occupancy |  | 86.1 | % |  | 85.7 | % |  | 85.8 | % |  | 85.7 | %
Average monthly rate (2) |  | $ | 4,246 |  |  | $ | 4,298 |  |  | $ | 4,282 |  |  | $ | 4,298 |

(1) | Consists of managed senior living communities owned and managed by the same operator continuously since April 1, 2017; excludes communities classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | Average monthly rate is calculated by taking the average daily rate, which is defined as total residents fees and services divided by occupied units during the period, and multiplying it by 30 days.

Managed senior living communities, all properties:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Residents fees and services |  | $ | 102,663 |  |  | $ | 98,366 |  |  | $ | 4,297 |  |  | 4.4 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (78,909 | ) |  | (75,149 | ) |  | 3,760 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 23,754 |  |  | 23,217 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (14,841 | ) |  | (16,390 | ) |  | (1,549 | ) |  | (9.5 | )%
Operating income |  | 8,913 |  |  | 6,827 |  |  | 2,086 |  |  | 30.6 | %
Interest expense |  | (1,256 | ) |  | (1,176 | ) |  | 80 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Net income |  | $ | 7,657 |  |  | $ | 5,651 |  |  | $ | 2,006 |  |  | 35.5 | %

Residents fees and services. Residents fees and services are the revenues earned at our managed senior living communities. We recognize these revenues as services are provided and related fees are accrued. Residents fees and services
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increased primarily due to our acquisitions since April 1, 2017, as well as an increase in occupancy, partially offset by a decrease in average monthly rates for the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of management fees, real estate taxes, utility expenses, insurance, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these communities. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to our acquisitions since April 1, 2017, increased room turnover and maintenance costs and increased costs associated with staffing.
Net operating income. The increase in NOI reflects the net changes in residents fees and services and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our managed senior living communities segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization expense related to in place resident agreements assumed upon the acquisition of a community. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a result of certain of our in place resident agreements becoming fully amortized since April 1, 2017, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense due to our acquisitions and purchase of improvements since April 1, 2017.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these communities. The increase in interest expense is due to our assumption of a $16,748 mortgage note in connection with our acquisition of a senior living community in February 2018 and our assumption of a $16,588 mortgage note in connection with our acquisition of two senior living communities in June 2018, partially offset by our prepayment of a $4,330 mortgage note in January 2018, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these communities.
Managed senior living communities, comparable properties (managed senior living communities owned and managed by the same operator continuously since April 1, 2017; excludes communities classified as held for sale, if any):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Residents fees and services |  | $ | 98,292 |  |  | $ | 98,366 |  |  | $ | (74 | ) |  | (0.1 | )%
Property operating expenses |  | (76,052 | ) |  | (75,052 | ) |  | 1,000 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 22,240 |  |  | 23,314 |  |  | (1,074 | ) |  | (4.6 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (12,448 | ) |  | (16,387 | ) |  | (3,939 | ) |  | (24.0 | )%
Operating income |  | 9,792 |  |  | 6,927 |  |  | 2,865 |  |  | 41.4 | %
Interest expense |  | (1,036 | ) |  | (1,176 | ) |  | (140 | ) |  | (11.9 | )%
Net income |  | $ | 8,756 |  |  | $ | 5,751 |  |  | $ | 3,005 |  |  | 52.3 | %

Residents fees and services. Residents fees and services are the revenues earned at our managed senior living communities. We recognize these revenues as services are provided and related fees are accrued. Residents fees and services decreased modestly year over year primarily due to a decrease in average monthly rates, partially offset by a modest increase in occupancy for the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of management fees, real estate taxes, utility expenses, insurance, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these communities. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to increased room turnover and maintenance costs and increased costs associated with staffing.
Net operating income. The decrease in NOI reflects the net changes in residents fees and services and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our managed senior living communities segment, comparable properties, is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization expense related to in place resident agreements assumed upon the
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acquisition of a community. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a result of certain of our in place resident agreements becoming fully amortized since April 1, 2017, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense due to our purchases of improvements since April 1, 2017.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of a $4,330 mortgage note in January 2018, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these communities.
All other operations(1):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 4,618 |  |  | $ | 4,570 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (947 | ) |  | (948 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — | %
General and administrative |  | (29,078 | ) |  | (22,922 | ) |  | 6,156 |  |  | 26.9 | %
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | (77 | ) |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | (5,082 | ) |  | (5,082 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Total expenses |  | (30,102 | ) |  | (28,952 | ) |  | 1,150 |  |  | 4.0 | %
Operating loss |  | (25,484 | ) |  | (24,382 | ) |  | 1,102 |  |  | 4.5 | %
Dividend income |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net |  | 23,265 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,265 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Interest and other income |  | 60 |  |  | 76 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (21.1 | )%
Interest expense |  | (36,879 | ) |  | (31,163 | ) |  | 5,716 |  |  | 18.3 | %
Loss before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | (38,379 | ) |  | (54,810 | ) |  | (16,431 | ) |  | (30.0 | )%
Income tax expense |  | (105 | ) |  | (99 | ) |  | 6 |  |  | 6.1 | %
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | 7 |  |  | 374 |  |  | (367 | ) |  | (98.1 | )%
Net loss |  | $ | (38,477 | ) |  | $ | (54,535 | ) |  | $ | (16,058 | ) |  | (29.4 | )%

(1) | All other operations includes all of our other operations, including certain properties that offer wellness, fitness and spa services to members, which segment we do not consider to be sufficiently material to constitute a separate reporting segment, and any operating expenses that are not attributable to a specific reporting segment.

Rental income. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent of approximately $137 for each of the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Rental income also includes net amortization of approximately $55 of acquired real estate leases and obligations for each of the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense remained consistent as we had no acquisitions or capital expenditures in this segment since April 1, 2017. We depreciate our long lived wellness center assets on a straight line basis.
General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense consists of fees paid to RMR LLC under our business management agreement, legal and accounting fees, fees and expenses of our Trustees, equity compensation expense and other costs relating to our status as a publicly traded company. General and administrative expense increased primarily due to $17,610 of estimated business management incentive fees that we recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2018 as a result of our total shareholder return exceeding the returns for the SNL U.S. REIT Healthcare index over the applicable measurement period by 38.3%, compared to $10,760 of business management incentive fees that we recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2017. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in business management fees as a result of lower market prices for our common shares during the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017.
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Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs. Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs include legal and diligence costs incurred in connection with our acquisition, disposition and operations transition activities that we expensed under GAAP.
Impairment of assets. At June 30, 2017, we recorded a $5,082 loss on impairment to reduce the carrying value of our investment in Five Star shares to its estimated fair value due to the market value of this investment being significantly below our carrying value for an extended period in accordance with GAAP standards at that time.
Dividend income. Dividend income reflects cash dividends received from our investment in RMR Inc.
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net. Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net, represents the net unrealized gains to adjust our investments in RMR Inc. and Five Star to their fair value as of June 30, 2018 in accordance with a change in GAAP standards effective January 1, 2018.
Interest and other income. The decrease in interest and other income is primarily due to decreased average investable cash on hand.
Interest expense. Interest expense increased primarily due to our February 2018 issuance of $500,000 of 4.75% senior unsecured notes due 2028 and increases in LIBOR rates, resulting in an increase in interest expense on our revolving credit facility and term loans, partially offset by a lower balance on our revolving credit facility.
Income tax expense. Income tax expense primarily reflects state income taxes payable in certain jurisdictions.
Equity in earnings of an investee. Equity in earnings of an investee represents our proportionate share of earnings from AIC.
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Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands, except average monthly rate):
Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to changes or comparisons of results, income or expenses refer to comparisons of the results for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to the six months ended June 30, 2017.
MOBs:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and For the Six Months Ended June 30, |  | As of and For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total properties |  | 129 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 119 |
Total buildings |  | 155 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 145 |
Total square feet (2) |  | 12,600 |  |  | 11,552 |  |  | 11,434 |  |  | 11,434 |
Occupancy (3) |  | 95.7 | % |  | 96.5 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 96.4 | %

(1) | Consists of MOBs we have owned continuously since January 1, 2017; includes our MOB (two buildings) that is owned in a joint venture arrangement; excludes properties classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | Prior periods exclude space re-measurements made subsequent to those periods.

(3) | MOB occupancy includes (i) space being fitted out for occupancy and (ii) space which is leased but is not occupied or is being offered for sublease by tenants.

MOBs, all properties:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 205,005 |  |  | $ | 189,297 |  |  | $ | 15,708 |  |  | 8.3 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (62,121 | ) |  | (54,823 | ) |  | 7,298 |  |  | 13.3 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 142,884 |  |  | 134,474 |  |  | 8,410 |  |  | 6.3 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (70,711 | ) |  | (63,539 | ) |  | 7,172 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Operating income |  | 72,173 |  |  | 70,935 |  |  | 1,238 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Interest expense |  | (12,022 | ) |  | (12,570 | ) |  | (548 | ) |  | (4.4 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (59 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income |  | 60,151 |  |  | 58,306 |  |  | 1,845 |  |  | 3.2 | %
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (2,784 | ) |  | (1,486 | ) |  | 1,298 |  |  | 87.3 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 57,367 |  |  | $ | 56,820 |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  | 1.0 | %

Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to rents from MOBs we acquired since January 1, 2017, as well as certain changes at our comparable MOB properties discussed below. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $4,574 and $5,035 and net amortization of approximately $2,687 and $2,500 of above and below market lease adjustments for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of real estate taxes, utility expenses, property management fees, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these properties. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to our acquisitions since January 1, 2017, as well as certain changes at our comparable MOB properties discussed below.
Net operating income. NOI increased due to the increase in rental income, partially offset by the increase in property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our MOB segment is shown in the table
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above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased primarily due to our acquisitions since January 1, 2017, an increase in the amortization of leasing costs and depreciation expense on fixed assets and an increase in amortization of acquired in place real estate leases that we amortize over the respective lease terms.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these properties. The decrease in interest expense is the result of our prepayment of $27,789 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage notes since January 1, 2017 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.3%, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these properties, partially offset by our assumption of a $11,050 mortgage note in connection with our acquisition of a MOB in March 2018.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of two mortgage debts during the second quarter of 2017.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income attributable to a sovereign investor that owns 45% of one of our MOBs (two buildings) through the joint venture agreement we entered in March 2017.
MOBs, comparable properties (MOBs we have owned continuously since January 1, 2017; includes our MOB (two buildings) that is owned in a joint venture arrangement; excludes properties classified as held for sale, if any):

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 189,965 |  |  | $ | 188,250 |  |  | $ | 1,715 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (56,840 | ) |  | (54,295 | ) |  | 2,545 |  |  | 4.7 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 133,125 |  |  | 133,955 |  |  | (830 | ) |  | (0.6 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (62,984 | ) |  | (63,100 | ) |  | (116 | ) |  | (0.2 | )%
Operating income |  | 70,141 |  |  | 70,855 |  |  | (714 | ) |  | (1.0 | )%
Interest expense |  | (11,899 | ) |  | (12,571 | ) |  | (672 | ) |  | (5.3 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (59 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Net income |  | 58,242 |  |  | 58,225 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — | %
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (2,784 | ) |  | (1,486 | ) |  | 1,298 |  |  | 87.3 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 55,458 |  |  | $ | 56,739 |  |  | $ | (1,281 | ) |  | (2.3 | )%

Rental income. Rental income increased primarily due to an increase in tax escalation income and other reimbursable expenses at certain of these properties, partially offset by reduced occupancy. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $3,951 and $4,975 and net amortization of approximately $2,798 and $2,505 of above and below market lease adjustments for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of real estate taxes, utility expenses, property management fees, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these properties. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to increases in real estate taxes and other direct costs of operating these properties.
Net operating income. NOI reflects the net changes in rental income and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our MOB segment for comparable properties is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased primarily due to a reduction in amortization of acquired in place real estate leases that we amortize over the respective lease terms, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense on fixed assets acquired since January 1, 2017.
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Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these properties. The decrease in interest expense is the result of our prepayment of $27,789 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage notes since January 1, 2017 with an annual interest rate of 6.3%, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these properties.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of two mortgage debts during the second quarter of 2017.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income attributable to a sovereign investor that owns 45% of one of our MOBs (two buildings) through the joint venture agreement we entered in March 2017.
Triple net leased senior living communities:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and For the Six Months Ended June 30, |  | As of and For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total properties |  | 229 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 229 |
# of units |  | 24,318 |  |  | 26,220 |  |  | 24,318 |  |  | 24,318 |
Tenant operating data (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy |  | 82.4 | % |  | 84.1 | % |  | 82.4 | % |  | 84.1 | %
Rent coverage |  | 1.18 | x |  | 1.24 | x |  | 1.18 | x |  | 1.24 | x

(1) | Consists of triple net leased senior living communities we have owned continuously since January 1, 2017; excludes communities classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | All tenant operating data presented are based upon the operating results provided by our tenants for the 12 months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 or the most recent prior period for which tenant operating results are available to us. Rent coverage is calculated as operating cash flows from our triple net lease tenants’ operations of our properties, before subordinated charges, if any, divided by triple net lease minimum rents payable to us. We have not independently verified tenant operating data. Excludes data for historical periods prior to our ownership of certain properties, as well as data for properties sold or classified as held for sale during the periods presented.

Triple net leased senior living communities, all properties:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental Income |  | $ | 134,088 |  |  | $ | 134,678 |  |  | $ | (590 | ) |  | (0.4 | )%
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 134,088 |  |  | 134,678 |  |  | (590 | ) |  | (0.4 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (40,381 | ) |  | (40,804 | ) |  | (423 | ) |  | (1.0 | )%
Impairment of assets |  | (548 | ) |  | — |  |  | 548 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Operating income |  | 93,159 |  |  | 93,874 |  |  | (715 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Interest expense |  | (1,136 | ) |  | (7,550 | ) |  | (6,414 | ) |  | (85.0 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | (7,294 | ) |  | (7,294 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Gain on sale of properties |  | 261,916 |  |  | — |  |  | 261,916 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income |  | $ | 353,939 |  |  | $ | 79,030 |  |  | $ | 274,909 |  |  | 347.9 | %

Except as noted below under “Rental income,” we have not included a discussion and analysis of the results of our comparable properties data for the triple net leased senior living communities segment as we believe that such a comparison is generally consistent with the comparison of results for all our triple net leased senior living communities from quarter to quarter and a separate, comparable properties comparison is not meaningful.
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Rental income. Rental income decreased primarily due to reduced rental income resulting from the sale of six senior living communities and the transfer of one senior living community to our managed communities segment since January 1, 2017, partially offset by increased rents resulting from our purchase of improvements since January 1, 2017. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent adjustments totaling $1,174 and $1,554 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Rental income increased year over year on a comparable property basis by $2,192, primarily as a result of our purchase of improvements at certain of these communities that we have owned continuously since January 1, 2017 and the resulting increased rent, pursuant to the terms of the applicable leases.
Net operating income. We typically incur minimal property operating expenses at these communities, as the majority of those expenses are paid by our tenants. NOI decreased due to the decrease in rental income described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our triple net leased senior living communities segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased primarily as a result of the sale of six senior living communities since January 1, 2017, partially offset by our purchase of improvements since January 1, 2017.
Impairment of assets. We recorded an impairment charge of $548 to write off an acquired lease intangible asset associated with a lease default at one of our senior living communities, which was leased to a third party private operator and was transferred to one of our TRSs in June 2018. The impairment charge represents the unrecoverable acquired in place lease intangible asset after deducting settlement proceeds.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of $277,837 in aggregate principal amount of mortgage notes in April 2017 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 6.7%, as well as regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of mortgage debts during the second quarter of 2017.
Gain on sale of properties. Gain on sale of properties is the result of our sale of five senior living communities during the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Managed senior living communities:

|  | All Properties |  | Comparable Properties (1)
|  | As of and For the Six Months Ended June 30, |  | As of and For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total properties |  | 75 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |
# of units |  | 9,510 |  |  | 8,806 |  |  | 8,817 |  |  | 8,817 |
Occupancy |  | 86.0 | % |  | 85.8 | % |  | 85.8 | % |  | 85.8 | %
Average monthly rate (2) |  | $ | 4,278 |  |  | $ | 4,310 |  |  | $ | 4,310 |  |  | $ | 4,311 |

(1) | Consists of managed senior living communities owned and managed by the same operator continuously since January 1, 2017; excludes communities classified as held for sale, if any.

(2) | Average monthly rate is calculated by taking the average daily rate, which is defined as total residents fees and services divided by occupied units during the period, and multiplying it by 30 days.

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Managed senior living communities, all properties:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Residents fees and services |  | $ | 204,750 |  |  | $ | 196,484 |  |  | $ | 8,266 |  |  | 4.2 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (156,114 | ) |  | (149,028 | ) |  | 7,086 |  |  | 4.8 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 48,636 |  |  | 47,456 |  |  | 1,180 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (29,652 | ) |  | (36,605 | ) |  | (6,953 | ) |  | (19.0 | )%
Operating income |  | 18,984 |  |  | 10,851 |  |  | 8,133 |  |  | 75.0 | %
Interest expense |  | (2,583 | ) |  | (2,352 | ) |  | 231 |  |  | 9.8 | %
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | (130 | ) |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Net income |  | $ | 16,271 |  |  | $ | 8,499 |  |  | $ | 7,772 |  |  | 91.4 | %

Residents fees and services. Residents fees and services are the revenues earned at our managed senior living communities. We recognize these revenues as services are provided and related fees are accrued. Residents fees and services increased primarily due to our acquisitions since January 1, 2017, as well as an increase in occupancy, partially offset by a decrease in average monthly rates for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of management fees, real estate taxes, utility expenses, insurance, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these communities. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to our acquisitions since January 1, 2017, increased room turnover and maintenance costs and increased costs associated with staffing.
Net operating income. The increase in NOI reflects the net changes in residents fees and services and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our managed senior living communities segment is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization expense related to in place resident agreements assumed upon the acquisition of a community. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a result of certain of our in place resident agreements becoming fully amortized since January 1, 2017, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense due to our acquisitions and purchase of improvements since January 1, 2017.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these communities. The increase in interest expense is due to our assumption of a $16,748 mortgage note in connection with our acquisition of a senior living community in February 2018 and our assumption of a $16,588 mortgage note in connection with our acquisition of two senior living communities in June 2018, partially offset by our prepayment of a $4,330 mortgage note in January 2018, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of a $4,330 mortgage note in January 2018.
Managed senior living communities, comparable properties (managed senior living communities owned and managed by the same operator continuously since January 1, 2017; excludes communities classified as held for sale, if any):
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|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Residents fees and services |  | $ | 196,699 |  |  | $ | 196,484 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Property operating expenses |  | (150,602 | ) |  | (148,936 | ) |  | 1,666 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Net operating income (NOI) |  | 46,097 |  |  | 47,548 |  |  | (1,451 | ) |  | (3.1 | )%
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (25,230 | ) |  | (36,599 | ) |  | (11,369 | ) |  | (31.1 | )%
Operating income |  | 20,867 |  |  | 10,949 |  |  | 9,918 |  |  | 90.6 | %
Interest expense |  | (2,214 | ) |  | (2,352 | ) |  | (138 | ) |  | (5.9 | )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | (130 | ) |  | 100.0 | %
Net income |  | $ | 18,783 |  |  | $ | 8,597 |  |  | $ | 10,186 |  |  | 118.5 | %

Residents fees and services. Residents fees and services are the revenues earned at our managed senior living communities. We recognize these revenues as services are provided and related fees are accrued. Residents fees and services increased modestly year over year. Occupancy and average monthly rates remained consistent year over year.
Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses consist of management fees, real estate taxes, utility expenses, insurance, salaries and benefit costs of property level personnel, repairs and maintenance expense, cleaning expense and other direct costs of operating these communities. Property operating expenses increased primarily due to increased room turnover and maintenance costs and increased costs associated with staffing.
Net operating income. The decrease in NOI reflects the net changes in residents fees and services and property operating expenses described above. The reconciliation of NOI to net income for our managed senior living communities segment, comparable properties, is shown in the table above. Our definition of NOI and our reconciliation of net income to consolidated NOI are included below under the heading “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of owned property and equipment as well as the amortization expense related to in place resident agreements assumed upon the acquisition of a community. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a result of certain of our in place resident agreements becoming fully amortized since January 1, 2017, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense due to our purchases of improvements since January 1, 2017.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to mortgage notes secured by certain of these communities. The decrease in interest expense is due to our prepayment of a $4,330 mortgage note in January 2018, as well as the regularly scheduled amortization of mortgage notes secured by these communities.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt in connection with our prepayment of a $4,330 mortgage note in January 2018.
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All other operations(1):

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | % Change
Rental income |  | $ | 9,220 |  |  | $ | 9,115 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | 1.2 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | (1,895 | ) |  | (1,896 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | — | %
General and administrative |  | (54,196 | ) |  | (38,005 | ) |  | 16,191 |  |  | 42.6 | %
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | (97 | ) |  | (292 | ) |  | (195 | ) |  | (66.8 | )%
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | (5,082 | ) |  | 5,082 |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Total expenses |  | (56,188 | ) |  | (45,275 | ) |  | 10,913 |  |  | 24.1 | %
Operating loss |  | (46,968 | ) |  | (36,160 | ) |  | 10,808 |  |  | 29.9 | %
Dividend income |  | 1,318 |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (0.1 | )%
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net |  | 50,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,506 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Interest and other income |  | 114 |  |  | 195 |  |  | (81 | ) |  | (41.5 | )%
Interest expense |  | (72,624 | ) |  | (61,817 | ) |  | 10,807 |  |  | 17.5 | %
Loss before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | (67,654 | ) |  | (96,463 | ) |  | (28,809 | ) |  | (29.9 | )%
Income tax expense |  | (365 | ) |  | (191 | ) |  | 174 |  |  | 91.1 | %
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | 51 |  |  | 502 |  |  | (451 | ) |  | (89.8 | )%
Net loss |  | $ | (67,968 | ) |  | $ | (96,152 | ) |  | $ | (28,184 | ) |  | (29.3 | )%

(1) | All other operations includes all of our other operations, including certain properties that offer wellness, fitness and spa services to members, which segment we do not consider to be sufficiently material to constitute a separate reporting segment, and any operating expenses that are not attributable to a specific reporting segment.

Rental income. Rental income includes non-cash straight line rent of approximately $275 for each of the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Rental income also includes net amortization of approximately $110 of acquired real estate leases and obligations for each of the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense remained consistent as we had no acquisitions or capital expenditures in this segment since January 1, 2017. We depreciate our long lived wellness center assets on a straight line basis.
General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense consists of fees paid to RMR LLC under our business management agreement, legal and accounting fees, fees and expenses of our Trustees, equity compensation expense and other costs relating to our status as a publicly traded company. General and administrative expense increased primarily due to $31,957 of estimated business management incentive fees that we recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2018 as a result of our total shareholder return exceeding the returns for the SNL U.S. REIT Healthcare index over the applicable measurement period by 38.3%, compared to $14,026 of business management incentive fees that we recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2017. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in business management fees as a result of lower market prices for our common shares during the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017.
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs. Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs include legal and diligence costs incurred in connection with our acquisition, disposition and operations transition activities that we expensed under GAAP.
Impairment of assets. At June 30, 2017, we recorded a $5,082 loss on impairment to reduce the carrying value of our investment in Five Star shares to its estimated fair value due to the market value of this investment being significantly below our carrying value for an extended period in accordance with GAAP standards at that time.
Dividend income. Dividend income reflects cash dividends received from our investment in RMR Inc.
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Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net. Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net, represents the net unrealized gains to adjust our investments in RMR Inc. and Five Star to their fair value as of June 30, 2018 in accordance with a change in GAAP standards effective January 1, 2018.
Interest and other income. The decrease in interest and other income is primarily due to decreased average investable cash on hand.
Interest expense. Interest expense increased primarily due to our February 2018 issuance of $500,000 of 4.75% senior unsecured notes due 2028 and increases in LIBOR rates, resulting in an increase in interest expense on our revolving credit facility and term loans, partially offset by a lower balance on our revolving credit facility.
Income tax expense. Income tax expense primarily reflects state income taxes payable in certain jurisdictions.
Equity in earnings of an investee. Equity in earnings of an investee represents our proportionate share of earnings from AIC.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
We provide below calculations of our funds from operations attributable to common shareholders, or FFO attributable to common shareholders, normalized funds from operations attributable to common shareholders, or Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders, and NOI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. These measures should be considered in conjunction with net income, net income attributable to common shareholders and operating income as presented in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. These measures do not represent cash generated by operating activities in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered alternatives to net income, net income attributable to common shareholders or operating income as indicators of our operating performance or as measures of our liquidity. Other REITs and real estate companies may calculate FFO, Normalized FFO or NOI differently than we do.
Funds From Operations and Normalized Funds From Operations Attributable to Common Shareholders
We calculate FFO attributable to common shareholders and Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders as shown below. FFO attributable to common shareholders is calculated on the basis defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or Nareit, which is net income attributable to common shareholders, calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding any gain or loss on sale of real estate and loss on impairment of real estate assets, if any, plus real estate depreciation and amortization and the difference between net income attributable to common shareholders and FFO attributable to noncontrolling interest, as well as certain other adjustments currently not applicable to us. Our calculation of Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders differs from Nareit’s definition of FFO because we include business management incentive fees, if any, only in the fourth quarter versus the quarter when they are recognized as expense in accordance with GAAP due to their quarterly volatility not necessarily being indicative of our core operating performance and the uncertainty as to whether any such business management incentive fees will be payable when all contingencies for determining such fees are known at the end of the calendar year, and we exclude acquisition and certain other transaction related costs expensed under GAAP such as legal and professional fees associated with our acquisition and disposition activities, gains and losses on early extinguishment of debt, if any, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net, if any, and Normalized FFO from noncontrolling interest, net of FFO, if any. We consider FFO attributable to common shareholders and Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders to be appropriate supplemental measures of operating performance for a REIT, along with net income, net income attributable to common shareholders and operating income. We believe that FFO attributable to common shareholders and Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders provide useful information to investors, because by excluding the effects of certain historical amounts, such as depreciation and amortization expense, FFO attributable to common shareholders and Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders may facilitate a comparison of our operating performance between periods and with other REITs. FFO attributable to common shareholders and Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders are among the factors considered by our Board of Trustees when determining the amount of distributions to our shareholders. Other factors include, but are not limited to, requirements to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, limitations in our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our public debt covenants, the availability to us of debt and equity capital, our expectation of our future capital requirements and operating performance and our expected needs for and availability of cash to pay our obligations.
Our calculations of FFO attributable to common shareholders and Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and reconciliations of net income attributable to common shareholders, the most directly comparable financial measure under GAAP reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements, to FFO attributable to common shareholders and Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders appear in
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the following table. This table also provides a comparison of distributions to shareholders, FFO attributable to common shareholders and Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders and net income attributable to common shareholders per share for these periods.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 123,587 |  |  | $ | 16,042 |  |  | $ | 359,609 |  |  | $ | 48,197 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | 72,300 |  |  | 69,669 |  |  | 142,639 |  |  | 142,844 |
FFO allocated to noncontrolling interest |  | (5,300 | ) |  | (5,305 | ) |  | (10,600 | ) |  | (5,761 | )
Gain on sale of properties |  | (80,762 | ) |  | — |  |  | (261,916 | ) |  | — |
Impairment of assets |  | 548 |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 5,082 |
FFO attributable to common shareholders |  | 110,373 |  |  | 85,488 |  |  | 230,280 |  |  | 190,362 |
Estimated business management incentive fees (1) |  | 17,610 |  |  | 10,760 |  |  | 31,957 |  |  | 14,026 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | 292 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | 7,353 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 7,353 |
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net |  | (23,265 | ) |  | — |  |  | (50,506 | ) |  | — |
Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 104,795 |  |  | $ | 103,601 |  |  | $ | 211,958 |  |  | $ | 212,033 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (basic) |  | 237,487 |  |  | 237,399 |  |  | 237,483 |  |  | 237,395 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (diluted) |  | 237,529 |  |  | 237,445 |  |  | 237,506 |  |  | 237,433 |
Per common share data (basic and diluted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 1.51 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |
FFO attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |
Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |
Distributions declared per common share |  | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |

(1) | Incentive fees under our business management agreement are payable after the end of each calendar year, are calculated based on common share total return, as defined, and are included in general and administrative expense in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. In calculating net income attributable to common shareholders in accordance with GAAP, we recognize estimated business management incentive fee expense, if any, in the first, second and third quarters. Although we recognize this expense, if any, in the first, second and third quarters for purposes of calculating net income attributable to common shareholders, we do not include these amounts in the calculation of Normalized FFO attributable to common shareholders until the fourth quarter, when the amount of the business management incentive fee expense for the calendar year, if any, is determined.

Property Net Operating Income (NOI)
We calculate NOI as shown below. The calculation of NOI excludes certain components of net income in order to provide results that are more closely related to our property level results of operations. We define NOI as income from our real estate less our property operating expenses. NOI excludes amortization of capitalized tenant improvement costs and leasing commissions that we record as depreciation and amortization. We consider NOI to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income because it may help both investors and management to understand the operations of our properties. We use NOI to evaluate individual and company wide property level performance, and we believe that NOI provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it reflects only those income and expense items that are generated and incurred at the property level and may facilitate comparisons of our operating performance between periods and with other REITs.
The calculation of NOI by reportable segment is included above in this Item 2. The following table includes the reconciliation of net income to NOI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
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|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Reconciliation of Net Income to NOI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 124,988 |  |  | $ | 17,402 |  |  | $ | 362,393 |  |  | $ | 49,683 |
Gain on sale of properties |  | (80,762 | ) |  | — |  |  | (261,916 | ) |  | — |
Income before gain on sale of properties |  | 44,226 |  |  | 17,402 |  |  | 100,477 |  |  | 49,683 |
Equity in earnings of an investee |  | (7 | ) |  | (374 | ) |  | (51 | ) |  | (502 | )
Income tax expense |  | 105 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 191 |
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense and equity in earnings of an investee |  | 44,324 |  |  | 17,127 |  |  | 100,791 |  |  | 49,372 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | 7,353 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 7,353 |
Interest expense |  | 44,813 |  |  | 40,800 |  |  | 88,365 |  |  | 84,289 |
Interest and other income |  | (60 | ) |  | (76 | ) |  | (114 | ) |  | (195 | )
Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net |  | (23,265 | ) |  | — |  |  | (50,506 | ) |  | — |
Dividend income |  | (659 | ) |  | (659 | ) |  | (1,318 | ) |  | (1,319 | )
Operating income |  | 65,153 |  |  | 64,545 |  |  | 137,348 |  |  | 139,500 |
Impairment of assets |  | 548 |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 5,082 |
Acquisition and certain other transaction related costs |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | 292 |
General and administrative expense |  | 29,078 |  |  | 22,922 |  |  | 54,196 |  |  | 38,005 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | 72,300 |  |  | 69,669 |  |  | 142,639 |  |  | 142,844 |
Total NOI |  | $ | 167,156 |  |  | $ | 162,218 |  |  | $ | 334,828 |  |  | $ | 325,723 |
MOB NOI |  | $ | 72,671 |  |  | $ | 67,005 |  |  | $ | 142,884 |  |  | $ | 134,474 |
Triple net leased communities NOI |  | 66,113 |  |  | 67,426 |  |  | 134,088 |  |  | 134,678 |
Managed communities NOI |  | 23,754 |  |  | 23,217 |  |  | 48,636 |  |  | 47,456 |
All other operations NOI |  | 4,618 |  |  | 4,570 |  |  | 9,220 |  |  | 9,115 |
Total NOI |  | $ | 167,156 |  |  | $ | 162,218 |  |  | $ | 334,828 |  |  | $ | 325,723 |

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our principal sources of funds to meet operating and capital expenses, pay debt service obligations and make distributions to our shareholders are the operating cash flows we generate as rental income from our leased properties, residents fees and services revenues from our managed communities and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We believe that these sources will be sufficient to meet our operating and capital expenses, pay debt service obligations and make distributions to our shareholders for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future thereafter. Our future cash flows from operating activities will depend primarily upon:

• | our ability to maintain or increase the occupancy of, and the rental rates at, our properties;

• | our ability to control operating expenses and capital expenses at our properties;

• | our manager's ability to operate our managed senior living communities so as to maintain or increase our returns; and

• | our ability to purchase additional properties which produce cash flows in excess of our cost of acquisition capital and the related property operating expenses.

Our Operating Liquidity and Resources
We generally receive minimum rents from our tenants monthly or quarterly, we receive percentage rents from our senior living community tenants monthly, quarterly or annually and we receive residents fees and services revenues, net of expenses, from our managed senior living communities monthly. Our changes in cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017 were as follows: (1) cash provided by operating activities decreased to $179.1 million in 2018 from $211.5 million in 2017; (2) cash provided by investing activities increased to $161.8 million in 2018 from
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cash used in investing activities of $72.2 million in 2017; and (3) cash used in financing activities increased to $248.9 million in 2018 from $133.9 million in 2017.
The decrease in cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the prior year was primarily due to the payment of business management incentive fee expense of $55.7 million in January 2018. Cash provided by investing activities increased in 2018 primarily due to proceeds from the sale of properties during the six months ended June 30, 2018, partially offset by acquisitions during the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in cash used in financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the prior year was due primarily to repayments of amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility during the six months ended June 30, 2018, partially offset by net proceeds from our February 2018 issuance of senior unsecured notes.
Our Investment and Financing Liquidity and Resources
As of June 30, 2018, we had $30.7 million of cash and cash equivalents and $936.0 million available to borrow under our revolving credit facility. We typically use cash balances, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, net proceeds from offerings of debt or equity securities and the cash flows from our operations to fund our operations, debt repayments, distributions, property acquisitions, capital expenditures and other general business purposes. We currently have $94.3 million of proceeds from our sale of a senior living community in May 2018 that are being held in trust for our benefit to fund future acquisitions by us. These proceeds from the sale are classified as restricted cash in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
In order to fund acquisitions and to meet cash needs that may result from timing differences between our receipt of rents and our desire or need to make distributions or pay operating or capital expenses, we maintain a $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility. The maturity date of our revolving credit facility is January 15, 2022, and, subject to the payment of an extension fee and meeting other conditions, we have the option to extend the maturity date of the facility for an additional year. Our revolving credit facility provides that we can borrow, repay and re-borrow funds available under our revolving credit facility until maturity, and no principal repayment is due until maturity. The facility also includes a feature pursuant to which in certain circumstances maximum borrowings under the facility may be increased to up to $2.0 billion. Our revolving credit facility requires annual interest to be paid on borrowings at the rate of LIBOR plus a premium (currently 120 basis points per annum) that is subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings, plus a facility fee of 25 basis points per annum on the total amount of lending commitments. As of June 30, 2018, the annual interest rate required on borrowings under our revolving credit facility was 3.2%. As of June 30, 2018 and August 6, 2018, we had $64.0 million and $125.0 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility, respectively.
When significant amounts are outstanding under our revolving credit facility, or as the maturities of our indebtedness approach, we intend to explore refinancing alternatives. Such alternatives may include incurring additional debt, selling certain properties and issuing new equity securities. In addition, we may also seek to participate in joint ventures or other arrangements that may provide us additional sources of financing. We currently have an effective shelf registration statement that allows us to issue public securities on an expedited basis, but it does not assure that there will be buyers for such securities. We may also assume debt in connection with our acquisitions of properties or place new debt on properties we own.
We have a $350.0 million unsecured term loan that matures on January 15, 2020. This term loan includes a feature under which maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $700.0 million in certain circumstances. This term loan requires interest to be paid at the rate of LIBOR plus a premium (currently 140 basis points per annum) that is subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. As of June 30, 2018, the annual interest rate payable on amounts outstanding under this term loan was 3.4%.
We also have a $200.0 million unsecured term loan that matures on September 28, 2022. This term loan includes a feature under which maximum borrowings may be increased to up to $400.0 million in certain circumstances. This term loan requires interest to be paid at the rate of LIBOR plus a premium (currently 135 basis points per annum) that is subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. As of June 30, 2018, the annual interest rate payable on amounts outstanding under this term loan was 3.4%.
In January 2018, we prepaid, at par plus accrued interest, a mortgage note secured by one of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $4.3 million, a maturity date in September 2043 and an annual interest rate of 4.4%. In July 2018, we prepaid, at par plus accrued interest, mortgage notes secured by 12 of our properties with an aggregate outstanding principal balance of approximately $90.6 million, maturity dates in October 2018 and a weighted average annual interest rate of 5.0%. In July 2018, we gave notice of our intention to prepay, at par plus accrued interest, a mortgage note secured by one of our properties with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $6.4 million, a maturity date in January 2019 and an annual interest rate of 4.7%. We expect to make this prepayment in September 2018.
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In February 2018, we issued $500.0 million of 4.75% senior unsecured notes due 2028. We used the net proceeds of this offering to reduce amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility.
In January 2018, we acquired three MOBs (three buildings) located in Kansas, Missouri and California with a total of approximately 400,000 square feet for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $91.2 million, excluding closing costs. We funded these acquisitions with cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
In March 2018, we acquired one MOB (one building) located in Virginia with approximately 135,000 square feet for a purchase price of approximately $22.8 million, including our assumption of a $11.1 million mortgage note and excluding closing costs. We funded this acquisition with cash on hand, borrowings under our revolving credit facility and the assumption of the mortgage note described above.
In November 2017, we entered a transaction agreement with Five Star pursuant to which we agreed to acquire six senior living communities from Five Star. In December 2017, we acquired two of these senior living communities for approximately $39.2 million, excluding closing costs. In January 2018, we acquired one of these senior living communities for approximately $19.7 million, excluding closing costs. In February 2018, we acquired one of these senior living communities for approximately $22.3 million, including our assumption of a $16.7 million mortgage note and excluding closing costs. In June 2018, we acquired the remaining two of these senior living communities for approximately $23.3 million, including our assumption of a $16.6 million mortgage note and excluding closing costs. We funded these acquisitions with cash on hand, borrowings under our revolving credit facility and the assumption of the mortgage notes described above. In connection with our acquisitions of these senior living communities, we entered management and pooling agreements with Five Star for Five Star to manage these senior living communities for us.
In March 2018, we sold two triple net leased senior living communities that were leased to Sunrise for an aggregate sales price of $217.0 million, excluding closing costs, resulting in a gain of approximately $181.2 million. In May 2018, we sold one triple net leased senior living community that was leased to Sunrise for an aggregate sales price of $96.0 million, excluding closing costs, resulting in a gain of approximately $78.9 million. We recognized rental income of $0.7 million and $3.5 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 related to these three communities.
In June 2018, we sold one SNF that was leased to Five Star and one senior living community that was leased to a private operator, where the tenant exercised its purchase option for the property, for a combined sales price of approximately $21.9 million, excluding closing costs, resulting in a net gain of approximately $1.9 million. Rental income was reduced by $0.7 million in accordance with our lease with Five Star upon the sale of the SNF that was previously leased to Five Star. We recognized rental income of $0.3 million and $0.7 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 related to the senior living community that was leased to a private operator.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, amounts capitalized for leasing costs and building improvements at our MOBs and capital expenditures at our managed senior living communities were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
MOB tenant improvements (1) | $ | 1,089 |  |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 2,689 |  |  | $ | 3,840 |
MOB leasing costs (2) | 1,225 |  |  | 2,108 |  |  | 1,647 |  |  | 3,198 |
MOB building improvements (3) | 3,127 |  |  | 3,689 |  |  | 5,683 |  |  | 5,272 |
Managed senior living communities capital improvements | 3,355 |  |  | 3,150 |  |  | 5,762 |  |  | 6,936 |
Recurring capital expenditures | $ | 8,796 |  |  | $ | 10,522 |  |  | $ | 15,781 |  |  | $ | 19,246 |
Development, redevelopment and other activities - MOBs (4) | 1,549 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 1,946 |  |  | 2,617 |
Development, redevelopment and other activities - Managed senior living communities (4) | 8,109 |  |  | 7,178 |  |  | 10,933 |  |  | 14,405 |
Total development, redevelopment and other activities | $ | 9,658 |  |  | $ | 7,530 |  |  | $ | 12,879 |  |  | $ | 17,022 |

(1) | MOB tenant improvements generally include capital expenditures to improve tenants’ space or amounts paid directly to tenants to improve their space.

(2) | MOB leasing costs generally include leasing related costs, such as brokerage commissions and tenant inducements.

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(3) | MOB building improvements generally include capital expenditures to replace obsolete building components and capital expenditures that extend the useful life of existing assets.

(4) | Development, redevelopment and other activities generally include (i) capital expenditures that are identified at the time of acquisition of a property and incurred within a short period thereafter and (ii) capital expenditure projects that reposition a property or result in new sources of revenues.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we invested $10.1 million and $12.3 million in revenue producing capital improvements at certain of our triple net leased senior living communities, and, as a result, annual rents payable to us increased by approximately $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, pursuant to the terms of the applicable leases. We used cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility to fund these purchases. These capital improvement amounts are not included in the table above.
During the three months ended June 30, 2018, commitments made for expenditures in connection with leasing space in our MOBs, such as tenant improvements and leasing costs, were as follows (dollars and square feet in thousands, except per square foot amounts):

|  | New Leases |  | Renewals |  | Total
Square feet leased during the quarter |  | 106 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 194 |
Total leasing costs and concession commitments (1) |  | $ | 2,381 |  |  | $ | 2,193 |  |  | $ | 4,574 |
Total leasing costs and concession commitments per square foot (1) |  | $ | 22.39 |  |  | $ | 25.00 |  |  | $ | 23.57 |
Weighted average lease term (years) (2) |  | 4.5 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 5.5 |
Total leasing costs and concession commitments per square foot per year (1) |  | $ | 5.01 |  |  | $ | 4.12 |  |  | $ | 4.54 |

(1) | Includes commitments made for leasing expenditures and concessions, such as tenant improvements, leasing commissions, tenant reimbursements and free rent.

(2) | Weighted based on annualized rental income pursuant to existing leases as of June 30, 2018, including straight line rent adjustments and estimated recurring expense reimbursements, and excluding lease value amortization.

We funded or expect to fund the foregoing capital commitments at our MOBs using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
As of June 30, 2018, we have estimated unspent leasing related obligations at our triple net leased senior living communities and our MOBs of approximately $23.3 million.
On February 22, 2018, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92.7 million, that was declared on January 19, 2018 and was payable to shareholders of record on January 29, 2018. On May 17, 2018, we paid a regular quarterly distribution to common shareholders of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92.7 million, that was declared on April 19, 2018 and was payable to shareholders of record on April 30, 2018. On July 19, 2018, we declared a regular quarterly distribution payable to common shareholders of record on July 30, 2018 of $0.39 per share, or approximately $92.7 million. We expect to pay this distribution on or about August 16, 2018 using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
We believe we will have access to various types of financings, including debt or equity offerings, to fund our future acquisitions and to pay our debts and other obligations as they become due. Our ability to complete, and the costs associated with, future debt transactions depends primarily upon credit market conditions and our then creditworthiness. We have no control over market conditions. Our credit ratings depend upon evaluations by credit rating agencies of our business practices and plans, including our ability to maintain our earnings, to stagger our debt maturities and to balance our use of debt and equity capital so that our financial performance and leverage ratios afford us flexibility to withstand any reasonably anticipated adverse changes. Similarly, our ability to raise equity capital in the future will depend primarily upon equity capital market conditions and our ability to conduct our business to maintain and grow our operating cash flows. We intend to conduct our business activities in a manner which will afford us reasonable access to capital for investment and financing activities, but we cannot be sure that we will be able to successfully carry out that intention.
Our strategy related to property acquisitions and dispositions is materially unchanged from that disclosed in our Annual Report. We continue to explore and evaluate for possible acquisition additional properties primarily for income and secondarily
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for appreciation potential; however, we cannot be sure that we will reach any agreement to acquire such properties, or that if we do reach any such agreement, that we will complete any acquisitions. Generally, we identify properties for sale based on changes in market conditions in the area where the property is located, our expectations regarding the property's future financial performance, our expectation regarding lease renewals, our plans with regard to particular properties or alternative opportunities we may wish to pursue. Our plans for particular properties and other strategic considerations may cause us to change our acquisition and disposition strategies, and we may do so at any time and without shareholder approval.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of June 30, 2018, we had no off balance sheet arrangements that have had or that we expect would be reasonably likely to have a material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Debt Covenants
Our principal debt obligations at June 30, 2018 were: (1) borrowings under our $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility, of which $64.0 million was outstanding at June 30, 2018; (2) seven public issuances of senior unsecured notes, including: (a) $400.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 3.25% due 2019, (b) $200.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.75% due 2020, (c) $300.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.75% due 2021, (d) $250.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 4.75% due 2024, (e) $500.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 4.75% due 2028, (f) $350.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 5.625% due 2042 and (g) $250.0 million principal amount at an annual interest rate of 6.25% due 2046; (3) our $350.0 million principal amount unsecured term loan due 2020; (4) our $200.0 million principal amount unsecured term loan due 2022; and (5) $833.6 million aggregate principal amount of mortgage notes secured by 26 of our properties (27 buildings) with maturity dates between 2018 and 2043. We also have two properties subject to capital leases with lease obligations totaling $10.3 million at June 30, 2018; these capital leases expire, and our purchase option commences, beginning in 2026. Our senior unsecured notes are governed by our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements. Our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements provide for acceleration of payment of all amounts outstanding upon the occurrence and continuation of certain events of default, such as, in the case of our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements, a change of control of us, as defined, which includes RMR LLC ceasing to act as our business and property manager. Our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements and our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements also contain a number of covenants which restrict our ability to incur debts, including debts secured by mortgages on our properties, in excess of calculated amounts and require us to maintain various financial ratios, and our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements contain covenants which restrict our ability to make distributions to our shareholders in certain circumstances. As of June 30, 2018, we believe we were in compliance with all of the covenants under our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements, our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements and our other debt obligations.
Neither our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements, nor our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements, contain provisions for acceleration which could be triggered by our debt ratings. However, under our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements, our senior unsecured debt ratings are used to determine the fees and interest rates we pay. Accordingly, if our debt ratings are downgraded, our interest expense and related costs under our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements would increase.
Our senior unsecured notes indentures and their supplements contain cross default provisions to any other debts of more than $20.0 million ($50.0 million or more in the case of our senior unsecured notes indenture and supplement entered in February 2016). Similarly, our revolving credit facility and term loan agreements have cross default provisions to other indebtedness that is recourse of $25.0 million or more and indebtedness that is non-recourse of $75.0 million or more.
The loan agreements governing the aggregate $620.0 million secured debt financing on the property owned by our joint venture contain customary covenants and provide for acceleration of payment of all amounts due thereunder upon the occurrence and continuation of certain events of default.
Related Person Transactions
We have relationships and historical and continuing transactions with RMR LLC, RMR Inc., Five Star and others related to them. For example: we have no employees and the personnel and various services we require to operate our business are provided to us by RMR LLC pursuant to our business and property management agreements with RMR LLC; RMR Inc. is the managing member of RMR LLC; Adam D. Portnoy, one of our Managing Trustees, is the sole trustee, an officer and controlling shareholder of ABP Trust, which is the controlling shareholder of RMR Inc.; and we own shares of class A common
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stock of RMR Inc. We also have relationships and historical and continuing transactions with other companies to which RMR LLC or its subsidiaries provide management services and which may have trustees, directors and officers who are also trustees, directors or officers of us, RMR LLC or RMR Inc., including: Five Star, which is our former subsidiary and largest tenant and the manager of our managed senior living communities and of which we owned, as of June 30, 2018, 8.4% of its outstanding common shares and Adam D. Portnoy, beneficially owned, as of June 30, 2018, directly and indirectly as sole trustee of ABP Trust, 35.6% of its outstanding common shares; and AIC, of which we, ABP Trust, Five Star and four other companies to which RMR LLC provides management services each own 14.3% and which arranges and reinsures in part a combined property insurance program for us and its six other shareholders. For further information about these and other such relationships and related person transactions, see Notes 3, 9, 10 and 11 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our Annual Report, our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. In addition, see the section captioned “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report for a description of risks that may arise as a result of these and other related person transactions and relationships. Our filings with the SEC and copies of certain of our agreements with these related persons, including our business and property management agreements with RMR LLC, our various agreements with Five Star and our shareholders agreement with AIC and its six other shareholders, are available as exhibits to our filings with the SEC and accessible at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. We may engage in additional transactions with related persons, including businesses to which RMR LLC or its subsidiaries provide management services.
Impact of Government Reimbursement
For the six months ended June 30, 2018, approximately 97% of our NOI was generated from properties where a majority of the revenues are derived from our tenants’ and residents’ private resources, and the remaining 3% of our NOI was generated from properties where a majority of the revenues are derived from Medicare and Medicaid payments. Nonetheless, we own, and our tenants and manager operate, facilities in many states that participate in federal and state healthcare payment programs, including the federal Medicare and state Medicaid programs and other federal and state healthcare payment programs. Also, some of our MOB tenants participate in federal Medicare and state Medicaid programs and other government healthcare payment programs.
Because of shifting policy priorities, the current and projected federal budget deficit, other federal spending priorities and challenging fiscal conditions in some states, there have been numerous recent legislative and regulatory actions or proposed actions with respect to federal Medicare rates, state Medicaid rates and federal payments to states for Medicaid programs. We cannot currently predict the type and magnitude of the potential Medicare and Medicaid policy changes, rate changes or other changes that may be implemented, but we believe that some of these changes will cause these government funded healthcare programs to fail to provide rates that match our and our tenants’ increasing expenses and that such changes may be material and adverse to our future financial results.
For more information regarding the government healthcare funding and regulation of our business, please see the section captioned “Business-Government Regulation and Reimbursement” in our Annual Report and the section captioned “Impact of Government Reimbursement” in our Annual Report.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are exposed to risks associated with market changes in interest rates. We manage our exposure to this market risk by monitoring available financing alternatives. Our strategy to manage exposure to changes in interest rates has not materially changed since December 31, 2017. Other than as described below, we do not currently foresee any significant changes in our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates or in how we manage this exposure in the near future.
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Fixed Rate Debt
At June 30, 2018, our outstanding fixed rate debt included the following (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Annual |  | Annual |  |  |  |
|  | Principal |  | Interest |  | Interest |  |  |  | Interest
Debt |  | Balance (1) |  | Rate (1) |  | Expense |  | Maturity |  | Payments Due
Senior unsecured notes |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | 4.75 | % |  | $ | 23,750 |  |  | 2028 |  | Semi-Annually
Senior unsecured notes |  | 400,000 |  |  | 3.25 | % |  | 13,000 |  |  | 2019 |  | Semi-Annually
Senior unsecured notes |  | 350,000 |  |  | 5.63 | % |  | 19,705 |  |  | 2042 |  | Quarterly
Senior unsecured notes |  | 300,000 |  |  | 6.75 | % |  | 20,250 |  |  | 2021 |  | Semi-Annually
Senior unsecured notes |  | 250,000 |  |  | 4.75 | % |  | 11,875 |  |  | 2024 |  | Semi-Annually
Senior unsecured notes |  | 250,000 |  |  | 6.25 | % |  | 15,625 |  |  | 2046 |  | Quarterly
Senior unsecured notes |  | 200,000 |  |  | 6.75 | % |  | 13,500 |  |  | 2020 |  | Semi-Annually
Mortgage notes (2) |  | 12,436 |  |  | 6.31 | % |  | 785 |  |  | 2018 |  | Monthly
Mortgage notes (2) |  | 11,750 |  |  | 6.24 | % |  | 733 |  |  | 2018 |  | Monthly
Mortgage notes (2) |  | 66,609 |  |  | 4.47 | % |  | 2,977 |  |  | 2018 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note (3) |  | 6,360 |  |  | 4.69 | % |  | 298 |  |  | 2019 |  | Monthly
Mortgage notes |  | 43,090 |  |  | 3.79 | % |  | 1,633 |  |  | 2019 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 2,325 |  |  | 7.49 | % |  | 174 |  |  | 2022 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 13,448 |  |  | 6.28 | % |  | 845 |  |  | 2022 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 11,288 |  |  | 4.85 | % |  | 547 |  |  | 2022 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 16,588 |  |  | 5.75 | % |  | 954 |  |  | 2022 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 16,624 |  |  | 6.64 | % |  | 1,104 |  |  | 2023 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note (4) |  | 620,000 |  |  | 3.53 | % |  | 21,886 |  |  | 2026 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 2,074 |  |  | 6.25 | % |  | 130 |  |  | 2033 |  | Monthly
Mortgage note |  | 11,002 |  |  | 4.44 | % |  | 488 |  |  | 2043 |  | Monthly
|  | $ | 3,083,594 |  |  |  |  | $ | 150,259 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The principal balances and interest rates are the amounts stated in the applicable contracts. In accordance with GAAP, our carrying values and recorded interest expense may differ from these amounts because of market conditions at the time we assumed these debts. This table does not include obligations under capital leases.

(2) | In July 2018, we prepaid these secured debts, at par plus accrued interest.

(3) | In July 2018, we gave notice of our intention to prepay, at par plus accrued interest, this secured debt. We expect to make this prepayment in September 2018.

(4) | The property encumbered by these mortgages is subject to a joint venture in which we own a 55% equity interest.

No principal repayments are due under our unsecured notes until maturity. Our mortgage notes generally require principal and interest payments through maturity pursuant to amortization schedules. Because these debts require interest to be paid at a fixed rate, changes in market interest rates during the term of these debts will not affect our interest obligations.
If these debts were refinanced at interest rates which are one percentage point higher or lower than shown above, our annual interest cost would increase or decrease by approximately $30.8 million.
Changes in market interest rates also would affect the fair value of our fixed rate debt obligations; increases in market interest rates decrease the fair value of our fixed rate debt, while decreases in market interest rates increase the fair value of our fixed rate debt. Based on the balances outstanding at June 30, 2018, and discounted cash flows analyses through the respective maturity dates, and assuming no other changes in factors that may affect the fair value of our fixed rate debt obligations, a hypothetical immediate one percentage point change in interest rates would change the fair value of those obligations by approximately $46.4 million.
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Our senior unsecured notes and certain of our mortgages contain provisions that allow us to make repayments earlier than the stated maturity date. In some cases, we are not allowed to make early repayment prior to a cutoff date and we are generally allowed to make prepayments only at a premium equal to a make whole amount, as defined, which is generally designed to preserve a stated yield to the noteholder. In the past, we have repurchased and retired some of our outstanding debts and we may do so again in the future. These prepayment rights and our ability to repurchase and retire outstanding debt may afford us opportunities to mitigate the risk of refinancing our debts at maturity at higher rates by refinancing prior to maturity.
Floating Rate Debt
At June 30, 2018, our floating rate debt obligations consisted of our $1.0 billion revolving credit facility under which we had $64.0 million outstanding, our $350.0 million term loan and our $200.0 million term loan. Our revolving credit facility matures on January 15, 2022 and subject to our payment of an extension fee and our meeting other conditions, we have the option to extend the stated maturity date by one year to January 2023. No principal repayments are required under our revolving credit facility prior to maturity, and we can borrow, repay and re-borrow funds available, subject to conditions, at any time without penalty. Our $350.0 million term loan matures on January 15, 2020, and our $200.0 million term loan matures on September 28, 2022. Our $350.0 million term loan and our $200.0 million term loan are prepayable without penalty at any time.
Borrowings under our revolving credit facility and term loans are in U.S. dollars and interest is required to be paid at the rate of LIBOR plus premiums that are subject to adjustment based upon changes to our credit ratings. Accordingly, we are exposed to interest rate risk for changes in U.S. dollar based short term rates, specifically LIBOR. In addition, upon renewal or refinancing of our revolving credit facility or our term loans, we are vulnerable to increases in interest rate premiums due to market conditions or our perceived credit characteristics. Generally, a change in interest rates would not affect the value of our floating rate debt but would affect our operating results.
The following table presents the impact a one percentage point increase in interest rates would have on our annual floating rate interest expense as of June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands except per share amounts):

|  | Impact of Changes in Interest Rates
|  |  |  | Outstanding |  | Total Interest |  | Annual Earnings
|  | Interest Rate (1) |  | Floating Rate Debt |  | Expense Per Year |  | Per Share Impact (2)
At June 30, 2018 |  | 3.38 | % |  | $ | 614,000 |  |  | $ | 20,753 |  |  | $ | 0.09 |
One percentage point increase |  | 4.38 | % |  | $ | 614,000 |  |  | $ | 26,893 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |

(1) | Weighted based on the respective interest rates and outstanding borrowings under our credit facility and term loans as of June 30, 2018.

(2) | Based on weighted average number of shares outstanding (diluted) for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

The following table presents the impact a one percentage point increase in interest rates would have on our annual floating rate interest expense as of June 30, 2018 if we were fully drawn on our revolving credit facility and our term loans remained outstanding (dollars in thousands except per share amounts):

|  | Impact of Changes in Interest Rates
|  |  |  | Outstanding |  | Total Interest |  | Annual Earnings
|  | Interest Rate (1) |  | Floating Rate Debt |  | Expense Per Year |  | Per Share Impact (2)
At June 30, 2018 |  | 3.26 | % |  | $ | 1,550,000 |  |  | $ | 50,530 |  |  | $ | 0.21 |
One percentage point increase |  | 4.26 | % |  | $ | 1,550,000 |  |  | $ | 66,030 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |

(1) | Weighted based on the respective interest rates and outstanding borrowings under our credit facility (assuming fully drawn) and term loans as of June 30, 2018.

(2) | Based on weighted average number of shares outstanding (diluted) for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

The foregoing tables show the impact of an immediate increase in floating interest rates. If interest rates were to increase gradually over time, the impact would be spread over time. Our exposure to fluctuations in floating interest rates will increase or
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decrease in the future with increases or decreases in the amount of our borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility or other floating rate debt.
Although we have no present plans to do so, we may in the future enter into hedge arrangements from time to time to mitigate our exposure to changes in interest rates.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Managing Trustees, our President and Chief Operating Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Based upon that evaluation, our Managing Trustees, our President and Chief Operating Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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WARNING CONCERNING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
THIS QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q CONTAINS STATEMENTS THAT CONSTITUTE FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995 AND OTHER SECURITIES LAWS. ALSO, WHENEVER WE USE WORDS SUCH AS “BELIEVE”, “EXPECT”, “ANTICIPATE”, “INTEND”, “PLAN”, “ESTIMATE” , "WILL", "MAY" AND NEGATIVES OR DERIVATIVES OF THESE OR SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS, WE ARE MAKING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS. THESE FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS ARE BASED UPON OUR PRESENT INTENT, BELIEFS OR EXPECTATIONS, BUT FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS ARE NOT GUARANTEED TO OCCUR AND MAY NOT OCCUR. FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS IN THIS REPORT RELATE TO VARIOUS ASPECTS OF OUR BUSINESS, INCLUDING:

• | OUR ABILITY TO RETAIN OUR EXISTING TENANTS, ATTRACT NEW TENANTS AND MAINTAIN OR INCREASE CURRENT RENTAL RATES,

• | THE CREDIT QUALITIES OF OUR TENANTS,

• | OUR ABILITY TO COMPETE FOR ACQUISITIONS AND TENANCIES EFFECTIVELY,

• | OUR ACQUISITIONS AND SALES OF PROPERTIES,

• | THE ABILITY OF THE MANAGER OF OUR MANAGED SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES TO MAINTAIN AND INCREASE OCCUPANCY, REVENUES AND OPERATING INCOME AT THOSE COMMUNITIES,

• | OUR ABILITY TO PAY DISTRIBUTIONS TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS AND TO SUSTAIN THE AMOUNT OF SUCH DISTRIBUTIONS,

• | OUR ABILITY TO RAISE DEBT OR EQUITY CAPITAL,

• | THE FUTURE AVAILABILITY OF BORROWINGS UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY,

• | OUR POLICIES AND PLANS REGARDING INVESTMENTS, FINANCINGS AND DISPOSITIONS,

• | OUR ABILITY TO PAY INTEREST ON AND PRINCIPAL OF OUR DEBT,

• | OUR ABILITY TO APPROPRIATELY BALANCE OUR USE OF DEBT AND EQUITY CAPITAL,

• | OUR CREDIT RATINGS,

• | OUR EXPECTATION THAT WE BENEFIT FROM OUR OWNERSHIP INTEREST IN AND OTHER RELATIONSHIPS WITH RMR INC.,

• | OUR EXPECTATION THAT WE BENEFIT FROM OUR OWNERSHIP INTEREST IN AND OTHER RELATIONSHIPS WITH AIC AND FROM OUR PARTICIPATION IN INSURANCE PROGRAMS ARRANGED BY AIC,

• | OUR QUALIFICATION FOR TAXATION AS A REIT,

• | OUR BELIEF THAT THE AGING U.S. POPULATION AND INCREASING LIFE SPANS OF SENIORS WILL INCREASE THE DEMAND FOR SENIOR LIVING SERVICES, WELLNESS CENTERS AND OTHER MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE RELATED PROPERTIES,

• | OUR BELIEF THAT FIVE STAR, OUR FORMER SUBSIDIARY AND LARGEST TENANT AND THE MANAGER OF OUR MANAGED SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES, HAS ADEQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY AND THE ABILITY TO MEET ITS OBLIGATIONS TO US AND TO MANAGE OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES SATISFACTORILY, AND

• | OTHER MATTERS.

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OUR ACTUAL RESULTS MAY DIFFER MATERIALLY FROM THOSE CONTAINED IN OR IMPLIED BY OUR FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS AS A RESULT OF VARIOUS FACTORS. FACTORS THAT COULD HAVE A MATERIAL ADVERSE EFFECT ON OUR FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS AND UPON OUR BUSINESS, RESULTS OF OPERATIONS, FINANCIAL CONDITION, FFO ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS, NORMALIZED FFO ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS, NOI, CASH FLOWS, LIQUIDITY AND PROSPECTS INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO:

• | THE IMPACT OF CONDITIONS AND CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY AND THE CAPITAL MARKETS ON US AND OUR TENANTS AND MANAGERS,

• | COMPLIANCE WITH, AND CHANGES TO, FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS, ACCOUNTING RULES, TAX LAWS AND SIMILAR MATTERS,

• | LIMITATIONS IMPOSED ON OUR BUSINESS AND OUR ABILITY TO SATISFY COMPLEX RULES IN ORDER FOR US TO QUALIFY FOR TAXATION AS A REIT FOR U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX PURPOSES,

• | COMPETITION WITHIN THE HEALTHCARE AND REAL ESTATE INDUSTRIES,

• | ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST WITH OUR RELATED PARTIES, INCLUDING OUR MANAGING TRUSTEES, FIVE STAR, RMR LLC, RMR INC., AIC, AND OTHERS AFFILIATED WITH THEM,

• | ACTS OF TERRORISM, OUTBREAKS OF SO CALLED PANDEMICS OR OTHER MANMADE OR NATURAL DISASTERS BEYOND OUR CONTROL, AND

• | THE IMPACT OF THE PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT, AS AMENDED BY THE HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION RECONCILIATION ACT, OR COLLECTIVELY, THE ACA, OR THE POSSIBLE FUTURE REPEAL, REPLACEMENT OR MODIFICATION OF THE ACA AND OTHER EXISTING OR PROPOSED LEGISLATION OR REGULATIONS ON US, ON OUR TENANTS AND MANAGERS, AND ON THEIR ABILITY TO PAY OUR RENTS AND RETURNS.

FOR EXAMPLE:

• | FIVE STAR IS OUR LARGEST TENANT AND THE MANAGER OF OUR MANAGED SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES AND IT MAY EXPERIENCE FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES AS A RESULT OF A NUMBER OF FACTORS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO:

◦ | CHANGES IN MEDICARE OR MEDICAID POLICIES, INCLUDING THOSE THAT MAY RESULT FROM THE ACA OR THE POSSIBLE FUTURE REPEAL, REPLACEMENT OR MODIFICATION OF THE ACA AND OTHER EXISTING OR PROPOSED LEGISLATION OR REGULATIONS, WHICH COULD RESULT IN REDUCED MEDICARE OR MEDICAID RATES OR A FAILURE OF SUCH RATES TO COVER FIVE STAR’S COSTS OR LIMIT THE SCOPE OR FUNDING OF EITHER OR BOTH PROGRAMS,

◦ | THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY AND THE CAPITAL MARKETS ON FIVE STAR AND ITS RESIDENTS AND OTHER CUSTOMERS,

◦ | COMPETITION WITHIN THE SENIOR LIVING SERVICES BUSINESS,

◦ | INCREASES IN TORT AND INSURANCE LIABILITY COSTS,

◦ | INCREASES IN COMPLIANCE COSTS, AND

◦ | INCREASES IN FIVE STAR’S LABOR COSTS OR IN COSTS FIVE STAR PAYS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES.

• | IF FIVE STAR’S OPERATIONS CONTINUE TO BE UNPROFITABLE, IT MAY DEFAULT ON ITS RENT OBLIGATIONS TO US,

• | IF FIVE STAR FAILS TO PROVIDE QUALITY SERVICES AT SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES THAT WE OWN, OUR INCOME FROM THESE COMMUNITIES MAY BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED,

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• | IN RESPONSE TO COMPETITIVE PRESSURES RESULTING FROM RECENT AND EXPECTED NEW SUPPLY OF SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES, WE HAVE BEEN INVESTING IN IMPROVEMENTS TO OUR EXISTING SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES. OUR COMMUNITIES MAY FAIL TO BE COMPETITIVE AND THEY MAY FAIL TO ATTRACT RESIDENTS, DESPITE OUR CAPITAL INVESTMENTS,

• | OUR OTHER TENANTS MAY EXPERIENCE LOSSES AND DEFAULT ON THEIR RENT OBLIGATIONS TO US,

• | SOME OF OUR TENANTS MAY NOT RENEW EXPIRING LEASES, AND WE MAY BE UNABLE TO OBTAIN NEW TENANTS TO MAINTAIN OR INCREASE THE HISTORICAL OCCUPANCY RATES OF, OR RENTS FROM, OUR PROPERTIES,

• | OUR ABILITY TO MAKE FUTURE DISTRIBUTIONS TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS AND TO MAKE PAYMENTS OF PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST ON OUR INDEBTEDNESS DEPENDS UPON A NUMBER OF FACTORS, INCLUDING OUR FUTURE EARNINGS, THE CAPITAL COSTS WE INCUR TO LEASE AND OPERATE OUR PROPERTIES AND OUR WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS. WE MAY BE UNABLE TO PAY OUR DEBT OBLIGATIONS OR TO MAINTAIN OUR CURRENT RATE OF DISTRIBUTIONS ON OUR COMMON SHARES AND FUTURE DISTRIBUTIONS MAY BE REDUCED OR ELIMINATED,

• | OUR ABILITY TO GROW OUR BUSINESS AND INCREASE OUR DISTRIBUTIONS DEPENDS IN LARGE PART UPON OUR ABILITY TO BUY PROPERTIES AND ARRANGE FOR THEIR PROFITABLE OPERATION OR LEASE THEM FOR RENTS, LESS THEIR PROPERTY OPERATING EXPENSES, THAT EXCEED OUR CAPITAL COSTS. WE MAY BE UNABLE TO IDENTIFY PROPERTIES THAT WE WANT TO ACQUIRE OR TO NEGOTIATE ACCEPTABLE PURCHASE PRICES, ACQUISITION FINANCING, MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS OR LEASE TERMS FOR NEW PROPERTIES,

• | RENTS THAT WE CAN CHARGE AT OUR PROPERTIES MAY DECLINE BECAUSE OF CHANGING MARKET CONDITIONS OR OTHERWISE,

• | CONTINGENCIES IN OUR ACQUISITION AND SALE AGREEMENTS MAY NOT BE SATISFIED AND OUR PENDING ACQUISITIONS AND SALES AND ANY RELATED LEASES OR MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS WE MAY EXPECT TO ENTER INTO MAY NOT OCCUR, MAY BE DELAYED OR THE TERMS OF SUCH TRANSACTIONS OR ARRANGEMENTS MAY CHANGE,

• | WE EXPECT TO ENTER INTO ADDITIONAL LEASE OR MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS WITH FIVE STAR FOR ADDITIONAL SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES THAT WE OWN OR MAY ACQUIRE IN THE FUTURE. HOWEVER, WE CANNOT BE SURE THAT WE WILL ENTER INTO ANY ADDITIONAL LEASES, MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS OR OTHER TRANSACTIONS WITH FIVE STAR,

• | CONTINUED AVAILABILITY OF BORROWINGS UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY IS SUBJECT TO OUR SATISFYING CERTAIN FINANCIAL COVENANTS AND OTHER CREDIT FACILITY CONDITIONS THAT WE MAY BE UNABLE TO SATISFY,

• | ACTUAL COSTS UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY OR OTHER FLOATING RATE DEBT WILL BE HIGHER THAN LIBOR PLUS A PREMIUM BECAUSE OF FEES AND EXPENSES ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH DEBT,

• | THE MAXIMUM BORROWING AVAILABILITY UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY AND TERM LOANS MAY BE INCREASED TO UP TO $3.1 BILLION ON A COMBINED BASIS IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. HOWEVER, INCREASING THE MAXIMUM BORROWING AVAILABILITY UNDER OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY AND TERM LOANS IS SUBJECT TO OUR OBTAINING ADDITIONAL COMMITMENTS FROM LENDERS, WHICH MAY NOT OCCUR,

• | WE HAVE THE OPTION TO EXTEND THE MATURITY DATE OF OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY UPON PAYMENT OF A FEE AND MEETING OTHER CONDITIONS; HOWEVER, THE APPLICABLE CONDITIONS MAY NOT BE MET,

• | THE PREMIUMS USED TO DETERMINE THE INTEREST RATE PAYABLE ON OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY AND TERM LOANS AND THE FACILITY FEE PAYABLE ON OUR REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY

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ARE BASED ON OUR CREDIT RATINGS. FUTURE CHANGES IN OUR CREDIT RATINGS MAY CAUSE THE INTEREST AND FEES WE PAY TO INCREASE,

• | WE MAY BE UNABLE TO REPAY OUR DEBT OBLIGATIONS WHEN THEY BECOME DUE,

• | WE INTEND TO CONDUCT OUR BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN A MANNER THAT WILL AFFORD US REASONABLE ACCESS TO CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES. HOWEVER, WE MAY NOT SUCCEED IN THIS REGARD AND WE MAY NOT HAVE REASONABLE ACCESS TO CAPITAL,

• | FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018, APPROXIMATELY 97% OF OUR NOI WAS GENERATED FROM PROPERTIES WHERE A MAJORITY OF THE REVENUES ARE DERIVED FROM OUR TENANTS’ AND RESIDENTS’ PRIVATE RESOURCES. THIS MAY IMPLY THAT WE WILL MAINTAIN OR INCREASE THE PERCENTAGE OF OUR NOI GENERATED FROM PRIVATE RESOURCES AT OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES. HOWEVER, OUR RESIDENTS AND PATIENTS MAY BECOME UNABLE TO FUND OUR CHARGES WITH PRIVATE RESOURCES AND WE MAY BE REQUIRED OR MAY ELECT FOR BUSINESS REASONS TO ACCEPT OR PURSUE REVENUES FROM GOVERNMENT SOURCES, WHICH COULD RESULT IN AN INCREASED PART OF OUR NOI AND REVENUE BEING GENERATED FROM GOVERNMENT PAYMENTS AND OUR BECOMING MORE DEPENDENT ON GOVERNMENT PAYMENTS,

• | CIRCUMSTANCES THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE ABILITY OF SENIORS OR THEIR FAMILIES TO PAY FOR OUR TENANTS' AND MANAGER'S SERVICES, SUCH AS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS, WEAK HOUSING MARKET CONDITIONS, HIGHER LEVELS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG OUR RESIDENTS' FAMILY MEMBERS, LOWER LEVELS OF CONSUMER CONFIDENCE, STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY AND/OR CHANGES IN DEMOGRAPHICS GENERALLY COULD AFFECT THE PROFITABILITY OF OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES,

• | AS OF JUNE 30, 2018, WE HAD ESTIMATED UNSPENT LEASING RELATED OBLIGATIONS OF $23.3 MILLION. IT IS DIFFICULT TO ACCURATELY ESTIMATE TENANT SPACE PREPARATION COSTS. OUR UNSPENT LEASING RELATED OBLIGATIONS MAY COST MORE OR LESS AND MAY TAKE LONGER TO COMPLETE THAN WE CURRENTLY EXPECT, AND WE MAY INCUR INCREASING AMOUNTS FOR THESE AND SIMILAR PURPOSES IN THE FUTURE,

• | WE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO SELL PROPERTIES THAT WE MAY DETERMINE TO OFFER FOR SALE ON TERMS ACCEPTABLE TO US OR OTHERWISE, AND WE MAY INCUR LOSSES ON ANY SUCH SALES OR IN CONNECTION WITH DECISIONS TO PURSUE SELLING OUR PROPERTIES,

• | OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES ARE SUBJECT TO EXTENSIVE GOVERNMENT REGULATION, LICENSURE AND OVERSIGHT. WE SOMETIMES EXPERIENCE DEFICIENCIES IN THE OPERATION OF OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES AND SOME OF OUR COMMUNITIES MAY BE PROHIBITED FROM ADMITTING NEW RESIDENTS OR OUR LICENSE TO CONTINUE OPERATIONS AT A COMMUNITY MAY BE REVOKED. ALSO, OPERATING DEFICIENCIES OR A LICENSE REVOCATION AT ONE OR MORE OF OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES MAY HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT ON OUR ABILITY TO OBTAIN LICENSES FOR OR ATTRACT RESIDENTS TO OUR OTHER COMMUNITIES,

• | WE BELIEVE THAT OUR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OUR RELATED PARTIES, INCLUDING FIVE STAR, RMR LLC, RMR INC., ABP TRUST, AIC AND OTHERS AFFILIATED WITH THEM MAY BENEFIT US AND PROVIDE US WITH COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES IN OPERATING AND GROWING OUR BUSINESS. HOWEVER, THE ADVANTAGES WE BELIEVE WE MAY REALIZE FROM THESE RELATIONSHIPS MAY NOT MATERIALIZE,

• | RMR INC. MAY REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF ITS DISTRIBUTIONS TO ITS SHAREHOLDERS, INCLUDING US, AND

• | THE BUSINESS AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS BETWEEN US AND RMR LLC HAVE CONTINUING 20 YEAR TERMS. HOWEVER, THOSE AGREEMENTS PERMIT EARLY TERMINATION IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. ACCORDINGLY, WE CANNOT BE SURE THAT THESE AGREEMENTS WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT FOR CONTINUING 20 YEAR TERMS.

CURRENTLY UNEXPECTED RESULTS COULD OCCUR DUE TO MANY DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES, SOME OF WHICH ARE BEYOND OUR CONTROL, SUCH AS NEW LEGISLATION OR REGULATIONS AFFECTING
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OUR BUSINESS OR THE BUSINESSES OF OUR TENANTS OR MANAGERS, CHANGES IN OUR TENANTS’ OR MANAGERS’ REVENUES OR COSTS, CHANGES IN OUR TENANTS’ OR MANAGERS’ FINANCIAL CONDITIONS, DEFICIENCIES IN OPERATIONS BY A TENANT OR MANAGER OF ONE OR MORE OF OUR SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITIES, CHANGED MEDICARE OR MEDICAID RATES, ACTS OF TERRORISM, NATURAL DISASTERS OR CHANGES IN CAPITAL MARKETS OR THE ECONOMY GENERALLY.
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED ELSEWHERE IN THIS QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q OR IN OUR OTHER FILINGS WITH THE SEC, INCLUDING UNDER THE CAPTION “RISK FACTORS”, OR INCORPORATED HEREIN OR THEREIN, IDENTIFIES OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT COULD CAUSE DIFFERENCES FROM OUR FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS. OUR OTHER FILINGS WITH THE SEC ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SEC’S WEBSITE AT WWW.SEC.GOV.
YOU SHOULD NOT PLACE UNDUE RELIANCE UPON OUR FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS.
EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY LAW, WE DO NOT INTEND TO UPDATE OR CHANGE ANY FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS AS A RESULT OF NEW INFORMATION, FUTURE EVENTS OR OTHERWISE.
STATEMENT CONCERNING LIMITED LIABILITY
THE AMENDED AND RESTATED DECLARATION OF TRUST ESTABLISHING SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST, DATED SEPTEMBER 20, 1999, AS AMENDED AND SUPPLEMENTED, AS FILED WITH THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF ASSESSMENTS AND TAXATION OF MARYLAND, PROVIDES THAT NO TRUSTEE, OFFICER, SHAREHOLDER, EMPLOYEE OR AGENT OF SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST SHALL BE HELD TO ANY PERSONAL LIABILITY, JOINTLY OR SEVERALLY, FOR ANY OBLIGATION OF, OR CLAIM AGAINST, SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST. ALL PERSONS DEALING WITH SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST IN ANY WAY SHALL LOOK ONLY TO THE ASSETS OF SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST FOR THE PAYMENT OF ANY SUM OR THE PERFORMANCE OF ANY OBLIGATION.
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PART II. Other Information
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes to risk factors from those we previously disclosed in our Annual Report.
Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Composite Copy of Articles of Amendment and Restatement, dated September 20, 1999, as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.)
3.2 |  | Articles Supplementary, dated May 11, 2000. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2000, File No. 001-15319.)
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary, dated April 17, 2014. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 17, 2014.)
3.4 |  | Articles Supplementary, dated June 30, 2017. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 30, 2017.)
3.5 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, adopted September 7, 2016. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 7, 2016.)
4.1 |  | Form of Common Share Certificate. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014.)
4.2 |  | Indenture, dated as of December 20, 2001, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3, File No. 333-76588.)
4.3 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 4, dated as of April 9, 2010, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 6.75% Senior Notes due 2020, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010, File No. 001-15319.)
4.4 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 6, dated as of December 8, 2011, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 6.75% Senior Notes due 2021, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, File No. 001-15319.)
4.5 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 7, dated as of July 20, 2012, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 5.625% Senior Notes due 2042, including form thereof (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A dated July 20, 2012, File No. 001-15319.)
4.6 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 8, dated as of April 28, 2014, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 3.25% Senior Notes due 2019, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014.)
4.7 |  | Supplemental Indenture No. 9, dated as of April 28, 2014, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 4.75% Senior Notes due 2024, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014.)
4.8 |  | Indenture, dated as of February 18, 2016, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 18, 2016.)
4.9 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 18, 2016, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 6.25% Senior Notes due 2046, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 18, 2016.)
4.10 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 12, 2018, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, related to 4.75% Senior Notes due 2028, including form thereof. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.)
4.11 |  | Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement, dated as of June 5, 2015, among the Company, ABP Trust (f/k/a Reit Management & Research Trust), Barry M. Portnoy and Adam D. Portnoy. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 5, 2015.)
10.1 |  | Summary of Trustee Compensation. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 22, 2018.)
10.2 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement.(+) (Filed herewith.)
10.3 |  | Eleventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Lease Agreement (Lease No. 2), dated as of July 31, 2018, among certain subsidiaries of the Company, as Landlord, and certain subsidiaries of Five Star Senior Living Inc., as Tenant. (Filed herewith.)

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10.4 |  | Partial Termination of and Sixteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Lease Agreement (Lease No. 1), dated as of June 1, 2018, among certain subsidiaries of the Company, as Landlord, andcertain subsidiaries of Five Star Senior Living Inc., as Tenant. (Filed herewith.)
12.1 |  | Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges. (Filed herewith.)
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification. (Filed herewith.)
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification. (Filed herewith.)
31.3 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification. (Filed herewith.)
31.4 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification. (Filed herewith.)
32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certification. (Furnished herewith.)
99.1 |  | Amended and Restated Pooling Agreement No. 12, dated as of June 28, 2018, between FVE Managers, Inc. and certain subsidiaries of the Company. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 3, 2018.)
99.2 |  | Accession Agreement to Amended and Restated Pooling Agreement No. 12, dated as of June 29, 2018, between FVE Managers, Inc. and certain subsidiaries of the Company. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 3, 2018.)
99.3 |  | Pooling Agreement No. 13, dated as of January 19, 2018, between FVE Managers, Inc. and SNH Tellico Tenant LLC. (Filed herewith.)
101.1 |  | The following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (iv) related notes to these financial statements, tagged as blocks of text and in detail. (Filed herewith.)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST
| By: | /s/ Jennifer F. (Francis) Mintzer
|  | Jennifer F. (Francis) Mintzer
|  | President and Chief Operating Officer
Dated: August 7, 2018 |
| By: | /s/ Richard W. Siedel, Jr.
|  | Richard W. Siedel, Jr.
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
|  | (principal financial and accounting officer)
Dated: August 7, 2018 |

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