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Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Change in Accounting Principles | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Change in Accounting Principles | Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Change in Accounting Principles Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020, has been derived from audited financial statements as of that date and reflects the impact of the sale of True Health. See Note 5 for a complete summary of this transaction. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Certain GAAP policies that significantly affect the determination of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows, are summarized below. Accounting Estimates and Assumptions The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses for the reporting period. Those estimates are inherently subject to change and actual results could differ from those estimates. In the accompanying consolidated financial statements, estimates are used for, but not limited to, the valuation of assets (including intangibles assets, goodwill and long-lived assets), liabilities, consideration related to business combinations and asset acquisitions, revenue recognition (including variable consideration), estimated selling prices for performance obligations in contracts with multiple performance obligations, reserves for claims and performance-based arrangements, credit losses, depreciable lives of assets, impairment of long-lived assets, stock-based compensation, deferred income taxes and valuation allowance, contingent liabilities, purchase price allocation in taxable stock transactions and useful lives of intangible assets. Operating Segments Operating segments are defined as components of a business that may recognize revenue and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated, on a regular basis, by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to decide how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company made organizational changes, including re-evaluating its reportable segments, as a result of the entry into the agreement to sell True Health on January 11, 2021. Effective during the first quarter of 2021, the Company bifurcated its previous Services segment into two segments. The Company’s Evolent Health Services segment (“EHS”) includes our administrative simplification solution and supporting population health infrastructure. Our Clinical Solutions segment includes our specialty care management and physician-oriented total cost of care solutions, along with the New Century Health and Evolent Care Partners brands. Refer to Note 22 for a further discussion of our operating results by segment. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid instruments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company holds materially all of our cash in bank deposits with FDIC participating banks, at cost, which approximates fair value. Cash and cash equivalents held in money market funds are carried at fair value, which approximates cost. Restricted Cash and Restricted Investments Restricted cash and restricted investments include cash and investments used to collateralize various contractual obligations as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands) as follows:
| December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 (1)
Collateral for letters of credit for facility leases (2) | $ | 3,769 |  |  | $ | 3,510 |
Collateral with financial institutions (3) | 11,662 |  |  | 4,743 |
Claims processing services (4) | 73,226 |  |  | 12,064 |
Other | 5 |  |  | 711 |
Total restricted cash and restricted investments | $ | 88,662 |  |  | $ | 21,028 |
Current restricted cash | 75,685 |  |  | 14,374 |
Total current restricted cash and restricted investments | $ | 75,685 |  |  | $ | 14,374 |
Non-current restricted cash | 12,977 |  |  | 6,654 |
Total non-current restricted cash and restricted investments | $ | 12,977 |  |  | $ | 6,654 |
———————— (1)Amounts exclude $0.6 million of non-current restricted investments and $0.1 million of current restricted cash from claims processing services reclassified to discontinued operations as of December 31, 2020. (2)Represents restricted cash related to collateral for letters of credit required in conjunction with lease agreements. See Note 12 for further discussion of our lease commitments. (3)Represents collateral held with financial institutions for risk-sharing and other arrangements. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately $11.7 million and $4.7 million, respectively, of the collateral amounts were held in a FDIC participating bank account. See Note 19 for discussion of fair value measurement and Note 11 for discussion of our risk-sharing arrangements. (4)Represents cash held by the Company related to claims processing services on behalf of partners. These are pass-through amounts and can fluctuate materially from period to period depending on the timing of when the claims are processed. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands).
| December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 266,280 |  |  | $ | 340,490 |
Restricted cash and restricted investments | 88,662 |  |  | 21,707 |
Restricted investments included in restricted cash and restricted investments | — |  |  | (616) |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows (1) | $ | 354,942 |  |  | $ | 361,581 |
———————— (1)As a result of the closing of the sale of True Health, the consolidated statements of operations, consolidated balance sheets and related financial information reflect the Company’s operations and assets and liabilities of True Health as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Cash flows and comprehensive income have not been adjusted and are included in the consolidated statements of cash flows and consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for all periods presented. See Note 5. Accounts Receivable and Allowances Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. We make estimates for the allowance for doubtful accounts and allowance for unbilled receivables based upon our assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality of our customers, current economic conditions, and other factors that may affect our ability to collect from customers. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment are computed using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the lease term. The following summarizes the estimated useful lives by asset classification:
Computer hardware |  | 3 years
Computer software |  | 1 year
Furniture and equipment |  | 3 - 7 years
Internal-use software development costs |  | 5 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Shorter of useful life or remaining lease term
When an item is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization is eliminated and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is recorded in gain (loss) on disposal of assets and consolidation on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). We periodically review the carrying value of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, impairments are recognized when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset group is not recoverable and exceeds fair value. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset group exceeds its fair value. Software Development Costs The Company capitalizes the cost of developing internal-use software, consisting primarily of personnel and related expenses (including stock-based compensation and employee taxes and benefits) for employees and third parties who devote time to their respective projects. Internal-use software costs are capitalized during the application development stage – when the research stage is complete and management has committed to a project to develop software that will be used for its intended purpose. Any costs incurred during subsequent efforts to significantly upgrade and enhance the functionality of the software are also capitalized. Capitalized software costs are included in property and equipment, net on our consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of internal-use software costs are recorded on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life and begin once the project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended purpose. Research and Development Costs Research and development costs consist primarily of personnel and related expenses (including stock-based compensation and employee taxes and benefits) for employees engaged in research and development activities as well as third-party fees. All such costs are expensed as incurred. We focus our research and development efforts on activities that support our technology infrastructure, clinical program development, data analytics and network development capabilities. Research and development costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and were $15.5 million, $15.1 million and $19.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Business Combinations Companies acquired during each reporting period are reflected in the results of the Company effective from their respective dates of acquisition through the end of the reporting period. The Company allocates the fair value of purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Critical estimates used to value certain identifiable assets include, but are not limited to, expected long-term revenues, future expected operating expenses, cost of capital and appropriate discount rates. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquired entity is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is assigned to the reporting unit that benefits from the synergies arising from the business combination. If the Company obtains new information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded on the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). For contingent consideration recorded as a liability, the Company initially measures the amount at fair value as of the acquisition date and adjusts the liability, if needed, to fair value at each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration, other than measurement period adjustments, are recognized as operating income or expense. Acquisition-related expenses are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred. Equity Method Investments For entities that are not consolidated, but where the Company has significant influence over the operating or financial decisions of the entity, the Company accounts for the investment under the equity method of accounting. In accordance with the equity method of accounting, the Company will recognize its share of earnings or losses of the investee in the period in which they are reported by the investee. The Company also considers whether there are any indicators of other-than-temporary impairment of its investments accounted for under the equity method. These investments are included in investments in equity method investees on the consolidated balance sheets with income or loss included in gain (loss) from equity method investees on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Impairment of Equity Method Investments The Company considers certain factors to determine if there is a decrease in its investment fair value for its equity method investments that is other than temporary. The equity method investments will be written down to fair value if there is evidence of a loss in value which is other-than-temporary. The Company may estimate the fair value of its equity method investments by considering recent investee equity transactions, discounted cash flow analysis and recent operating results. If the fair value of the investment is below the carrying amount, management considers several factors when determining whether other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. The estimation of fair value and whether other-than-temporary impairment has occurred requires the application of significant judgment and future results may vary from current assumptions. Refer to Note 17 for additional discussion regarding impairments on equity method investments. Goodwill We recognize the excess of the purchase price, plus the fair value of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired as goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed at least annually for indications of impairment, with consideration given to financial performance and other relevant factors. We perform impairment tests of goodwill at a reporting unit level. Following the sale of True Health, the Company has three reporting units and our annual goodwill impairment review occurs during the fourth quarter of each year. We perform impairment tests between annual tests if an event occurs, or circumstances change, that we believe would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Our goodwill impairment analysis first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether events or circumstances existed that would lead the Company to conclude it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below the carrying amount, a quantitative goodwill assessment is required. In the quantitative evaluation, the fair value of the relevant reporting unit is determined and compared to the carrying value. If the fair value is greater than the carrying value, then the carrying value is deemed to be recoverable and no further action is required. If the fair value estimate is less than the carrying value, goodwill is considered impaired for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value and a charge is reported in goodwill impairment on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). See Note 9 for additional discussion regarding the goodwill impairment tests conducted during 2021 and 2020. Intangible Assets, Net Identified intangible assets are recorded at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition and are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives using a method of amortization that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are used. The following summarizes the estimated useful lives by asset classification:
Corporate trade name | 10 - 20 years
Customer relationships | 10 - 25 years
Technology | 5 years
Provider network contracts | 3 - 5 years
Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment if circumstances indicate the Company may not be able to recover the asset’s carrying value. The Company evaluates recoverability by determining whether the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of that asset or group exceed the carrying value at the evaluation date. If the undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to cover the carrying value, the Company measures an impairment loss as the excess of the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or group over its fair value. See Note 9 for additional discussion regarding our intangible assets. Reserves for Claims and Performance-based Arrangements Reserves for claims and performance-based arrangements reflect estimates of payments under performance-based arrangements and the ultimate cost of claims that have been incurred but not reported, including expected development on reported claims, those that have been reported but not yet paid (reported claims in process) and other medical care expenses and services payable that are primarily composed of accruals for incentives and other amounts payable to health care professionals and facilities. The Company uses actuarial principles and assumptions that are consistently applied in each reporting period and recognizes the actuarial best estimate of the ultimate liability along with a margin for adverse deviation. This approach is consistent with actuarial standards of practice that the liabilities be adequate under moderately adverse conditions. The process of estimating reserves involves a considerable degree of judgment by the Company and, as of any given date, is inherently uncertain. The methods for making such estimates and for establishing the resulting liability are continually reviewed and adjustments are reflected in current results of operations in the period in which they are identified as experience develops or new information becomes known. See Note 23 for additional discussion regarding our reserves for claims and performance-based arrangements. Right of Offset Certain customer arrangements give the Company the legal right to net payment for amounts due from customers and claims payable. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 42% and —% of gross accounts receivable have been netted against claims payable. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2021, approximately 55% of our accounts receivable, net could ultimately be settled on a net basis, once the criteria for netting have been met. Long-term Debt Convertible notes and amounts borrowed under our credit agreement are carried at cost, net of debt discounts and issuance costs, as long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets. The debt discounts and issuance costs are amortized to interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) using the straight-line method over the contractual term of the note if that method is not materially different from the effective interest rate method. Cash interest payments are due either quarterly or semi-annually in arrears and we accrue interest expense monthly based on the annual coupon rate. See Note 10 for further discussion regarding our convertible notes and credit agreement. Leases The Company enters into various office space, data center and equipment lease agreements in conducting its normal business operations. At the inception of any contract, the Company evaluates the agreement to determine whether the contract contains a lease. If the contract contains a lease, the Company then evaluates the term and whether the lease is an operating or finance lease. Most leases include one or more options to renew or may have a termination option. The Company determines whether these options are reasonably certain to be exercised at the inception of the lease. The rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) over the terms of the respective leases. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. We use the implicit rate when readily determinable. Further, the Company treats all lease and non-lease components as a single combined lease component for all classes of underlying assets. The Company also enters into sublease agreements for some of its leased office space. Rental income attributable to subleases is immaterial and is offset against rent expense over the terms of the respective leases. Refer to Note 12 for additional lease disclosures. Revenue Recognition We derive revenue from two sources: (1) transformation services and (2) platform and operations services. Transformation services consist of implementation services whereby we assist the customer in launching its population health or health plan programs, or implement certain platform and operations services. In certain cases, transformation services can also include revenue associated with our support of certain one-time wind-down activities for clients who are exiting a line of business or population. Platform and operations services generally include multi-year arrangements with customers to provide various population health, health plan operations, specialty care management and claims processing services on an ongoing basis, as well as transition or run-out services to customers receiving primarily TPA services. Revenue is recognized when control of the services is transferred to our customers. We use the following 5-step model, outlined in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), to determine revenue recognition from our contracts with customers: • Identify the contract(s) with a customer • Identify the performance obligations in the contract • Determine the transaction price • Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations • Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation See Note 6 for further discussion of our policies related to revenue recognition. Cost of Revenue (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization) Our cost of revenue includes direct expenses and shared resources that perform services in direct support of clients. Costs consist primarily of employee-related expenses (including compensation, benefits and stock-based compensation), expenses for TPA support and other services, as well as other professional fees. In certain cases, our cost of revenue also includes claims and capitation payments to providers and payments for pharmaceutical treatments and other health care expenditures through capitated arrangements. Stock-based Compensation The Company sponsors a stock-based incentive plan that provides for the issuance of stock-based awards to employees, vendors and non-employee directors of the Company or its consolidated subsidiaries. Our stock-based awards generally vest over a four-year period and stock options expire 10 years from the date of grant. We expense the fair value of stock-based awards granted under our incentive compensation plans. Fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes options valuation methodology. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the performance or service period, which generally corresponds to the vesting period, on a straight-line basis and is recognized as an increase to additional paid-in capital. Stock-based compensation expense is reflected in cost of revenue and selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Additionally, and if applicable, we capitalize personnel expenses attributable to the development of internal-use software, which include stock-based compensation costs. We recognize share-based award forfeitures as they occur. Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are recognized, based on enacted rates, when assets and liabilities have different values for financial statement and tax reporting purposes. A valuation allowance is recorded to the extent required. Considerable judgment and the use of estimates are required in determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary and, if so, the amount of such valuation allowance. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including: the nature and character of the deferred tax assets and liabilities; taxable income in prior carryback years; future reversals of temporary differences; the length of time carryovers can be utilized; and any tax planning strategies we would employ to avoid a tax benefit from expiring unused. We use a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. We recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax exposures as a component of income tax expense, when applicable. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our identified balance of uncertain income tax positions would not have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements. We are subject to taxation in various jurisdictions in the U.S. and India and remain subject to examination by taxing jurisdictions for the year 2011 and all subsequent periods due to the availability of NOL carryforwards. We are a holding company and our assets consist of our direct ownership in Evolent Health LLC, for which we are the managing member. Prior to the Class B unit exchanges on December 26, 2019, Evolent Health LLC was classified as a partnership for U.S. federal and applicable state and local income tax purposes and, as such, was not subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Taxable income or loss generated by Evolent Health LLC was allocated to holders of its units, including us, on a pro rata basis. Accordingly, we were subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes with respect to our allocable share of any taxable income of Evolent Health LLC. As a result of the 2019 Class B units exchanges, we became the sole owner of Evolent Health LLC and its entity classification changed from a partnership to an entity disregarded as separate from its owner for U.S. federal, state and local income tax purposes. Following the Class B units exchanges, any taxable income or loss generated by Evolent Health LLC is reportable and taxable only on the Company’s federal, state and local income tax returns. Evolent Health LLC has direct ownership in corporate subsidiaries, which were subject to U.S. and foreign taxes with respect to their own operations during 2019. Earnings (Loss) per Share Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to Class A common shareholders by the weighted-average number of Class A common shares outstanding. For periods of net income, and when the effects are not anti-dilutive, we calculate diluted earnings per share by dividing net income available to Class A common shareholders by the weighted average number of Class A common shares plus the weighted average number of Class A common shares assuming the conversion of our convertible notes, as well as the impact of all potential dilutive common shares, consisting primarily of common stock options and unvested restricted stock awards using the treasury stock method and our exchangeable Class B common stock. For periods of net loss, shares used in the diluted earnings (loss) per share calculation represent basic shares as using potentially dilutive shares would be anti-dilutive. Fair Value Measurement Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability assuming an orderly transaction in the most advantageous market at the measurement date. Our consolidated balance sheets include various financial instruments (primarily cash not held in money-market funds, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities) that are carried at cost and that approximate fair value. See Note 19 for further discussion regarding fair value measurement.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 + Details
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