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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
An income tax expense (benefit) of $0.5 million, $(2.4) million, and $(22.8) million was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Our loss from continuing operations before income taxes was as follows (in thousands):
For the Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Domestic$(32,719)$(332,373)$(331,033)
Foreign2,918 1,833 1,045 
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes$(29,801)$(330,540)$(329,988)
Components of income tax expense (benefit) (in thousands) consist of the following:
For the Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Current
Federal$(1,469)$(2,305)$185 
State and local1,449 200 14 
Foreign1,027 721 399 
Total current tax expense (benefit)1,007 (1,384)598 
Deferred
Federal(5,866)(38,258)(27,307)
State and local(4,021)(9,565)(5,046)
Foreign(493)(303)6 
Total deferred tax expense (benefit)(10,380)(48,126)(32,347)
Change in valuation allowance9,856 47,142 8,954 
Total tax expense (benefit)$483 $(2,368)$(22,795)

A reconciliation of the U.S. statutory tax rate to our effective tax rate is presented below:
For the Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
U.S. statutory tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
U.S. state income taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit1.9 %2.9 %5.0 %
Foreign earnings at other than U.S. rates0.3 %— %(0.1)%
Change in valuation allowance(33.1)%(14.3)%(2.7)%
Benefit of net operating loss carryback provision— %1.1 %— %
Non-deductible goodwill impairment— %(11.5)%(15.6)%
Non-controlling interest— %— %(0.3)%
Nondeductible excess compensation(10.1)%(0.3)%(0.5)%
Excess tax benefits (shortfalls) on stock-based compensation8.1 %(0.3)%(0.2)%
Convertible debt extinguishment(1.5)%— %— %
Change in uncertain tax positions0.2 %— %0.1 %
Nontaxable earnout— %— %(1.4)%
Change in state rate6.8 %1.3 %(0.7)%
Return to provision6.6 %(0.8)%1.0 %
Change in indefinite reinvestment assertion for domestic subsidiaries — %1.0 %2.6 %
Tax sharing settlement(1.1)%— %— %
Other, net(0.7)%0.6 %(1.3)%
Effective tax rate(1.6)%0.7 %6.9 %

Deferred tax balances reflect the impact of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax basis and are stated at the tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands) were as follows:
  As of December 31,
  20212020
Deferred Tax Assets
Start-up and organizational costs$103 $117 
Goodwill18,774 23,778 
Operating lease liabilities15,968 15,963 
Accrued expenses10,345 7,434 
Stock based compensation8,714 8,530 
Net operating loss carryforwards130,242 123,604 
Federal and state research tax credits1,828 1,828 
Fixed assets480 131 
Interest deduction limitation7,795 2,452 
Outside basis differences1,972 197 
Other9,236 8,428 
Subtotal205,457 192,462 
Valuation allowance(101,345)(89,723)
Total deferred tax assets104,112 102,739 
Deferred Tax Liabilities
Internally developed software costs12,501 12,973 
Intangible assets48,677 49,053 
Right-of-use assets - Operating12,284 13,122 
Contract fulfillment costs8,317 6,375 
Convertible debt17,604 20,411 
Other5,387 1,484 
Total deferred tax liabilities104,770 103,418 
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)$(658)$(679)

Changes in our valuation allowance (in thousands) were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Balance at beginning-of-year$89,723 $50,519 
Charged to costs and expenses9,856 47,142 
Charged (credited) to other accounts (1)
1,766 (7,938)
Balance at end-of-year$101,345 $89,723 
(1)Amounts charged (credited) to other accounts includes $1.8 million charged to discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $8.6 million credited to additional paid-in-capital, partially offset by $0.7 million charged to retained earnings, for the year ended December 31, 2020.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the effective tax rate was (1.6)% and the corresponding tax expense recorded was $0.5 million. The income tax expense recorded by the Company in 2021 primarily relates to foreign taxes and the impact of the valuation allowance recorded against the Company’s net deferred tax assets, with the exception of indefinite lived components and those expected to reverse outside of the net operating loss carryover period.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the effective tax rate was 0.7% and the corresponding tax benefit recorded was $2.4 million. The income tax benefit recorded by the Company in 2020 primarily relates to the impacts from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). On March 27, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the CARES Act, was signed into law. The CARES Act allowed net operating losses (“NOLs”) incurred in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years for the recovery of previously paid federal income taxes. The Company recorded an income tax benefit related to carrying back New Century Health’s 2018 NOL as part of a federal income tax refund claim for taxes it paid on income in 2013 and 2014. The remaining income tax provisions included in the CARES Act, apart from the aforementioned NOL carryback, did not have a significant impact on the Company.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the effective tax rate was 6.9%, and the corresponding tax benefit recorded was $22.8 million. Our effective tax rate in 2019 was impacted by the tax expense for the impairment of non-deductible goodwill, change in valuation allowance for current year losses, and offset in part by the tax effects resulting from the Company’s acquisition of all remaining Class
B units of Evolent Health LLC, resulting in it becoming a disregarded entity for U.S. federal and state income purposes on December 26, 2019. The change in Evolent Health LLC’s tax status resulted in a tax benefit from the reversal of the Company’s deferred tax liability related to its investment in certain U.S. corporate subsidiaries through Evolent Health LLC, offset by an increase in valuation allowance. The Company filed a consolidated tax return beginning January 1, 2020, which resulted in a tax benefit offsetting the change in valuation allowance to the extent the deferred tax liabilities of our U.S. corporate subsidiaries had been used as a source of future taxable income to support the Company’s deferred tax assets. Our valuation allowance assessment is made without considering deferred tax liabilities of $1.9 million established with respect to certain indefinite-lived components that cannot be utilized against indefinite-lived deferred tax assets or components that are expected to reverse outside of the net operating loss carryover period, as these are not considered a source of future taxable income for realizing our deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $203.7 million of federal and $290.8 million of state NOL carryforwards available to offset future taxable income that begin to expire in 2032 and 2022, respectively, and $292.9 million federal and $196.0 million of state NOLs with an indefinite carryforward period, subject to a utilization limit of 80% of taxable income in any given year. However, as it is more likely than not that such tax benefit will not be realized based on our evaluation, we have established a valuation allowance against those NOLs. Furthermore, Internal Revenue Code Section 382 imposes limitations on the utilization of NOLs in the event of certain changes in ownership of the Company, which may have occurred or could occur in the future. This could result in an annual limit on the Company’s ability to utilize NOLs and could cause U.S. federal income taxes to be due sooner than if no such limitations applied.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $2.1 million and $0.3 million of research and development credits for federal and state income tax purposes, which could expire unutilized beginning in 2037 and 2028, respectively. The Company has established a valuation allowance against those credits.

Changes in our unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands) were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Balance at beginning-of-year$678 $753 $934 
Lapse of statute of limitations(69)(75)(181)
Balance at end-of-year$609 $678 $753 

We are subject to taxation in various jurisdictions in the U.S. and India. Tax years 2011 and all subsequent periods remain subject to examination by the U.S. federal and state taxing jurisdictions due to the availability of NOL carryforwards. Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021, are $0.6 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would not affect the overall effective tax rate, due to the offsetting impact on the Company’s valuation allowance. The Company has not recognized interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions due to the current NOL position. The Company had recognized $0.7 million of uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2020, and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2019. The Company and its subsidiaries are not currently subject to income tax audits in any U.S. state or local jurisdiction, or any foreign jurisdiction, for any tax year.

Tax Receivables Agreement

Pursuant to the Offering Reorganization, Class B Exchanges increased our tax basis in our share of Evolent Health LLC’s tangible and intangible assets. These increases in tax basis increased our depreciation and amortization deductions and create other tax benefits and, therefore, may reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. In addition, certain NOLs of Evolent Health Holdings (and of an affiliate of TPG) are available to us as a result of the Offering Reorganization.

In connection with the Offering Reorganization, we entered into the TRA with the holders of Class B common units. The agreement requires us to pay to such holders 85% of the cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign income tax (as applicable) we realize as a result of any deductions attributable to future increases in tax basis following the Class B Exchanges (calculated assuming that any post-offering transfer of Class B common units had not occurred) or deductions attributable to imputed interest or future increases in tax basis following payments made under the TRA. We are accounting for these payments as contingent liabilities and will recognize them in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) when their realization becomes probable. Additionally, pursuant to the same agreement we will pay the former stockholders of Evolent Health Holdings 85% of the amount of the cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign income tax that we realize as a result of the utilization of the NOLs of Evolent Health Holdings (and the affiliate of TPG) attributable to periods prior to the Offering Reorganization, approximately $79.3 million, as well as deductions attributable to imputed interest on any payments made under the agreement.
We will benefit from the remaining 15% of any realized cash savings. The TRA was effective upon the completion of the Offering Reorganization and will remain in effect until all such tax benefits have been used or expired, or until the agreement is terminated. See Note 11 for additional discussion of the implications of the TRA.