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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Our loss from continuing operations before income taxes (in thousands) was as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Domestic$(206,344)$(66,055)$(32,719)
Foreign3,939 3,978 2,918 
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes$(202,405)$(62,077)$(29,801)
Components of income tax expense (benefit) (in thousands) consist of the following:
For the Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Current
Federal$— $(875)$(1,469)
State and local2,855 1,788 1,449 
Foreign1,034 1,318 1,027 
Total current tax expense3,889 2,231 1,007 
Deferred
Federal(42,156)5,055 (5,866)
State and local(12,822)(2,790)(4,021)
Foreign510 92 (493)
Total deferred tax expense (benefit)(54,468)2,357 (10,380)
Change in valuation allowance(38,786)(47,964)9,856 
Total tax expense (benefit)$(89,365)$(43,376)$483 

A reconciliation of the U.S. statutory tax rate to our effective tax rate is presented below:
For the Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
U.S. statutory tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
U.S. state income taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit3.0 %(0.6)%1.9 %
Foreign earnings at other than U.S. rates(0.3)%(0.8)%0.3 %
Change in valuation allowance19.2 %77.3 %(33.1)%
Contingent consideration adjustments(1.2)%(0.1)%(1.0)%
Non-deductible excess compensation(6.8)%(27.8)%(10.1)%
Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation7.1 %12.2 %8.1 %
Convertible debt extinguishment— %(3.4)%(1.5)%
Change in uncertain tax positions(0.5)%(1.1)%0.2 %
Nondeductible transaction costs(0.2)%(1.7)%— %
Change in state rate2.2 %5.2 %6.8 %
Return to provision(0.1)%(1.1)%6.6 %
Tax sharing settlement— %— %(1.1)%
Tax receivable agreement(0.9)%(9.1)%— %
Research and development tax credit - federal
1.7 %— %— %
Other, net— %(0.1)%0.3 %
Effective tax rate44.2 %69.9 %(1.6)%

Deferred tax balances reflect the impact of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax basis and are stated at the tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands) were as follows:
  As of December 31,
  20232022
Deferred Tax Assets
Start-up and organizational costs$59 $84 
Goodwill17,501 12,281 
Operating lease liabilities10,015 16,362 
Accrued expenses11,530 9,326 
Stock based compensation3,283 1,263 
Net operating loss carryforwards123,147 131,317 
Federal and state research tax credits4,467 1,828 
Fixed assets666 393 
Interest deduction limitation20,460 7,089 
Outside basis differences70 650 
Other7,417 6,677 
Subtotal198,615 187,270 
Valuation allowance(32,004)(70,790)
Total deferred tax assets166,611 116,480 
Deferred Tax Liabilities
Internally developed software costs5,697 11,173 
Intangible assets165,742 89,784 
Right-of-use assets - Operating1,884 12,696 
Contract fulfillment costs3,030 4,501 
Other2,606 2,136 
Total deferred tax liabilities178,959 120,290 
Net deferred tax liabilities$(12,348)$(3,810)

Changes in our valuation allowance (in thousands) were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
20232022
Balance at beginning-of-year$70,790 $101,345 
Credited to costs and expenses(38,786)(47,964)
Charged to other accounts (1)
— 17,409 
Balance at end-of-year$32,004 $70,790 
______________
(1)Amounts charged to other accounts includes $17.3 million charged to shareholders’ equity and $0.1 million charged to discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the effective tax rate was 44.2% and the corresponding tax benefit recorded was $89.4 million. The Company and its U.S. subsidiaries continue to record a valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets, with the exception of indefinite lived components. The income tax benefit recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to the deferred tax liabilities established as part of the NIA acquisition accounting, partially offset by state and foreign taxes.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the effective tax rate was 69.9% and the corresponding tax benefit recorded was $43.4 million. The income tax benefit recorded by the company in 2022 primarily related to the deferred tax liabilities established as part of the IPG acquisition accounting, partially offset by state and foreign taxes.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the effective tax rate was (1.6)% and the corresponding tax expense recorded was $0.5 million. The income tax expense recorded by the Company in 2021 primarily related to foreign taxes and the impact of the valuation allowance recorded against the Company’s net deferred tax assets, with the exception of indefinite lived components and those expected to reverse outside of the net operating loss carryover period.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $162.1 million of federal and $199.5 million of state NOL carryforwards available to offset future taxable income that begin to expire in 2033 and 2024, respectively, and $291.6 million federal and $325.9 million of state NOLs with an indefinite carryforward period, subject to a utilization limit of 80% of taxable income in any given year. We have
established a valuation allowance against those NOLs that cannot be offset with future deferred tax liabilities. Furthermore, Internal Revenue Code Section 382 imposes limitations on the utilization of NOLs in the event of certain changes in ownership of the Company, which may have occurred or could occur in the future. This could result in an annual limit on the Company’s ability to utilize NOLs and could cause federal and state income taxes to be due sooner than if no such limitations applied.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $5.7 million and $0.3 million of research and development credits for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively, which expire beginning in 2037 and 2028, respectively.

On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 which contained provisions effective January 1, 2023, including a 15% corporate minimum tax and a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, both of which we expect to be immaterial to our financial results, financial position and cash flows.

Changes in our unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands) were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Balance at beginning-of-year$1,624 $609 $678 
Gross increases - tax positions in prior period7 616 — 
Gross increases - tax positions in current period969 399 — 
Lapse of statute of limitations— — (69)
Balance at end-of-year$2,600 $1,624 $609 

We are subject to taxation in various jurisdictions in the U.S., India and the Philippines. Tax years 2011 and all subsequent periods remain subject to examination by the federal and state taxing jurisdictions due to the availability of NOL carryforwards. Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023, are $2.6 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the overall effective tax rate. The Company had recognized $0.4 million of interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company recognized no interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2021. The Company has accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions of $0.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company had recognized $2.6 million of uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023, and $1.6 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company and its subsidiaries are not currently subject to income tax audits in any federal, state or local jurisdiction, or any foreign jurisdiction, for any tax year.

Tax Receivables Agreement

Pursuant to the Offering Reorganization, Class B Exchanges increased our tax basis in our share of Evolent Health LLC’s tangible and intangible assets. These increases in tax basis increase our depreciation and amortization deductions and create other tax benefits and, therefore, may reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. In addition, certain NOLs of Evolent Health Holdings (and of an affiliate of TPG) are available to us as a result of the Offering Reorganization.

In connection with the Offering Reorganization, we entered into the TRA with the holders of Class B common units. The agreement requires us to pay to such holders 85% of the cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign income tax (as applicable) we realize as a result of any deductions attributable to the increase in tax basis following the Class B Exchanges or deductions attributable to imputed interest or future increases in tax basis following payments made under the TRA. Additionally, pursuant to the same agreement we will pay the former stockholders of Evolent Health Holdings 85% of the amount of the cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign income tax that we realize as a result of the utilization of the NOLs of Evolent Health Holdings (and the affiliate of TPG) attributable to periods prior to the Offering Reorganization, approximately $79.3 million, as well as deductions attributable to imputed interest on any payments made under the agreement. The Company has recorded the full TRA liability of $107.9 million as of December 31, 2023.

We will benefit from the remaining 15% of any realized cash savings. The TRA was effective upon the completion of the Offering Reorganization and will remain in effect until all such tax benefits have been used or expired, or until the agreement is terminated. See Note 11 for additional discussion of the implications of the TRA.