Allowance for Credit Losses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Management reviews the appropriateness of the ACL on a regular basis. Management considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance to be a critical accounting policy, given the inherent uncertainty in evaluating the levels of the allowance required to cover credit losses in the portfolio and the material effect that assumptions could have on the Company’s results of operations. The Company has developed a methodology to measure the amount of estimated credit loss exposure inherent in the loan portfolio to assure that an appropriate allowance is maintained. The Company’s methodology is based upon guidance provided in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 119, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("CECL"), and Financial Instruments - Credit Losses and ASC Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses.

The Company uses a DCF method to estimate expected credit losses for all loan segments excluding the leasing segment. For each of these loan segments, the Company generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, recovery lag, probability of default, and loss given default. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on internal historical data.

The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine suitable loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. This analysis also determines how expected probability of default and loss given default will react to forecasted levels of the loss drivers. For all loans utilizing the DCF method, management utilizes forecasts of national unemployment rates and a one year percentage change in national gross domestic product as loss drivers in the model.

For all DCF models, management has determined that four quarters represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period and reverts back to a historical loss rate over eight quarters on a straight-line basis. Management leverages economic projections from a reputable and independent third party to inform its loss driver forecasts over the four-quarter forecast period. Other internal and external indicators of economic forecasts, and scenario weightings, are also considered by management when developing the forecast metrics.

Due to the size and characteristics of the leasing portfolio, the Company uses the remaining life method, using the historical loss rate of the commercial and industrial segment, to determine the allowance for credit losses.

The combination of adjustments for credit expectations and timing expectations produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce a net present value of expected cash flows ("NPV"). An ACL is established for the difference between the NPV and amortized cost basis.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2020 using the prospective transition approach for financial assets purchased with credit deterioration ("PCD") that were previously classified as purchased credit impaired ("PCI") and accounted for under ASC 310-30. In accordance with the standard, the Company did not reassess whether PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the date of adoption. The remaining discount on the PCD assets will be accreted into interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loans.

Since the methodology is based upon historical experience and trends, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, as well as management’s judgment, factors may arise that result in different estimates. While management’s evaluation of the allowance as of December 31, 2022, considers the allowance to be appropriate, under adversely different conditions or assumptions, the Company would need to increase or decrease the allowance. In addition, various federal and State regulatory agencies, as part of their examination process, review the Company's allowance and may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgements and information available to them at the time of their examinations.

Loan Commitments and Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans, and commercial letters of credit. The Company's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for off-balance sheet loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The Company records an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless the commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancellable, through a charge to credit loss expense for off-balance sheet credit exposures included in provision expense in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are summarized as follows:

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans and Leases


(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Total allowance at beginning of year	$	42,843	$	51,669	$	39,892
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13	0		0		(2,534)
Provision (credit) for credit loss expense	2,499		(2,805)		16,151
Recoveries on loans and leases	1,798		1,725		631
Charge-offs on loans and leases	(1,206)		(7,746)		(2,471)
Total allowance at end of year	$	45,934	$	42,843	$	51,669

Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures


(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Liabilities for off-balance sheet credit exposures at beginning of period	$	2,506	$	1,920	$	476
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13	0		0		382
Provision for credit loss expense related to off-balance sheet credit exposures	290		586		1,062
Liabilities for off-balance sheet credit exposures at end of period	$	2,796	$	2,506	$	1,920

The following tables detail activity in the allowance for credit losses for loans for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.


December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Commercial & Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Consumer and Other		Finance Leases		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	6,335	$	24,813	$	10,139	$	1,492	$	64	$	42,843
Charge-offs	(559)		(50)		(53)		(544)		0		(1,206)
Recoveries	195		951		346		306		0		1,798
Provision for credit loss expense	68		1,573		722		104		32		2,499
Ending Balance	$	6,039	$	27,287	$	11,154	$	1,358	$	96	$	45,934


December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Commercial & Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Consumer and Other		Finance Leases		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	9,239	$	30,546	$	10,257	$	1,562	$	65	$	51,669
Charge-offs	(274)		(6,957)		(77)		(438)		0		(7,746)
Recoveries	118		1,175		236		196		0		1,725
(Credit) provision for credit loss expense	(2,748)		49		(277)		172		(1)		(2,805)
Ending Balance	$	6,335	$	24,813	$	10,139	$	1,492	$	64	$	42,843

The following tables presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, and the related allowance for credit losses allocated to these loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:


December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Real Estate		Business Assets		Other		Total		ACL Allocation
Commercial and Industrial	$	642	$	28	$	0	$	670	$	0
Commercial Real Estate	13,209		0		78		13,287		0
Residential Real Estate	188		0		0		188		3
Total	$	15,554	$	28	$	78	$	15,660	$	3


December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Real Estate		Business Assets		Other		Total		ACL Allocation
Commercial and Industrial	$	142	$	395	$	328	$	865	$	26
Commercial Real Estate	13,334		0		1,931		15,265		40

Residential Real Estate	32		0		0		32		1
Total	$	13,508	$	395	$	2,259	$	16,162	$	67

Troubled Debt Restructuring

Loans are considered modified in a TDR when, due to a borrower’s financial difficulties, the Company makes a concession(s) to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. When modifications are provided for reasons other than as a result of the financial distress of the borrower, these loans are not classified as TDRs or impaired. These modifications primarily include, among others, an extension of the term of the loan, and granting a period when interest-only payments can be made, with the principal payments and interest caught up over the remaining term of the loan or at maturity, among others.

The Company's TDRs added during 2022 totaled $714,000, compared to $219,000 in 2021. At December 31, 2022, the Company was not committed to lend additional amounts to customers with outstanding loans that were classified as TDRs. The provisions of the CARES Act and the interagency guidance issued by Federal banking regulators provided clarification related to modifications and deferral programs to assist borrowers who are negatively impacted by the COVID-19 national emergency. The guidance and clarifications detail certain provisions whereby banks are permitted to make deferrals and modifications to the terms of a loan which would not require the loan to be reported as a TDR. In accordance with the CARES Act. Appropriations Act, and the interagency guidance, the Company elected to adopt the provisions to not report qualified loan modifications as TDRs during 2021.

The following tables present loans by class modified in 2022 and 2021 as troubled debt restructurings. Post-modification balances reflect paydowns and charge-offs at time of modification.


December 31, 2022	Year Ended
						Defaulted TDRs2
(In thousands)	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Loans	Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment




Residential real estate
Mortgages	7	$	714	$	714	1	$	87



Total	7	$	714	$	714	1	$	87

1Represents the following concessions: extension of term and reduction of rate.

2TDRs that defaulted during the 12 months ended December 31, 2022, that had been restructured in the prior twelve months.


December 31, 2021	Year Ended
						Defaulted TDRs2
(In thousands)	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Loans	Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment




Residential real estate

Home equity1	2	$	219	$	219	1	$	201


Total	2	$	219	$	219	1	$	201

1Represents the following concessions: extension of term and reduction of rate.

2TDRs that defaulted during the 12 months ended December 31, 2021, that had been restructured in the prior twelve months.

The following table presents credit quality indicators by total loans on an amortized cost basis by origination year as of December 31, 2022.


(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total Loans

Commercial and Industrial - Other:
Pass	$	124,190	$	79,861	$	38,158	$	41,391	$	33,238	$	156,038	$	215,890	$	6,466	$	695,232
Special Mention	0		127		421		285		271		1,380		501		0		2,985
Substandard	0		111		442		35		733		503		5,659		0		7,483
Total Commercial and Industrial - Other	$	124,190	$	80,099	$	39,021	$	41,711	$	34,242	$	157,921	$	222,050	$	6,466	$	705,700

Commercial and Industrial - PPP:
Pass	$	0	$	416	$	340	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	756
Special Mention	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Substandard	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total Commercial and Industrial - PPP	$	0	$	416	$	340	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	756

Commercial and Industrial - Agriculture:
Pass	$	16,694	$	4,120	$	4,944	$	4,186	$	7,734	$	4,883	$	42,097	$	215	$	84,873
Special Mention	0		58		0		0		0		0		50		0		108
Substandard	0		0		71		0		0		16		5		0		92
Total Commercial and Industrial - Agriculture	$	16,694	$	4,178	$	5,015	$	4,186	$	7,734	$	4,899	$	42,152	$	215	$	85,073

Commercial Real Estate
Pass	$	342,311	$	367,104	$	311,607	$	279,587	$	203,016	$	812,563	$	10,906	$	24,503	$	2,351,597
Special Mention	643		3,406		1,688		11,462		2,555		25,361		0		0		45,115
Substandard	78		110		0		3,394		1,692		35,221		132		0		40,627
Total Commercial Real Estate	$	343,032	$	370,620	$	313,295	$	294,443	$	207,263	$	873,145	$	11,038	$	24,503	$	2,437,339

Commercial Real Estate - Agriculture:
Pass	$	33,241	$	24,125	$	22,831	$	25,576	$	37,835	$	65,112	$	3,131	$	1,235	$	213,086
Special Mention	0		0		0		401		0		1,142		0		0		1,543
Substandard	0		0		0		186		38		110		0		0		334
Total Commercial Real Estate - Agriculture	$	33,241	$	24,125	$	22,831	$	26,163	$	37,873	$	66,364	$	3,131	$	1,235	$	214,963

Commercial Real Estate - Construction
Pass	$	23,105	$	75,245	$	27,584	$	14,842	$	9,083	$	7,268	$	42,701	$	1,288	$	201,116
Special Mention	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Substandard	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total Commercial Real Estate - Construction	$	23,105	$	75,245	$	27,584	$	14,842	$	9,083	$	7,268	$	42,701	$	1,288	$	201,116

The following table presents credit quality indicators by total loans on an amortized cost basis by origination year as of December 31, 2022, continued.


(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total Loans

Residential - Home Equity
Performing	$	3,030	$	1,062	$	637	$	992	$	792	$	3,183	$	175,451	$	1,085	$	186,232
Nonperforming	0		0		0		14		0		25		2,352		0		2,391
Total Residential - Home Equity	$	3,030	$	1,062	$	637	$	1,006	$	792	$	3,208	$	177,803	$	1,085	$	188,623

Residential - Mortgages
Performing	$	187,129	$	272,235	$	239,584	$	117,391	$	66,605	$	452,221	$	0	$	0	$	1,335,165
Nonperforming	218		335		628		682		1,552		7,738		0		0		11,153
Total Residential - Mortgages	$	187,347	$	272,570	$	240,212	$	118,073	$	68,157	$	459,959	$	0	$	0	$	1,346,318

Consumer - Direct
Performing	$	31,243	$	13,999	$	7,372	$	6,138	$	4,386	$	8,029	$	4,070	$	0	$	75,237
Nonperforming	0		0		3		93		76		0		3		$	0	175
Total Consumer - Direct	$	31,243	$	13,999	$	7,375	$	6,231	$	4,462	$	8,029	$	4,073	$	0	$	75,412

Consumer - Indirect
Performing	$	0	$	156	$	146	$	1,092	$	635	$	101	$	0	$	0	$	2,130
Nonperforming	0		0		0		76		10		8		0		0		94
Total Consumer - Indirect	$	0	$	156	$	146	$	1,168	$	645	$	109	$	0	$	0	$	2,224

The following tables present credit quality indicators (internal risk grade) by class of commercial and industrial loans and commercial real estate loans as of December 31, 2021.


(In thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total Loans

Commercial and Industrial - Other:
Pass	$	123,996	$	58,432	$	54,116	$	42,093	$	35,725	$	239,093	$	125,476	$	10,039	$	688,970
Special Mention	156		770		450		100		201		393		1,417		0		3,487
Substandard	179		584		47		575		0		637		4,642		0		6,664
Total Commercial and Industrial - Other	$	124,331	$	59,786	$	54,613	$	42,768	$	35,926	$	240,123	$	131,535	$	10,039	$	699,121

Commercial and Industrial - Agriculture:
Pass	$	8,573	$	6,782	$	5,700	$	10,136	$	6,867	$	3,186	$	53,145	$	595	$	94,984
Special Mention	0		0		0		23		0		0		0		0		23
Substandard	0		85		11		0		93		2,316		1,660		0		4,165
Total Commercial and Industrial - Agriculture	$	8,573	$	6,867	$	5,711	$	10,159	$	6,960	$	5,502	$	54,805	$	595	$	99,172

Commercial and Industrial - PPP:
Pass	$	71,260	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	71,260
Special Mention	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Substandard	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total Commercial and Industrial - PPP	$	71,260	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	71,260

Commercial Real Estate
Pass	$	325,874	$	271,680	$	249,266	$	201,992	$	212,991	$	810,713	$	44,264	$	43,225	$	2,160,005
Special Mention	0		1,763		11,772		3,217		2,167		61,723		358		0		81,000
Substandard	3,482		0		2,262		2,518		8,509		20,401		422		0		37,594
Total Commercial Real Estate	$	329,356	$	273,443	$	263,300	$	207,727	$	223,667	$	892,837	$	45,044	$	43,225	$	2,278,599

Commercial Real Estate - Agriculture:
Pass	$	23,151	$	21,856	$	28,943	$	41,064	$	23,195	$	50,809	$	1,949	$	2,850	$	193,817
Special Mention	0		479		0		0		0		350		35		0		864
Substandard	0		0		0		39		0		1,253		0		0		1,292
Total Commercial Real Estate - Agriculture	$	23,151	$	22,335	$	28,943	$	41,103	$	23,195	$	52,412	$	1,984	$	2,850	$	195,973

Commercial Real Estate - Construction
Pass	$	12,840	$	10,025	$	16,325	$	7,542	$	1,274	$	6,559	$	112,537	$	10,037	$	177,139
Special Mention	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Substandard	0		0		0		0		0		643		800		0		1,443
Total Commercial Real Estate - Construction	$	12,840	$	10,025	$	16,325	$	7,542	$	1,274	$	7,202	$	113,337	$	10,037	$	178,582

The following table presents credit quality indicators by total loans on an amortized cost basis by origination year as of December 31, 2021, continued.


(In thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total Loans

Residential - Home Equity
Performing	$	2,033	$	1,142	$	3,041	$	1,600	$	1,572	$	3,144	$	161,630	$	6,050	$	180,212
Nonperforming	0		0		16		0		0		604		1,839		0		2,459
Total Residential - Home Equity	$	2,033	$	1,142	$	3,057	$	1,600	$	1,572	$	3,748	$	163,469	$	6,050	$	182,671

Residential - Mortgages
Performing	$	324,967	$	282,202	$	162,574	$	97,778	$	124,221	$	275,133	$	14,112	$	1,205	$	1,282,192
Nonperforming	0		0		241		702		693		7,060		23		0		8,719
Total Residential - Mortgages	$	324,967	$	282,202	$	162,815	$	98,480	$	124,914	$	282,193	$	14,135	$	1,205	$	1,290,911

Consumer - Direct
Performing	$	20,653	$	10,735	$	9,397	$	5,542	$	4,849	$	10,602	$	5,435	$	0	$	67,213
Nonperforming	0		9		44		117		12		0		1		$	0	183
Total Consumer - Direct	$	20,653	$	10,744	$	9,441	$	5,659	$	4,861	$	10,602	$	5,436	$	0	$	67,396

Consumer - Indirect
Performing	$	1,809	$	854	$	812	$	506	$	362	$	66	$	0	$	0	$	4,409
Nonperforming	0		2		148		81		1		14		0		0		246
Total Consumer - Indirect	$	1,809	$	856	$	960	$	587	$	363	$	80	$	0	$	0	$	4,655