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Securities
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Securities Securities
The amortized cost, estimated fair value, and allowance for securities credit losses of debt securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair
Value		Allowance for Credit Losses
At September 30, 2023
Debt securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government and agency obligations$71,895 $— $(7,815)$64,080 $— 
Corporate debt securities10,084 — (1,132)8,952 — 
Asset-backed securities296,212 — (5,768)290,444 — 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”)109,827 — (20,095)89,732 — 
Total debt securities available-for-sale$488,018 $— $(34,810)$453,208 $— 
Debt securities held-to-maturity:
State and municipal debt obligations$228,779 $30 $(26,705)$202,104 $(41)
Corporate debt securities71,430 373 (6,106)65,697 (868)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency residential787,875 3 (103,865)684,013 — 
Agency commercial83,322 16 (6,392)76,946 (16)
Non-agency commercial20,760 — (2,178)18,582 (7)
Total mortgage-backed securities891,957 19 (112,435)779,541 (23)
Total debt securities held-to-maturity$1,192,166 $422 $(145,246)$1,047,342 $(932)
Total debt securities$1,680,184 $422 $(180,056)$1,500,550 $(932)
At December 31, 2022
Debt securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government and agency obligations$87,648 $1 $(7,635)$80,014 $— 
Corporate debt securities8,928 — (756)8,172 — 
Asset-backed securities296,222 — (19,349)276,873 — 
Agency commercial MBS110,606 — (18,017)92,589 — 
Total debt securities available-for-sale$503,404 $1 $(45,757)$457,648 $— 
Debt securities held-to-maturity:
State, municipal, and sovereign debt obligations$260,249 $46 $(24,940)$235,355 $(60)
Corporate debt securities56,893 380 (3,778)53,495 (1,059)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency residential849,985 795 (83,586)767,194 — 
Agency commercial32,127 23 (1,189)30,961 — 
Non-agency commercial25,310 — (2,274)23,036 (9)
Total mortgage-backed securities907,422 818 (87,049)821,191 (9)
Total debt securities held-to-maturity$1,224,564 $1,244 $(115,767)$1,110,041 $(1,128)
Total debt securities$1,727,968 $1,245 $(161,524)$1,567,689 $(1,128)

There was no allowance for securities credit losses on debt securities available-for-sale at September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for debt securities held-to-maturity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
Allowance for securities credit losses
Beginning balance$(964)$(1,293)$(1,128)$(1,467)
Provision for credit loss benefit32 59 196 233 
Total ending allowance balance$(932)$(1,234)$(932)$(1,234)
The Company monitors the credit quality of debt securities held-to-maturity on a quarterly basis through the use of internal credit analysis supplemented by external credit ratings. Credit ratings of BBB- or Baa3 or higher are considered investment grade. Where multiple ratings are available, the Company considers the lowest rating when determining the allowance for securities credit losses. Under this approach, the amortized cost of debt securities held-to-maturity at September 30, 2023, aggregated by credit quality indicator, are as follows (in thousands):
Investment GradeNon-Investment Grade/Non-ratedTotal
As of September 30, 2023
State and municipal debt obligations$228,779 $— $228,779 
Corporate debt securities57,050 14,380 71,430 
Agency commercial MBS83,323 — 83,323 
Non-agency commercial MBS20,760 — 20,760 
Total debt securities held-to-maturity$389,912 $14,380 $404,292 
During 2021 and 2013, the Bank transferred $12.7 million and $536.0 million, respectively, of previously designated available-for-sale securities to a held-to-maturity designation at estimated fair value. The securities transferred had an unrealized net loss of $209,000 and $13.3 million at the time of transfer in 2021 and 2013, respectively, which continues to be reflected in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition, net of subsequent amortization, which is being recognized over the life of the securities. The carrying value of debt securities held-to-maturity at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows (in thousands): 
September 30,December 31,
20232022
Amortized cost$1,192,166 $1,224,564 
Allowance for securities credit losses(932)(1,128)
Net loss on date of transfer from available-for-sale(13,556)(13,556)
Accretion of net unrealized loss on securities reclassified as held-to-maturity11,661 11,258 
Carrying value$1,189,339 $1,221,138 
There were $0 realized gains/losses and $697,000 of realized losses on sale of debt securities available-for-sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to realized gains of $131,000 and $23,000 for the corresponding prior year periods, respectively. These realized gains/losses on debt securities are presented within Other under Total other income of the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at September 30, 2023 by contractual maturity are shown below (in thousands):
September 30, 2023Amortized
Cost		Estimated
Fair Value
Less than one year$39,412 $38,958 
Due after one year through five years183,574 166,592 
Due after five years through ten years205,459 192,786 
Due after ten years249,955 232,941 
$678,400 $631,277 
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities in instances where issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. At September 30, 2023, corporate debt securities, state and municipal obligations, and asset-backed securities with an amortized cost of $80.4 million, $63.9 million, and $296.2 million, respectively, and an estimated fair value of $73.6 million, $59.6 million, and $290.4 million, respectively, were callable prior to the maturity date. Mortgage-backed securities are excluded from the above table since their effective lives are expected to be shorter than the contractual maturity date due to principal prepayments.
The estimated fair value and unrealized losses for debt securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, segregated by the duration of the unrealized losses, are as follows (in thousands):
 Less than 12 months12 months or longerTotal
 Estimated
Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses
At September 30, 2023
Debt securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government and agency obligations$1,060 $(11)$63,020 $(7,804)$64,080 $(7,815)
Corporate debt securities6,519 (565)2,433 (567)8,952 (1,132)
Asset-backed securities— — 290,444 (5,768)290,444 (5,768)
Agency commercial MBS— — 89,732 (20,095)89,732 (20,095)
Total debt securities available-for-sale7,579 (576)445,629 (34,234)453,208 (34,810)
Debt securities held-to-maturity:
State and municipal debt obligations9,266 (397)187,876 (26,308)197,142 (26,705)
Corporate debt securities38,247 (3,634)22,687 (2,472)60,934 (6,106)
MBS:
Agency residential222,066 (13,368)461,630 (90,497)683,696 (103,865)
Agency commercial52,836 (5,460)16,431 (932)69,267 (6,392)
Non-agency commercial— — 18,582 (2,178)18,582 (2,178)
Total MBS274,902 (18,828)496,643 (93,607)771,545 (112,435)
Total debt securities held-to-maturity322,415 (22,859)707,206 (122,387)1,029,621 (145,246)
Total debt securities$329,994 $(23,435)$1,152,835 $(156,621)$1,482,829 $(180,056)
At December 31, 2022
Debt securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government and agency obligations$27,232 $(450)$52,782 $(7,185)$80,014 $(7,635)
Corporate debt securities4,735 (193)3,437 (563)8,172 (756)
Asset-backed securities143,392 (9,179)133,481 (10,170)276,873 (19,349)
Agency commercial MBS8,782 (1,675)83,807 (16,342)92,589 (18,017)
Total debt securities available-for-sale184,141 (11,497)273,507 (34,260)457,648 (45,757)
Debt securities held-to-maturity:
State, municipal, and sovereign debt obligations133,492 (11,952)97,135 (12,988)230,627 (24,940)
Corporate debt securities11,783 (598)36,152 (3,180)47,935 (3,778)
MBS:
Agency residential297,296 (12,404)397,036 (71,182)694,332 (83,586)
Agency commercial25,936 (1,150)2,062 (39)27,998 (1,189)
Non-agency commercial16,839 (1,621)6,198 (653)23,037 (2,274)
Total MBS340,071 (15,175)405,296 (71,874)745,367 (87,049)
Total debt securities held-to-maturity485,346 (27,725)538,583 (88,042)1,023,929 (115,767)
Total debt securities$669,487 $(39,222)$812,090 $(122,302)$1,481,577 $(161,524)

The Company concluded that debt securities were not impaired at September 30, 2023 based on consideration of several factors. The Company noted that each issuer made all the contractually due payments when required. There were no defaults on principal or interest payments, and no interest payments were deferred. Based on management’s analysis of each individual security, the issuers appear to have the ability to meet debt service requirements over the life of the security. Furthermore, the change in net unrealized losses were primarily due to changes in the general credit and interest rate environment and not credit quality. Historically, the Company has not utilized securities sales as a source of liquidity and the Company’s liquidity plans include adequate sources of liquidity outside securities sales.
Equity Investments
At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company held equity investments of $97.9 million and $102.0 million, respectively. The equity investments are primarily comprised of select financial services institutions’ preferred stocks, investments in funds and other financial institutions.
The realized and unrealized gains or losses on equity securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are shown in the table below (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
Net gain (loss) on equity investments$1,452 $3,362 $(5,908)$(7,502)
Less: Net (losses) gains recognized on equity investments sold— — (5,462)1,351 
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized on equity investments still held$1,452 $3,362 $(446)$(8,853)