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Loans
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
Loans [Abstract]  
Loans
Note 4 – Loans

Major classifications of loans, net of unearned income, deferred loan origination costs, and net premiums on acquired loans, are summarized as follows:

 
(in thousands)
 
June 30
2018
  
December 31
2017
 
Commercial construction
 
$
81,196
  
$
76,479
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
1,191,711
   
1,188,680
 
Equipment lease financing
  
2,354
   
3,042
 
Commercial other
  
352,410
   
351,034
 
Real estate construction
  
64,817
   
67,358
 
Real estate mortgage
  
720,696
   
709,570
 
Home equity
  
102,432
   
99,356
 
Consumer direct
  
145,376
   
137,754
 
Consumer indirect
  
508,050
   
489,667
 
Total loans
 
$
3,169,042
  
$
3,122,940
 

CTBI has segregated and evaluates its loan portfolio through nine portfolio segments. CTBI serves customers in small and mid-sized communities in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee.  Therefore, CTBI’s exposure to credit risk is significantly affected by changes in these communities.

Commercial construction loans are for the purpose of erecting or rehabilitating buildings or other structures for commercial purposes, including any infrastructure necessary for development.   Included in this category are improved property, land development, and tract development loans.  The terms of these loans are generally short-term with permanent financing upon completion.

Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by nonfarm, nonresidential properties, 1-4 family/multi-family properties, farmland, and other commercial real estate.  These loans are originated based on the borrower’s ability to service the debt and secondarily based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.

Equipment lease financing loans are fixed or variable leases for commercial purposes.

Commercial other loans consist of commercial check loans, agricultural loans, receivable financing, floorplans, loans to financial institutions, loans for purchasing or carrying securities, and other commercial purpose loans.  Commercial loans are underwritten based on the borrower’s ability to service debt from the business’s underlying cash flows.  As a general practice, we obtain collateral such as real estate, equipment, or other assets, although such loans may be uncollateralized but guaranteed.

Real estate construction loans are typically for owner-occupied properties.  The terms of these loans are generally short-term with permanent financing upon completion.

Residential real estate loans are a mixture of fixed rate and adjustable rate first and second lien residential mortgage loans.  As a policy, CTBI holds adjustable rate loans and sells the majority of its fixed rate first lien mortgage loans into the secondary market.  Changes in interest rates or market conditions may impact a borrower’s ability to meet contractual principal and interest payments.  Residential real estate loans are secured by real property.

Home equity lines are revolving adjustable rate credit lines secured by real property.

Consumer direct loans are a mixture of fixed rate and adjustable rate products comprised of unsecured loans, consumer revolving credit lines, deposit secured loans, and all other consumer purpose loans.

Consumer indirect loans are fixed rate loans secured by automobiles, trucks, vans, and recreational vehicles originated at the selling dealership underwritten and purchased by CTBI’s indirect lending department.  Both new and used products are financed.  Only dealers who have executed dealer agreements with CTBI participate in the indirect lending program.

Not included in the loan balances above were loans held for sale in the amount of $1.1 million at June 30, 2018 and $1.0 million at December 31, 2017.

Refer to note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our nonaccrual policy.  Nonaccrual loans segregated by class of loans were as follows:

 (in thousands)
 
June 30
2018
  
December 31
2017
 
Commercial:
      
Commercial construction
 
$
573
  
$
1,207
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
5,921
   
7,028
 
Commercial other
  
682
   
934
 
         
Residential:
        
Real estate construction
  
43
   
318
 
Real estate mortgage
  
7,169
   
8,243
 
Home equity
  
424
   
389
 
Total nonaccrual loans
 
$
14,812
  
$
18,119
 
 
The following tables present CTBI’s loan portfolio aging analysis, segregated by class, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

  
June 30, 2018
 
(in thousands)
 
30-59 Days Past Due
  
60-89 Days Past Due
  
90+ Days Past Due
  
Total Past Due
  
Current
  
Total Loans
  
90+ and Accruing*
 
Commercial:
                     
Commercial construction
 
$
0
  
$
32
  
$
588
  
$
620
  
$
80,576
  
$
81,196
  
$
15
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
9,973
   
984
   
8,146
   
19,103
   
1,172,608
   
1,191,711
   
3,242
 
Equipment lease financing
  
0
   
0
   
0
   
0
   
2,354
   
2,354
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
951
   
503
   
430
   
1,884
   
350,526
   
352,410
   
219
 
Residential:
                            
Real estate construction
  
241
   
47
   
83
   
371
   
64,446
   
64,817
   
74
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,025
   
5,290
   
8,246
   
14,561
   
706,135
   
720,696
   
3,082
 
Home equity
  
999
   
123
   
365
   
1,487
   
100,945
   
102,432
   
179
 
Consumer:
                            
Consumer direct
  
875
   
177
   
56
   
1,108
   
144,268
   
145,376
   
57
 
Consumer indirect
  
3,464
   
841
   
321
   
4,626
   
503,424
   
508,050
   
321
 
Total
 
$
17,528
  
$
7,997
  
$
18,235
  
$
43,760
  
$
3,125,282
  
$
3,169,042
  
$
7,189
 

  
December 31, 2017
 
(in thousands)
 
30-59 Days Past Due
  
60-89 Days Past Due
  
90+ Days Past Due
  
Total Past Due
  
Current
  
Total Loans
  
90+ and Accruing*
 
Commercial:
                     
Commercial construction
 
$
138
  
$
0
  
$
1,238
  
$
1,376
  
$
75,103
  
$
76,479
  
$
31
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
4,047
   
1,599
   
8,514
   
14,160
   
1,174,520
   
1,188,680
   
2,665
 
Equipment lease financing
  
430
   
0
   
0
   
430
   
2,612
   
3,042
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
835
   
77
   
652
   
1,564
   
349,470
   
351,034
   
87
 
Residential:
                            
Real estate construction
  
224
   
202
   
223
   
649
   
66,709
   
67,358
   
223
 
Real estate mortgage
  
2,064
   
5,029
   
11,605
   
18,698
   
690,872
   
709,570
   
6,293
 
Home equity
  
595
   
178
   
428
   
1,201
   
98,155
   
99,356
   
167
 
Consumer:
                            
Consumer direct
  
983
   
148
   
62
   
1,193
   
136,561
   
137,754
   
62
 
Consumer indirect
  
4,085
   
1,399
   
648
   
6,132
   
483,535
   
489,667
   
648
 
Total
 
$
13,401
  
$
8,632
  
$
23,370
  
$
45,403
  
$
3,077,537
  
$
3,122,940
  
$
10,176
 

*90+ and Accruing are also included in 90+ Days Past Due column.
 
The risk characteristics of CTBI’s material portfolio segments are as follows:

Commercial construction loans generally are made to customers for the purpose of building income-producing properties.  Personal guarantees of the principals are generally required.  Such loans are made on a projected cash flow basis and are secured by the project being constructed.  Construction loan draw procedures are included in each specific loan agreement, including required documentation items and inspection requirements.  Construction loans may convert to term loans at the end of the construction period, or may be repaid by the take-out commitment from another financing source.  If the loan is to convert to a term loan, the repayment ability is based on the borrower’s projected cash flow.  Risk is mitigated during the construction phase by requiring proper documentation and inspections whenever a draw is requested.  Loans in amounts greater than $500,000 generally require a performance bond to be posted by the general contractor to assure completion of the project.

Commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate.  Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan.  Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy.  Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral and risk grade criteria.

Equipment lease financing is underwritten by our commercial lenders using the same underwriting standards as would be applied to a secured commercial loan requesting 100% financing.  The pricing for equipment lease financing is comparable to that of borrowers with similar quality commercial credits with similar collateral.  Maximum terms of equipment leasing are determined by the type and expected life of the equipment to be leased.  Residual values are determined by appraisals or opinion letters from industry experts.  Leases must be in conformity with our consolidated annual tax plan.  As we underwrite our equipment lease financing in a manner similar to our commercial loan portfolio described below, the risk characteristics for this portfolio mirror that of the commercial loan portfolio.

Commercial loans are primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower.  The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value.  Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis.  In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers.

With respect to residential loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner occupied, CTBI generally establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded.  Home equity loans are typically secured by a subordinate interest in 1-4 family residences. Residential construction loans are handled through the home mortgage area of the bank.  The repayment ability of the borrower and the maximum loan-to-value ratio are calculated using the normal mortgage lending criteria.  Draws are processed based on percentage of completion stages including normal inspection procedures.  Such loans generally convert to term loans after the completion of construction.

Consumer loans are secured by consumer assets such as automobiles or recreational vehicles.  Some consumer loans are unsecured such as small installment loans and certain lines of credit.  Our determination of a borrower’s ability to repay these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels.  Repayment can also be impacted by changes in property values on residential properties.  Risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers.

The indirect lending area of the bank generally deals with purchasing/funding consumer contracts with new and used automobile dealers.  The dealers generate consumer loan applications which are forwarded to the indirect loan processing area for approval or denial.  Loan approvals or denials are based on the creditworthiness and repayment ability of the borrower, and on the collateral value.  The dealers may have limited recourse agreements with CTB.

Credit Quality Indicators:

CTBI categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors.  CTBI also considers the fair value of the underlying collateral and the strength and willingness of the guarantor(s).  CTBI analyzes commercial loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk.  Loans classified as loss, doubtful, substandard, or special mention are reviewed quarterly by CTBI for further deterioration or improvement to determine if appropriately classified and valued if deemed impaired.  All other commercial loan reviews are completed every 12 to 18 months.  In addition, during the renewal process of any loan, as well as if a loan becomes past due or if other information becomes available, CTBI will evaluate the loan grade.  CTBI uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Ø
Pass grades include investment grade, low risk, moderate risk, and acceptable risk loans.  The loans range from loans that have no chance of resulting in a loss to loans that have a limited chance of resulting in a loss.  Customers in this grade have excellent to fair credit ratings.  The cash flows are adequate to meet required debt repayments.

Ø
Watch graded loans are loans that warrant extra management attention but are not currently criticized.  Loans on the watch list may be potential troubled credits or may warrant “watch” status for a reason not directly related to the asset quality of the credit.  The watch grade is a management tool to identify credits which may be candidates for future classification or may temporarily warrant extra management monitoring.

Ø
Other assets especially mentioned (OAEM) reflects loans that are currently protected but are potentially weak.  These loans constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk but not to the point of justifying a classification of substandard.  The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an unwarranted risk in light of circumstances surrounding a specific asset. Loans in this grade display potential weaknesses which may, if unchecked or uncorrected, inadequately protect CTBI’s credit position at some future date.  The loans may be adversely affected by economic or market conditions.

Ø
Substandard grading indicates that the loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged.  These loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly liquidation of the debt with the distinct possibility that CTBI will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Ø
Doubtful graded loans have the weaknesses inherent in the substandard grading with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.  The probability of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors which may work to CTBI’s advantage or strengthen the asset(s), its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined.  Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans.
 
The following tables present the credit risk profile of CTBI’s commercial loan portfolio based on rating category and payment activity, segregated by class of loans, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

 (in thousands)
 
Commercial Construction
  
Commercial Secured by Real Estate
  
Equipment Leases
  
Commercial Other
  
Total
 
June 30, 2018
               
Pass
 
$
72,673
  
$
1,042,821
  
$
2,354
  
$
308,248
  
$
1,426,096
 
Watch
  
3,584
   
84,787
   
0
   
29,211
   
117,582
 
OAEM
  
1,325
   
11,120
   
0
   
3,115
   
15,560
 
Substandard
  
3,614
   
52,889
   
0
   
11,639
   
68,142
 
Doubtful
  
0
   
94
   
0
   
197
   
291
 
Total
 
$
81,196
  
$
1,191,711
  
$
2,354
  
$
352,410
  
$
1,627,671
 
                     
December 31, 2017
                    
Pass
 
$
67,846
  
$
1,053,701
  
$
3,005
  
$
305,655
  
$
1,430,207
 
Watch
  
3,323
   
65,182
   
0
   
29,008
   
97,513
 
OAEM
  
1,304
   
22,401
   
37
   
3,206
   
26,948
 
Substandard
  
3,828
   
47,223
   
0
   
12,947
   
63,998
 
Doubtful
  
178
   
173
   
0
   
218
   
569
 
Total
 
$
76,479
  
$
1,188,680
  
$
3,042
  
$
351,034
  
$
1,619,235
 

The following tables present the credit risk profile of CTBI’s residential real estate and consumer loan portfolios based on performing or nonperforming status, segregated by class, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

(in thousands)
 
Real Estate Construction
  
Real Estate Mortgage
  
Home Equity
  
Consumer Direct
  
Consumer
Indirect
  
Total
 
June 30, 2018
                  
Performing
 
$
64,700
  
$
710,445
  
$
101,829
  
$
145,319
  
$
507,729
  
$
1,530,022
 
Nonperforming (1)
  
117
   
10,251
   
603
   
57
   
321
   
11,349
 
Total
 
$
64,817
  
$
720,696
  
$
102,432
  
$
145,376
  
$
508,050
  
$
1,541,371
 
                         
December 31, 2017
                        
Performing
 
$
66,817
  
$
695,034
  
$
98,800
  
$
137,692
  
$
489,019
  
$
1,487,362
 
Nonperforming (1)
  
541
   
14,536
   
556
   
62
   
648
   
16,343
 
Total
 
$
67,358
  
$
709,570
  
$
99,356
  
$
137,754
  
$
489,667
  
$
1,503,705
 

(1)  A loan is considered nonperforming if it is 90 days or more past due and/or on nonaccrual.

The total of consumer mortgage loans secured by real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $4.5 million at June 30, 2018 compared to $3.7 million at December 31, 2017.

A loan is considered impaired, in accordance with the impairment accounting guidance (ASC 310-10-35-16), when based on current information and events, it is probable CTBI will be unable to collect all amounts due from the borrower in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan.  Impaired loans include nonperforming commercial loans but also include loans modified in troubled debt restructurings where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties.  These concessions could include a reduction in the interest rate on the loan, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance, or other actions intended to maximize collection.
 
The following table presents impaired loans, the average investment in impaired loans, and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the periods ended June 30, 2018, December 31, 2017, and June 30, 2017:

  
June 30, 2018
 
(in thousands)
 
Recorded Balance
  
Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance
  
Specific Allowance
 
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
         
Commercial construction
 
$
4,299
  
$
4,299
  
$
0
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
29,718
   
31,653
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
8,606
   
10,250
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,621
   
1,621
   
0
 
             
Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
            
Commercial secured by real estate
  
2,156
   
3,277
   
807
 
Commercial other
  
343
   
343
   
100
 
             
Totals:
            
Commercial construction
  
4,299
   
4,299
   
0
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
31,874
   
34,930
   
807
 
Commercial other
  
8,949
   
10,593
   
100
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,621
   
1,621
   
0
 
Total
 
$
46,743
  
$
51,443
  
$
907
 

  
Three Months Ended
  
Six Months Ended
 
  
June 30, 2018
  
June 30, 2018
 
(in thousands)
 
Average Investment in Impaired Loans
  
*Interest Income Recognized
  
Average Investment in Impaired Loans
  
*Interest Income Recognized
 
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
            
Commercial construction
 
$
4,353
  
$
69
  
$
4,261
  
$
106
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
29,982
   
372
   
30,774
   
724
 
Commercial other
  
8,722
   
128
   
9,027
   
280
 
Real estate construction
  
0
   
0
   
159
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,621
   
11
   
1,453
   
11
 
                 
Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
                
Commercial secured by real estate
  
2,199
   
1
   
2,166
   
1
 
Commercial other
  
321
   
4
   
161
   
4
 
                 
Totals:
                
Commercial construction
  
4,353
   
69
   
4,261
   
106
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
32,181
   
373
   
32,940
   
725
 
Commercial other
  
9,043
   
132
   
9,188
   
284
 
Real estate construction
  
0
   
0
   
159
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,621
   
11
   
1,453
   
11
 
Total
 
$
47,198
  
$
585
  
$
48,001
  
$
1,126
 
 
  
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
(in thousands)
 
Recorded Balance
  
Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance
  
Specific Allowance
  
Average Investment in Impaired Loans
  
*Interest Income Recognized
 
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
               
Commercial construction
 
$
4,431
  
$
4,439
  
$
0
  
$
4,835
  
$
200
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
28,480
   
30,365
   
0
   
27,753
   
1,344
 
Equipment lease financing
  
0
   
0
   
0
   
34
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
9,481
   
11,252
   
0
   
10,444
   
539
 
Real estate construction
  
318
   
318
   
0
   
534
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,564
   
1,570
   
0
   
1,591
   
36
 
                     
Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
                    
Commercial construction
  
153
   
173
   
25
   
155
   
0
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
2,985
   
4,095
   
966
   
3,932
   
8
 
Commercial other
  
0
   
0
   
0
   
65
   
0
 
                     
Totals:
                    
Commercial construction
  
4,584
   
4,612
   
25
   
4,990
   
200
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
31,465
   
34,460
   
966
   
31,685
   
1,352
 
Equipment lease financing
  
0
   
0
   
0
   
34
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
9,481
   
11,252
   
0
   
10,509
   
539
 
Real estate construction
  
318
   
318
   
0
   
534
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,564
   
1,570
   
0
   
1,591
   
36
 
Total
 
$
47,412
  
$
52,212
  
$
991
  
$
49,343
  
$
2,127
 
 
  
June 30, 2017
 
(in thousands)
 
Recorded Balance
  
Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance
  
Specific Allowance
 
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
         
Commercial construction
 
$
4,707
  
$
4,709
  
$
0
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
27,509
   
28,195
   
0
 
Equipment lease financing
  
130
   
130
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
10,719
   
12,619
   
0
 
Real estate construction
  
846
   
846
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,803
   
1,803
   
0
 
             
Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
            
Commercial construction
  
153
   
174
   
25
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
4,731
   
5,833
   
1,227
 
Commercial other
  
131
   
134
   
67
 
             
Totals:
            
Commercial construction
  
4,860
   
4,883
   
25
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
32,240
   
34,028
   
1,227
 
Equipment lease financing
  
130
   
130
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
10,850
   
12,753
   
67
 
Real estate construction
  
846
   
846
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,803
   
1,803
   
0
 
Total
 
$
50,729
  
$
54,443
  
$
1,319
 

  
Three Months Ended
  
Six Months Ended
 
  
June 30, 2017
  
June 30, 2017
 
(in thousands)
 
Average Investment in Impaired Loans
  
*Interest Income Recognized
  
Average Investment in Impaired Loans
  
*Interest Income Recognized
 
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
            
Commercial construction
 
$
5,041
  
$
49
  
$
5,101
  
$
86
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
27,858
   
343
   
28,252
   
704
 
Equipment lease financing
  
135
   
0
   
68
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
10,882
   
133
   
10,981
   
273
 
Real estate construction
  
846
   
0
   
423
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,803
   
11
   
1,804
   
22
 
                 
Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
                
Commercial construction
  
153
   
0
   
157
   
0
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
4,745
   
5
   
4,362
   
5
 
Commercial other
  
131
   
0
   
66
   
0
 
                 
Totals:
                
Commercial construction
  
5,194
   
49
   
5,258
   
86
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
32,603
   
348
   
32,614
   
709
 
Equipment lease financing
  
135
   
0
   
68
   
0
 
Commercial other
  
11,013
   
133
   
11,047
   
273
 
Real estate construction
  
846
   
0
   
423
   
0
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1,803
   
11
   
1,804
   
22
 
Total
 
$
51,594
  
$
541
  
$
51,214
  
$
1,090
 

*Cash basis interest is substantially the same as interest income recognized.

Included in certain loan categories of impaired loans are certain loans and leases that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring, where economic concessions have been granted to borrowers who have experienced financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from our loss mitigation activities and could include reductions in the interest rate, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions.  Modifications of terms for our loans and their inclusion as troubled debt restructurings are based on individual facts and circumstances.  Loan modifications that are included as troubled debt restructurings may involve either an increase or reduction of the interest rate, extension of the term of the loan, or deferral of principal and/or interest payments, regardless of the period of the modification.  All of the loans identified as troubled debt restructuring were modified due to financial stress of the borrower.  In order to determine if a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed to determine the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification.  This evaluation is performed under CTBI’s internal underwriting policy.

When we modify loans and leases in a troubled debt restructuring, we evaluate any possible impairment similar to other impaired loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan or lease agreement, or use the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs for collateral dependent loans. If we determined that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance. In periods subsequent to modification, we evaluate all troubled debt restructuring, including those that have payment defaults, for possible impairment and recognize impairment through the allowance.

During 2018, certain loans were modified in troubled debt restructurings, where economic concessions were granted to borrowers consisting of reductions in the interest rates, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, and forbearances.  Presented below, segregated by class of loans, are troubled debt restructurings that occurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2017:

  
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2018
 
(in thousands)
 
Number of Loans
  
Term Modification
  
Rate Modification
  
Combination
  
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance
 
Commercial:
               
Commercial construction
  
2
  
$
411
  
$
0
  
$
0
  
$
411
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
8
   
1,773
   
0
   
0
   
1,773
 
Commercial other
  
3
   
283
   
0
   
0
   
283
 
Total troubled debt restructurings
  
13
  
$
2,467
  
$
0
  
$
0
  
$
2,467
 
 
  
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2018
 
(in thousands)
 
Number of Loans
  
Term Modification
  
Rate Modification
  
Combination
  
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance
 
Commercial:
               
Commercial construction
  
4
  
$
443
  
$
0
  
$
15
  
$
458
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
17
   
2,559
   
0
   
983
   
3,542
 
Commercial other
  
8
   
465
   
0
   
0
   
465
 
Total troubled debt restructurings
  
29
  
$
3,467
  
$
0
  
$
998
  
$
4,465
 

  
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
(in thousands)
 
Number of Loans
  
Term Modification
  
Rate Modification
  
Combination
  
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance
 
Commercial:
               
Commercial construction
  
2
  
$
0
  
$
0
  
$
114
  
$
114
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
15
   
2,199
   
0
   
192
   
2,391
 
Commercial other
  
22
   
1,072
   
0
   
136
   
1,208
 
Residential:
                    
Real estate construction
  
1
   
846
   
0
   
0
   
846
 
Real estate mortgage
  
3
   
988
   
0
   
0
   
988
 
Total troubled debt restructurings
  
43
  
$
5,105
  
$
0
  
$
442
  
$
5,547
 

  
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2017
 
(in thousands)
 
Number of Loans
  
Term Modification
  
Rate Modification
  
Combination
  
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance
 
Commercial:
               
Commercial construction
  
2
  
$
0
  
$
0
  
$
114
  
$
114
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
4
   
530
   
0
   
192
   
722
 
Commercial other
  
7
   
82
   
0
   
136
   
218
 
Residential:
                    
Real estate construction
  
1
   
846
   
0
   
0
   
846
 
Total troubled debt restructurings
  
14
  
$
1,458
  
$
0
  
$
442
  
$
1,900
 
 
  
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2017
 
(in thousands)
 
Number of Loans
  
Term Modification
  
Rate Modification
  
Combination
  
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance
 
Commercial:
               
Commercial construction
  
2
  
$
0
  
$
0
  
$
114
  
$
114
 
Commercial secured by real estate
  
5
   
579
   
0
   
192
   
771
 
Commercial other
  
9
   
135
   
0
   
136
   
271
 
Residential:
                    
Real estate construction
  
1
   
846
   
0
   
0
   
846
 
Real estate mortgage
  
1
   
323
   
0
   
0
   
323
 
Total troubled debt restructurings
  
18
  
$
1,883
  
$
0
  
$
442
  
$
2,325
 

No charge-offs have resulted from modifications for any of the presented periods.  We had commitments to extend additional credit in the amount of $0.1 million on loans that were considered troubled debt restructurings at June 30, 2018.

Loans retain their accrual status at the time of their modification. As a result, if a loan is on nonaccrual at the time it is modified, it stays as nonaccrual, and if a loan is on accrual at the time of the modification, it generally stays on accrual.  Commercial and consumer loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring are closely monitored for delinquency as an early indicator of possible future default.  If loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring subsequently default, CTBI evaluates the loan for possible further impairment.  The allowance for loan losses may be increased, adjustments may be made in the allocation of the allowance, or partial charge-offs may be taken to further write-down the carrying value of the loan.  Presented below, segregated by class of loans, are loans that were modified as troubled debt restructurings within the past twelve months which have subsequently defaulted.  CTBI considers a loan in default when it is 90 days or more past due or transferred to nonaccrual.

 (in thousands)
 
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2018
  
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2017
 
  
Number of Loans
  
Recorded Balance
  
Number of Loans
  
Recorded Balance
 
Commercial:
            
Commercial secured by real estate
  
1
  
$
17
   
0
  
$
0
 
Commercial other
  
1
   
25
   
0
   
0
 
Total defaulted restructured loans
  
2
  
$
42
   
0
  
$
0
 

 (in thousands)
 
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2018
  
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2017
 
  
Number of Loans
  
Recorded Balance
  
Number of Loans
  
Recorded Balance
 
Commercial:
            
Commercial secured by real estate
  
1
  
$
17
   
0
  
$
0
 
Commercial other
  
1
   
25
   
0
   
0
 
Total defaulted restructured loans
  
2
  
$
42
   
0
  
$
0