10-Q 1 ctbi10q0319.htm CTBI MARCH 31, 2019 FORM 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

[X] | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019
| Or
[ ] | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission file number 001-31220
COMMUNITY TRUST BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Kentucky | 61-0979818
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
346 North Mayo Trail Pikeville, Kentucky | 41501
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip code)
(606) 432-1414 (Registrant’s telephone number)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ✓ | No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every interactive data file required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files.)

Yes ✓ | No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ✓ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☐
Smaller reporting company ☐ | Emerging growth company ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised ﬁnancial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes | No ✓

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date.
Common stock – 17,772,770 shares outstanding at April 30, 2019
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock
(Title of class)

ctbi | NASDAQ
(Trading symbol) | (Name of exchange on which registered)

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT
REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain of the statements contained herein that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.’s (“CTBI”) actual results may differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “may increase,” “may fluctuate,” and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “should,” “would,” and “could.” These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, economic conditions, portfolio growth, the credit performance of the portfolios, including bankruptcies, and seasonal factors; changes in general economic conditions including the performance of financial markets, prevailing inflation and interest rates, realized gains from sales of investments, gains from asset sales, and losses on commercial lending activities; results of various investment activities; the effects of competitors’ pricing policies, changes in laws and regulations, competition, and demographic changes on target market populations’ savings and financial planning needs; industry changes in information technology systems on which we are highly dependent; failure of acquisitions to produce revenue enhancements or cost savings at levels or within the time frames originally anticipated or unforeseen integration difficulties; and the resolution of legal proceedings and related matters. In addition, the banking industry in general is subject to various monetary, operational, and fiscal policies and regulations, which include, but are not limited to, those determined by the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and state regulators, whose policies, regulations, and enforcement actions could affect CTBI’s results. These statements are representative only on the date hereof, and CTBI undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made.
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
The accompanying information has not been audited by our independent registered public accountants; however, in the opinion of management such information reflects all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim period. All such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with the requirements of Form 10-Q and consequently do not include all of the disclosures normally required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America or those normally made in the Registrant’s annual report on Form 10-K. Accordingly, the reader of the Form 10-Q should refer to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for further information in this regard.
Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(dollars in thousands) |  | (unaudited) March 31 2019 |  |  | December 31 2018 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 49,302 |  |  | $ | 64,632 |
Interest bearing deposits |  |  | 200,058 |  |  |  | 75,718 |
Federal funds sold |  |  | 4,500 |  |  |  | 1,100 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 253,860 |  |  |  | 141,450 |
Certificates of deposit in other banks |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  | 3,920 |
Securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $601,544 and $602,114, respectively) |  |  | 599,299 |  |  |  | 593,746 |
Securities held-to-maturity at amortized cost (fair value of $619 and $649, respectively) |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | 649 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 1,173 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 13,649 |  |  |  | 2,461 |
Loans |  |  | 3,189,732 |  |  |  | 3,208,638 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses |  |  | (35,004 | ) |  |  | (35,908 | )
Net loans |  |  | 3,154,728 |  |  |  | 3,172,730 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 44,554 |  |  |  | 45,291 |
Right-of-use asset |  |  | 15,128 |  |  |  | 0 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 12,261 |  |  |  | 14,713 |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 4,887 |
Goodwill |  |  | 65,490 |  |  |  | 65,490 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 67,433 |  |  |  | 67,076 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 3,390 |  |  |  | 3,607 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 24,970 |  |  |  | 27,273 |
Other assets |  |  | 50,027 |  |  |  | 57,150 |
Total assets |  | $ | 4,313,293 |  |  | $ | 4,201,616 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest bearing |  | $ | 841,996 |  |  | $ | 803,316 |
Interest bearing |  |  | 2,541,107 |  |  |  | 2,502,634 |
Total deposits |  |  | 3,383,103 |  |  |  | 3,305,950 |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 237,506 |  |  |  | 232,712 |
Federal funds purchased |  |  | 1,800 |  |  |  | 1,180 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | 436 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,341 |  |  |  | 59,341 |
Deferred taxes |  |  | 6,529 |  |  |  | 3,363 |
Lease liability |  |  | 15,743 |  |  |  | 0 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 31,333 |  |  |  | 34,484 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 3,735,786 |  |  |  | 3,637,466 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, 300,000 shares authorized and unissued |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, $5 par value, shares authorized 25,000,000; shares outstanding 2019 – 17,767,594; 2018 – 17,732,853 |  |  | 88,839 |  |  |  | 88,665 |
Capital surplus |  |  | 223,426 |  |  |  | 223,161 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 267,016 |  |  |  | 258,935 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | (1,774 | ) |  |  | (6,611 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 577,507 |  |  |  | 564,150 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 4,313,293 |  |  | $ | 4,201,616 |

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income
(unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31 |
(in thousands except per share data) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans, including loans held for sale |  | $ | 40,910 |  |  | $ | 36,577 |
Interest and dividends on securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 3,163 |  |  |  | 2,470 |
Tax exempt |  |  | 678 |  |  |  | 697 |
Interest and dividends on Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 333 |
Interest on Federal Reserve Bank deposits |  |  | 786 |  |  |  | 439 |
Other, including interest on federal funds sold |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 64 |
Total interest income |  |  | 45,889 |  |  |  | 40,580 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  |  | 8,075 |  |  |  | 4,872 |
Interest on repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased |  |  | 1,156 |  |  |  | 635 |
Interest on advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 2 |
Interest on long-term debt |  |  | 636 |  |  |  | 480 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 9,906 |  |  |  | 5,989 |
Net interest income |  |  | 35,983 |  |  |  | 34,591 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 946 |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  |  | 35,793 |  |  |  | 33,645 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 6,120 |  |  |  | 6,221 |
Gains on sales of loans, net |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | 279 |
Trust and wealth management income |  |  | 2,575 |  |  |  | 2,958 |
Loan related fees |  |  | 573 |  |  |  | 1,144 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 558 |  |  |  | 1,764 |
Brokerage revenue |  |  | 261 |  |  |  | 283 |
Securities gains (losses) |  |  | 356 |  |  |  | (288 | )
Other noninterest income |  |  | 1,397 |  |  |  | 949 |
Total noninterest income |  |  | 12,170 |  |  |  | 13,310 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Officer salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 3,374 |  |  |  | 3,214 |
Other salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 12,585 |  |  |  | 12,405 |
Occupancy, net |  |  | 2,051 |  |  |  | 2,116 |
Equipment |  |  | 739 |  |  |  | 717 |
Data processing |  |  | 1,763 |  |  |  | 1,636 |
Bank franchise tax |  |  | 1,715 |  |  |  | 1,701 |
Legal fees |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 474 |
Professional fees |  |  | 531 |  |  |  | 502 |
Advertising and marketing |  |  | 792 |  |  |  | 732 |
FDIC insurance |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 314 |
Other real estate owned provision and expense |  |  | 771 |  |  |  | 939 |
Repossession expense |  |  | 377 |  |  |  | 409 |
Amortization of limited partnership investments |  |  | 777 |  |  |  | 500 |
Other noninterest expense |  |  | 3,001 |  |  |  | 3,022 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  | 29,083 |  |  |  | 28,681 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 18,880 |  |  |  | 18,274 |
Income taxes |  |  | 3,941 |  |  |  | 2,460 |
Net income |  |  | 14,939 |  |  |  | 15,814 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | 6,124 |  |  |  | (5,498 | )
Less: Reclassification adjustments for realized gains included in net income |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 149 |
Tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | (1,186 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | 4,837 |  |  |  | (4,461 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 19,776 |  |  | $ | 11,353 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic |  |  | 17,712 |  |  |  | 17,671 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted |  |  | 17,723 |  |  |  | 17,687 |

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
Quarterly

(in thousands except per share and share amounts) |  | Common Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital Surplus |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  |  | 17,692,912 |  |  | $ | 88,465 |  |  | $ | 221,472 |  |  | $ | 224,268 |  |  | $ | (3,506 | ) |  | $ | 530,699 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,814 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,814 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax of $(1,186) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,461 | ) |  |  | (4,461 | )
Cash dividends declared ($0.33 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,836 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,836 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 29,087 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 451 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 596 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | (12,582 | ) |  |  | (63 | ) |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | 11,435 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Forfeiture of restricted stock |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 224 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 224 |
Implementation of ASU 2014-09 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 453 |
Implementation of ASU 2016-01 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (507 | ) |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 0 |
Balance, March 31, 2018 |  |  | 17,720,737 |  |  | $ | 88,603 |  |  | $ | 222,154 |  |  | $ | 234,192 |  |  | $ | (7,460 | ) |  | $ | 537,489 |
Balance, December 31, 2018 |  |  | 17,732,853 |  |  | $ | 88,665 |  |  | $ | 223,161 |  |  | $ | 258,935 |  |  | $ | (6,611 | ) |  | $ | 564,150 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,939 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,939 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax of $1,286 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,837 |  |  |  | 4,837 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.36 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,378 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,378 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 19,065 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 258 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | (12,186 | ) |  |  | (61 | ) |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | 27,921 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Forfeiture of restricted stock |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 181 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 181 |
Implementation of ASU 2016-02 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (480 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (480 | )
Balance, March 31, 2019 |  |  | 17,767,594 |  |  | $ | 88,839 |  |  | $ | 223,426 |  |  | $ | 267,016 |  |  | $ | (1,774 | ) |  | $ | 577,507 |

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31 |
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 14,939 |  |  | $ | 15,814 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,427 |  |  |  | 965 |
Deferred taxes |  |  | 2,008 |  |  |  | 163 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 236 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 946 |
Write-downs of other real estate owned and other repossessed assets |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | 467 |
Gains on sale of mortgage loans held for sale |  |  | (330 | ) |  |  | (279 | )
Securities (gains) losses |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 288 |
Change in fair market value of equity securities |  |  | (355 | ) |  |  | 0 |
Gains on sale of assets, net |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | (68 | )
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans held for sale |  |  | 14,927 |  |  |  | 12,811 |
Funding of mortgage loans held for sale |  |  | (25,785 | ) |  |  | (12,644 | )
Amortization of securities premiums and discounts, net |  |  | 1,112 |  |  |  | 1,132 |
Change in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance |  |  | (357 | ) |  |  | (1,580 | )
Mortgage servicing rights: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustments |  |  | (116 | ) |  |  | (122 | )
New servicing assets created |  |  | 333 |  |  |  | (100 | )
Changes in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  | 7,082 |  |  |  | (28,246 | )
Other liabilities |  |  | (3,622 | ) |  |  | (2,380 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 12,090 |  |  |  | (12,597 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit in other banks: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity of certificates of deposit |  |  | 2,450 |  |  |  | 1,715 |
Securities available-for-sale (AFS): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of AFS securities |  |  | (59,583 | ) |  |  | (113,781 | )
Proceeds from the sales of AFS securities |  |  | 12,550 |  |  |  | 50,327 |
Proceeds from prepayments and maturities of AFS securities |  |  | 46,491 |  |  |  | 37,258 |
Securities held-to-maturity (HTM): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities of HTM securities |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 0 |
Change in loans, net |  |  | 18,755 |  |  |  | 1,945 |
Purchase of premises and equipment |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | (507 | )
Proceeds from sale and retirement of premises and equipment |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 19 |
Redemption of stock by Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 2,452 |  |  |  | 0 |
Proceeds from sale of other real estate and repossessed assets |  |  | 964 |  |  |  | 457 |
Proceeds from settlement of bank owned life insurance |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,038 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 23,883 |  |  |  | (19,529 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in deposits, net |  |  | 77,153 |  |  |  | 55,807 |
Change in repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased, net |  |  | 5,414 |  |  |  | 774 |
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
Payments on advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | (30,005 | ) |  |  | (23 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | 596 |
Dividends paid |  |  | (6,383 | ) |  |  | (5,834 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 76,437 |  |  |  | 51,320 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 112,410 |  |  |  | 19,194 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 141,450 |  |  |  | 175,274 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 253,860 |  |  |  | 194,468 |

Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 8,830 |  |  | $ | 5,290 |
Non-cash activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans to facilitate the sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets |  |  | 1,797 |  |  |  | 432 |
Common stock dividends accrued, paid in subsequent quarter |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | 207 |
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans |  |  | 854 |  |  |  | 1,284 |

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (which consist of normal recurring adjustments) necessary, to present fairly the condensed consolidated financial position as of March 31, 2019 and the results of operations and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information, these statements do not include certain information and footnote disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for complete annual financial statements. The results of operations and the cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. (“CTBI”) for that period. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2018, included in our annual report on Form 10-K.
Principles of Consolidation – The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CTBI and its separate and distinct, wholly owned subsidiaries Community Trust Bank, Inc. (“CTB”) and Community Trust and Investment Company (“CTIC”). All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Reclassifications – Certain reclassifications considered to be immaterial have been made in the prior year condensed consolidated financial statements to conform to current year classifications. These reclassifications had no effect on net income.
New Accounting Standards –
Ø Leases – In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 establishes a right-of-use model that requires a lessee to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. For lessors, the guidance modifies the classification criteria and the accounting for sales-type and direct financing leases. A lease will be treated as a sale if it transfers all of the risks and rewards, as well as control of the underlying asset, to the lessee. If risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control, the lease is treated as a financing. If the lessor does not convey risks and rewards or control, an operating lease results. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years for public business entities. Entities are required to use a modified retrospective approach for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements. This ASU is intended to reduce costs and ease implementation of the leases standard for financial statement preparers. ASU 2018-11 provides a new transition method and a practical expedient for separating components of a contract.
Transition: Comparative Reporting at Adoption
The amendments in ASU 2018-11 provide entities with an additional (and optional) transition method to adopt the new leases standard. Under this new transition method, an entity initially applies the new leases standard at the adoption date and recognizes a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption consistent with preparers’ requests. Consequently, an entity’s reporting for the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in which it adopts the new leases standard will continue to be in accordance with current GAAP in Topic 840, Leases. An entity that elects this additional (and optional) transition method must provide the required Topic 840 disclosures for all periods that continue to be in accordance with Topic 840. The amendments do not change the existing disclosure requirements in Topic 840 (for example, they do not create interim disclosure requirements that entities previously were not required to provide).
Separating Components of a Contract
The amendments in ASU 2018-11 provide lessors with a practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to not separate non-lease components from the associated lease component and, instead, to account for those components as a single component if the non-lease components otherwise would be accounted for under the new revenue guidance (Topic 606) and both of the following are met:

· | The timing and pattern of transfer of the non-lease component(s) and associated lease component are the same.

· | The lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease.

An entity electing this practical expedient (including an entity that accounts for the combined component entirely in Topic 606) is required to disclose certain information, by class of underlying asset, as specified in the ASU.
We elected the optional transition method of the modified retrospective approach provided in ASU 2018-11 which was applied on January 1, 2019. CTBI also elected certain relief options offered in ASU 2016-02, including the package of practical expedients, the option not to separate lease and non-lease components, and instead to account for them as a single lease component for all classes of assets, the hindsight practical expedient to allow entities to use hindsight when determining lease term and impairment of right-of-use assets, and the option not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term leases (i.e., leases with terms of twelve months or less). Refer to note 6, Leases, below for further information regarding the impact of adoption.
Ø Accounting for Credit Losses – In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The provisions of ASU 2016-13 were issued to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments that are not accounted for at fair value through net income, including loans held for investment, held-to-maturity debt securities, trade and other receivables, net investment in leases and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. This ASU requires that financial assets measured at amortized cost be presented at the net amount expected to be collected, through an allowance for credit losses that is deducted from the amortized cost basis. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 eliminate the probable incurred loss recognition in current GAAP and reflect an entity’s current estimate of all expected credit losses. The measurement of expected credit losses is based upon historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the financial assets.
For purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination (“PCD assets”) that are measured at amortized cost, the initial allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price rather than being reported as a credit loss expense. Subsequent changes in the allowance for credit losses on PCD assets are recognized through the statement of income as a credit loss expense.
Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities will be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a direct write-down to the security.
ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. CTBI has an implementation team working through the provisions of ASU 2016-13 including assessing the impact on its accounting and disclosures. The team has established the historical data that will be available and has identified the potential loan segments to be analyzed. The team is in the process of determining the portfolio methodologies to be utilized and plans to begin running parallel with its current model in the third quarter of 2019.
Ø Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment – In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) – Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. These amendments eliminate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The amendments also eliminate the requirements from any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods with those fiscal years. ASU 2017-04 should be implemented on a prospective basis. Management does not expect ASU 2017-04 to have an impact on CTBI’s consolidated financial statements.
Ø Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement – In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)—Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. ASU No. 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820 as follows:
Removals
The following disclosure requirements were removed from Topic 820:

· | The amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy

· | The policy for timing of transfers between levels

· | The valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements

Modifications
The following disclosure requirements were modified in Topic 820:

· | For investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and

· | The amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date.

Additions
The following disclosure requirements were added to Topic 820:

· | The changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and

· | The range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For certain unobservable inputs, an entity may disclose other quantitative information (such as the median or arithmetic average) in lieu of the weighted average if the entity determines that other quantitative information would be a more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements.

In addition, the amendments eliminate “at a minimum” from the phrase “an entity shall disclose at a minimum” to promote the appropriate exercise of discretion by entities when considering fair value measurement disclosures and to clarify that materiality is an appropriate consideration of entities and their auditors when evaluating disclosure requirements.
CTBI plans to adopt ASU 2018-13 effective January 1, 2020 with minimal changes to our current reporting.
Ø Accounting for Costs of Implementing a Cloud Computing Service Agreement– In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which reduces complexity for the accounting for costs of implementing a cloud computing service arrangement. This standard aligns the accounting for implementation costs of hosting arrangements, regardless of whether they convey a license to the hosted software.
The ASU aligns the following requirements for capitalizing implementation costs:

· | Those incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract, and

· | Those incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license).

This ASU will be effective beginning January 1, 2020. We do not anticipate a significant impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the appropriate application of certain accounting policies, many of which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events and their impact on amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Since future events and their impact cannot be determined with certainty, the actual results will inevitably differ from our estimates. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.
We believe the application of accounting policies and the estimates required therein are reasonable. These accounting policies and estimates are constantly reevaluated, and adjustments are made when facts and circumstances dictate a change. Historically, we have found our application of accounting policies to be appropriate, and actual results have not differed materially from those determined using necessary estimates.
We have identified the following critical accounting policies:
Investments – Management determines the classification of securities at purchase. We classify debt securities into held-to-maturity, trading, or available-for-sale categories. Held-to-maturity securities are those which we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments – Debt Securities, investments in debt securities that are not classified as held-to-maturity shall be classified in one of the following categories and measured at fair value in the statement of financial position:
a. Trading securities. Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term (thus held for only a short period of time) shall be classified as trading securities. Trading generally reflects active and frequent buying and selling, and trading securities are generally used with the objective of generating profits on short-term differences in price.
b. Available-for-sale securities. Investments not classified as trading securities (nor as held-to-maturity securities) shall be classified as available-for-sale securities.
We do not have any securities that are classified as trading securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of tax. If declines in fair value are other than temporary, the carrying value of the securities is written down to fair value as a realized loss with a charge to income for the portion attributable to credit losses and a charge to other comprehensive income for the portion that is not credit related.
Gains or losses on disposition of debt securities are computed by specific identification for those securities. Interest and dividend income, adjusted by amortization of purchase premium or discount, is included in earnings.
When the fair value of a security is below its amortized cost, and depending on the length of time the condition exists and the extent the fair market value is below amortized cost, additional analysis is performed to determine whether an other than temporary impairment condition exists. Available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities are analyzed quarterly for possible other than temporary impairment. The analysis considers (i) whether we have the intent to sell our securities prior to recovery and/or maturity and (ii) whether it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell our securities prior to recovery and/or maturity. Often, the information available to conduct these assessments is limited and rapidly changing, making estimates of fair value subject to judgment. If actual information or conditions are different than estimated, the extent of the impairment of the security may be different than previously estimated, which could have a material effect on CTBI’s results of operations and financial condition.
Subsequent to the January 1, 2018 effective date of ASU 2016-01, ASC 320 applies only to debt securities and ASC 321, Investments – Equity Securities, applies to equity securities. ASC 321 requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method and those that result in the consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair values recognized in net income.
Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are required to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized through net income. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are carried at cost, less any impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for identical or similar investments. An election can be made, as permitted by ASC 321-10-35-2, to subsequently measure an equity security without a readily determinable fair value, at fair value. Equity securities held by CTBI include securities without readily determinable fair values. CTBI has elected to account for these securities at fair value. The fair value of these securities was determined by a third party service provider using Level 3 inputs as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, and changes in fair value are recognized in income.
Loans – Loans with the ability and the intent to be held until maturity and/or payoff are reported at the carrying value of unpaid principal reduced by unearned interest, an allowance for loan and lease losses, and unamortized deferred fees or costs. Income is recorded on the level yield basis. Interest accrual is discontinued when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, collateral value, and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful. Any loan greater than 90 days past due must be well secured and in the process of collection to continue accruing interest. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans generally are applied against principal, and interest income is only recorded once principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are not reclassified as accruing until principal and interest payments remain current for a period of time, generally six months, and future payments appear reasonably certain. Included in certain loan categories of impaired loans are troubled debt restructurings that were classified as impaired. A restructuring of a debt constitutes a troubled debt restructuring if the creditor for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider.
Loan origination and commitment fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and the net amount amortized over the estimated life of the related loans, leases, or commitments as a yield adjustment.
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses – We maintain an allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) at a level that is appropriate to cover estimated credit losses on individually evaluated loans determined to be impaired, as well as estimated credit losses inherent in the remainder of the loan and lease portfolio. Credit losses are charged and recoveries are credited to the ALLL.
We utilize an internal risk grading system for commercial credits. Those larger commercial credits that exhibit probable or observed credit weaknesses are subject to individual review. The borrower’s cash flow, adequacy of collateral coverage, and other options available to CTBI, including legal remedies, are evaluated. The review of individual loans includes those loans that are impaired as defined by ASC 310-10-35, Impairment of a Loan. We evaluate the collectability of both principal and interest when assessing the need for loss provision. Historical loss rates are analyzed and applied to other commercial loans not subject to specific allocations. The ALLL allocation for this pool of commercial loans is established based on the historical average, maximum, minimum, and median loss ratios.
A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that CTBI will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial and construction loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.
Homogenous loans, such as consumer installment, residential mortgages, and home equity lines are not individually risk graded. The associated ALLL for these loans is measured under ASC 450, Contingencies.
When any secured commercial loan is considered uncollectable, whether past due or not, a current assessment of the value of the underlying collateral is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the collateral, the loan is placed on nonaccrual and the loan is charged down to the value of the collateral less estimated cost to sell or a specific reserve equal to the difference between book value of the loan and the fair value assigned to the collateral is created until such time as the loan is foreclosed. When the foreclosed collateral has been legally assigned to CTBI, the estimated fair value of the collateral less costs to sell is then transferred to other real estate owned or other repossessed assets, and a charge-off is taken for any remaining balance. When any unsecured commercial loan is considered uncollectable the loan is charged off no later than at 90 days past due.
All closed-end consumer loans (excluding conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate) are charged off no later than 120 days (5 monthly payments) delinquent. If a loan is considered uncollectable, it is charged off earlier than 120 days delinquent. For conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate, when a loan is 90 days past due, a current assessment of the value of the real estate is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the property, the loan is placed on nonaccrual. Foreclosure proceedings are normally initiated after 120 days. When the foreclosed property has been legally assigned to CTBI, the fair value less estimated costs to sell is transferred to other real estate owned and the remaining balance is taken as a charge-off.
Historical loss rates for loans are adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, reflect the impact of any current conditions on loss recognition. We use twelve rolling quarters for our historical loss rate analysis. Factors that we consider include delinquency trends, current economic conditions and trends, strength of supervision and administration of the loan portfolio, levels of underperforming loans, level of recoveries to prior year’s charge-offs, trends in loan losses, industry concentrations and their relative strengths, amount of unsecured loans, and underwriting exceptions. Management continually reevaluates the other subjective factors included in its ALLL analysis.
Other Real Estate Owned – When foreclosed properties are acquired, appraisals are obtained and the properties are booked at the current fair market value less expected sales costs. Additionally, periodic updated appraisals are obtained on unsold foreclosed properties. When an updated appraisal reflects a fair market value below the current book value, a charge is booked to current earnings to reduce the property to its new fair market value less expected sales costs. Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. All revenues and expenses related to the carrying of other real estate owned are recognized through the income statement.
Income Taxes – Income tax expense is based on the taxes due on the consolidated tax return plus deferred taxes based on the expected future tax benefits and consequences of temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates. Any interest and penalties incurred in connection with income taxes are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, CTBI has not recognized a significant amount of interest expense or penalties in connection with income taxes.
In March 2019, Kentucky enacted legislation requiring financial institutions to transition from a bank franchise tax to the Kentucky corporate income tax beginning in 2021. As a result, we booked a one-time charge of $1.0 million, or $0.06 per basic share, to income tax expense to recognize our Kentucky deferred tax liability at March 31, 2019. While this liability will be adjusted periodically, we do not anticipate any further adjustments to have a significant impact to income.
Note 2 – Stock-Based Compensation
CTBI’s compensation expense related to stock option grants was $10 thousand and $53 thousand, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Restricted stock expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $190 thousand and $183 thousand, respectively, including $19 thousand and $12 thousand in dividends paid for each period. As of March 31, 2019, there was a total of $27 thousand of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock option awards that will be recognized as expense as the awards vest over a weighted average period of 0.7 years and a total of $2.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock grants that will be recognized as expense as the awards vest over a weighted average period of 3.1 years.
There were no stock options granted in the first three months of 2019 and 2018. There were 27,921 and 11,320 shares of restricted stock granted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The restricted stock was issued pursuant to the terms of CTBI’s 2015 Stock Ownership Incentive Plan. The restrictions on the restricted stock will lapse ratably over four years. However, in the event of certain participant employee termination events occurring within 24 months of a change in control of CTBI or the death of the participant, the restrictions will lapse, and in the event of the participant’s disability, the restrictions will lapse on a pro rata basis. The Compensation Committee will have discretion to review and revise restrictions applicable to a participant’s restricted stock in the event of the participant’s retirement.
Note 3 – Securities
Securities are classified into held-to-maturity and available-for-sale categories. Held-to-maturity (HTM) securities are those that CTBI has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. Available-for-sale (AFS) securities are those that CTBI may decide to sell if needed for liquidity, asset-liability management or other reasons. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included as a separate component of equity, net of tax.
The amortized cost and fair value of securities at March 31, 2019 are summarized as follows:
Available-for-Sale

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 178,233 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | (951 | ) |  | $ | 177,477 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 123,147 |  |  |  | 1,524 |  |  |  | (942 | ) |  |  | 123,729 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 299,658 |  |  |  | 2,036 |  |  |  | (4,103 | ) |  |  | 297,591 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 502 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 601,544 |  |  | $ | 3,755 |  |  | $ | (6,000 | ) |  | $ | 599,299 |

Held-to-Maturity

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
State and political subdivisions |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 619 |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 619 |

The amortized cost and fair value of securities at December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows:
Available-for-Sale

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 219,358 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | (1,468 | ) |  | $ | 217,938 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 126,280 |  |  |  | 633 |  |  |  | (2,425 | ) |  |  | 124,488 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 255,969 |  |  |  | 397 |  |  |  | (5,547 | ) |  |  | 250,819 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 501 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 602,114 |  |  | $ | 1,078 |  |  | $ | (9,446 | ) |  | $ | 593,746 |

Held-to-Maturity

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
State and political subdivisions |  | $ | 649 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 649 |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 649 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 649 |

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at March 31, 2019 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

|  | Available-for-Sale |  |  | Held-to-Maturity |
(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 29,546 |  |  | $ | 29,499 |  |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 619 |
Due after one through five years |  |  | 93,079 |  |  |  | 93,111 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Due after five through ten years |  |  | 80,646 |  |  |  | 80,248 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 98,109 |  |  |  | 98,348 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 299,658 |  |  |  | 297,591 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 601,544 |  |  | $ | 599,299 |  |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 619 |

As of March 31, 2019, there was a net securities gain of $356 thousand. There was a pre-tax gain of $1 thousand realized on sales of AFS securities, and an unrealized gain of $355 thousand from the fair market value adjustment of equity securities. As of March 31, 2018, there was a net securities loss of $288 thousand. There was a net gain of $148 thousand realized on sales and calls of AFS securities, consisting of a pre-tax gain of $281 thousand and a pre-tax loss of $133 thousand. This net securities loss included a loss of $436 thousand from the sale of CTBI’s CRA investment funds.
Equity Securities at Fair Value
In 2008, Visa distributed 9,918 shares of Visa Class B restricted stock to CTBI which, upon resolution of certain pending legal matters, will become unrestricted and convertible into Visa Class A shares. Following this distribution, significant concern existed about the ultimate realizable value of these shares, and because CTBI did not have a basis in the stock, the shares were previously not recorded as an asset on CTBI’s balance sheet. In recent years, the concern over the realizable value has stabilized, and in late 2017 and 2018, several sales of Visa Class B shares have occurred. While not traded in observable markets, these sales were reported by several financial institutions in various SEC 8-K and 10-K filings. In 2018, FASB issued a technical correction to its guidance regarding equity securities, ASC 321-10-35-2, allowing an entity to subsequently elect to record an equity security without a readily determinable fair value. In 2018, CTBI made the election permitted by ASC 321-10-35-2 to record its Visa Class B shares at fair value. On December 31, 2018, CTBI recorded a $1.2 million gain on the recognition of the fair value of 9,918 Visa Class B shares held in its portfolio. Equity securities at fair value as of March 31, 2019 were $1.5 million, as a result of a fair market value increase in the first quarter 2019.
The amortized cost of securities pledged as collateral, to secure public deposits and for other purposes, was $234.8 million at March 31, 2019 and $258.8 million at December 31, 2018.
The amortized cost of securities sold under agreements to repurchase amounted to $278.0 million at March 31, 2019 and $289.1 million at December 31, 2018.
CTBI evaluates its investment portfolio on a quarterly basis for impairment. The analysis performed as of March 31, 2019 indicates that all impairment is considered temporary, market and interest rate driven, and not credit-related. The percentage of total debt securities with unrealized losses as of March 31, 2019 was 55.9% compared to 75.7% as of December 31, 2018. The following tables provide the amortized cost, gross unrealized losses, and fair market value, aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2019 that are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. There were no held-to-maturity securities that were deemed to be impaired as of March 31, 2019.
Available-for-Sale

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Less Than 12 Months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 22,910 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | 22,902 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 935 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 932 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 502 |
Total <12 months temporarily impaired AFS securities |  |  | 24,351 |  |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 24,336 |
12 Months or More |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  |  | 120,811 |  |  |  | (943 | ) |  |  | 119,868 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 39,558 |  |  |  | (942 | ) |  |  | 38,616 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 156,877 |  |  |  | (4,100 | ) |  |  | 152,777 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total ≥12 months temporarily impaired AFS securities |  |  | 317,246 |  |  |  | (5,985 | ) |  |  | 311,261 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  |  | 143,721 |  |  |  | (951 | ) |  |  | 142,770 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 39,558 |  |  |  | (942 | ) |  |  | 38,616 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 157,812 |  |  |  | (4,103 | ) |  |  | 153,709 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 502 |
Total temporarily impaired AFS securities |  | $ | 341,597 |  |  | $ | (6,000 | ) |  | $ | 335,597 |

The analysis performed as of December 31, 2018 indicated that all impairment was considered temporary, market and interest rate driven, and not credit-related. The following tables provide the amortized cost, gross unrealized losses, and fair market value, aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2018 that are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. There were no held-to-maturity securities that were deemed to be impaired as of December 31, 2018.
Available-for-Sale

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Less Than 12 Months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 78,905 |  |  | $ | (271 | ) |  | $ | 78,634 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 21,707 |  |  |  | (194 | ) |  |  | 21,513 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 61,940 |  |  |  | (377 | ) |  |  | 61,563 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 501 |
Total <12 months temporarily impaired AFS securities |  |  | 163,059 |  |  |  | (848 | ) |  |  | 162,211 |
12 Months or More |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  |  | 97,955 |  |  |  | (1,197 | ) |  |  | 96,758 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 51,911 |  |  |  | (2,231 | ) |  |  | 49,680 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 147,658 |  |  |  | (5,170 | ) |  |  | 142,488 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total ≥12 months temporarily impaired AFS securities |  |  | 297,524 |  |  |  | (8,598 | ) |  |  | 288,926 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  |  | 176,860 |  |  |  | (1,468 | ) |  |  | 175,392 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 73,618 |  |  |  | (2,425 | ) |  |  | 71,193 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 209,598 |  |  |  | (5,547 | ) |  |  | 204,051 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 501 |
Total temporarily impaired AFS securities |  | $ | 460,583 |  |  | $ | (9,446 | ) |  | $ | 451,137 |

U.S. Treasury and Government Agencies
The unrealized losses in U.S. Treasury and government agencies were caused by interest rate increases. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than par which will equal amortized cost at maturity. CTBI does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2019, because CTBI does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost, which may be maturity.
State and Political Subdivisions
The unrealized losses in securities of state and political subdivisions were caused by interest rate increases. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than par which will equal amortized cost at maturity. CTBI does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2019, because CTBI does not intend to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost, which may be maturity.
U.S. Government Sponsored Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities
The unrealized losses in U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities were caused by interest rate increases. CTBI expects to recover the amortized cost basis over the term of the securities. CTBI does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2019, because (i) the decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, (ii) CTBI does not intend to sell the investments, and (iii) it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost, which may be maturity.
Other Debt Securities
The unrealized losses in other debt securities were caused by interest rate increases. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than par which will equal amortized cost at maturity. CTBI does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2019, because CTBI does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost, which may be maturity.
Note 4 – Loans
Major classifications of loans, net of unearned income, deferred loan origination costs, and net premiums on acquired loans, are summarized as follows:

(in thousands) |  | March 31 2019 |  |  | December 31 2018 |
Commercial construction |  | $ | 75,364 |  |  | $ | 82,715 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 1,182,804 |  |  |  | 1,183,093 |
Equipment lease financing |  |  | 1,354 |  |  |  | 1,740 |
Commercial other |  |  | 388,060 |  |  |  | 377,198 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 54,013 |  |  |  | 57,160 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 720,292 |  |  |  | 722,417 |
Home equity |  |  | 108,018 |  |  |  | 106,299 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 141,855 |  |  |  | 144,289 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 517,972 |  |  |  | 533,727 |
Total loans |  | $ | 3,189,732 |  |  | $ | 3,208,638 |

CTBI has segregated and evaluates its loan portfolio through nine portfolio segments. CTBI serves customers in small and mid-sized communities in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee. Therefore, CTBI’s exposure to credit risk is significantly affected by changes in these communities.
Commercial construction loans are for the purpose of erecting or rehabilitating buildings or other structures for commercial purposes, including any infrastructure necessary for development. Included in this category are improved property, land development, and tract development loans. The terms of these loans are generally short-term with permanent financing upon completion.
Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by nonfarm, nonresidential properties, 1-4 family/multi-family properties, farmland, and other commercial real estate. These loans are originated based on the borrower’s ability to service the debt and secondarily based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.
Equipment lease financing loans are fixed or variable leases for commercial purposes.
Commercial other loans consist of commercial check loans, agricultural loans, receivable financing, floorplans, loans to financial institutions, loans for purchasing or carrying securities, and other commercial purpose loans. Commercial loans are underwritten based on the borrower’s ability to service debt from the business’s underlying cash flows. As a general practice, we obtain collateral such as real estate, equipment, or other assets, although such loans may be uncollateralized but guaranteed.
Real estate construction loans are typically for owner-occupied properties. The terms of these loans are generally short-term with permanent financing upon completion.
Residential real estate loans are a mixture of fixed rate and adjustable rate first and second lien residential mortgage loans. As a policy, CTBI holds adjustable rate loans and sells the majority of its fixed rate first lien mortgage loans into the secondary market. Changes in interest rates or market conditions may impact a borrower’s ability to meet contractual principal and interest payments. Residential real estate loans are secured by real property.
Home equity lines are revolving adjustable rate credit lines secured by real property.
Consumer direct loans are a mixture of fixed rate and adjustable rate products comprised of unsecured loans, consumer revolving credit lines, deposit secured loans, and all other consumer purpose loans.
Consumer indirect loans are fixed rate loans secured by automobiles, trucks, vans, and recreational vehicles originated at the selling dealership underwritten and purchased by CTBI’s indirect lending department. Both new and used products are financed. Only dealers who have executed dealer agreements with CTBI participate in the indirect lending program.
Not included in the loan balances above were loans held for sale in the amount of $13.6 million at March 31, 2019 and $2.5 million at December 31, 2018.
Refer to note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our nonaccrual policy. Nonaccrual loans segregated by class of loans were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | March 31 2019 |  |  | December 31 2018 |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 639 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 4,967 |  |  |  | 4,537 |
Commercial other |  |  | 1,402 |  |  |  | 797 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate construction |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 22 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 4,691 |  |  |  | 5,395 |
Home equity |  |  | 483 |  |  |  | 477 |
Total nonaccrual loans |  | $ | 12,378 |  |  | $ | 11,867 |

The following tables present CTBI’s loan portfolio aging analysis, segregated by class, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

|  | March 31, 2019 |
(in thousands) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90+ Days Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Current |  |  | Total Loans |  |  | 90+ and Accruing* |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  | $ | 449 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | 1,067 |  |  | $ | 74,297 |  |  | $ | 75,364 |  |  | $ | 72 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 7,829 |  |  |  | 1,460 |  |  |  | 12,335 |  |  |  | 21,624 |  |  |  | 1,161,180 |  |  |  | 1,182,804 |  |  |  | 7,794 |
Equipment lease financing |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,354 |  |  |  | 1,354 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial other |  |  | 1,005 |  |  |  | 772 |  |  |  | 726 |  |  |  | 2,503 |  |  |  | 385,557 |  |  |  | 388,060 |  |  |  | 261 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate construction |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 702 |  |  |  | 53,311 |  |  |  | 54,013 |  |  |  | 6 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 1,145 |  |  |  | 4,836 |  |  |  | 6,854 |  |  |  | 12,835 |  |  |  | 707,457 |  |  |  | 720,292 |  |  |  | 4,203 |
Home equity |  |  | 818 |  |  |  | 277 |  |  |  | 499 |  |  |  | 1,594 |  |  |  | 106,424 |  |  |  | 108,018 |  |  |  | 260 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer direct |  |  | 735 |  |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | 140,875 |  |  |  | 141,855 |  |  |  | 30 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 2,854 |  |  |  | 611 |  |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | 3,855 |  |  |  | 514,117 |  |  |  | 517,972 |  |  |  | 390 |
Total |  | $ | 15,093 |  |  | $ | 8,320 |  |  | $ | 21,747 |  |  | $ | 45,160 |  |  | $ | 3,144,572 |  |  | $ | 3,189,732 |  |  | $ | 13,016 |

|  | December 31, 2018 |
(in thousands) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90+ Days Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Current |  |  | Total Loans |  |  | 90+ and Accruing* |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 698 |  |  | $ | 843 |  |  | $ | 81,872 |  |  | $ | 82,715 |  |  | $ | 58 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 6,287 |  |  |  | 1,204 |  |  |  | 8,776 |  |  |  | 16,267 |  |  |  | 1,166,826 |  |  |  | 1,183,093 |  |  |  | 4,632 |
Equipment lease financing |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,740 |  |  |  | 1,740 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial other |  |  | 1,057 |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 1,067 |  |  |  | 2,218 |  |  |  | 374,980 |  |  |  | 377,198 |  |  |  | 581 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate construction |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 610 |  |  |  | 56,550 |  |  |  | 57,160 |  |  |  | 6 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 1,272 |  |  |  | 5,645 |  |  |  | 7,607 |  |  |  | 14,524 |  |  |  | 707,893 |  |  |  | 722,417 |  |  |  | 4,095 |
Home equity |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 365 |  |  |  | 441 |  |  |  | 1,704 |  |  |  | 104,595 |  |  |  | 106,299 |  |  |  | 246 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer direct |  |  | 918 |  |  |  | 191 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 1,183 |  |  |  | 143,106 |  |  |  | 144,289 |  |  |  | 74 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 4,715 |  |  |  | 975 |  |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 6,197 |  |  |  | 527,530 |  |  |  | 533,727 |  |  |  | 506 |
Total |  | $ | 15,378 |  |  | $ | 8,970 |  |  | $ | 19,198 |  |  | $ | 43,546 |  |  | $ | 3,165,092 |  |  | $ | 3,208,638 |  |  | $ | 10,198 |

*90+ and Accruing are also included in 90+ Days Past Due column.
The risk characteristics of CTBI’s material portfolio segments are as follows:
Commercial construction loans generally are made to customers for the purpose of building income-producing properties. Personal guarantees of the principals are generally required. Such loans are made on a projected cash flow basis and are secured by the project being constructed. Construction loan draw procedures are included in each specific loan agreement, including required documentation items and inspection requirements. Construction loans may convert to term loans at the end of the construction period, or may be repaid by the take-out commitment from another financing source. If the loan is to convert to a term loan, the repayment ability is based on the borrower’s projected cash flow. Risk is mitigated during the construction phase by requiring proper documentation and inspections whenever a draw is requested. Loans in amounts greater than $500,000 generally require a performance bond to be posted by the general contractor to assure completion of the project.
Commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral and risk grade criteria.
Equipment lease financing is underwritten by our commercial lenders using the same underwriting standards as would be applied to a secured commercial loan requesting 100% financing. The pricing for equipment lease financing is comparable to that of borrowers with similar quality commercial credits with similar collateral. Maximum terms of equipment leasing are determined by the type and expected life of the equipment to be leased. Residual values are determined by appraisals or opinion letters from industry experts. Leases must be in conformity with our consolidated annual tax plan. As we underwrite our equipment lease financing in a manner similar to our commercial loan portfolio described below, the risk characteristics for this portfolio mirror that of the commercial loan portfolio.
Commercial loans are primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers.
With respect to residential loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner occupied, CTBI generally establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. Home equity loans are typically secured by a subordinate interest in 1-4 family residences. Residential construction loans are handled through the home mortgage area of the bank. The repayment ability of the borrower and the maximum loan-to-value ratio are calculated using the normal mortgage lending criteria. Draws are processed based on percentage of completion stages including normal inspection procedures. Such loans generally convert to term loans after the completion of construction.
Consumer loans are secured by consumer assets such as automobiles or recreational vehicles. Some consumer loans are unsecured such as small installment loans and certain lines of credit. Our determination of a borrower’s ability to repay these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in property values on residential properties. Risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers.
The indirect lending area of the bank generally deals with purchasing/funding consumer contracts with new and used automobile dealers. The dealers generate consumer loan applications which are forwarded to the indirect loan processing area for approval or denial. Loan approvals or denials are based on the creditworthiness and repayment ability of the borrower, and on the collateral value. The dealers may have limited recourse agreements with CTB.
Credit Quality Indicators:
CTBI categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. CTBI also considers the fair value of the underlying collateral and the strength and willingness of the guarantor(s). CTBI analyzes commercial loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. Loans classified as loss, doubtful, substandard, or special mention are reviewed quarterly by CTBI for further deterioration or improvement to determine if appropriately classified and valued if deemed impaired. All other commercial loan reviews are completed every 12 to 18 months. In addition, during the renewal process of any loan, as well as if a loan becomes past due or if other information becomes available, CTBI will evaluate the loan grade. CTBI uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Ø | Pass grades include investment grade, low risk, moderate risk, and acceptable risk loans. The loans range from loans that have no chance of resulting in a loss to loans that have a limited chance of resulting in a loss. Customers in this grade have excellent to fair credit ratings. The cash flows are adequate to meet required debt repayments.

Ø | Watch graded loans are loans that warrant extra management attention but are not currently criticized. Loans on the watch list may be potential troubled credits or may warrant “watch” status for a reason not directly related to the asset quality of the credit. The watch grade is a management tool to identify credits which may be candidates for future classification or may temporarily warrant extra management monitoring.

Ø | Other assets especially mentioned (OAEM) reflects loans that are currently protected but are potentially weak. These loans constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk but not to the point of justifying a classification of substandard. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an unwarranted risk in light of circumstances surrounding a specific asset. Loans in this grade display potential weaknesses which may, if unchecked or uncorrected, inadequately protect CTBI’s credit position at some future date. The loans may be adversely affected by economic or market conditions.

Ø | Substandard grading indicates that the loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. These loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly liquidation of the debt with the distinct possibility that CTBI will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Ø | Doubtful graded loans have the weaknesses inherent in the substandard grading with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The probability of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors which may work to CTBI’s advantage or strengthen the asset(s), its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans.

The following tables present the credit risk profile of CTBI’s commercial loan portfolio based on rating category and payment activity, segregated by class of loans, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

(in thousands) |  | Commercial Construction |  |  | Commercial Secured by Real Estate |  |  | Equipment Leases |  |  | Commercial Other |  |  | Total |
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 67,224 |  |  | $ | 1,031,325 |  |  | $ | 1,354 |  |  | $ | 338,695 |  |  | $ | 1,438,598 |
Watch |  |  | 2,932 |  |  |  | 75,404 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 27,317 |  |  |  | 105,653 |
OAEM |  |  | 1,823 |  |  |  | 18,501 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 5,811 |  |  |  | 26,135 |
Substandard |  |  | 3,385 |  |  |  | 57,485 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 16,166 |  |  |  | 77,036 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 160 |
Total |  | $ | 75,364 |  |  | $ | 1,182,804 |  |  | $ | 1,354 |  |  | $ | 388,060 |  |  | $ | 1,647,582 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 74,222 |  |  | $ | 1,038,309 |  |  | $ | 1,740 |  |  | $ | 327,431 |  |  | $ | 1,441,702 |
Watch |  |  | 3,070 |  |  |  | 71,834 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 28,986 |  |  |  | 103,890 |
OAEM |  |  | 1,594 |  |  |  | 19,734 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 5,735 |  |  |  | 27,063 |
Substandard |  |  | 3,829 |  |  |  | 53,125 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 14,970 |  |  |  | 71,924 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 167 |
Total |  | $ | 82,715 |  |  | $ | 1,183,093 |  |  | $ | 1,740 |  |  | $ | 377,198 |  |  | $ | 1,644,746 |

The following tables present the credit risk profile of CTBI’s residential real estate and consumer loan portfolios based on performing or nonperforming status, segregated by class, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

(in thousands) |  | Real Estate Construction |  |  | Real Estate Mortgage |  |  | Home Equity |  |  | Consumer Direct |  |  | Consumer Indirect |  |  | Total |
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 53,718 |  |  | $ | 711,398 |  |  | $ | 107,275 |  |  | $ | 141,825 |  |  | $ | 517,582 |  |  | $ | 1,531,798 |
Nonperforming (1) |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 8,894 |  |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | 10,352 |
Total |  | $ | 54,013 |  |  | $ | 720,292 |  |  | $ | 108,018 |  |  | $ | 141,855 |  |  | $ | 517,972 |  |  | $ | 1,542,150 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 57,132 |  |  | $ | 712,927 |  |  | $ | 105,576 |  |  | $ | 144,215 |  |  | $ | 533,221 |  |  | $ | 1,553,071 |
Nonperforming (1) |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 9,490 |  |  |  | 723 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 10,821 |
Total |  | $ | 57,160 |  |  | $ | 722,417 |  |  | $ | 106,299 |  |  | $ | 144,289 |  |  | $ | 533,727 |  |  | $ | 1,563,892 |

(1) A loan is considered nonperforming if it is 90 days or more past due and/or on nonaccrual.
The total of consumer mortgage loans secured by real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $3.0 million at March 31, 2019 compared to $3.3 million at December 31, 2018.
A loan is considered impaired, in accordance with the impairment accounting guidance (ASC 310-10-35-16), when based on current information and events, it is probable CTBI will be unable to collect all amounts due from the borrower in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. Impaired loans include nonperforming commercial loans but also include loans modified in troubled debt restructurings where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. These concessions could include a reduction in the interest rate on the loan, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance, or other actions intended to maximize collection.
The following table presents impaired loans, the average investment in impaired loans, and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the periods ended March 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, and March 31, 2018:

|  | March 31, 2019 |
(in thousands) |  | Recorded Balance |  |  | Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance |  |  | Specific Allowance |  |  | Average Investment in Impaired Loans |  |  | *Interest Income Recognized |
Loans without a specific valuation allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  | $ | 3,308 |  |  | $ | 3,308 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 3,655 |  |  | $ | 46 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 32,407 |  |  |  | 34,098 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 32,811 |  |  |  | 347 |
Commercial other |  |  | 8,903 |  |  |  | 10,598 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 8,866 |  |  |  | 139 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 2,337 |  |  |  | 2,337 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,329 |  |  |  | 19 |
Loans with a specific valuation allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 3 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | 3,060 |  |  |  | 847 |  |  |  | 1,966 |  |  |  | 10 |
Commercial other |  |  | 1,154 |  |  |  | 1,154 |  |  |  | 620 |  |  |  | 1,169 |  |  |  | 17 |
Totals: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  |  | 3,632 |  |  |  | 3,632 |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 3,979 |  |  |  | 49 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 34,329 |  |  |  | 37,158 |  |  |  | 847 |  |  |  | 34,777 |  |  |  | 357 |
Commercial other |  |  | 10,057 |  |  |  | 11,752 |  |  |  | 620 |  |  |  | 10,035 |  |  |  | 156 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 2,337 |  |  |  | 2,337 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,329 |  |  |  | 19 |
Total |  | $ | 50,355 |  |  | $ | 54,879 |  |  | $ | 1,631 |  |  | $ | 51,120 |  |  | $ | 581 |

|  | December 31, 2018 |
(in thousands) |  | Recorded Balance |  |  | Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance |  |  | Specific Allowance |  |  | Average Investment in Impaired Loans |  |  | *Interest Income Recognized |
Loans without a specific valuation allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  | $ | 4,100 |  |  | $ | 4,100 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 3,923 |  |  | $ | 171 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 29,645 |  |  |  | 31,409 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 30,250 |  |  |  | 1,412 |
Commercial other |  |  | 8,285 |  |  |  | 9,982 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 8,774 |  |  |  | 530 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 0 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 1,882 |  |  |  | 1,882 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,666 |  |  |  | 41 |
Loans with a specific valuation allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 1,854 |  |  |  | 2,983 |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 2,051 |  |  |  | 1 |
Commercial other |  |  | 473 |  |  |  | 473 |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | 16 |
Totals: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  |  | 4,227 |  |  |  | 4,227 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 3,965 |  |  |  | 171 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 31,499 |  |  |  | 34,392 |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 32,301 |  |  |  | 1,413 |
Commercial other |  |  | 8,758 |  |  |  | 10,455 |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 9,059 |  |  |  | 546 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 0 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 1,882 |  |  |  | 1,882 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,666 |  |  |  | 41 |
Total |  | $ | 46,366 |  |  | $ | 50,956 |  |  | $ | 801 |  |  | $ | 47,097 |  |  | $ | 2,171 |

|  | March 31, 2018 |
(in thousands) |  | Recorded Balance |  |  | Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance |  |  | Specific Allowance |  |  | Average Investment in Impaired Loans |  |  | *Interest Income Recognized |
Loans without a specific valuation allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  | $ | 4,009 |  |  | $ | 4,009 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 4,168 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 31,284 |  |  |  | 33,377 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 31,566 |  |  |  | 352 |
Commercial other |  |  | 9,183 |  |  |  | 10,913 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 9,332 |  |  |  | 152 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | 0 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,284 |  |  |  | 0 |
Loans with a specific valuation allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 2,105 |  |  |  | 3,221 |  |  |  | 739 |  |  |  | 2,132 |  |  |  | 0 |
Totals: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  |  | 4,009 |  |  |  | 4,009 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,168 |  |  |  | 37 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 33,389 |  |  |  | 36,598 |  |  |  | 739 |  |  |  | 33,698 |  |  |  | 352 |
Commercial other |  |  | 9,183 |  |  |  | 10,913 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 9,332 |  |  |  | 152 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | 0 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,284 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total |  | $ | 48,185 |  |  | $ | 53,132 |  |  | $ | 739 |  |  | $ | 48,800 |  |  | $ | 541 |

*Cash basis interest is substantially the same as interest income recognized.
Included in certain loan categories of impaired loans are certain loans and leases that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring, where economic concessions have been granted to borrowers who have experienced financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from our loss mitigation activities and could include reductions in the interest rate, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions. Modifications of terms for our loans and their inclusion as troubled debt restructurings are based on individual facts and circumstances. Loan modifications that are included as troubled debt restructurings may involve either an increase or reduction of the interest rate, extension of the term of the loan, or deferral of principal and/or interest payments, regardless of the period of the modification. All of the loans identified as troubled debt restructuring were modified due to financial stress of the borrower. In order to determine if a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed to determine the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under CTBI’s internal underwriting policy.
When we modify loans and leases in a troubled debt restructuring, we evaluate any possible impairment similar to other impaired loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan or lease agreement, or use the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs for collateral dependent loans. If we determined that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance. In periods subsequent to modification, we evaluate all troubled debt restructuring, including those that have payment defaults, for possible impairment and recognize impairment through the allowance.
During 2019, certain loans were modified in troubled debt restructurings, where economic concessions were granted to borrowers consisting of reductions in the interest rates, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, and forbearances. Presented below, segregated by class of loans, are troubled debt restructurings that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 and the year ended December 31, 2018:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Term Modification |  |  | Rate Modification |  |  | Combination |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Balance |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 828 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 642 |  |  |  | 1,470 |
Commercial other |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 1,122 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 1,262 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 463 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 463 |
Total troubled debt restructurings |  |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 2,413 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 782 |  |  | $ | 3,195 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2018 |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Term Modification |  |  | Rate Modification |  |  | Combination |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Balance |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 2,182 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 2,197 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 4,004 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,383 |  |  |  | 5,387 |
Commercial other |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 465 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate construction |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | 968 |
Total troubled debt restructurings |  |  | 40 |  |  | $ | 6,915 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 2,102 |  |  | $ | 9,017 |

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Term Modification |  |  | Rate Modification |  |  | Combination |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Balance |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 47 |
Commercial secured by real estate |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 786 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 983 |  |  |  | 1,769 |
Commercial other |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 182 |
Total troubled debt restructurings |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 998 |  |  | $ | 1,998 |

No charge-offs have resulted from modifications for any of the presented periods. We had commitments to extend additional credit in the amount of $45 thousand on loans that were considered troubled debt restructurings.
Loans retain their accrual status at the time of their modification. As a result, if a loan is on nonaccrual at the time it is modified, it stays as nonaccrual, and if a loan is on accrual at the time of the modification, it generally stays on accrual. Commercial and consumer loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring are closely monitored for delinquency as an early indicator of possible future default. If loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring subsequently default, CTBI evaluates the loan for possible further impairment. The allowance for loan losses may be increased, adjustments may be made in the allocation of the allowance, or partial charge-offs may be taken to further write-down the carrying value of the loan. There were no loans that were modified as troubled debt restructurings within the past twelve months which have subsequently defaulted as of March 31, 2019 or 2018. CTBI considers a loan in default when it is 90 days or more past due or transferred to nonaccrual.
Note 5 – Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
The following tables present the balance in the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) and the recorded investment in loans based on portfolio segment and impairment method as of March 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2018:

|  | March 31, 2019 |
(in thousands) |  | Commercial Construction |  |  | Commercial Secured by Real Estate |  |  | Equipment Lease Financing |  |  | Commercial Other |  |  | Real Estate Construction |  |  | Real Estate Mortgage |  |  | Home Equity |  |  | Consumer Direct |  |  | Consumer Indirect |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 862 |  |  | $ | 14,531 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 4,993 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 1,883 |  |  | $ | 7,841 |  |  | $ | 35,908 |
Provision charged to expense |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 382 |  |  |  | (116 | ) |  |  | (278 | ) |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | (119 | ) |  |  | (86 | ) |  |  | 190 |
Losses charged off |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (35 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (242 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (120 | ) |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (246 | ) |  |  | (1,387 | ) |  |  | (2,055 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 721 |  |  |  | 961 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 903 |  |  | $ | 14,800 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 5,217 |  |  | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | 4,053 |  |  | $ | 901 |  |  | $ | 1,635 |  |  | $ | 7,089 |  |  | $ | 35,004 |
Ending balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 847 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,631 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 739 |  |  | $ | 13,953 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 4,597 |  |  | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | 4,053 |  |  | $ | 901 |  |  | $ | 1,635 |  |  | $ | 7,089 |  |  | $ | 33,373 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,632 |  |  | $ | 34,329 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 10,057 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 50,355 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 71,732 |  |  | $ | 1,148,475 |  |  | $ | 1,354 |  |  | $ | 378,003 |  |  | $ | 54,013 |  |  | $ | 717,955 |  |  | $ | 108,018 |  |  | $ | 141,855 |  |  | $ | 517,972 |  |  | $ | 3,139,377 |

|  | December 31, 2018 |
(in thousands) |  | Commercial Construction |  |  | Commercial Secured by Real Estate |  |  | Equipment Lease Financing |  |  | Commercial Other |  |  | Real Estate Construction |  |  | Real Estate Mortgage |  |  | Home Equity |  |  | Consumer Direct |  |  | Consumer Indirect |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 14,509 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 5,039 |  |  | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | 5,688 |  |  | $ | 857 |  |  | $ | 1,863 |  |  | $ | 6,831 |  |  | $ | 36,151 |
Provision charged to expense |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 786 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 824 |  |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | (336 | ) |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 572 |  |  |  | 4,288 |  |  |  | 6,167 |
Losses charged off |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (988 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (1,513 | ) |  |  | (33 | ) |  |  | (1,004 | ) |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | (997 | ) |  |  | (6,394 | ) |  |  | (10,998 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 224 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 3,116 |  |  |  | 4,588 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 862 |  |  | $ | 14,531 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 4,993 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 1,883 |  |  | $ | 7,841 |  |  | $ | 35,908 |
Ending balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 605 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 801 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 812 |  |  | $ | 13,926 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 4,847 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 1,883 |  |  | $ | 7,841 |  |  | $ | 35,107 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 4,227 |  |  | $ | 31,499 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 8,758 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,882 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 46,366 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 78,488 |  |  | $ | 1,151,594 |  |  | $ | 1,740 |  |  | $ | 368,440 |  |  | $ | 57,160 |  |  | $ | 720,535 |  |  | $ | 106,299 |  |  | $ | 144,289 |  |  | $ | 533,727 |  |  | $ | 3,162,272 |

|  | March 31, 2018 |
(in thousands) |  | Commercial Construction |  |  | Commercial Secured by Real Estate |  |  | Equipment Lease Financing |  |  | Commercial Other |  |  | Real Estate Construction |  |  | Real Estate Mortgage |  |  | Home Equity |  |  | Consumer Direct |  |  | Consumer Indirect |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 14,509 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 5,039 |  |  | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | 5,688 |  |  | $ | 857 |  |  | $ | 1,863 |  |  | $ | 6,831 |  |  | $ | 36,151 |
Provision charged to expense |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (191 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (651 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 435 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 1,281 |  |  |  | 946 |
Losses charged off |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (210 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (236 | ) |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | (193 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (216 | ) |  |  | (2,098 | ) |  |  | (2,977 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 875 |  |  |  | 1,069 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 14,133 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 4,229 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 5,936 |  |  | $ | 862 |  |  | $ | 1,798 |  |  | $ | 6,889 |  |  | $ | 35,189 |
Ending balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 739 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 739 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 13,394 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 4,229 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 5,936 |  |  | $ | 862 |  |  | $ | 1,798 |  |  | $ | 6,889 |  |  | $ | 34,450 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 4,009 |  |  | $ | 33,389 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 9,183 |  |  | $ | 318 |  |  | $ | 1,286 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 48,185 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 74,638 |  |  | $ | 1,158,239 |  |  | $ | 2,683 |  |  | $ | 329,452 |  |  | $ | 63,575 |  |  | $ | 717,472 |  |  | $ | 99,593 |  |  | $ | 136,576 |  |  | $ | 487,828 |  |  | $ | 3,070,056 |

Note 6 – Leases
Effective January 1, 2019, CTBI adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, (Topic 842) and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. Based on leases outstanding at December 31, 2018, the impact of adoption was recording a lease liability of approximately $16.1 million, a right-of-use asset of approximately $15.5 million, and a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings of approximately $0.5 million, net of a $0.1 million adjustment to our deferred tax liability. CTBI has no finance leases or material subleases or leasing arrangements for which it is the lessor of property or equipment.
CTBI has operating leases for banking and ATM locations. These leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 45 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years. We evaluated the original lease terms for each operating lease, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years, using hindsight. These options, some of which include variable costs related to rent escalations based on recent financial indices, such as the Consumer Price Index, where CTBI estimates future rent increases, are included in the calculation of the lease liability and right-of-use asset when management determines it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. CTBI determines this on each lease by considering all relevant contract-based, asset-based, market-based, and entity-based economic factors. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payments using a discount rate that represents our incremental borrowing rate on a collateralized basis, over a similar term at the lease commencement date. Right-of-use assets are further adjusted for prepaid rent, lease incentives, and initial direct costs, if any.
The components of lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | 2019 |
Short-term lease cost |  | $ | 71 |
Operating lease cost |  |  | 461 |
Sublease income |  |  | (68 | )
Total lease cost |  | $ | 464 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to CTBI’s operating leases for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was as follows:

(in thousands) |  | 2019 |
Operating lease – operating cash flows (fixed payments) |  | $ | 458 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 0 |
Weighted average lease term – operating leases |  | 15.35 years |
Weighted average discount rate – operating leases |  |  | 3.47 | %

Maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Operating Leases |
2019 |  | $ | 1,271 |
2020 |  |  | 1,715 |
2021 |  |  | 1,744 |
2022 |  |  | 1,729 |
2023 |  |  | 1,650 |
Thereafter |  |  | 12,822 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 20,931 |
Less imputed interest |  |  | (5,188 | )
Total |  | $ | 15,743 |

At December 31, 2018, minimum non-cancellable rental payments were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Operating Lease Payments |
2019 |  | $ | 1,999 |
2020 |  |  | 1,710 |
2021 |  |  | 1,737 |
2022 |  |  | 1,760 |
2023 |  |  | 1,696 |
Thereafter |  |  | 13,031 |
Total |  | $ | 21,933 |

Note 7 – Other Real Estate Owned
Activity for other real estate owned was as follows:

(in thousands) |  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | March 31, 2018 |
Beginning balance of other real estate owned |  | $ | 27,273 |  |  | $ | 31,996 |
New assets acquired |  |  | 854 |  |  |  | 1,284 |
Fair value adjustments |  |  | (447 | ) |  |  | (467 | )
Sale of assets |  |  | (2,710 | ) |  |  | (809 | )
Ending balance of other real estate owned |  | $ | 24,970 |  |  | $ | 32,004 |

Carrying costs and fair value adjustments associated with foreclosed properties for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. See note 1 for a description of our accounting policies relative to foreclosed properties and other real estate owned.
The major classifications of foreclosed properties are shown in the following table:

(in thousands) |  | March 31 2019 |  |  | December 31 2018 |
1-4 family |  | $ | 4,761 |  |  | $ | 5,253 |
Agricultural/farmland |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Construction/land development/other |  |  | 14,201 |  |  |  | 15,017 |
Multifamily |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 88 |
Non-farm/non-residential |  |  | 5,920 |  |  |  | 6,915 |
Total foreclosed properties |  | $ | 24,970 |  |  | $ | 27,273 |

Note 8 – Repurchase Agreements
We utilize securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs of our customers and provide additional funding to our balance sheet. Repurchase agreements are transactions whereby we offer to sell to a counterparty an undivided interest in an eligible security at an agreed upon purchase price, and which obligates CTBI to repurchase the security on an agreed upon date at an agreed upon repurchase price plus interest at an agreed upon rate. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are recorded at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction and are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
We monitor collateral levels on a continuous basis and maintain records of each transaction specifically describing the applicable security and the counterparty’s fractional interest in that security, and we segregate the security from its general assets in accordance with regulations governing custodial holdings of securities. The primary risk with our repurchase agreements is market risk associated with the securities securing the transactions, as we may be required to provide additional collateral based on fair value changes of the underlying securities. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with our safekeeping agents. The carrying value of investment securities available-for-sale pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements totaled $277.6 million and $285.2 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase by class of collateral pledged included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 is presented in the following tables:

|  | March 31, 2019 |
|  | Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements |
(in thousands) |  | Overnight and Continuous |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Greater Than 90 days |  |  | Total |
Repurchase agreements and repurchase-to-maturity transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 25,358 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 61,703 |  |  | $ | 87,061 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 56,322 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 13,366 |  |  |  | 70,188 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 29,388 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 50,869 |  |  |  | 80,257 |
Total |  | $ | 111,068 |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 125,938 |  |  | $ | 237,506 |

|  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements |
(in thousands) |  | Overnight and Continuous |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Greater Than 90 days |  |  | Total |
Repurchase agreements and repurchase-to-maturity transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 25,346 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 60,699 |  |  | $ | 88,593 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 58,864 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,995 |  |  |  | 10,384 |  |  |  | 72,243 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 22,076 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,877 |  |  |  | 47,923 |  |  |  | 71,876 |
Total |  | $ | 106,286 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 7,420 |  |  | $ | 119,006 |  |  | $ | 232,712 |

Note 9 – Fair Market Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities
Fair Value Measurements
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 applies whenever other standards require (or permit) assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value but does not expand the use of fair value in any new circumstances. Fair value measurements must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. In this standard, the FASB clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the exit price when pricing the asset or liability. In support of this principle, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:
Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 Inputs – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
Level 3 Inputs – Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in determining an exit price for the assets or liabilities.
Recurring Measurements
The following tables present the fair value measurements of assets recognized in the accompanying balance sheets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and indicate the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques.

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2019 Using |
(in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets measured – recurring basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 177,477 |  |  | $ | 56,744 |  |  | $ | 120,733 |  |  | $ | 0 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 123,729 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 123,729 |  |  |  | 0 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 297,591 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 297,591 |  |  |  | 0 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 0 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,528 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 3,390 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,390 |

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 Using |
(in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets measured – recurring basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 217,938 |  |  | $ | 91,028 |  |  | $ | 126,910 |  |  | $ | 0 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 124,488 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 124,488 |  |  |  | 0 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 250,819 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 250,819 |  |  |  | 0 |
Other debt securities |  |  | 501 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 501 |  |  |  | 0 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 1,173 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,173 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 3,607 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,607 |

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and recognized in the accompanying balance sheets, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. These valuation methodologies were applied to all of CTBI’s financial assets carried at fair value. CTBI had no liabilities measured and recorded at fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the quarter ended March 31, 2019. For assets classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the process used to develop the reported fair value is described below.
Available-for-Sale Securities
Securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value on a recurring basis. U.S. Treasury and government agencies are classified as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy where quoted market prices are available in the active market on which the individual securities are traded.
If quoted market prices are not available, CTBI obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service, such as Interactive Data, which utilizes pricing models to determine fair value measurement. CTBI reviews the pricing quarterly to verify the reasonableness of the pricing. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other factors. U.S. Treasury and government agencies, state and political subdivisions, U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities, and other debt securities are classified as Level 2 inputs.
In certain cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. Fair value determinations for Level 3 measurements are estimated on a quarterly basis where assumptions used are reviewed to ensure the estimated fair value complies with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States.
Equity Securities at Fair Value
As of March 31, 2019, the only securities owned by CTBI that were valued using Level 3 criteria are Visa Class B Stock (included in equity securities at fair value). In determining fair value for Visa Class B Stock, CTBI utilizes the expertise of an independent third party. Accordingly, fair value is determined by the independent third party using an income approach by utilizing assumptions about factors such as quarterly common stock dividend payments, the conversion of the securities to the relevant Class A Stock shares subject to the prevailing conversion rate and conversion date. We have reviewed the assumptions, processes, and conclusions of the third party provider. We have determined these assumptions, processes, and conclusions to be reasonable and appropriate in determining the fair value of this asset. See the table below for inputs and valuation techniques used for Level 3 equity securities.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
Mortgage servicing rights do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. CTBI reports mortgage servicing rights at fair value on a recurring basis with subsequent remeasurement of MSRs based on change in fair value.
In determining fair value, CTBI utilizes the expertise of an independent third party. Accordingly, fair value is determined by the independent third party by utilizing assumptions about factors such as mortgage interest rates, discount rates, mortgage loan prepayment speeds, market trends and industry demand. Due to the nature of the valuation inputs, mortgage servicing rights are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. Fair value determinations for Level 3 measurements of mortgage servicing rights are tested for impairment on a quarterly basis where assumptions used are reviewed to ensure the estimated fair value complies with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States. We have reviewed the assumptions, processes, and conclusions of the third party provider. We have determined these assumptions, processes, and conclusions to be reasonable and appropriate in determining the fair value of this asset. See the table below for inputs and valuation techniques used for Level 3 mortgage servicing rights.
Transfers between Levels
There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3 as of March 31, 2019.
Level 3 Reconciliation
Following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of recurring fair value measurements recognized in the accompanying balance sheet using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 |
|  | Equity Securities at Fair Value |  |  | Mortgage Servicing Rights |  |  | Equity Securities at Fair Value |  |  | Mortgage Servicing Rights |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,173 |  |  | $ | 3,607 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 3,484 |
Total unrealized gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in net income |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | (234 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 228 |
Issues |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 100 |
Settlements |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (99 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (106 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 1,528 |  |  | $ | 3,390 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 3,706 |
Total gains (losses) for the period included in net income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses related to assets still held at the reporting date |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | (234 | ) |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 228 |

Realized and unrealized gains and losses for items reflected in the table above are included in net income in the consolidated statements of income as follows:

Noninterest Income |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31 |
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Total gains |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 122 |

Nonrecurring Measurements
The following tables present the fair value measurements of assets recognized in the accompanying balance sheets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and indicate the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques.

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2019 Using |
(in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets measured – nonrecurring basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans (collateral dependent) |  | $ | 1,078 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,078 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 2,345 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,345 |

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 Using |
(in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets measured – nonrecurring basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans (collateral dependent) |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 747 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 6,500 |

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and recognized in the accompanying balance sheet, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. For assets classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the process used to develop the reported fair value is described below.
Impaired Loans (Collateral Dependent)
The estimated fair value of collateral-dependent impaired loans is based on the appraised fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. Collateral-dependent impaired loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
CTBI considers the appraisal or evaluation as the starting point for determining fair value and then considers other factors and events in the environment that may affect the fair value. Appraisals of the collateral underlying collateral-dependent loans are obtained when the loan is determined to be collateral-dependent and subsequently as deemed necessary by the Chief Credit Officer. Appraisals are reviewed for accuracy and consistency by the Chief Credit Officer. Appraisers are selected from the list of approved appraisers maintained by management. The appraised values are reduced by discounts to consider lack of marketability and estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of the loan is dependent on the sale of the collateral. These discounts and estimates are developed by the Chief Credit Officer by comparison to historical results.
Loans considered impaired under ASC 310-35, Impairment of a Loan, are loans for which, based on current information and events, it is probable that the creditor will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans are subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustments to reflect subsequent (i) partial write-downs that are based on the observable market price or current appraised value of the collateral or (ii) the full charge-off of the loan carrying value. Quarter-to-date fair value adjustments on impaired loans disclosed above were $0.4 million and $0.3 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. There were no fair value adjustments on impaired loans for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.
Other Real Estate Owned
In accordance with the provisions of ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, other real estate owned (“OREO”) is carried at the lower of fair value at acquisition date or current estimated fair value, less estimated cost to sell when the real estate is acquired. Estimated fair value of OREO is based on appraisals or evaluations. OREO is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Long-lived assets are subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustments to reflect subsequent partial write-downs that are based on the observable market price or current appraised value of the collateral. Quarter-to-date fair value adjustments on other real estate owned disclosed above were $0.4 million, $0.4 million, and $0.5 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, and March 31, 2018, respectively.
Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. Appraisers are selected from the list of approved appraisers maintained by management.
Unobservable (Level 3) Inputs
The following tables present quantitative information about unobservable inputs used in recurring and nonrecurring Level 3 fair value measurements at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

(in thousands) |  | Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
|  | Fair Value at March 31, 2019 |  | Valuation Technique(s) | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average)
Equity securities at fair value |  | $ | 1,528 |  | Discount cash flows, computer pricing model | Discount rate |  |  | 8.0% - 12.0% (10.0%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Conversion date |  | Dec 2022 – Dec 2026 (Dec 2024)
Mortgage servicing rights |  | $ | 3,390 |  | Discount cash flows, computer pricing model | Constant prepayment rate |  |  | 7.0% - 21.8% (10.5%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Probability of default |  |  | 0.0% - 100.0% (2.8%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 10.0% - 11.5% (10.1%)
Impaired loans (collateral-dependent) |  | $ | 1,078 |  | Market comparable properties | Marketability discount |  |  | 0.0% - 96.3% (45.6%)
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 2,345 |  | Market comparable properties | Comparability adjustments |  |  | 10.0% - 55.2% (14.9%)

(in thousands) |  | Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2018 |  | Valuation Technique(s) | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average)
Equity securities at fair value |  | $ | 1,173 |  | Discount cash flows, computer pricing model | Discount rate |  |  | 8.0% - 12.0% (10.0%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Conversion date |  | Dec 2022 – Dec 2026 (Dec 2024)
Mortgage servicing rights |  | $ | 3,607 |  | Discount cash flows, computer pricing model | Constant prepayment rate |  |  | 7.0% - 28.1% (9.5%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Probability of default |  |  | 0.0% - 100.0% (2.6%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 10.0% - 11.5% (10.1%)
Impaired loans (collateral-dependent) |  | $ | 747 |  | Market comparable properties | Marketability discount |  |  | 0.0% - 95.1% (41.5%)
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 6,500 |  | Market comparable properties | Comparability adjustments |  |  | 6.0% - 47.6% (14.9%)

Sensitivity of Significant Unobservable Inputs
The following is a discussion of the sensitivity of significant unobservable inputs, the interrelationships between those inputs and other unobservable inputs used in recurring fair value measurement and of how those inputs might magnify or mitigate the effect of changes in the unobservable inputs on the fair value measurement.
Equity Securities at Fair Value
Fair market value for equity securities is derived based on unobservable inputs, such as the discount rate, quarterly dividend payments payable to the Visa Class B common stock and the prevailing conversion rate at the conversion date. The most recent conversion rate of 1.6298 and the most recent dividend rate of 0.4074 were used to derive the fair value estimate. Significant increases (decreases) in either of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for discount rate is accompanied by a directionally opposite change in the fair value estimate.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
Fair market value for mortgage servicing rights is derived based on unobservable inputs, such as prepayment speeds of the underlying loans generated using the Andrew Davidson Prepayment Model, FHLMC/FNMA guidelines, the weighted average life of the loan, the discount rate, the weighted average coupon, and the weighted average default rate. Significant increases (decreases) in either of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for prepayment speeds is accompanied by a directionally opposite change in the assumption for interest rates.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents estimated fair value of CTBI’s financial instruments as of March 31, 2019 and indicates the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques. In accordance with the prospective adoption of ASU 2016-01, the fair values as of March 31, 2019 were measured using an exit price notion.

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2019 Using |
(in thousands) |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 253,860 |  |  | $ | 253,860 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Certificates of deposit in other banks |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  | 0 |
Securities available-for-sale |  |  | 599,299 |  |  |  | 56,744 |  |  |  | 542,555 |  |  |  | 0 |
Securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | 0 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,528 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 13,649 |  |  |  | 13,752 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Loans, net |  |  | 3,154,728 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,150,772 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 12,261 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 12,261 |  |  |  | 0 |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 0 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 15,188 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 15,188 |  |  |  | 0 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 3,390 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,390 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 3,383,103 |  |  | $ | 841,996 |  |  | $ | 2,559,903 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 237,506 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 237,556 |
Federal funds purchased |  |  | 1,800 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,800 |  |  |  | 0 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 461 |  |  |  | 0 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,341 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 44,166 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 3,983 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,983 |  |  |  | 0 |
Unrecognized financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Letters of credit |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Forward sale commitments |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |

The following table presents estimated fair value of CTBI’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and indicates the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques.

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 Using |
(in thousands) |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 141,450 |  |  | $ | 141,450 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Certificates of deposit in other banks |  |  | 3,920 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,914 |  |  |  | 0 |
Securities available-for-sale |  |  | 593,746 |  |  |  | 91,028 |  |  |  | 502,718 |  |  |  | 0 |
Securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 649 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 649 |  |  |  | 0 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 1,173 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,173 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 2,461 |  |  |  | 2,518 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Loans, net |  |  | 3,172,730 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,175,908 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 14,713 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 14,713 |  |  |  | 0 |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 0 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 14,432 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 14,432 |  |  |  | 0 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 3,607 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,607 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 3,305,950 |  |  | $ | 803,316 |  |  | $ | 2,513,084 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 232,712 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 232,796 |
Federal funds purchased |  |  | 1,180 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,180 |  |  |  | 0 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 436 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 468 |  |  |  | 0 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,341 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 44,166 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 2,902 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,902 |  |  |  | 0 |
Unrecognized financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Letters of credit |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Forward sale commitments |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |

Note 10 – Earnings Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 30 |
(in thousands except per share data) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 14,939 |  |  | $ | 15,814 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares |  |  | 17,712 |  |  |  | 17,671 |
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock grants |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 16 |
Adjusted weighted average shares |  |  | 17,723 |  |  |  | 17,687 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |
Diluted earnings per share |  |  | 0.84 |  |  |  | 0.89 |

There were no options to purchase common shares that were excluded from the diluted calculations above for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. In addition to in-the-money stock options, unvested restricted stock grants were also used in the calculation of diluted earnings per share based on the treasury method.
Note 11 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains on AFS securities
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) and the affected line items in the statements of income during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were:

|  | Amounts Reclassified from AOCI |
(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Affected line item in the statements of income |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities gains |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 149 |
Tax expense |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 31 |
Total reclassifications out of AOCI |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 118 |

Note 12 – Subsequent Events
As a bank doing business in Kentucky, CTB is subject to a capital-based Kentucky bank franchise tax and exempt from Kentucky corporate income tax. However, in March 2019, Kentucky enacted HB354, which will transition CTB from the bank franchise tax to a corporate income tax beginning January 1, 2021. The current Kentucky corporate income tax rate is 5%. As of March 31, 2019, CTBI recorded a deferred tax liability, net of the federal benefit, of $1.0 million due to the enactment of HB354.
Subsequent to quarter end, in April 2019, Kentucky enacted HB458. HB458 allows for combined filing with CTBI, CTB, and CTIC. CTBI had previously filed a separate company return and generated net operating losses, in which it had maintained a valuation allowance against the related deferred tax asset. HB458 also allows for certain net operating losses to be utilized on a combined return. CTBI expects to file a combined return, beginning in 2021, and to utilize these previously generated losses. The estimated tax benefit to reverse the valuation allowance on the deferred tax asset for these losses is expected to be approximately $3.0 million and will be recorded in the second quarter 2019.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations
Overview
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand Community Trust Bancorp, Inc., our operations, and our present business environment. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to – and should be read in conjunction with – our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this quarterly report. The MD&A includes the following sections:
● Our Business
● Results of Operations and Financial Condition
● Dividends
● Liquidity and Market Risk
● Interest Rate Risk
● Capital Resources
● Impact of Inflation, Changing Prices, and Economic Conditions
● Stock Repurchase Program
● Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our Business
Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. (“CTBI”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Pikeville, Kentucky. Currently, we own one commercial bank, Community Trust Bank, Inc. (“CTB”) and one trust company, Community Trust and Investment Company, Inc. (“CTIC”). Through our subsidiaries, we have seventy-nine banking locations in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee, four trust offices across Kentucky, and one trust office in northeastern Tennessee. At March 31, 2019, we had total consolidated assets of $4.3 billion and total consolidated deposits, including repurchase agreements, of $3.6 billion. Total shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2019 was $577.5 million. Trust assets under management, which are excluded from CTBI’s total consolidated assets, at March 31, 2019, were $2.1 billion. Trust assets under management include CTB’s investment portfolio totaling $0.6 billion.
Through its subsidiaries, CTBI engages in a wide range of commercial and personal banking and trust and wealth management activities, which include accepting time and demand deposits; making secured and unsecured loans to corporations, individuals and others; providing cash management services to corporate and individual customers; issuing letters of credit; renting safe deposit boxes; and providing funds transfer services. The lending activities of CTB include making commercial, construction, mortgage, and personal loans. Lease-financing, lines of credit, revolving lines of credit, term loans, and other specialized loans, including asset-based financing, are also available. Our corporate subsidiaries act as trustees of personal trusts, as executors of estates, as trustees for employee benefit trusts, as paying agents for bond and stock issues, as investment agent, as depositories for securities, and as providers of full service brokerage and insurance services. For further information, see Item 1 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Results of Operations and Financial Condition
We reported earnings for the first quarter 2019 of $14.9 million, or $0.84 per basic share, compared to $15.7 million, or $0.89 per basic share, earned during the fourth quarter 2018 and $15.8 million, or $0.89 per basic share, earned during the first quarter 2018.
Quarterly Highlights

● | Net interest income for the quarter of $36.0 million was a decrease of $0.3 million, or 0.8%, from fourth quarter 2018 but an increase of $1.4 million, or 4.0%, from prior year first quarter.

● | Provision for loan losses for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 decreased $1.6 million from prior quarter and $0.8 million from prior year same quarter with improvement in charge-offs and credit metrics combined with a decline in loan volume during the quarter.

● | Our loan portfolio decreased $18.9 million, an annualized 2.4%, during the quarter but increased $71.5 million, or 2.3%, from March 31, 2018.

● | Net loan charge-offs for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 were $1.1 million, or 0.14% of average loans annualized, compared to $1.6 million, or 0.20%, experienced for the fourth quarter 2018 and $1.9 million, or 0.25%, for the first quarter 2018.

● | Nonperforming loans at $25.4 million increased $3.3 million from December 31, 2018 but decreased $0.6 million from March 31, 2018. Nonperforming assets at $50.4 million increased $1.0 million from December 31, 2018 but decreased $7.7 million from March 31, 2018.

● | Deposits, including repurchase agreements, increased $81.9 million, an annualized 9.4%, during the quarter and $56.1 million, or 1.6%, from March 31, 2018.

● | Noninterest income for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 of $12.2 million was relatively flat to prior quarter, but a decrease of $1.1 million, or 8.6%, from prior year same quarter. The decrease in noninterest income from prior year was primarily the result of $1.2 million in death benefits received on bank owned life insurance in the first quarter 2018.

● | Noninterest expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 of $29.1 million increased $0.9 million, or 3.2%, from prior quarter, and $0.4 million, or 1.4%, from prior year same quarter. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to increased personnel expense.

● | In March 2019, Kentucky enacted legislation requiring financial institutions to transition from a bank franchise tax to the Kentucky corporate income tax beginning in 2021. As a result, we booked a one-time charge of $1.0 million, or $0.06 per basic share, to income tax expense to recognize our Kentucky deferred tax liability at March 31, 2019. While this liability will be adjusted periodically, we do not anticipate any further adjustments to have a significant impact to income.

Subsequent to quarter end, in April 2019, Kentucky enacted HB458. HB458 allows for combined filing with CTBI, CTB, and CTIC. CTBI had previously filed a separate company return and generated net operating losses, in which it had maintained a valuation allowance against the related deferred tax asset. HB458 also allows for certain net operating losses to be utilized on a combined return. CTBI expects to file a combined return, beginning in 2021, and to utilize these previously generated losses. The estimated tax benefit to reverse the valuation allowance on the deferred tax asset for these losses is expected to be approximately $3.0 million and will be recorded in the second quarter 2019.
Income Statement Review

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change 2019 vs. 2018 |
Three Months Ended March 31 |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Net interest income |  | $ | 35,983 |  |  | $ | 34,591 |  |  | $ | 1,392 |  |  |  | 4.0 | %
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 946 |  |  |  | (756 | ) |  |  | (79.9 | )
Noninterest income |  |  | 12,170 |  |  |  | 13,310 |  |  |  | (1,140 | ) |  |  | (8.6 | )
Noninterest expense |  |  | 29,083 |  |  |  | 28,681 |  |  |  | 402 |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Income taxes |  |  | 3,941 |  |  |  | 2,460 |  |  |  | 1,481 |  |  |  | 60.2 |
Net income |  | $ | 14,939 |  |  | $ | 15,814 |  |  | $ | (875 | ) |  |  | (5.5 | )%
Average earning assets |  | $ | 3,966,483 |  |  | $ | 3,870,242 |  |  | $ | 96,241 |  |  |  | 2.5 | %
Yield on average earnings assets, tax equivalent* |  |  | 4.71 | % |  |  | 4.28 | % |  |  | 0.43 | % |  |  | 10.3 | %
Cost of interest bearing funds |  |  | 1.43 | % |  |  | 0.87 | % |  |  | 0.56 | % |  |  | 63.5 | %
Net interest margin, tax equivalent* |  |  | 3.70 | % |  |  | 3.65 | % |  |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 1.5 | %

*Yield on average earning assets and net interest margin were computed on a tax equivalent basis using a 21% tax rate.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income for the quarter of $36.0 million was a decrease of $0.3 million, or 0.8%, from fourth quarter 2018 but an increase of $1.4 million, or 4.0%, from prior year first quarter. Our net interest margin at 3.70% was an increase of 2 basis points from prior quarter and 5 basis points from prior year same quarter, while our average earning assets increased $29.4 million and $96.2 million, respectively, during those same periods. Our yield on average earning assets increased 13 basis points from prior quarter and 43 basis points from prior year same quarter, and our cost of funds increased 16 basis points from prior quarter and 56 basis points from prior year same quarter. Our ratio of average loans to deposits, including repurchase agreements, was 89.9% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 compared to 89.8% for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 and 88.6% for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.
Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses that was added to the allowance for the first quarter 2019 was $0.2 million compared to $1.7 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 and $0.9 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2018. This provision represented a charge against current earnings in order to maintain the allowance at an appropriate level determined using the accounting estimates described in the Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates section. Our reserve coverage (allowance for loan and lease loss reserve to nonperforming loans) at March 31, 2019 was 137.8% compared to 162.7% at December 31, 2018 and 135.6% at March 31, 2018. Our loan loss reserve as a percentage of total loans outstanding at March 31, 2019 was 1.10%, down from the 1.12% at December 31, 2018 and 1.13% at March 31, 2018. The decrease in our provision for loan losses was driven by the improvement in our twelve quarter performance metrics used in determining the allowance for loan losses, along with the 14 basis points in annualized net charge-offs for the quarter. The twelve quarter performance metrics that have contributed to the majority of the reduction in required reserves include: (1) historical losses, (2) delinquency trends, and (3) interest rate risks associated with rising interest rates.
Noninterest Income
Noninterest income for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 of $12.2 million was relatively flat to prior quarter, but a decrease of $1.1 million, or 8.6%, from prior year same quarter. The decrease in noninterest income from prior year was primarily the result of $1.2 million in death benefits received on bank owned life insurance in the first quarter 2018. Noninterest income for the quarter was also impacted by decreased deposit service charges ($0.1 million), trust revenue ($0.4 million), and loan related fees ($0.6 million) year over year, offset by a positive variance in securities gains of $0.6 million and miscellaneous income of $0.5 million resulting from an adjustment of a mortgage servicing account held by a third party. The decrease in loan related fees was the result of a decline in the fair value of our mortgage servicing rights.
Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 of $29.1 million increased $0.9 million, or 3.2%, from prior quarter, and $0.4 million, or 1.4%, from prior year same quarter. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to increased personnel expense. The $0.7 million quarter over quarter increase in personnel expense included increases in salaries ($0.3 million), bonuses ($0.5 million), and related taxes ($0.2 million), partially offset by a decrease in the cost of group medical and life insurance ($0.3 million). The $0.3 million prior year same quarter variance in personnel expense was primarily due to increased salaries ($0.5 million) and other employee benefits ($0.1 million), offset by a $0.4 million decrease in the cost of group medical and life insurance.
Balance Sheet Review
CTBI’s total assets at $4.3 billion increased $111.7 million, or 10.8% annualized, from December 31, 2018 and $117.6 million, or 2.8%, from March 31, 2018. Loans outstanding at March 31, 2019 were $3.2 billion, a decrease of $18.9 million, an annualized 2.4%, from December 31, 2018 but an increase of $71.5 million, or 2.3%, from March 31, 2018. We experienced an increase during the quarter of $2.8 million in the commercial loan portfolio, offset by decreases of $15.7 million in the indirect loan portfolio, $3.6 million in the residential loan portfolio, and $2.4 million in the consumer loan portfolio. CTBI’s investment portfolio increased $5.9 million, or an annualized 4.0%, from December 31, 2018 but decreased $4.1 million, or 0.7%, from March 31, 2018. Deposits in other banks increased $121.9 million from prior quarter and $43.8 million from prior year same quarter, as the yield earned was favorable to other investment alternatives. Deposits, including repurchase agreements, at $3.6 billion increased $81.9 million, or an annualized 9.4%, from December 31, 2018 and $56.1 million, or 1.6%, from March 31, 2018.
Shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2019 was $577.5 million, a 9.6% annualized increase from the $564.1 million at December 31, 2018 and a 7.4% increase from the $537.5 million at March 31, 2018. Our tangible common equity/tangible assets ratio at March 31, 2019 was 12.05%.
Loans

(in thousands) |  | March 31, 2019 |
Loan Category |  | Balance |  |  | Variance from Prior Year-End |  |  | YTD Net Charge-Offs |  |  | Nonperforming |  |  | ALLL |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | $ | 75,364 |  |  |  | (8.9 | )% |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | 903 |
Secured by real estate |  |  | 1,182,804 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 12,761 |  |  |  | 14,800 |
Equipment lease financing |  |  | 1,354 |  |  |  | (22.2 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 10 |
Commercial other |  |  | 388,060 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | (158 | ) |  |  | 1,663 |  |  |  | 5,217 |
Total commercial |  |  | 1,647,582 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | (173 | ) |  |  | 15,042 |  |  |  | 20,930 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate construction |  |  | 54,013 |  |  |  | (5.5 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 396 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 720,292 |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | (102 | ) |  |  | 8,894 |  |  |  | 4,053 |
Home equity |  |  | 108,018 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | 901 |
Total residential |  |  | 882,323 |  |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | 9,932 |  |  |  | 5,350 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer direct |  |  | 141,855 |  |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  |  | (129 | ) |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 1,635 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 517,972 |  |  |  | (3.0 | ) |  |  | (666 | ) |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | 7,089 |
Total consumer |  |  | 659,827 |  |  |  | (2.7 | ) |  |  | (795 | ) |  |  | 420 |  |  |  | 8,724 |
Total loans |  | $ | 3,189,732 |  |  |  | (0.6 | )% |  | $ | (1,094 | ) |  | $ | 25,394 |  |  | $ | 35,004 |

Asset Quality
CTBI’s total nonperforming loans, not including performing troubled debt restructurings, were $25.4 million, or 0.80% of total loans, at March 31, 2019 compared to $22.1 million, or 0.69% of total loans, at December 31, 2018 and $25.9 million, or 0.83% of total loans, at March 31, 2018. Accruing loans 90+ days past due increased $2.8 million from prior quarter and $4.0 million from March 31, 2018. The increase in accruing loans 90+ days past due is primarily attributable to two commercial credit relationships which are income-producing, well-collateralized, and in the process of collection. Nonaccrual loans increased $0.5 million during the quarter but decreased $4.5 million from December 31, 2018. Accruing loans 30-89 days past due at $21.8 million was a decrease of $0.9 million from prior quarter but an increase of $4.9 million from March 31, 2018. Our loan portfolio management processes focus on the immediate identification, management, and resolution of problem loans to maximize recovery and minimize loss. Our loan risk management processes include weekly delinquent loan review meetings at the market levels and monthly delinquent loan review meetings involving senior corporate management to review all nonaccrual loans and loans 30 days or more past due. Any activity regarding a criticized/classified loan (i.e. problem loan) must be approved by CTB’s Watch List Asset Committee (i.e. Problem Loan Committee). CTB’s Watch List Asset Committee also meets on a quarterly basis and reviews every criticized/classified loan of $100,000 or greater. We also have a Loan Review Department that reviews every market within CTB annually and performs extensive testing of the loan portfolio to assure the accuracy of loan grades and classifications for delinquency, troubled debt restructuring, impaired status, impairment, nonaccrual status, and adequate loan loss reserves.
Impaired loans, loans not expected to meet contractual principal and interest payments other than insignificant delays, at March 31, 2019 totaled $50.4 million, compared to $46.4 million at December 31, 2018 and $48.2 million at March 31, 2018. Management evaluates all impaired loans for the amount of impairment, if any, and records a direct charge-off or provides specific reserves when necessary.
For further information regarding nonperforming and impaired loans, see note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
CTBI generally does not offer high risk loans such as option ARM products, high loan to value ratio mortgages, interest-only loans, loans with initial teaser rates, or loans with negative amortizations, and therefore, CTBI would have no significant exposure to these products.
Our level of foreclosed properties at $25.0 million at March 31, 2019 was a $2.3 million decrease from the $27.3 million at December 31, 2018 and a $7.0 million decrease from the $32.0 million at March 31, 2018. Sales of foreclosed properties for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 totaled $2.7 million while new foreclosed properties totaled $0.9 million. At March 31, 2019, the book value of properties under contracts to sell was $3.0 million; however, the closings had not occurred at quarter-end.
When foreclosed properties are acquired, appraisals are obtained and the properties are booked at the current market value less expected sales costs. Additionally, periodic updated appraisals are obtained on unsold foreclosed properties. When an updated appraisal reflects a fair market value below the current book value, a charge is booked to current earnings to reduce the property to its new market value less expected sales costs. Charges to earnings in the first quarter 2019 to reflect the decrease in current market values of foreclosed properties totaled $0.4 million. There were thirteen properties reappraised during the first quarter 2019. Of these, nine properties were written down by a total of $0.3 million. Charges to earnings during the quarters ended December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2018 were $0.5 million. Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. Approximately ninety-three percent of our OREO properties have appraisals dated within the past 18 months. Management anticipates that our foreclosed properties will remain elevated as we work through current market conditions.
The appraisal aging analysis of foreclosed properties, as well as the holding period, at March 31, 2019 is shown below:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Appraisal Aging Analysis |  | Holding Period Analysis |
Days Since Last Appraisal |  | Number of Properties |  |  | Current Book Value |  | Holding Period |  | Current Book Value |
Up to 3 months |  |  | 17 |  |  | $ | 2,902 |  | Less than one year |  | $ | 3,059 |
3 to 6 months |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 844 |  | 1 year |  |  | 2,189 |
6 to 9 months |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 2,675 |  | 2 years |  |  | 773 |
9 to 12 months |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 4,875 |  | 3 years |  |  | 5,287 |
12 to 18 months |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 1,686 |  | 4 years |  |  | 2,310 |
18 to 24 months |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 11,970 |  | 5 years |  |  | 527 |
Over 24 months |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 18 |  | 6 years* |  |  | 1,041 |
Total |  |  | 115 |  |  | $ | 24,970 |  | 7 years* |  |  | 8,415 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 years* |  |  | 113 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 years* |  |  | 1,256 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 24,970 |

*Regulatory approval is required and has been obtained to hold these properties beyond the initial period of 5 years. Additional approval may be required to continue to hold these properties should they not be liquidated during the extension period, which is typically one year. To the extent we are not able to sell a foreclosed property in 10 years, we will be required to relinquish ownership of that property.
As disclosed above, CTBI is required to dispose of any foreclosed property that has not been sold within 10 years. As of December 31, 2018, foreclosed property with a total book value of $2.4 million had been held by us for at least nine years. During the first quarter 2019, $1.0 million of this total was disposed of with a gain of $0.1 million. As of March 31, 2019, foreclosed property with a total book value of $1.3 million, representing 5% of our foreclosed properties (based on book value), had been held by us for at least nine years. The book value at March 31, 2019 represents management’s best estimate of realizable value of properties.
Net loan charge-offs for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 were $1.1 million, or 0.14% of average loans annualized, compared to $1.6 million, or 0.20%, experienced for the fourth quarter 2018 and $1.9 million, or 0.25%, for the first quarter 2018. Of the net charge-offs for the quarter, $0.2 million were in commercial loans, $0.7 million were in indirect auto loans, $0.1 million were in residential loans, and $0.1 million were in consumer direct loans.
Dividends
The following schedule shows the quarterly cash dividends paid for the past six quarters:

Pay Date | Record Date |  | Amount Per Share |
April 1, 2019 | March 15, 2019 |  | $ | 0.36 |
January 1, 2019 | December 15, 2018 |  | $ | 0.36 |
October 1, 2018 | September 15, 2018 |  | $ | 0.36 |
July 1, 2018 | June 15, 2018 |  | $ | 0.33 |
April 1, 2018 | March 15, 2018 |  | $ | 0.33 |
January 1, 2018 | December 15, 2017 |  | $ | 0.33 |

Liquidity and Market Risk
The objective of CTBI’s Asset/Liability management function is to maintain consistent growth in net interest income within our policy limits. This objective is accomplished through management of our consolidated balance sheet composition, liquidity, and interest rate risk exposures arising from changing economic conditions, interest rates, and customer preferences. The goal of liquidity management is to provide adequate funds to meet changes in loan and lease demand or deposit withdrawals. This is accomplished by maintaining liquid assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents and investment securities, sufficient unused borrowing capacity, and growth in core deposits and wholesale funding (including the use of wholesale brokered deposits). As of March 31, 2019, we had approximately $253.9 million in cash and cash equivalents and approximately $599.3 million in securities valued at estimated fair value designated as available-for-sale and available to meet liquidity needs on a continuing basis compared to $141.5 million and $593.7 million at December 31, 2018. Additional asset-driven liquidity is provided by the remainder of the securities portfolio and the repayment of loans. In addition to core deposit funding, we also have a variety of other short-term and long-term funding sources available. As of March 31, 2019, we had wholesale brokered deposits outstanding of $42.3 million with a weighted average maturity of 1.33 years compared to $42.3 million with a weighted average maturity of 1.58 years at December 31, 2018. We also rely on Federal Home Loan Bank advances for both liquidity and management of our asset/liability position. Federal Home Loan Bank advances were $0.4 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. As of March 31, 2019, we had a $329.3 million available borrowing position with the Federal Home Loan Bank compared to $312.2 million at December 31, 2018. We generally rely upon net inflows of cash from financing activities, supplemented by net inflows of cash from operating activities, to provide cash for our investing activities. As is typical of many financial institutions, significant financing activities include deposit gathering, use of short-term borrowing facilities such as repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased, use of wholesale brokered deposits, and issuance of long-term debt. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had $45 million in lines of credit with various correspondent banks available to meet any future cash needs. Our primary investing activities include purchases of securities and loan originations. We do not rely on any one source of liquidity and manage availability in response to changing consolidated balance sheet needs. Included in our cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2019 were deposits with the Federal Reserve of $197.1 million compared to $73.5 million at December 31, 2018. At March 31, 2019, cash and cash equivalents included federal funds sold of $4.5 million compared to $1.1 million at December 31, 2018. Additionally, we project cash flows from our investment portfolio to generate additional liquidity over the next 90 days.
The investment portfolio consists of investment grade short-term issues suitable for bank investments. The majority of the investment portfolio is in U.S. government and government sponsored agency issuances. At March 31, 2019, available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities comprised substantially all of the total investment portfolio, and the AFS portfolio was approximately 104% of equity capital. Eighty-seven percent of the pledge eligible portfolio was pledged.
Interest Rate Risk
We consider interest rate risk one of our most significant market risks. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in net interest income due to changes in interest rates. Consistency of our net interest revenue is largely dependent upon the effective management of interest rate risk. We employ a variety of measurement techniques to identify and manage our interest rate risk including the use of an earnings simulation model to analyze net interest income sensitivity to changing interest rates. The model is based on actual cash flows and repricing characteristics for on and off-balance sheet instruments and incorporates market-based assumptions regarding the effect of changing interest rates on the prepayment rates of certain assets and liabilities. Assumptions based on the historical behavior of deposit rates and balances in relation to changes in interest rates are also incorporated into the model. These assumptions are inherently uncertain, and as a result, the model cannot precisely measure net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and management strategies.
CTBI’s Asset/Liability Management Committee (ALCO), which includes executive and senior management representatives and reports to the Board of Directors, monitors and manages interest rate risk within Board-approved policy limits. Our current exposure to interest rate risks is determined by measuring the anticipated change in net interest income spread evenly over the twelve-month period.
Capital Resources
Shareholders’ equity was $577.5 million at March 31, 2019 and $564.2 million at December 31, 2018. CTBI’s annualized dividend yield to shareholders as of March 31, 2019 was 3.51%. Our primary source of capital growth is the retention of earnings. Cash dividends were $0.36 per share and $0.33 per share for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We retained 57.1% of our earnings for the first three months of 2019 compared to 62.9% for the first three months of 2018.
On July 2, 2013, the Federal Reserve approved final rules that substantially amended the regulatory risk-based capital rules applicable to CTBI and CTB. The FDIC subsequently approved these rules. The final rules implemented the “Basel III” regulatory capital reforms and changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act.
The rules included new risk-based capital and leverage ratios, which were phased in from 2015 to January 2019, and refined the definition of what constitutes “capital” for purposes of calculating those ratios. The minimum capital level requirements applicable to CTBI and CTB under the final rules are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 8%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. The final rules also established a “capital conservation buffer” above the new regulatory minimum capital requirements, which must consist entirely of common equity Tier 1 capital. The capital conservation buffer began to be phased in on January 1, 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets increased by 0.625% annually until fully implemented in January 2019. An institution is subject to limitations on certain activities including payment of dividends, share repurchases, and discretionary bonuses to executive officers if its capital level is below the total capital plus capital conservation buffer amount.
The final rules also contain revisions to the prompt corrective action framework, which is designed to place restrictions on insured depository institutions, including CTB, if their capital levels begin to show signs of weakness. These revisions took effect January 1, 2015. Under the prompt corrective action requirements, which are designed to complement the capital conservation buffer, insured depository institutions are required to meet the following capital level requirements in order to qualify as “well capitalized:” (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 10%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5%. We currently satisfy the well-capitalized and the capital conservation standards, and based on our current capital composition and levels, we anticipate that our capital ratios, on a Basel III basis, will continue to exceed the well-capitalized minimum capital requirements and capital conservation buffer standards.
As of March 31, 2019, CTBI had a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 16.49%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 18.34%, a total capital ratio of 19.47%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 13.62%. Our capital conservation buffer at March 31, 2019 was 11.47%.
In December 2017, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision unveiled the latest round of its regulatory framework, commonly referred to as Basel IV. The framework makes changes to the capital framework of Basel III and is targeted for a timeframe of 2022-2027 for implementation. The new framework appears designed to limit the flexibility of financial institutions using advanced approaches to calculate credit and other risks and also makes significant amendments to the standardized approaches to credit risk, credit valuation adjustment risk, and operational risk. The manner and the form in which the Basel IV framework will be implemented in the U.S. are uncertain.
As of March 31, 2019, we are not aware of any current recommendations by banking regulatory authorities which, if they were to be implemented, would have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material adverse impact on our liquidity, capital resources, or operations.
Impact of Inflation, Changing Prices, and Economic Conditions
The majority of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. Therefore, CTBI differs greatly from most commercial and industrial companies that have significant investment in nonmonetary assets, such as fixed assets and inventories. However, inflation does have an important impact on the growth of assets in the banking industry and on the resulting need to increase equity capital at higher than normal rates in order to maintain an appropriate equity to assets ratio. Inflation also affects other expenses, which tend to rise during periods of general inflation.
We believe one of the most significant impacts on financial and operating results is our ability to react to changes in interest rates. We seek to maintain an essentially balanced position between interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities in order to protect against the effects of wide interest rate fluctuations.
Beginning in 2008, the U.S. economy faced a severe economic crisis including a major recession from which recovery was slow and uneven. Commerce and business growth in certain regions in the U.S. remains reduced and local governments and many businesses continue to experience financial difficulty. In some areas of the U.S., including certain parts of our service area, unemployment levels remain elevated. There can be no assurance that these conditions will continue to improve and these conditions could worsen. In addition, the level of U.S. debt, the Federal Open Market Committee’s monetary policy, potential volatility in oil prices, recent U.S. tax law modifications, political events, and trade policies may have a destabilizing effect on financial markets or a negative effect on the economy.
Our financial performance generally, and in particular the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services we offer, is highly dependent upon the business environment in the markets where we operate, in the states of Kentucky, West Virginia, and Tennessee and in the United States as a whole. While unemployment rates have improved in all of the markets in which we operate, unemployment rates in our markets remain high compared to the national average. A favorable business environment is generally characterized by, among other factors, economic growth, efficient capital markets, low inflation, low unemployment, high business and investor confidence, and strong business earnings. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, business activity, or investor or business confidence; limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital; increases in inflation or interest rates; high unemployment; natural disasters; or a combination of these or other factors.
While economic conditions in the United States and worldwide have improved since the recession, there can be no assurance that this improvement will continue or that another recession will not occur. Economic pressure on consumers and uncertainty regarding continuing economic improvement may result in changes in consumer and business spending, borrowing, and savings habits. Such conditions could adversely affect the credit quality of our loans and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Stock Repurchase Program
CTBI has not acquired any shares of common stock through the stock repurchase program since February 2008. There are 67,371 shares remaining under CTBI’s current repurchase authorization.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the appropriate application of certain accounting policies, many of which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events and their impact on amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Since future events and their impact cannot be determined with certainty, the actual results will inevitably differ from our estimates. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.
We believe the application of accounting policies and the estimates required therein are reasonable. These accounting policies and estimates are constantly reevaluated, and adjustments are made when facts and circumstances dictate a change. Historically, we have found our application of accounting policies to be appropriate, and actual results have not differed materially from those determined using necessary estimates.
We have identified the following critical accounting policies:
Investments – Management determines the classification of securities at purchase. We classify debt securities into held-to-maturity, trading, or available-for-sale categories. Held-to-maturity securities are those which we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments – Debt Securities, investments in debt securities that are not classified as held-to-maturity shall be classified in one of the following categories and measured at fair value in the statement of financial position:
a. Trading securities. Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term (thus held for only a short period of time) shall be classified as trading securities. Trading generally reflects active and frequent buying and selling, and trading securities are generally used with the objective of generating profits on short-term differences in price.
b. Available-for-sale securities. Investments not classified as trading securities (nor as held-to-maturity securities) shall be classified as available-for-sale securities.
We do not have any securities that are classified as trading securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of tax. If declines in fair value are other than temporary, the carrying value of the securities is written down to fair value as a realized loss with a charge to income for the portion attributable to credit losses and a charge to other comprehensive income for the portion that is not credit related.
Gains or losses on disposition of debt securities are computed by specific identification for those securities. Interest and dividend income, adjusted by amortization of purchase premium or discount, is included in earnings.
When the fair value of a security is below its amortized cost, and depending on the length of time the condition exists and the extent the fair market value is below amortized cost, additional analysis is performed to determine whether an other than temporary impairment condition exists. Available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities are analyzed quarterly for possible other than temporary impairment. The analysis considers (i) whether we have the intent to sell our securities prior to recovery and/or maturity and (ii) whether it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell our securities prior to recovery and/or maturity. Often, the information available to conduct these assessments is limited and rapidly changing, making estimates of fair value subject to judgment. If actual information or conditions are different than estimated, the extent of the impairment of the security may be different than previously estimated, which could have a material effect on CTBI’s results of operations and financial condition.
Subsequent to the January 1, 2018 effective date of ASU 2016-01, ASC 320 applies only to debt securities and ASC 321, Investments – Equity Securities, applies to equity securities. ASC 321 requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method and those that result in the consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair values recognized in net income.
Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are required to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized through net income. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are carried at cost, less any impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for identical or similar investments. An election can be made, as permitted by ASC 321-10-35-2, to subsequently measure an equity security without a readily determinable fair value, at fair value. Equity securities held by CTBI include securities without readily determinable fair values. CTBI has elected to account for these securities at fair value. The fair value of these securities was determined by a third party service provider using Level 3 inputs as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, and changes in fair value are recognized in income.
Loans – Loans with the ability and the intent to be held until maturity and/or payoff are reported at the carrying value of unpaid principal reduced by unearned interest, an allowance for loan and lease losses, and unamortized deferred fees or costs. Income is recorded on the level yield basis. Interest accrual is discontinued when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, collateral value, and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful. Any loan greater than 90 days past due must be well secured and in the process of collection to continue accruing interest. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans generally are applied against principal, and interest income is only recorded once principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are not reclassified as accruing until principal and interest payments remain current for a period of time, generally six months, and future payments appear reasonably certain. Included in certain loan categories of impaired loans are troubled debt restructurings that were classified as impaired. A restructuring of a debt constitutes a troubled debt restructuring if the creditor for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider.
Loan origination and commitment fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and the net amount amortized over the estimated life of the related loans, leases, or commitments as a yield adjustment.
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses – We maintain an allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) at a level that is appropriate to cover estimated credit losses on individually evaluated loans determined to be impaired, as well as estimated credit losses inherent in the remainder of the loan and lease portfolio. Credit losses are charged and recoveries are credited to the ALLL.
We utilize an internal risk grading system for commercial credits. Those larger commercial credits that exhibit probable or observed credit weaknesses are subject to individual review. The borrower’s cash flow, adequacy of collateral coverage, and other options available to CTBI, including legal remedies, are evaluated. The review of individual loans includes those loans that are impaired as defined by ASC 310-10-35, Impairment of a Loan. We evaluate the collectability of both principal and interest when assessing the need for loss provision. Historical loss rates are analyzed and applied to other commercial loans not subject to specific allocations. The ALLL allocation for this pool of commercial loans is established based on the historical average, maximum, minimum, and median loss ratios.
A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that CTBI will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial and construction loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.
Homogenous loans, such as consumer installment, residential mortgages, and home equity lines are not individually risk graded. The associated ALLL for these loans is measured under ASC 450, Contingencies.
When any secured commercial loan is considered uncollectable, whether past due or not, a current assessment of the value of the underlying collateral is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the collateral, the loan is placed on nonaccrual and the loan is charged down to the value of the collateral less estimated cost to sell or a specific reserve equal to the difference between book value of the loan and the fair value assigned to the collateral is created until such time as the loan is foreclosed. When the foreclosed collateral has been legally assigned to CTBI, the estimated fair value of the collateral less costs to sell is then transferred to other real estate owned or other repossessed assets, and a charge-off is taken for any remaining balance. When any unsecured commercial loan is considered uncollectable the loan is charged off no later than at 90 days past due.
All closed-end consumer loans (excluding conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate) are charged off no later than 120 days (5 monthly payments) delinquent. If a loan is considered uncollectable, it is charged off earlier than 120 days delinquent. For conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate, when a loan is 90 days past due, a current assessment of the value of the real estate is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the property, the loan is placed on nonaccrual. Foreclosure proceedings are normally initiated after 120 days. When the foreclosed property has been legally assigned to CTBI, the fair value less estimated costs to sell is transferred to other real estate owned and the remaining balance is taken as a charge-off.
Historical loss rates for loans are adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, reflect the impact of any current conditions on loss recognition. We use twelve rolling quarters for our historical loss rate analysis. Factors that we consider include delinquency trends, current economic conditions and trends, strength of supervision and administration of the loan portfolio, levels of underperforming loans, level of recoveries to prior year’s charge-offs, trends in loan losses, industry concentrations and their relative strengths, amount of unsecured loans, and underwriting exceptions. Management continually reevaluates the other subjective factors included in its ALLL analysis.
Other Real Estate Owned – When foreclosed properties are acquired, appraisals are obtained and the properties are booked at the current fair market value less expected sales costs. Additionally, periodic updated appraisals are obtained on unsold foreclosed properties. When an updated appraisal reflects a fair market value below the current book value, a charge is booked to current earnings to reduce the property to its new fair market value less expected sales costs. Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. All revenues and expenses related to the carrying of other real estate owned are recognized through the income statement.
Income Taxes – Income tax expense is based on the taxes due on the consolidated tax return plus deferred taxes based on the expected future tax benefits and consequences of temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates. Any interest and penalties incurred in connection with income taxes are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, CTBI has not recognized a significant amount of interest expense or penalties in connection with income taxes.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest rate risk management focuses on maintaining consistent growth in net interest income within Board-approved policy limits. CTBI uses an earnings simulation model to analyze net interest income sensitivity to movements in interest rates. Given a 200 basis point increase to the yield curve used in the simulation model, it is estimated net interest income for CTBI would increase by 5.71 percent over one year and 9.04 percent over two years. A 200 basis point decrease in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 5.52 percent over one year and 8.98 percent over two years. For further discussion of CTBI’s market risk, see the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Market Risk included in the annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
CTBI’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective disclosure controls and procedures, as defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out by CTBI’s management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and the Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2019 were effective in ensuring material information required to be disclosed in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q was recorded, processed, summarized, and reported on a timely basis.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There were no changes in CTBI’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, CTBI’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | None
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | None
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | None
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | None
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosure | Not applicable
Item 5. | Other Information: |
| CTBI’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have furnished to the SEC the certifications with respect to this Form 10-Q that are required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
Item 6. | Exhibits: |
| (1) Certifications Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | Exhibit 31.1 Exhibit 31.2
| (2) Certifications Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | Exhibit 32.1 Exhibit 32.2
| (3) XBRL Instance Document | Exhibit 101.INS
| (4) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema | Exhibit 101.SCH
| (5) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase | Exhibit 101.CAL
| (6) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase | Exhibit 101.DEF
| (7) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase | Exhibit 101.LAB
| (8) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase | Exhibit 101.PRE

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, CTBI has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| COMMUNITY TRUST BANCORP, INC. |
Date: May 9, 2019 | By: | /s/ Jean R. Hale |
|  | Jean R. Hale |
|  | Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer |

|  | /s/ Kevin J. Stumbo |
|  | Kevin J. Stumbo |
|  | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer |